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--- |
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0 |
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task_categories: |
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- image-segmentation |
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- image-classification |
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tags: |
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- medical |
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- surgical |
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- microsurgery |
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--- |
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# MAVIS (Micro-surgical Artificial Vascular anastomosIS) |
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This dataset was presented in the paper: [SurgMLLMBench: A Multimodal Large Language Model Benchmark Dataset for Surgical Scene Understanding](https://huggingface.co/papers/2511.21339). |
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## Dataset Overview |
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*MAVIS* is a microsurgical dataset comprising 19 videos of artificial vascular anastomosis procedures performed by three expert microsurgeons at College of Medicine, Korea University, Republic of Korea. |
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For each video frame, it provides: |
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- **Pixel-level segmentation** of seven tool categories |
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- **Frame-level workflow annotations**: surgical stage, phase, and step |
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This dataset supports research on surgical tool segmentation and surgical workflow recognition in microsurgical environments. |
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<!-- |
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## Data Collection |
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1. **Subjects & Cases** |
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- 19 recorded anastomosis sessions on an artificial vessel simulator |
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- Surgeon assignments: |
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- CASE 01–07: Surgeon 1 |
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- CASE 08–14: Surgeon 2 |
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- CASE 15–19: Surgeon 3 |
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2. **Acquisition Setup** |
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- Microscope/Camera model: ??? |
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- Original resolution: ??? px |
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- Frame rate: ??? fps |
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- Cropped frame size: 1920 × 1072 px |
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3. **Annotation Tools & Process** |
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- **Segmentation**: ??? |
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- **Workflow**: Manual tagging of stage/phase/step by the non-medical |
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4. **Annotators** |
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- Labels applied following a standardized workflow guideline |
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--> |
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## Data Details |
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Each directory in the *MAVIS* dataset stores raw image data, segmentation masks, and annotation files. |
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- **Directory Structure** |
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``` |
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MAVIS/ |
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├── frames/ |
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│ ├── CASE01/ |
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│ │ ├── image_00001.jpg |
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│ │ └── ... |
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│ ├── ... |
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├── annotations/ |
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│ ├── long-term.json |
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│ ├── short-term.json |
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│ ├── segmentations/ |
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│ │ ├── CASE01/ |
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│ │ │ ├── image_00001.png |
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│ │ │ └── ... |
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│ │ ├── ... |
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│ └── segmentations_with_keypoint/ |
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│ ├── CASE01/ |
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│ │ ├── image_00001.png |
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│ │ └── ... |
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│ ├── ... |
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├── fig/ |
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└── README.md |
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``` |
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- **Annotation Formats** |
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- **short-term.json**: polygon mask data for seven tool classes for each frame |
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- **long-term.json**: stage, phase, and step labels for each frame |
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- **Stage–Phase–Step Hierarchy** |
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The workflow annotations are structured into six **Stages**, comprising one or more sequential **Phases**, which in turn consist of multiple sequential **Steps**. |
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<center> |
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| Phase Class ID | Stage Name | Stage Class ID | Phase Name | Step Class ID | Step Name | |
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|:--------:|:-----------------:|:--------:|:-----------------:|:--------:|:-----------------:| |
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| 0 | First tying | 0 | Suturing | 0 | Needle holding | |
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| 1 | Second 120° tying | 1 | Knot tying | 1 | Needle passing | |
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| 2 | Second 180° tying | 2 | Cutting | 2 | Needle dropping | |
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| 3 | Front side tying | 3 | Flip | 3 | 1st knot | |
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| 4 | Flip | | | 4 | 2nd knot | |
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| 5 | Back side tying | | | 5 | 3rd knot | |
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| | | | | 6 | Cutting | |
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| | | | | 7 | Flip clamp | |
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</center> |
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<details> |
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<summary>[Click to expand] Full annotation hierarchy with descriptions</summary> |
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1. **First tying** (forming the first knot) |
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1. **Phase: Suturing** – place and position the suture |
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- **Needle holding**: grasp the suture needle securely with the needle holder |
