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the 5 september 2018 (utc time) mw6.6 earthquake of tomakomai, japan has triggered about 10,000 landslides with high density, causing widespread concern. we attempted to establish a detailed inventory of this slope failure and use proper methods to assess landslide susceptibility in the entire affected area. to this en... | planet image-based inventorying and machine learning-based susceptibility mapping for the landslides triggered by the 2018 mw6.6 tomakomai, japan earthquake |
context. the growth of dust grains from sub-μm to mm and cm sizes is the first step towards the formation of planetesimals. theoretical models of grain growth predict that dust properties change as a function of disk radius, mass, age, and other physical conditions. high angular resolution observations at several (sub-... | multiwavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks. radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure |
the spectrum of an exoplanet reveals the physical, chemical, and biological processes that have shaped its history and govern its future. however, observations of exoplanet spectra are complicated by the overwhelming glare of their host stars. this review chapter focuses on high resolution spectroscopy (hrs; r=25,000-1... | exoplanet atmospheres at high spectral resolution |
we present a new equation of state (eos) for dense hydrogen/helium mixtures that covers a range of densities from 10-8 to {10}6 {{g}} {cm}}-3, pressures from 10-9 to 1013 gpa, and temperatures from 102 to 108 k. the calculations combine the eos of saumon, chabrier & van horn in the low-density, low-temperature mole... | a new equation of state for dense hydrogen-helium mixtures |
studies using asteroseismic ages and rotation rates from star-spot rotation have indicated that standard age-rotation relations may break down roughly half way through the main sequence lifetime, a phenomenon referred to as weakened magnetic braking. although rotation rates from spots can be difficult to determine for ... | weakened magnetic braking supported by asteroseismic rotation rates of kepler dwarfs |
using astrometric observations spanning more than a century and including a large set of cassini data, we determine saturn's tidal parameters through their current effects on the orbits of the eight main and four coorbital moons. we have used the latter to make the first determination of saturn's love number from obser... | new constraints on saturn's interior from cassini astrometric data |
we describe a major update to the public gizmo code. gizmo has been used in simulations of cosmology; galaxy and star formation and evolution; black hole accretion and feedback; proto-stellar disk dynamics and planet formation; fluid dynamics and plasma physics; dust-gas dynamics; giant impacts and solid-body interacti... | a new public release of the gizmo code |
we examine the influence of the grid aspect ratio of horizontal to vertical grid spacing on turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (pbl) in a large-eddy simulation (les). in order to clarify and distinguish them from other artificial effects caused by numerical schemes, we used a fully compressible meteorological l... | influence of grid aspect ratio on planetary boundary layer turbulence in large-eddy simulations |
previous measurements of heat redistribution efficiency (the ability to transport energy from a planet’s highly irradiated dayside to its eternally dark nightside) show considerable variation between exoplanets. theoretical models predict a positive correlation between heat redistribution efficiency and temperature for... | spitzer phase curve constraints for wasp-43b at 3.6 and 4.5 μm |
this review paper summarizes the research of mercury's magnetosphere in the post-messenger era and compares its dynamics to those in other planetary magnetospheres, especially to those in earth's magnetosphere. this review starts by introducing the planet mercury, including its interplanetary environment, magnetosphere... | review of mercury's dynamic magnetosphere: post-messenger era and comparative magnetospheres |
synthetic aperture radar (sar) has great potential for timely monitoring of flood information as it penetrates the clouds during flood events. moreover, the proliferation of sar satellites with high spatial and temporal resolution provides a tremendous opportunity to understand the flood risk and its quick response. ho... | rapid and large-scale mapping of flood inundation via integrating spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imagery with unsupervised deep learning |
context. we investigate the formation and evolution of comet nuclei and other trans-neptunian objects (tnos) in the solar nebula and primordial disk prior to the giant planet orbit instability foreseen by the nice model.aims: our goal is to determine whether most observed comet nuclei are primordial rubble-pile survivo... | the primordial nucleus of comet 67p/churyumov-gerasimenko |
hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, develops a remarkably complex behaviour upon compression1. since wigner predicted the dissociation and metallization of solid hydrogen at megabar pressures almost a century ago2, several efforts have been made to explain the many unusual properties of de... | evidence for supercritical behaviour of high-pressure liquid hydrogen |
the terrestrial planets and the asteroids dominant in the inner asteroid belt are water poor. however, in the protoplanetary disk the temperature should have decreased below water-condensation level well before the disk was photo-evaporated. thus, the global water depletion of the inner solar system is puzzling. we sho... | fossilized condensation lines in the solar system protoplanetary disk |
we re-evaluate the abundances of the elements in the sun from copper (z = 29) to thorium (z = 90). our results are mostly based on neutral and singly-ionised lines in the solar spectrum. we use the latest 3d hydrodynamic solar model atmosphere, and in a few cases also correct for departures from local thermodynamic equ... | the elemental composition of the sun. iii. the heavy elements cu to th |
this work aims to improve the current understanding of the atmospheres of brown dwarfs, especially cold ones with spectral types t and y, whose modeling is a current challenge. silicate and iron clouds are believed to disappear at the photosphere at the l/t transition, but cloudless models fail to reproduce correctly t... | fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres |
direct imaging observations have revealed spiral structures in protoplanetary disks. previous studies have suggested that planet-induced spiral arms cannot explain some of these spiral patterns, due to the large pitch angle and high contrast of the spiral arms in observations. we have carried out three-dimensional (3d)... | the structure of spiral shocks excited by planetary-mass companions |
context. carmenes is a stabilised, high-resolution, double-channel spectrograph at the 3.5 m calar alto telescope. it is optimally designed for radial-velocity surveys of m dwarfs with potentially habitable earth-mass planets.aims: we prepare a list of the brightest, single m dwarfs in each spectral subtype observable ... | carmenes input catalogue of m dwarfs. i. low-resolution spectroscopy with cafos |
the temperature of an atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude, unless a shortwave absorber that causes a temperature inversion exists1. ozone plays this role in the earth's atmosphere. in the atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets, the shortwave absorbers are predicted to be titanium oxide (tio) and vanadium... | titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet wasp-189 b |
a new hot line list for the main isotopologue of co2, 12c16o2 is presented. the line list consists of almost 2.5 billion transitions between 3.5 million rotation-vibration states of co2 in its ground electronic state, covering the wavenumber range 0-20 000 cm-1 (λ > 0.5 µm) with the upper and lower energy thresholds... | exomol line lists - xxxix. ro-vibrational molecular line list for co2 |
we present new transit and occultation times for the hot jupiter wasp-12b. the data are compatible with a constant period derivative: \dot{p}=-29+/- 3 ms yr-1 and p/\dot{p}=3.2 {myr}. however, it is difficult to tell whether we have observed orbital decay or a portion of a 14-year apsidal precession cycle. if interpret... | the apparently decaying orbit of wasp-12b |
remote sensing change detection is crucial for understanding the dynamics of our planet's surface, facilitating the monitoring of environmental changes, evaluating human impact, predicting future trends, and supporting decision-making. in this work, we introduce a novel approach for change detection that can leverage o... | ddpm-cd: denoising diffusion probabilistic models as feature extractors for change detection |
context. the carmenes instrument, installed at the 3.5 m telescope of the calar alto observatory in almería, spain, was conceived to deliver high-accuracy radial velocity (rv) measurements with long-term stability to search for temperate rocky planets around a sample of nearby cool stars. moreover, the broad wavelength... | the carmenes search for exoplanets around m dwarfs. guaranteed time observations data release 1 (2016-2020) |
the radial velocity method is one of the most successful techniques for detecting exoplanets. it works by detecting the velocity of a host star induced by the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet, specifically the velocity along our line of sight, which is called the radial velocity of the star. low-mass planets ... | improving exoplanet detection power: multivariate gaussian process models for stellar activity |
the stratospheric arctic vortex (sav) plays a critical role in forecasting cold winters in northern mid-latitudes. its influence on the tropospheric mid- and high-latitudes has attracted growing attention in recent years. however, the trend in the sav during the recent two decades is still unknown. here, using three re... | recent strengthening of the stratospheric arctic vortex response to warming in the central north pacific |
