id stringlengths 9 16 | title stringlengths 4 278 | categories listlengths 1 13 | abstract stringlengths 3 4.08k | filtered_category_membership dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
cmp-lg/9502039 | Multilingual Sentence Categorization according to Language | [
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] | In this paper, we describe an approach to sentence categorization which has the originality to be based on natural properties of languages with no training set dependency. The implementation is fast, small, robust and textual errors tolerant. Tested for french, english, spanish and german discrimination, the system giv... | {
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cmp-lg/9503001 | Using a Corpus for Teaching Turkish Morphology | [
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] | This paper reports on the preliminary phase of our ongoing research towards developing an intelligent tutoring environment for Turkish grammar. One of the components of this environment is a corpus search tool which, among other aspects of the language, will be used to present the learner sample sentences along with th... | {
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cmp-lg/9503002 | Computational dialectology in Irish Gaelic | [
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] | Dialect groupings can be discovered objectively and automatically by cluster analysis of phonetic transcriptions such as those found in a linguistic atlas. The first step in the analysis, the computation of linguistic distance between each pair of sites, can be computed as Levenshtein distance between phonetic strings.... | {
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cmp-lg/9503003 | Tagging French -- comparing a statistical and a constraint-based method | [
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] | In this paper we compare two competing approaches to part-of-speech tagging, statistical and constraint-based disambiguation, using French as our test language. We imposed a time limit on our experiment: the amount of time spent on the design of our constraint system was about the same as the time we used to train and ... | {
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cmp-lg/9503004 | Creating a tagset, lexicon and guesser for a French tagger | [
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] | We earlier described two taggers for French, a statistical one and a constraint-based one. The two taggers have the same tokeniser and morphological analyser. In this paper, we describe aspects of this work concerned with the definition of the tagset, the building of the lexicon, derived from an existing two-level morp... | {
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cmp-lg/9503005 | A specification language for Lexical Functional Grammars | [
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] | This paper defines a language L for specifying LFG grammars. This enables constraints on LFG's composite ontology (c-structures synchronised with f-structures) to be stated directly; no appeal to the LFG construction algorithm is needed. We use L to specify schemata annotated rules and the LFG uniqueness, completeness ... | {
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cmp-lg/9503006 | ParseTalk about Sentence- and Text-Level Anaphora | [
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] | We provide a unified account of sentence-level and text-level anaphora within the framework of a dependency-based grammar model. Criteria for anaphora resolution within sentence boundaries rephrase major concepts from GB's binding theory, while those for text-level anaphora incorporate an adapted version of a Grosz-Sid... | {
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cmp-lg/9503007 | The Semantics of Motion | [
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] | In this paper we present a semantic study of motion complexes (ie. of a motion verb followed by a spatial preposition). We focus on the spatial and the temporal intrinsic semantic properties of the motion verbs, on the one hand, and of the spatial prepositions, on the other hand. Then, we address the problem of combini... | {
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cmp-lg/9503008 | Ellipsis and Higher-Order Unification | [
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] | We present a new method for characterizing the interpretive possibilities generated by elliptical constructions in natural language. Unlike previous analyses, which postulate ambiguity of interpretation or derivation in the full clause source of the ellipsis, our analysis requires no such hidden ambiguity. Further, the... | {
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cmp-lg/9503009 | Distributional Part-of-Speech Tagging | [
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] | This paper presents an algorithm for tagging words whose part-of-speech properties are unknown. Unlike previous work, the algorithm categorizes word tokens in context instead of word types. The algorithm is evaluated on the Brown Corpus. | {
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cmp-lg/9503010 | Corpus-based Method for Automatic Identification of Support Verbs for
Nominalizations | [
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] | Nominalization is a highly productive phenomena in most languages. The process of nominalization ejects a verb from its syntactic role into a nominal position. The original verb is often replaced by a semantically emptied support verb (e.g., "make a proposal"). The choice of a support verb for a given nominalization is... | {
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cmp-lg/9503011 | Improving Statistical Language Model Performance with Automatically
Generated Word Hierarchies | [
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] | An automatic word classification system has been designed which processes word unigram and bigram frequency statistics extracted from a corpus of natural language utterances. The system implements a binary top-down form of word clustering which employs an average class mutual information metric. Resulting classificatio... | {
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cmp-lg/9503012 | A Note on Zipf's Law, Natural Languages, and Noncoding DNA regions | [