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- **Needle passing**: insert the needle through both edges of the vessel and pull it through |
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- **Needle dropping**: release the needle at the optimal position for tying (≈5 o’clock) |
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2. **Phase: Knot tying** – create the knot |
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- **1st knot**: wrap the free end of the suture around the instrument and tighten |
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- **2nd knot**: repeat wrapping in the opposite direction and tighten |
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- **3rd knot**: final wrap to secure the stitch |
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3. **Phase: Cutting** – trim excess suture |
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- **Cutting**: use scissors to sever both ends of the suture (can cut both at once or sequentially) |
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2. **Second 120° tying** (forming the second knot at a position rotated 120° from the first tying) |
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- *Subtasks*: identical to First tying (Suturing → Knot tying → Cutting) |
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3. **Second 180° tying** (forming the second knot at a position rotated 180° from the first tying) |
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- *Subtasks*: identical to First tying (Suturing → Knot tying → Cutting) |
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4. **Front side tying** (additional knot on the front face between first and second) |
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- *Subtasks*: identical to First tying (Suturing → Knot tying → Cutting) |
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5. **Flip** (reorient vessel for back‐side access) |
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- **Phase: Flip** – flip the vessel clamp |
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- **Flip clamp**: reposition the clamp so that the vessel’s backside faces the camera |
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6. **Back side tying** (forming knots on the backside between first and second) |
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- *Subtasks*: identical to First tying (Suturing → Knot tying → Cutting) |
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</details> |
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<!-- |
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| Class ID | Phase Name | |
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|----------|-------------------| |
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| 0 | Suturing | |
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| 1 | Knot tying | |
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| 2 | Cutting | |
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| 3 | Flip | |
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| Class ID | Step Name | |
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|----------|-------------------| |
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| 0 | Needle holding | |
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| 1 | Needle passing | |
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| 2 | Needle dropping | |
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| 3 | 1st knot | |
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| 4 | 2nd knot | |
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| 5 | 3rd knot | |
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| 6 | Cutting | |
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| 7 | Flip clamp | |
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--> |
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- **Tool Segmentation Classes** |
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The dataset contains the following surgical tool classes: |
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<center> |
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| Class ID | Class Name |RGB Color | |
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|:--------:|:----------------:|:--------------:| |
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| 0 | forceps |(253, 0, 26) | |
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| 1 | scissors |(43, 253, 62) | |
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| 2 | vascular_clamps |(0, 43, 249) | |
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| 3 | needle_holder |(255, 253, 66) | |
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| 4 | vessel |(253, 40, 250) | |
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| 5 | needle |(38, 255, 254) | |
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| 6 | thread |(198, 161, 251) | |
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</center> |
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## Examples of Labeled Data |
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Figures 1, 2, and 3 show examples of the dataset with segmentation labels. |
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<center> |
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Figure 1 | Figure 2 | Figure 3 |
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:-------------------------:|:-------------------------:|:-------------------------: |
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 |  |  |
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</center> |
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<!-- |
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<figure> |
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<img src="./fig/ex1.png" width="640" height="360"/> |
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<figcaption>Figure 1: Example of Segmentation Mask of Image 1</figcaption> |
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</figure> |
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<figure> |
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<img src="./fig/ex2.png" width="640" height="360"/> |
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<figcaption>Figure 2: Example of Segmentation Mask of Image 2</figcaption> |
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</figure> |
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<figure> |
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<img src="./fig/ex3.png" width="640" height="360"/> |
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<figcaption>Figure 3: Example of Segmentation Mask of Image 3</figcaption> |
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</figure> |
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--> |
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## Citation |
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```bibtex |
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@misc{choi2025surgmllmbenchmultimodallargelanguage, |
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title={SurgMLLMBench: A Multimodal Large Language Model Benchmark Dataset for Surgical Scene Understanding}, |
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author={Tae-Min Choi and Tae Kyeong Jeong and Garam Kim and Jaemin Lee and Yeongyoon Koh and In Cheul Choi and Jae-Ho Chung and Jong Woong Park and Juyoun Park}, |
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year={2025}, |
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eprint={2511.21339}, |
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archivePrefix={arXiv}, |
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primaryClass={cs.CV}, |
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21339}, |
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} |
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``` |