the short-period (0.94-d) transiting exoplanet wasp-19b is an exceptional target for transmission spectroscopy studies, due to its relatively large atmospheric scale height (∼500 km) and equilibrium temperature (∼2100 k). here, we report on six precise spectroscopic magellan/imacs observations, five of which target the... | access: a featureless optical transmission spectrum for wasp-19b from magellan/imacs |
context. the β pictoris moving group is one of the most well-known young associations in the solar neighbourhood and several members are known to host circumstellar discs, planets, and comets. measuring its age precisely is essential to the study of several astrophysical processes, such as planet formation and disc evo... | dynamical traceback age of the β pictoris moving group |
we investigate the minimum planet mass that produces observable signatures in infrared scattered light and submillimetre (submm) continuum images and demonstrate how these images can be used to measure planet masses to within a factor of about 2. to this end, we perform multi-fluid gas and dust simulations of discs con... | the minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high-resolution observations |
context. recently, the he i triplet at 10 830 å was rediscovered as an excellent probe of the extended and possibly evaporating atmospheres of close-in transiting planets. this has already resulted in detections of this triplet in the atmospheres of a handful of planets, both from space and from the ground. however, wh... | he i λ 10 830 å in the transmission spectrum of hd209458 b |
the detection of the amino acid glycine and its amine precursor methylamine on the comet 67p/churyumov-gerasimenko by the rosetta mission provides strong evidence for a cosmic origin of amino acids on earth. how and when such molecules form along the process of star formation remains debated. here we report the laborat... | a non-energetic mechanism for glycine formation in the interstellar medium |
a long-term goal of exoplanet studies is the identification and detection of biosignature gases. beyond the most discussed biosignature gas o2, only a handful of gases have been considered in detail. in this study, we evaluate phosphine (ph3). on earth, ph3 is associated with anaerobic ecosystems, and as such, it is a ... | phosphine as a biosignature gas in exoplanet atmospheres |
population studies of exoplanets are key to unlocking their statistical properties. so far, the inferred properties have been mostly limited to planetary, orbital, and stellar parameters extracted from, e.g., kepler, radial velocity, and gaia data. more recently an increasing number of exoplanet atmospheres have been o... | five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot-jupiter atmospheres in eclipse |
previous measurements of stellar properties for k2 stars in the ecliptic plane input catalog largely relied on photometry and proper motion measurements, with some added information from available spectra and parallaxes. combining gaia dr2 distances with spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures, surface gra... | scaling k2. i. revised parameters for 222,088 k2 stars and a k2 planet radius valley at 1.9 r⊕ |
the madden-julian oscillation (mjo) is a slow-moving tropical mode that produces a planetary-scale envelope of convective storms. by exciting rossby waves, the mjo creates teleconnections with far-reaching impacts on extratropical circulation and weather. although recent studies have investigated the response of the mj... | amplified madden-julian oscillation impacts in the pacific-north america region |
the geoengineering model intercomparison project (geomip) is a coordinating framework, started in 2010, that includes a series of standardized climate model experiments aimed at understanding the physical processes and projected impacts of solar geoengineering. numerous experiments have been conducted, and numerous mor... | opinion: the scientific and community-building roles of the geoengineering model intercomparison project (geomip) - past, present, and future |
a systematic survey of 57 different paragenetic modes distributed among 5659 mineral species reveals patterns in the diversity and distribution of minerals related to their evolving formational environments. the earliest minerals in stellar, nebular, asteroid, and primitive earth contexts were dominated by relatively a... | on the paragenetic modes of minerals: a mineral evolution perspective |
earth system science (ess) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the earth as a complex, adaptive system. here, we discuss the emergence and evolution of ess, outlining the importance of these developments in advancing our understanding of global chang... | the emergence and evolution of earth system science |
this study reveals a close relation between autumn arctic sea ice change (sic) in the laptev sea-eastern siberian sea-beaufort sea and subsequent spring eurasian surface air temperature (sat) variation. specifically, more (less) sic over the above regions in early autumn generally correspond to sat warming (cooling) ov... | impacts of early autumn arctic sea ice concentration on subsequent spring eurasian surface air temperature variations |