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] | In Phys. Rev. Letters (73:2, 5 Dec. 94), Mantegna et al. conclude on the basis of Zipf rank frequency data that noncoding DNA sequence regions are more like natural languages than coding regions. We argue on the contrary that an empirical fit to Zipf's ``law'' cannot be used as a criterion for similarity to natural lan... | {
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cmp-lg/9503013 | Incremental Interpretation: Applications, Theory, and Relationship to
Dynamic Semantics | [
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] | Why should computers interpret language incrementally? In recent years psycholinguistic evidence for incremental interpretation has become more and more compelling, suggesting that humans perform semantic interpretation before constituent boundaries, possibly word by word. However, possible computational applications h... | {
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cmp-lg/9503014 | Non-Constituent Coordination: Theory and Practice | [
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] | Despite the large amount of theoretical work done on non-constituent coordination during the last two decades, many computational systems still treat coordination using adapted parsing strategies, in a similar fashion to the SYSCONJ system developed for ATNs. This paper reviews the theoretical literature, and shows why... | {
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cmp-lg/9503015 | Incremental Interpretation of Categorial Grammar | [
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] | The paper describes a parser for Categorial Grammar which provides fully word by word incremental interpretation. The parser does not require fragments of sentences to form constituents, and thereby avoids problems of spurious ambiguity. The paper includes a brief discussion of the relationship between basic Categorial... | {
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cmp-lg/9503016 | Natural Language Interfaces to Databases - An Introduction | [
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] | This paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBs). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBs is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBs are then discussed, comparing NLIDBs to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to so... | {
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cmp-lg/9503017 | Redundancy in Collaborative Dialogue | [
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] | In dialogues in which both agents are autonomous, each agent deliberates whether to accept or reject the contributions of the current speaker. A speaker cannot simply assume that a proposal or an assertion will be accepted. However, an examination of a corpus of naturally-occurring problem-solving dialogues shows that ... | {
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cmp-lg/9503018 | Discourse and Deliberation: Testing a Collaborative Strategy | [
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] | A discourse strategy is a strategy for communicating with another agent. Designing effective dialogue systems requires designing agents that can choose among discourse strategies. We claim that the design of effective strategies must take cognitive factors into account, propose a new method for testing the hypothesized... | {
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cmp-lg/9503019 | SATZ - An Adaptive Sentence Segmentation System | [
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] | This paper provides a detailed description of the sentence segmentation system first introduced in cmp-lg/9411022. It provides results of systematic experiments involving sentence boundary determination, including context size, lexicon size, and single-case texts. Also included are the results of successfully adapting ... | {
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cmp-lg/9503020 | Different Issues in the Design of a Lemmatizer/Tagger for Basque | [
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] | This paper presents relevant issues that have been considered in the design of a general purpose lemmatizer/tagger for Basque (EUSLEM). The lemmatizer/tagger is conceived as a basic tool necessary for other linguistic applications. It uses the lexical data base and the morphological analyzer previously developed and im... | {
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cmp-lg/9503021 | A Note on the Complexity of Restricted Attribute-Value Grammars | [
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] | The recognition problem for attribute-value grammars (AVGs) was shown to be undecidable by Johnson in 1988. Therefore, the general form of AVGs is of no practical use. In this paper we study a very restricted form of AVG, for which the recognition problem is decidable (though still NP-complete), the R-AVG. We show that... | {
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cmp-lg/9503022 | Assessing Complexity Results in Feature Theories | [
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] | In this paper, we assess the complexity results of formalisms that describe the feature theories used in computational linguistics. We show that from these complexity results no immediate conclusions can be drawn about the complexity of the recognition problem of unification grammars using these feature theories. On th... | {
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cmp-lg/9503023 | A fast partial parse of natural language sentences using a connectionist
method | [
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] | The pattern matching capabilities of neural networks can be used to locate syntactic constituents of natural language. This paper describes a fully automated hybrid system, using neural nets operating within a grammatic framework. It addresses the representation of language for connectionist processing, and describes m... | {
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cmp-lg/9503024 | From compositional to systematic semantics | [
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] | We prove a theorem stating that any semantics can be encoded as a compositional semantics, which means that, essentially, the standard definition of compositionality is formally vacuous. We then show that when compositional semantics is required to be "systematic" (that is, the meaning function cannot be arbitrary, but... | {
