id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e1a30ee3433e1400423056 | Hydrogen | In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that ... | Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen? | {
"text": [
"as a tracer gas for minute leak detection"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1a30ee3433e1400423057 | Hydrogen | In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that ... | What industries can you find these applications? | {
"text": [
"automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e1a30ee3433e1400423058 | Hydrogen | In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that ... | How is hydrogen used as a food additive? | {
"text": [
"allows food package leak testing"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a40 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), pr... | What isotope is used in nuclear fission? | {
"text": [
"Deuterium"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a42 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), pr... | Where is tritium produced? | {
"text": [
"nuclear reactors"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a43 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), pr... | What is tritium used for? | {
"text": [
"production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423070 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases. | How is hydrogen used at power stations? | {
"text": [
"as a coolant in generators"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423071 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases. | Why is it used as a coolant? | {
"text": [
"favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423072 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases. | What are these properties? | {
"text": [
"low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56e1a498e3433e1400423076 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydr... | Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource? | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e1a498e3433e1400423077 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydr... | Where does the sun get its energy from? | {
"text": [
"nuclear fusion of hydrogen"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56e1a498e3433e1400423078 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydr... | How does hydrogen function when it s burned? | {
"text": [
"energy carrier"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e1a588cd28a01900c67a53 | Hydrogen | The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, a... | What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel? | {
"text": [
"elemental"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5a | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, an... | Why is hydrogen employed? | {
"text": [
"to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5b | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, an... | How is hydrogen used in oxide materials? | {
"text": [
"a potential electron donor"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5c | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, an... | What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor? | {
"text": [
"ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a60 | Hydrogen | H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydroge... | What enzymes are used to produce H2? | {
"text": [
"hydrogenases"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a62 | Hydrogen | H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydroge... | When does hydrogen gas occur? | {
"text": [
"in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a63 | Hydrogen | H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydroge... | What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called? | {
"text": [
"hydrogen cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
56e1a770e3433e140042307e | Hydrogen | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | What is the decomposition of water into its components called? | {
"text": [
"Water splitting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1a770e3433e140042307f | Hydrogen | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | Where does water splitting occur? | {
"text": [
"in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e1a770e3433e1400423080 | Hydrogen | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | What organisms can form H2 gas? | {
"text": [
"alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56e1a770e3433e1400423081 | Hydrogen | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | How are these gases formed? | {
"text": [
"by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
56e1a815e3433e1400423086 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and,... | What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey? | {
"text": [
"potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e1a815e3433e1400423088 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and,... | What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to? | {
"text": [
"cracks and explosions"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
56e1a8b5e3433e140042308e | Hydrogen | Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). ... | What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on? | {
"text": [
"the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e1a8b5e3433e140042308f | Hydrogen | Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). ... | How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio? | {
"text": [
"days or weeks"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56e1a8b5e3433e1400423090 | Hydrogen | Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). ... | What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on? | {
"text": [
"container geometry"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | On what date did the Space Race begin? | {
"text": [
"August 2, 1955"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date? | {
"text": [
"October 4, 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
990
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Who was the first person in space? | {
"text": [
"Yuri Gagarin"
],
"answer_start": [
1080
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | What was the date that the first human reached space? | {
"text": [
"April 12, 1961"
],
"answer_start": [
1097
]
} |
56e0796b231d4119001ac197 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root? | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e0796b231d4119001ac199 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year? | {
"text": [
"1932"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e541 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? | {
"text": [
"General Dornberger"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e542 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | What was the first object to enter space? | {
"text": [
"Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e543 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | {
"text": [
"1942 and 1943"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56e07a467aa994140058e549 | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? | {
"text": [
"Operation Paperclip"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56e07a467aa994140058e54a | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? | {
"text": [
"V2 rockets"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56e07b187aa994140058e54d | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | The German rocket center was located in what city? | {
"text": [
"Peenemünde"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56e07b187aa994140058e54e | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany? | {
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56e07b187aa994140058e54f | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | What year was Sergei Korolev arrested? | {
"text": [
"1938"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
56e07b187aa994140058e550 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Sergei Korolev died in what year? | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
56e07b187aa994140058e551 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title? | {
"text": [
"USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