we use the multi-epoch radial velocities acquired by the apache point observatory galactic evolution experiment (apogee) survey to perform a large-scale statistical study of stellar multiplicity for field stars in the milky way, spanning the evolutionary phases between the main sequence (ms) and the red clump. we show ... | stellar multiplicity meets stellar evolution and metallicity: the apogee view |
geological evidence shows that ancient mars had large volumes of liquid water. models of past hydrogen escape to space, calibrated with observations of the current escape rate, cannot explain the present-day deuterium-to-hydrogen isotope ratio (d/h). we simulated volcanic degassing, atmospheric escape, and crustal hydr... | long-term drying of mars by sequestration of ocean-scale volumes of water in the crust |
interstellar space is filled with a dilute mixture of charged particles, atoms, molecules and dust grains, called the interstellar medium (ism). understanding its physical properties and dynamical behavior is of pivotal importance to many areas of astronomy and astrophysics. galaxy formation and evolution, the formatio... | physical processes in the interstellar medium |
carbon is an essential element for life but its behavior during earth's accretion is not well understood. carbonaceous grains in meteoritic and cometary materials suggest that irreversible sublimation, and not condensation, governs carbon acquisition by terrestrial worlds. through astronomical observations and modeling... | earth's carbon deficit caused by early loss through irreversible sublimation |
mature super-earths and sub-neptunes are predicted to be ≃ jovian radius when younger than 10 myr. thus, we expect to find 5-15 r ⊕ planets around young stars even if their older counterparts harbor none. we report the discovery and validation of toi 1227b, a 0.85 ± 0.05 r j (9.5 r ⊕) planet transiting a very-low-mass ... | tess hunt for young and maturing exoplanets (thyme). vi. an 11 myr giant planet transiting a very-low-mass star in lower centaurus crux |
planets with short orbital periods (roughly under 10 days) are common around stars like the sun1,2. stars expand as they evolve and thus we expect their close planetary companions to be engulfed, possibly powering luminous mass ejections from the host star3-5. however, this phase has never been directly observed. here ... | an infrared transient from a star engulfing a planet |
a new model describing zircon saturation in silicate melts is presented that combines the results of 196 data from new experiments with data from previous experimental studies. in the new experiments, the concentration of zr in melts coexisting with zircon was determined at temperatures between 800 and 1500 °c for 21 c... | a new model for zircon saturation in silicate melts |
preface; part i. principles of planetary atmospheres: 1. the structure of planetary atmospheres; 2. energy and radiation in planetary atmospheres; 3. essentials of chemistry of planetary atmospheres; 4. motions in planetary atmospheres; 5. escape of atmospheres to space; part ii. evolution of the earth's atmosphere: 6.... | atmospheric evolution on inhabited and lifeless worlds |
shallow cumulus clouds in the trade-wind regions cool the planet by reflecting solar radiation. the response of trade cumulus clouds to climate change is a key uncertainty in climate projections1-4. trade cumulus feedbacks in climate models are governed by changes in cloud fraction near cloud base5,6, with high-climate... | strong cloud-circulation coupling explains weak trade cumulus feedback |
the formation of stars and planets is accompanied not only by the build-up of matter, namely accretion, but also by its expulsion in the form of highly supersonic jets that can stretch for several parsecs1,2. as accretion and jet activity are correlated and because young stars acquire most of their mass rapidly early o... | outflows from the youngest stars are mostly molecular |
the surfaces of earth and mars contain large bedrock canyons that were carved by catastrophic outburst floods. reconstructing the magnitude of these canyon-forming floods is essential for understanding the ways in which floods modify planetary surfaces, the hydrology of early mars and abrupt changes in climate. flood d... | progressive incision of the channeled scablands by outburst floods |
the 176lu-176hf radioactive decay system has been widely used to study planetary crust-mantle differentiation. of considerable utility in this regard is zircon, a resistant mineral that can be precisely dated by the u-pb chronometer and record its initial hf isotope composition due to having low lu/hf. here we review z... | what hf isotopes in zircon tell us about crust-mantle evolution |