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cmp-lg/9503025 | Co-occurrence Vectors from Corpora vs. Distance Vectors from
Dictionaries | [
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] | A comparison was made of vectors derived by using ordinary co-occurrence statistics from large text corpora and of vectors derived by measuring the inter-word distances in dictionary definitions. The precision of word sense disambiguation by using co-occurrence vectors from the 1987 Wall Street Journal (20M total words... | {
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cmp-lg/9504001 | Automatic processing proper names in texts | [
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] | This paper shows first the problems raised by proper names in natural language processing. Second, it introduces the knowledge representation structure we use based on conceptual graphs. Then it explains the techniques which are used to process known and unknown proper names. At last, it gives the performance of the sy... | {
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cmp-lg/9504002 | Tagset Design and Inflected Languages | [
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] | An experiment designed to explore the relationship between tagging accuracy and the nature of the tagset is described, using corpora in English, French and Swedish. In particular, the question of internal versus external criteria for tagset design is considered, with the general conclusion that external (linguistic) cr... | {
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cmp-lg/9504003 | Collaborating on Referring Expressions | [
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] | This paper presents a computational model of how conversational participants collaborate in order to make a referring action successful. The model is based on the view of language as goal-directed behavior. We propose that the content of a referring expression can be accounted for by the planning paradigm. Not only doe... | {
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cmp-lg/9504004 | A Computational Treatment of HPSG Lexical Rules as Covariation in
Lexical Entries | [
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] | We describe a compiler which translates a set of HPSG lexical rules and their interaction into definite relations used to constrain lexical entries. The compiler ensures automatic transfer of properties unchanged by a lexical rule. Thus an operational semantics for the full lexical rule mechanism as used in HPSG lingui... | {
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cmp-lg/9504005 | Constraint Logic Programming for Natural Language Processing | [
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] | This paper proposes an evaluation of the adequacy of the constraint logic programming paradigm for natural language processing. Theoretical aspects of this question have been discussed in several works. We adopt here a pragmatic point of view and our argumentation relies on concrete solutions. Using actual contraints (... | {
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cmp-lg/9504006 | Cues and control in Expert-Client Dialogues | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We conducted an empirical analysis into the relation between control and discourse structure. We applied control criteria to four dialogues and identified 3 levels of discourse structure. We investigated the mechanism for changing control between these structures and found that utterance type and not cue words predicte... | {
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cmp-lg/9504007 | Mixed Initiative in Dialogue: An Investigation into Discourse
Segmentation | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Conversation between two people is usually of mixed-initiative, with control over the conversation being transferred from one person to another. We apply a set of rules for the transfer of control to 4 sets of dialogues consisting of a total of 1862 turns. The application of the control rules lets us derive domain-inde... | {
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cmp-lg/9504008 | SKOPE: A connectionist/symbolic architecture of spoken Korean processing | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Spoken language processing requires speech and natural language integration. Moreover, spoken Korean calls for unique processing methodology due to its linguistic characteristics. This paper presents SKOPE, a connectionist/symbolic spoken Korean processing engine, which emphasizes that: 1) connectionist and symbolic te... | {
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cmp-lg/9504009 | Abstract Machine for Typed Feature Structures | [
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"cs.CL"
] | This paper describes an abstract machine for linguistic formalisms that are based on typed feature structures, such as HPSG. The core design of the abstract machine is given in detail, including the compilation process from a high-level language to the abstract machine language and the implementation of the abstract in... | {
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cmp-lg/9504010 | MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD AND MINIMUM ENTROPY IDENTIFICATION OF GRAMMARS | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Using the Thermodynamic Formalism, we introduce a Gibbsian model for the identification of regular grammars based only on positive evidence. This model mimics the natural language acquisition procedure driven by prosody which is here represented by the thermodynamical potential. The statistical question we face is how ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504011 | A Processing Model for Free Word Order Languages | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Like many verb-final languages, Germn displays considerable word-order freedom: there is no syntactic constraint on the ordering of the nominal arguments of a verb, as long as the verb remains in final position. This effect is referred to as ``scrambling'', and is interpreted in transformational frameworks as leftward ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504012 | Linear Logic for Meaning Assembly | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Semantic theories of natural language associate meanings with utterances by providing meanings for lexical items and rules for determining the meaning of larger units given the meanings of their parts. Meanings are often assumed to combine via function application, which works well when constituent structure trees are ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504013 | NLG vs. Templates | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | One of the most important questions in applied NLG is what benefits (or `value-added', in business-speak) NLG technology offers over template-based approaches. Despite the importance of this question to the applied NLG community, however, it has not been discussed much in the research NLG community, which I think is a ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504014 | LexGram - a practical categorial grammar formalism - | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present the LexGram system, an amalgam of (Lambek) categorial grammar and Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), and show that the grammar formalism it implements is a well-structured and useful tool for actual grammar development. | {
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cmp-lg/9504015 | Estimating Lexical Priors for Low-Frequency Syncretic Forms | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Given a previously unseen form that is morphologically n-ways ambiguous, what is the best estimator for the lexical prior probabilities for the various functions of the form? We argue that the best estimator is provided by computing the relative frequencies of the various functions among the hapax legomena --- the form... | {
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cmp-lg/9504016 | Memoization of Top Down Parsing | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper discusses the relationship between memoized top-down recognizers and chart parsers. It presents a version of memoization suitable for continuation-passing style programs. When applied to a simple formalization of a top-down recognizer it yields a terminating parser. | {
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cmp-lg/9504017 | A Uniform Treatment of Pragmatic Inferences in Simple and Complex
Utterances and Sequences of Utterances | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Drawing appropriate defeasible inferences has been proven to be one of the most pervasive puzzles of natural language processing and a recurrent problem in pragmatics. This paper provides a theoretical framework, called ``stratified logic'', that can accommodate defeasible pragmatic inferences. The framework yields an ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504018 | An Implemented Formalism for Computing Linguistic Presuppositions and
Existential Commitments | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We rely on the strength of linguistic and philosophical perspectives in constructing a framework that offers a unified explanation for presuppositions and existential commitment. We use a rich ontology and a set of methodological principles that embed the essence of Meinong's philosophy and Grice's conversational princ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504019 | A Formalism and an Algorithm for Computing Pragmatic Inferences and
Detecting Infelicities | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Since Austin introduced the term ``infelicity'', the linguistic literature has been flooded with its use, but no formal or computational explanation has been given for it. This thesis provides one for those infelicities that occur when a pragmatic inference is cancelled. Our contribution assumes the existence of a fi... | {
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cmp-lg/9504020 | Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of
Referring Expressions | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We examine the problem of generating definite noun phrases that are appropriate referring expressions; i.e, noun phrases that (1) successfully identify the intended referent to the hearer whilst (2) not conveying to her any false conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975). We review several possible computational interp... | {
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cmp-lg/9504021 | Phonological Derivation in Optimality Theory | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Optimality Theory is a constraint-based theory of phonology which allows constraints to be violated. Consequently, implementing the theory presents problems for declarative constraint-based processing frameworks. On the basis of two regularity assumptions, that candidate sets are regular and that constraints can be mod... | {
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cmp-lg/9504022 | Constraints, Exceptions and Representations | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper shows that default-based phonologies have the potential to capture morphophonological generalisations which cannot be captured by non-defaul theories. In achieving this result, I offer a characterisation of Underspecification Theory and Optimality Theory in terms of their methods for ordering defaults. The r... | {
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cmp-lg/9504023 | TAKTAG: Two-phase learning method for hybrid statistical/rule-based
part-of-speech disambiguation | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Both statistical and rule-based approaches to part-of-speech (POS) disambiguation have their own advantages and limitations. Especially for Korean, the narrow windows provided by hidden markov model (HMM) cannot cover the necessary lexical and long-distance dependencies for POS disambiguation. On the other hand, the ru... | {
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cmp-lg/9504024 | A Morphographemic Model for Error Correction in Nonconcatenative Strings | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper introduces a spelling correction system which integrates seamlessly with morphological analysis using a multi-tape formalism. Handling of various Semitic error problems is illustrated, with reference to Arabic and Syriac examples. The model handles errors vocalisation, diacritics, phonetic syncopation and mo... | {