56e07b847aa994140058e559 | Space_Race | After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to... | What year was the R1 rocket born? | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3 | Space_Race | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not bee... | What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914? | {
"text": [
"Robert H. Goddard"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4 | Space_Race | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not bee... | Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year? | {
"text": [
"1921"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56e084b77aa994140058e595 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where? | {
"text": [
"New Mexico"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
56e084b77aa994140058e596 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year? | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56e084b77aa994140058e597 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year? | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
56e084b77aa994140058e598 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state? | {
"text": [
"Huntsville, Alabama"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
56e084b77aa994140058e599 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama? | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
56e08587231d4119001ac24f | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb? | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e08587231d4119001ac250 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War? | {
"text": [
"the hydrogen bomb"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
56e08587231d4119001ac251 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | ICBMs is an abbreviation for what? | {
"text": [
"intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
56e08587231d4119001ac252 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force? | {
"text": [
"Strategic Air Command"
],
"answer_start": [
1220
]
} |
56e08587231d4119001ac253 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US? | {
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
837
]
} |
56e08680231d4119001ac26b | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | {
"text": [
"27 million"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56e08680231d4119001ac26c | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year? | {
"text": [
"1941"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e08680231d4119001ac26d | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb? | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e08680231d4119001ac26e | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs? | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
56e08680231d4119001ac26f | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union? | {
"text": [
"air force"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
56e087477aa994140058e5b8 | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket? | {
"text": [
"Korolev"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e087477aa994140058e5b9 | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | {
"text": [
"German G-4"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e087477aa994140058e5ba | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully? | {
"text": [
"August 21, 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
56e087477aa994140058e5bb | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | {
"text": [
"R-7 Semyorka rocket"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56e087e6231d4119001ac275 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year? | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56e087e6231d4119001ac276 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force? | {
"text": [
"MX-774"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e087e6231d4119001ac277 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The MX-774 was tested in what year? | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
56e087e6231d4119001ac278 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where? | {
"text": [
"Cape Canaveral"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
56e087e6231d4119001ac279 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The Atlas-A first launched on what date? | {
"text": [
"June 11, 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
56e088c6231d4119001ac280 | Space_Race | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary? | {
"text": [
"James C. Hagerty"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56e088c6231d4119001ac281 | Space_Race | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | The starting date for the Space Race was which date? | {
"text": [
"August 30, 1955"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5 | Space_Race | Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his ex... | A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date? | {
"text": [
"September 20, 1956"
],
"answer_start": [
1012
]
} |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what? | {
"text": [
"Vanguard"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | Project Vanguard launch failed on what date? | {
"text": [
"December 6, 195"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state? | {
"text": [
"Florida"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched? | {
"text": [
"Jupiter-C rocket"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b | Space_Race | On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micromet... | The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date? | {
"text": [
"January 31, 1958"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d | Space_Race | On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micromet... | The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements? | {
"text": [
"cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites"
],
"answer_start": [
916
]
} |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958? | {
"text": [
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year? | {
"text": [
"1958"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | What was NASA called before it became NASA? | {
"text": [
"National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | The first US satellite was launched on what date? | {
"text": [
"April 2, 1958"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab | Space_Race | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give... | The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when? | {
"text": [
"July 1, 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac | Space_Race | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give... | Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center? | {
"text": [
"von Braun"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7af | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching? | {
"text": [
"4"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0 | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year? | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2 | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon? | {
"text": [
"Luna 3"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9 | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization? | {
"text": [
"NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what? | {
"text": [
"Ranger 4"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one? | {
"text": [
"Block III Ranger 7"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date? | {
"text": [
"July 31, 1964"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program? | {
"text": [
"Luna"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | The first ship to carry a human through space was called what? | {
"text": [
"Vostok 1"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft? | {
"text": [
"108 minutes"
],
"answer_start": [
812
]
} |
56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a | Space_Race | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | April 12, in the USSR, is what special day? | {
"text": [
"Cosmonautics Day"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b | Space_Race | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations? | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5 | Space_Race | The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA... | Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization? | {
"text": [
"US Air Force"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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