stratosphere-troposphere coupling in the southern hemisphere (sh) polar vortex is an important dynamical process that provides predictability of the tropospheric southern annular mode (sam) and its associated surface impacts. sh stratosphere-troposphere coupling is explored by height-time domain empirical orthogonal fu... | seasonal evolution of stratosphere-troposphere coupling in the southern hemisphere and implications for the predictability of surface climate |
stellar magnetic activity produces time-varying distortions in the photospheric line profiles of solar-type stars. these lead to systematic errors in high-precision radial-velocity measurements, which limit efforts to discover and measure the masses of low-mass exoplanets with orbital periods of more than a few tens of... | separating planetary reflex doppler shifts from stellar variability in the wavelength domain |
surveys have revealed many multi-planet systems containing super-earths and neptunes in orbits of a few days to a few months. there is debate whether in situ assembly or inward migration is the dominant mechanism of the formation of such planetary systems. simulations suggest that migration creates tightly packed syste... | a resonant chain of four transiting, sub-neptune planets |
the widespread prevalence of close-in, nearly coplanar super-earth- and sub-neptune-sized planets in multiple-planet systems was one of the most surprising results from the kepler mission. by studying a uniform sample of kepler “multis” with mass measurements from transit-timing variations, we show that a given planeta... | kepler multi-planet systems exhibit unexpected intra-system uniformity in mass and radius |
near-earth asteroid didymos is a binary system and the target of the proposed double asteroid redirection test (dart) mission (cheng et al., 2016), which is a planetary defense experiment. the dart spacecraft will impact the satellite, causing changes in the binary orbit that will be measured by earth-based observers. ... | radar observations and a physical model of binary near-earth asteroid 65803 didymos, target of the dart mission |
one of the primary goals of exoplanetary science is to detect small, temperate planets passing (transiting) in front of bright and quiet host stars. this enables the characterization of planetary sizes, orbits, bulk compositions, atmospheres and formation histories. these studies are facilitated by small and cool m dwa... | a super-earth and two sub-neptunes transiting the nearby and quiet m dwarf toi-270 |
the large binocular telescope interferometer (lbti) enables nulling interferometric observations across the n band (8 to 13 μm) to suppress a star's bright light and probe for faint circumstellar emission. we present and statistically analyze the results from the lbti/hunt for observable signatures of terrestrial syste... | the hosts survey for exozodiacal dust: observational results from the complete survey |
complex organic molecules (coms), which are the seeds of prebiotic material and precursors of amino acids and sugars, form in the icy mantles of circumstellar dust grains1 but cannot be detected remotely unless they are heated and released to the gas phase. around solar-mass stars, water and coms only sublimate in the ... | the ice composition in the disk around v883 ori revealed by its stellar outburst |
the emergent spectra of close-in, giant exoplanets (`hot jupiters') are expected to be distinct from those of self-luminous objects with similar effective temperatures because hot jupiters are primarily heated from above by their host stars rather than internally from the release of energy from their formation1. theore... | a unique hot jupiter spectral sequence with evidence for compositional diversity |
the direct characterization of exoplanetary systems with high-contrast imaging is among the highest priorities for the broader exoplanet community. as large space missions will be necessary for detecting and characterizing exo-earth twins, developing the techniques and technology for direct imaging of exoplanets is a d... | the jwst early release science program for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanetary systems |
the exchange of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (nmvoc) at the surface-atmosphere interface is a fundamental constraint and important boundary condition for atmospheric chemistry and its effects on climate. anthropogenic emissions are thought to account for about half of the nmvoc flux into the atmosphere of the ... | urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions |
how has the solar wind evolved to reach what it is today? in this review, i discuss the long-term evolution of the solar wind, including the evolution of observed properties that are intimately linked to the solar wind: rotation, magnetism and activity. given that we cannot access data from the solar wind 4 billion yea... | the evolution of the solar wind |
observing the rossiter-mclaughlin effect during a planetary transit allows the determination of the angle λ between the sky projections of the star's spin axis and the planet's orbital axis. such observations have revealed a large population of well-aligned systems and a smaller population of misaligned systems, with v... | a preponderance of perpendicular planets |