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cmp-lg/9504025 | Discourse Processing of Dialogues with Multiple Threads | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In this paper we will present our ongoing work on a plan-based discourse processor developed in the context of the Enthusiast Spanish to English translation system as part of the JANUS multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system. We will demonstrate that theories of discourse which postulate a strict tree structu... | {
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cmp-lg/9504026 | The intersection of Finite State Automata and Definite Clause Grammars | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Bernard Lang defines parsing as the calculation of the intersection of a FSA (the input) and a CFG. Viewing the input for parsing as a FSA rather than as a string combines well with some approaches in speech understanding systems, in which parsing takes a word lattice as input (rather than a word string). Furthermore, ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504027 | An Efficient Generation Algorithm for Lexicalist MT | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | The lexicalist approach to Machine Translation offers significant advantages in the development of linguistic descriptions. However, the Shake-and-Bake generation algorithm of (Whitelock, COLING-92) is NP-complete. We present a polynomial time algorithm for lexicalist MT generation provided that sufficient information ... | {
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cmp-lg/9504028 | Memoization of Coroutined Constraints | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Some linguistic constraints cannot be effectively resolved during parsing at the location in which they are most naturally introduced. This paper shows how constraints can be propagated in a memoizing parser (such as a chart parser) in much the same way that variable bindings are, providing a general treatment of const... | {
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cmp-lg/9504029 | Quantifiers, Anaphora, and Intensionality | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | The relationship between Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) {\em functional structures} (f-structures) for sentences and their semantic interpretations can be expressed directly in a fragment of linear logic in a way that correctly explains the constrained interactions between quantifier scope ambiguity, bound anaphora a... | {
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cmp-lg/9504030 | Statistical Decision-Tree Models for Parsing | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Syntactic natural language parsers have shown themselves to be inadequate for processing highly-ambiguous large-vocabulary text, as is evidenced by their poor performance on domains like the Wall Street Journal, and by the movement away from parsing-based approaches to text-processing in general. In this paper, I descr... | {
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cmp-lg/9504031 | Error-tolerant Finite State Recognition with Applications to
Morphological Analysis and Spelling Correction | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Error-tolerant recognition enables the recognition of strings that deviate mildly from any string in the regular set recognized by the underlying finite state recognizer. Such recognition has applications in error-tolerant morphological processing, spelling correction, and approximate string matching in information ret... | {
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cmp-lg/9504032 | The Replace Operator | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper introduces to the calculus of regular expressions a replace operator, ->, and defines a set of replacement expressions that concisely encode several alternate variations of the operation. The basic case is unconditional obligatory replacement: UPPER -> LOWER Conditional versions of replacement, such as... | {
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cmp-lg/9504033 | Corpus Statistics Meet the Noun Compound: Some Empirical Results | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | A variety of statistical methods for noun compound analysis are implemented and compared. The results support two main conclusions. First, the use of conceptual association not only enables a broad coverage, but also improves the accuracy. Second, an analysis model based on dependency grammar is substantially more accu... | {
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cmp-lg/9504034 | Bayesian Grammar Induction for Language Modeling | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We describe a corpus-based induction algorithm for probabilistic context-free grammars. The algorithm employs a greedy heuristic search within a Bayesian framework, and a post-pass using the Inside-Outside algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm to n-gram models and the Inside-Outside algorithm in three ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505001 | Response Generation in Collaborative Negotiation | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In collaborative planning activities, since the agents are autonomous and heterogeneous, it is inevitable that conflicts arise in their beliefs during the planning process. In cases where such conflicts are relevant to the task at hand, the agents should engage in collaborative negotiation as an attempt to square away ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505002 | New Techniques for Context Modeling | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We introduce three new techniques for statistical language models: extension modeling, nonmonotonic contexts, and the divergence heuristic. Together these techniques result in language models that have few states, even fewer parameters, and low message entropies. For example, our techniques achieve a message entropy of... | {
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cmp-lg/9505003 | Compiling HPSG type constraints into definite clause programs | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present a new approach to HPSG processing: compiling HPSG grammars expressed as type constraints into definite clause programs. This provides a clear and computationally useful correspondence between linguistic theories and their implementation. The compiler performs off-line constraint inheritance and code optimiza... | {
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cmp-lg/9505004 | DATR Theories and DATR Models | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Evans and Gazdar introduced DATR as a simple, non-monotonic language for representing natural language lexicons. Although a number of implementations of DATR exist, the full language has until now lacked an explicit, declarative semantics. This paper rectifies the situation by providing a mathematical semantics for DAT... | {
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cmp-lg/9505005 | Learning Syntactic Rules and Tags with Genetic Algorithms for
Information Retrieval and Filtering: An Empirical Basis for Grammatical Rules | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | The grammars of natural languages may be learned by using genetic algorithms that reproduce and mutate grammatical rules and part-of-speech tags, improving the quality of later generations of grammatical components. Syntactic rules are randomly generated and then evolve; those rules resulting in improved parsing and oc... | {
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cmp-lg/9505006 | Treating Coordination with Datalog Grammars | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In previous work we studied a new type of DCGs, Datalog grammars, which are inspired on database theory. Their efficiency was shown to be better than that of their DCG counterparts under (terminating) OLDT-resolution. In this article we motivate a variant of Datalog grammars which allows us a meta-grammatical treatment... | {
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cmp-lg/9505007 | Parsing a Flexible Word Order Language | [
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"cs.CL"
] | A logic formalism is presented which increases the expressive power of the ID/LP format of GPSG by enlarging the inventory of ordering relations and extending the domain of their application to non-siblings. This allows a concise, modular and declarative statement of intricate word order regularities. | {
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cmp-lg/9505008 | Conciseness through Aggregation in Text Generation | [
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"cs.CL"
] | Aggregating different pieces of similar information is necessary to generate concise and easy to understand reports in technical domains. This paper presents a general algorithm that combines similar messages in order to generate one or more coherent sentences for them. The process is not as trivial as might be expecte... | {
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cmp-lg/9505009 | Compilation of HPSG to TAG | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present an implemented compilation algorithm that translates HPSG into lexicalized feature-based TAG, relating concepts of the two theories. While HPSG has a more elaborated principle-based theory of possible phrase structures, TAG provides the means to represent lexicalized structures more explicitly. Our objective... | {
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cmp-lg/9505010 | Tagset Reduction Without Information Loss | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | A technique for reducing a tagset used for n-gram part-of-speech disambiguation is introduced and evaluated in an experiment. The technique ensures that all information that is provided by the original tagset can be restored from the reduced one. This is crucial, since we are interested in the linguistically motivated ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505011 | Evaluation of Semantic Clusters | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Semantic clusters of a domain form an important feature that can be useful for performing syntactic and semantic disambiguation. Several attempts have been made to extract the semantic clusters of a domain by probabilistic or taxonomic techniques. However, not much progress has been made in evaluating the obtained sema... | {
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cmp-lg/9505012 | A Symbolic and Surgical Acquisition of Terms through Variation | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Terminological acquisition is an important issue in learning for NLP due to the constant terminological renewal through technological changes. Terms play a key role in several NLP-activities such as machine translation, automatic indexing or text understanding. In opposition to classical once-and-for-all approaches, we... | {
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cmp-lg/9505013 | Utilizing Statistical Dialogue Act Processing in Verbmobil | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In this paper, we present a statistical approach for dialogue act processing in the dialogue component of the speech-to-speech translation system \vm. Statistics in dialogue processing is used to predict follow-up dialogue acts. As an application example we show how it supports repair when unexpected dialogue states oc... | {
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cmp-lg/9505014 | Compositionality for Presuppositions over Tableaux | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Tableaux originate as a decision method for a logical language. They can also be extended to obtain a structure that spells out all the information in a set of sentences in terms of truth value assignments to atomic formulas that appear in them. This approach is pursued here. Over such a structure, compositional rules ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505015 | Efficient Analysis of Complex Diagrams using Constraint-Based Parsing | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper describes substantial advances in the analysis (parsing) of diagrams using constraint grammars. The addition of set types to the grammar and spatial indexing of the data make it possible to efficiently parse real diagrams of substantial complexity. The system is probably the first to demonstrate efficient di... | {
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cmp-lg/9505016 | A Pattern Matching method for finding Noun and Proper Noun Translations