nearly two decades ago, the national academy of sciences commissioned the national research council (nrc) to report on critical issues in weather modification research. the 2003 nrc report highlighted the need to address key uncertainties in our understanding of cloud seeding. operational cloud seeding continues in nea... | precipitation formation from orographic cloud seeding |
direct imaging and spectroscopy is the likely means by which we will someday identify, confirm, and characterize an earth-like planet around a nearby sun-like star. this chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding discovering and characterizing exoplanets by direct imaging and spectroscopy. we detail in... | direct imaging and spectroscopy of extrasolar planets |
in many regions and at the planetary scale, human pressures on the environment exceed levels that natural systems can sustain. these pressures are caused by networks of human activities, which often extend across countries and continents due to global trade. this has led to an increasing requirement for methods that en... | review of life-cycle based methods for absolute environmental sustainability assessment and their applications |
climate change has had unequal and uneven burdens across places whereby the planetary crisis involves a common but differentiated responsibility. the injustices of intensifying climate breakdown have laid bare the fault lines of suffering across sites and scales. a climate justice framework helps us to think about and ... | critical climate justice |
venus has a geologically young surface, but it is unknown whether it has ongoing active volcanism. from 1990 to 1992, the magellan spacecraft imaged the planet’s surface, using synthetic aperture radar. we examined volcanic areas on venus that were imaged two or three times by magellan and identified an ~2.2-square-kil... | surface changes observed on a venusian volcano during the magellan mission |
context. the atmospheres of extrasolar planets are thought to be built largely through accretion of pebbles and planetesimals. such pebbles are also the building blocks of comets. the chemical composition of their volatiles are usually taken to be inherited from the ices in the collapsing cloud. however, chemistry in t... | setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter? |
the spatial distribution of gas and solids in protoplanetary disks determines the composition and formation efficiency of planetary systems. a number of disks show starkly different distributions for the gas and small grains compared to millimeter-centimeter-sized dust. we present new atacama large millimeter/submillim... | the coupled physical structure of gas and dust in the im lup protoplanetary disk |
we report the analysis of two new spectroscopic observations in the near-infrared of the super-earth 55 cancri e, obtained with the wfc3 camera on board the hubble space telescope. 55 cancri e orbits so close to its parent star that temperatures much higher than 2000 k are expected on its surface. given the brightness ... | detection of an atmosphere around the super-earth 55 cancri e |
ob associations are low-density groups of young stars that are dispersing from their birth environment into the galactic field. they are important for understanding the star formation process, early stellar evolution, the properties and distribution of young stars and the processes by which young stellar groups dispers... | ob associations |
one of the most important developments in exoplanet science in the past decade is the discovery of multi-planet systems with sub-neptune-sized planets interior to 1~au. this chapter explores the architectures of these planetary systems, which often display a remarkable degree of uniformity: the planets have nearly equa... | architectures of compact multi-planet systems: diversity and uniformity |
long-term exposure to particulate matter (pm) with aerodynamic diameters < 10 (pm10) and 2.5 µm (pm2.5) has negative effects on human health. although station-based pm monitoring has been conducted around the world, it is still challenging to provide spatially continuous pm information for vast areas at high spatial... | estimation of ground-level particulate matter concentrations through the synergistic use of satellite observations and process-based models over south korea |
this study explores the early-winter atmospheric response to ural blocking anomalies in november, using a nudging technique to constrain the temperature and dynamics in a high-top atmospheric model. persistent ural blocking anomalies in november are associated with a warm arctic/cold siberia pattern and increased upwar... | ural blocking as a driver of early-winter stratospheric warmings |
atmospheric xenon is strongly mass fractionated, the result of a process that apparently continued through the archean and perhaps beyond. previous models that explain xe fractionation by hydrodynamic hydrogen escape cannot gracefully explain how xe escaped when ar and kr did not, nor allow xe to escape in the archean.... | strange messenger: a new history of hydrogen on earth, as told by xenon |