from Noisy Parallel Corpora | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present a pattern matching method for compiling a bilingual lexicon of nouns and proper nouns from unaligned, noisy parallel texts of Asian/Indo-European language pairs. Tagging information of one language is used. Word frequency and position information for high and low frequency words are represented in two differ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505017 | Robust Parsing of Spoken Dialogue Using Contextual Knowledge and
Recognition Probabilities | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In this paper we describe the linguistic processor of a spoken dialogue system. The parser receives a word graph from the recognition module as its input. Its task is to find the best path through the graph. If no complete solution can be found, a robust mechanism for selecting multiple partial results is applied. We s... | {
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cmp-lg/9505018 | Acquiring a Lexicon from Unsegmented Speech | [
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] | We present work-in-progress on the machine acquisition of a lexicon from sentences that are each an unsegmented phone sequence paired with a primitive representation of meaning. A simple exploratory algorithm is described, along with the direction of current work and a discussion of the relevance of the problem for chi... | {
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cmp-lg/9505019 | Measuring semantic complexity | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We define {\em semantic complexity} using a new concept of {\em meaning automata}. We measure the semantic complexity of understanding of prepositional phrases, of an "in depth understanding system", and of a natural language interface to an on-line calendar. We argue that it is possible to measure some semantic comple... | {
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cmp-lg/9505020 | CRYSTAL: Inducing a Conceptual Dictionary | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | One of the central knowledge sources of an information extraction system is a dictionary of linguistic patterns that can be used to identify the conceptual content of a text. This paper describes CRYSTAL, a system which automatically induces a dictionary of "concept-node definitions" sufficient to identify relevant inf... | {
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cmp-lg/9505021 | Improving the Efficiency of a Generation Algorithm for Shake and Bake
Machine Translation Using Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | A Shake and Bake machine translation algorithm for Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar is introduced based on the algorithm proposed by Whitelock for unification categorial grammar. The translation process is then analysed to determine where the potential sources of inefficiency reside, and some proposals are introduc... | {
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cmp-lg/9505022 | Generating One-Anaphoric Expressions: Where Does the Decision Lie? | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Most natural language generation systems embody mechanisms for choosing whether to subsequently refer to an already-introduced entity by means of a pronoun or a definite noun phrase. Relatively few systems, however, consider referring to entites by means of one-anaphoric expressions such as \lingform{the small green on... | {
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cmp-lg/9505023 | Some Novel Applications of Explanation-Based Learning to Parsing
Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | In this paper we present some novel applications of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) technique to parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining grammars. The novel aspects are (a) immediate generalization of parses in the training set, (b) generalization over recursive structures and (c) representation of generalized parses as Fi... | {
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cmp-lg/9505024 | Exploring the role of Punctuation in Parsing Natural Text | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Few, if any, current NLP systems make any significant use of punctuation. Intuitively, a treatment of punctuation seems necessary to the analysis and production of text. Whilst this has been suggested in the fields of discourse structure, it is still unclear whether punctuation can help in the syntactic field. This inv... | {
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cmp-lg/9505025 | Combining Multiple Knowledge Sources for Discourse Segmentation | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We predict discourse segment boundaries from linguistic features of utterances, using a corpus of spoken narratives as data. We present two methods for developing segmentation algorithms from training data: hand tuning and machine learning. When multiple types of features are used, results approach human performance on... | {
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cmp-lg/9505026 | Tagging the Teleman Corpus | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Experiments were carried out comparing the Swedish Teleman and the English Susanne corpora using an HMM-based and a novel reductionistic statistical part-of-speech tagger. They indicate that tagging the Teleman corpus is the more difficult task, and that the performance of the two different taggers is comparable. | {
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cmp-lg/9505027 | Quantifier Scope and Constituency | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Traditional approaches to quantifier scope typically need stipulation to exclude readings that are unavailable to human understanders. This paper shows that quantifier scope phenomena can be precisely characterized by a semantic representation constrained by surface constituency, if the distinction between referential ... | {
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cmp-lg/9505028 | D-Tree Grammars | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | DTG are designed to share some of the advantages of TAG while overcoming some of its limitations. DTG involve two composition operations called subsertion and sister-adjunction. The most distinctive feature of DTG is that, unlike TAG, there is complete uniformity in the way that the two DTG operations relate lexical it... | {