we introduce planetary atmospheric transmission for observer noobs (platon), a python package that calculates transmission spectra for exoplanets and retrieves atmospheric characteristics based on observed spectra. platon is easy to install and use, with common use cases taking no more than a few lines of code. it is a... | forward modeling and retrievals with platon, a fast open-source tool |
despite the generally hostile nature of the environments involved, chemistry does occur in space. molecules are seen in environments that span a wide range of physical and chemical conditions and that clearly were created by a multitude of chemical processes, many of which differ substantially from those associated wit... | prebiotic astrochemistry and the formation of molecules of astrobiological interest in interstellar clouds and protostellar disks |
new consistent and precise computations of the production of five cosmogenic radioisotopes, 7be, 10be, 14c, 22na, and 36cl, in the earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays are presented in the form of tabulated yield functions. for the first time, a detailed set of the altitude profiles of the production functions is provided... | production of cosmogenic isotopes 7be, 10be, 14c, 22na, and 36cl in the atmosphere: altitudinal profiles of yield functions |
in giant planet atmosphere modeling, the intrinsic temperature t int and radiative-convective boundary (rcb) are important lower boundary conditions. often in one-dimensional radiative-convective models and in three-dimensional general circulation models it is assumed that t int is similar to that of jupiter itself, ar... | the intrinsic temperature and radiative-convective boundary depth in the atmospheres of hot jupiters |
global dust storms on mars are rare1,2 but can affect the martian atmosphere for several months. they can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere3, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust3. in turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapou... | martian dust storm impact on atmospheric h2o and d/h observed by exomars trace gas orbiter |
during the course of its evolution, our sun and its protective magnetic bubble have plowed through dramatically different interstellar environments throughout the galaxy. the vast range of conditions of interstellar plasma, gas, dust and high-energy cosmic rays on this "solar journey" have helped shape the solar system... | interstellar probe: humanity's exploration of the galaxy begins |
mapping of landslides over space has seen an increasing attention and good results in the last decade. while current methods are chiefly applied to generate event-inventories, whereas multi-temporal (mt) inventories are rare, even using manual landslide mapping. here, we present an innovative deep learning strategy whi... | generating multi-temporal landslide inventories through a general deep transfer learning strategy using hr eo data |
the availability of electric vehicle (ev) technology for users in various regions of the planet has increased significantly in recent years due to the reduction of their cost and the development of service infrastructure. electric vehicles have traditionally focused on operation in temperate and warm climates, but grad... | evaluation of user experience in the operation of electric vehicles in the arctic regions |
turbulent convection is ubiquitous in geophysical and astrophysical contexts: it drives winds in the atmosphere and currents in the ocean, it generates magnetic fields inside planets and stars, and it triggers supernova explosions inside collapsing stellar cores. in many such natural flows, convection is driven by the ... | radiative heating achieves the ultimate regime of thermal convection |
during the formation and evolution of the solar system, significant numbers of cometary and asteroidal bodies were ejected into interstellar space1,2. it is reasonable to expect that the same happened for planetary systems other than our own. detection of such interstellar objects would allow us to probe the planetesim... | spectroscopy and thermal modelling of the first interstellar object 1i/2017 u1 `oumuamua |
a wide variety of earth and planetary materials are very good recorders of paleomagnetic information. however, most magnetic grains in these materials are not in the stable single domain grain size range but are larger and in nonuniform vortex magnetization states. we provide a detailed account of vortex phenomena in g... | the vortex state in geologic materials: a micromagnetic perspective |
two model experiments, namely a control (ctl) experiment without aerosol-radiation feedbacks and a experiment with online aerosol-radiation (rad) interactions, were designed to study the radiative feedback on regional radiation budgets, planetary boundary layer (pbl) meteorology and haze formation due to aerosols durin... | mesoscale modelling study of the interactions between aerosols and pbl meteorology during a haze episode in china jing-jin-ji and its near surrounding region - part 2: aerosols' radiative feedback effects |
context. observations have revealed in the kepler data a depleted region separating smaller super-earths from larger sub-neptunes. this can be explained as an evaporation valley between planets with and without h/he that is caused by atmospheric escape.aims: we want to analytically derive the valley's locus and underst... | planetary evolution with atmospheric photoevaporation. i. analytical derivation and numerical study of the evaporation valley and transition from super-earths to sub-neptunes |
we present the results of a near-infrared (nir) spectroscopic follow-up survey of 182 m4-l7 low-mass stars and brown dwarfs (bds) from the banyan all-sky survey (bass) for candidate members of nearby, young moving groups (ymgs). we confirm signs of low gravity for 42 new bd discoveries with estimated masses between 8 a... | banyan. vii. a new population of young substellar candidate members of nearby moving groups from the bass survey |
the elemental composition of the gas and dust in a protoplanetary disk influences the compositions of the planets that form in it. we use the molecules with alma at planet-forming scales (maps) data to constrain the elemental composition of the gas at the locations of potentially forming planets. the elemental abundanc... | molecules with alma at planet-forming scales (maps). vii. substellar o/h and c/h and superstellar c/o in planet-feeding gas |
the connection between the nature of a protoplanetary disk and that of a debris disk is not well understood. dust evolution, planet formation, and disk dissipation likely play a role in the processes involved. we aim to reconcile both manifestations of dusty circumstellar disks through a study of optically thin class i... | bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust |
one of the most significant advances by nasa's kepler mission was the discovery of an abundant new population of highly irradiated planets with sizes between those of the earth and neptune, unlike anything found in the solar system. subsequent analysis showed that at ∼1.5 r⊕ there is a transition from a population of p... | how formation time-scales affect the period dependence of the transition between rocky super-earths and gaseous sub-neptunesand implications for η⊕ |
the cheops space mission dedicated to exoplanet follow-up was launched in december 2019, equipped with the capacity to perform photometric measurements at the 20 ppm level. as cheops carries out its observations in a broad optical passband, it can provide insights into the reflected light from exoplanets and constrain ... | the hot dayside and asymmetric transit of wasp-189 b seen by cheops |
context. the third data release by the gaia mission of the european space agency (dr3) is the first release to provide the community with a large sample of observations for more than 150 thousand solar system objects, including asteroids and natural planetary satellites. the release contains astrometry (over 23 million... | gaia data release 3. the solar system survey |
the atmospheres of small exoplanets likely derive from a combination of geochemical outgassing and primordial gases left over from formation. secondary atmospheres, such as those of earth, mars and venus, are sourced by outgassing. persistent outgassing into long-lived, primordial, hydrogen-helium envelopes produces hy... | atmospheric chemistry of secondary and hybrid atmospheres of super earths and sub-neptunes |
the ocean region known as the mesopelagic zone, which is at depths of about 100-1,000 m, harbours one of the largest ecosystems and fish stocks on the planet. life in this region is believed to rely on particulate organic carbon supplied by the biological carbon pump. yet this supply appears insufficient to meet mesope... | substantial energy input to the mesopelagic ecosystem from the seasonal mixed-layer pump |
the net flux of carbon between the earth's interior and exterior, which is critical for redox evolution and planetary habitability, relies heavily on the extent of carbon subduction. while the fate of carbonates during subduction has been studied, little is known about how organic carbon is transferred from the earth's... | rise of earth's atmospheric oxygen controlled by efficient subduction of organic carbon |
we present atacama large millimeter array 850 μm continuum observations of the orion nebula cluster that provide the highest angular resolution (∼0.″1 ≈ 40 au) and deepest sensitivity (∼0.1 mjy) of the region to date. we mosaicked a field containing ∼225 optical or near-ir-identified young stars, ∼60 of which are also ... | protoplanetary disk properties in the orion nebula cluster: initial results from deep, high-resolution alma observations |
new sm-nd, lu-hf, hf-w, and re-os isotope data, in combination with highly siderophile element (hse, including re, os, ir, ru, pt, and pd) and w abundances, are reported for the 3.55 ga schapenburg komatiites, south africa. the schapenburg komatiites define a re-os isochron with an age of 3550 ± 87 ma and initial γ187o... | the coupled 182w-142nd record of early terrestrial mantle differentiation |
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