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cmp-lg/9505029 | Mapping Scrambled Korean Sentences into English Using Synchronous TAGs | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammars can be used for Machine Translation. However, translating a free order language such as Korean to English is complicated. I present a mechanism to translate scrambled Korean sentences into English by combining the concepts of Multi-Component TAGs (MC-TAGs) and Synchronous TAGs (STAGs... | {
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cmp-lg/9505030 | Encoding Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars with a Nonmonotonic
Inheritance Hierarchy | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper shows how DATR, a widely used formal language for lexical knowledge representation, can be used to define an LTAG lexicon as an inheritance hierarchy with internal lexical rules. A bottom-up featural encoding is used for LTAG trees and this allows lexical rules to be implemented as covariation constraints wi... | {
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cmp-lg/9505031 | The Compactness of Construction Grammars | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present an argument for {\em construction grammars} based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle (a formal version of the Ockham Razor). The argument consists in using linguistic and computational evidence in setting up a formal model, and then applying the MDL principle to prove its superiority with resp... | {
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cmp-lg/9505032 | Context and ontology in understanding of dialogs | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We present a model of NLP in which ontology and context are directly included in a grammar. The model is based on the concept of {\em construction}, consisting of a set of features of form, a set of semantic and pragmatic conditions describing its application context, and a description of its meaning. In this model ont... | {
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cmp-lg/9505033 | User-Defined Nonmonotonicity in Unification-Based Formalisms | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | A common feature of recent unification-based grammar formalisms is that they give the user the ability to define his own structures. However, this possibility is mostly limited and does not include nonmonotonic operations. In this paper we show how nonmonotonic operations can also be user-defined by applying default lo... | {
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cmp-lg/9505034 | Semantic Ambiguity and Perceived Ambiguity | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | I explore some of the issues that arise when trying to establish a connection between the underspecification hypothesis pursued in the NLP literature and work on ambiguity in semantics and in the psychological literature. A theory of underspecification is developed `from the first principles', i.e., starting from a def... | {
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cmp-lg/9505035 | Development of a Spanish Version of the Xerox Tagger | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper describes work performed withing the CRATER ({\em C}orpus {\em R}esources {\em A}nd {\em T}erminology {\em E}xt{\em R}action, MLAP-93/20) project, funded by the Commission of the European Communities. In particular, it addresses the issue of adapting the Xerox Tagger to Spanish in order to tag the Spanish ve... | {
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cmp-lg/9505036 | Integrating Gricean and Attentional Constraints | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | This paper concerns how to generate and understand discourse anaphoric noun phrases. I present the results of an analysis of all discourse anaphoric noun phrases (N=1,233) in a corpus of ten narrative monologues, where the choice between a definite pronoun or phrasal NP conforms largely to Gricean constraints on inform... | {
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cmp-lg/9505037 | Identifying Word Translations in Non-Parallel Texts | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Common algorithms for sentence and word-alignment allow the automatic identification of word translations from parallel texts. This study suggests that the identification of word translations should also be possible with non-parallel and even unrelated texts. The method proposed is based on the assumption that there is... | {
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cmp-lg/9505038 | Ubiquitous Talker: Spoken Language Interaction with Real World Objects | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Augmented reality is a research area that tries to embody an electronic information space within the real world, through computational devices. A crucial issue within this area, is the recognition of real world objects or situations. In natural language processing, it is much easier to determine interpretations of ut... | {
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cmp-lg/9505039 | Generating efficient belief models for task-oriented dialogues | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | We have shown that belief modelling for dialogue can be simplified if the assumption is made that the participants are cooperating, i.e., they are not committed to any goals requiring deception. In such domains, there is no need to maintain individual representations of deeply nested beliefs; instead, three specific ty... | {
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cmp-lg/9505040 | Text Chunking using Transformation-Based Learning | [
"cmp-lg",
"cs.CL"
] | Eric Brill introduced transformation-based learning and showed that it can do part-of-speech tagging with fairly high accuracy. The same method can be applied at a higher level of textual interpretation for locating chunks in the tagged text, including non-recursive ``baseNP'' chunks. For this purpose, it is convenient... | {
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} |
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