Datasets:

KerwinFu
/

M3LLM-data-v1.0.0

question string	images list	gt string	image_indices list	sample_id string	collection string	task_type string	split string	schema_version string	pmcid string	compound_image_id string	source_figure_id string	source_record_index int64	article_licence string	licence_scope string	licence_source string	licence_match_status string	attribution_required bool	commercial_use_allowed bool	derivatives_allowed bool	share_alike_required bool	licence_restrictions string	annotation_licence string	annotation_licence_url string	annotation_licence_scope string	redistribution_licence_status string	figure_rights_audit_status string
How does the presence of newborn neurons (Tuj-1+ cells) in the lesion site of canines treated with the NeuroRegen scaffold combined with MSCs compare to other groups, and what does this indicate about neuroregeneration?	[ "PMC5337930_srep43559-f2.jpg" ]	The NeuroRegen scaffold combined with MSCs resulted in a significantly higher number of newborn neurons (Tuj-1+ cells) in the lesion site compared to the control and non-functionalized scaffold groups. This indicates enhanced neurogenesis and suggests that the combination therapy promotes neural regeneration and potent...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::001	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC5337930	PMC5337930_srep43559-f2.jpg	PMC5337930_srep43559-f2.jpg	1	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the distribution of CD11c+ dendritic cells correlate with the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the compound figure?	[ "PMC3533869_1742-2094-9-245-1.jpg" ]	The distribution of CD11c+ dendritic cells correlates with the severity of EAE. In mice with more severe EAE, there is increased accumulation of DCs in CNS lesions, particularly around blood vessels and demyelinating areas marked by anti-MBP antibodies. This suggests that DCs migrate to CNS lesions in response to infla...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::002	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3533869	PMC3533869_1742-2094-9-245-1.jpg	PMC3533869_1742-2094-9-245-1.jpg	2	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What were the key findings and surgical interventions observed in the intraoperative and postoperative imaging of Fig-0?	[ "PMC4717593_13019_2016_408_Fig2_HTML.jpg" ]	The intraoperative imaging revealed severe stenotic changes and thickened ascending aorta with diseased aortic valve cusps and an aneurysmal change at the left ventricular apex. The surgical interventions included median sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic root replacement with a 19-mm SJM Regent valve. Post...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::003	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC4717593	PMC4717593_13019_2016_408_Fig2_HTML.jpg	PMC4717593_13019_2016_408_Fig2_HTML.jpg	3	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does overexpression of Dectin-1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages affect the binding of Pneumocystis carinii and subsequent MIP-2 production?	[ "PMC2194130_20030932f7a.jpg" ]	Overexpression of Dectin-1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages significantly enhances the binding of Pneumocystis carinii and leads to increased MIP-2 production. This indicates a stronger inflammatory response to the fungal infection, highlighting the critical role of Dectin-1 in the immune system's recognition and response to...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::004	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC2194130	PMC2194130_20030932f7a.jpg	PMC2194130_20030932f7a.jpg	4	CC BY-NC-SA	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	true	Attribution + non-commercial; derivatives must use the same licence.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the consequences of HCP-6 depletion on chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II in C. elegans?	[ "PMC2172564_200408061f3.jpg" ]	Depletion of HCP-6 leads to the formation of DNA bridges between segregating chromosomes during anaphase stages of both meiosis I and II, resulting in defective chromosome segregation. This effect is more pronounced during meiosis II, indicating that condensin is crucial for proper homologue segregation in meiosis I bu...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::006	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC2172564	PMC2172564_200408061f3.jpg	PMC2172564_200408061f3.jpg	6	CC BY-NC-SA	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	true	Attribution + non-commercial; derivatives must use the same licence.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does single-voxel thresholding compare to mean rCBV from nine-voxel ROIs in depicting the histologic tumor fraction in recurrent GBM biopsies?	[ "PMC3379799_nos11204.jpg" ]	Single-voxel thresholding depicts the histologic tumor fraction more accurately than the mean rCBV from nine-voxel ROIs. It provides a nine-fold higher spatial resolution and better captures the variability in rCBV values, leading to a more precise identification of tumor subregions within biopsy samples.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::007	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3379799	PMC3379799_nos11204.jpg	PMC3379799_nos11204.jpg	7	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key histological and immunohistochemical features that support the diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma in Fig-0?	[ "PMC5064295_rt-2016-3-6282-g002.jpg" ]	The key histological features supporting the diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma include sheets of atypical spindle cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and moderate amounts of amphophilic cytoplasm, the presence of osteosarcomatous differentiation with tumoral osteoid and osteocytes, marked atypia, necrosis, and a h...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::008	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC5064295	PMC5064295_rt-2016-3-6282-g002.jpg	PMC5064295_rt-2016-3-6282-g002.jpg	8	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do apical ruffles observed in the live-imaged micro-patterned Lifeact-MDCK cells provide insights into actin dynamics and cellular processes?	[ "PMC5442143_JOA-230-766-g003.jpg" ]	Apical ruffles in live-imaged micro-patterned Lifeact-MDCK cells indicate active actin polymerization and cytoskeletal rearrangements. These ruffles suggest ongoing cellular processes such as membrane trafficking and cell motility, which are crucial for understanding cell polarity, adhesion, and morphogenesis in epithe...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::009	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC5442143	PMC5442143_JOA-230-766-g003.jpg	PMC5442143_JOA-230-766-g003.jpg	9	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What morphological changes are observed in RpoS-deficient spirochetes compared to wild-type spirochetes during the later stages of feeding?	[ "PMC3280991_ppat.1002532.g004.jpg" ]	During the later stages of feeding, RpoS-deficient spirochetes transform into round bodies with irregular vesicles and protoplasmic cylinders, whereas wild-type spirochetes form confluent networks. This transformation highlights the role of RpoS in maintaining normal spirochete morphology and localization within the mi...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::010	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3280991	PMC3280991_ppat.1002532.g004.jpg	PMC3280991_ppat.1002532.g004.jpg	10	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What were the key findings from the autopsy that contributed to determining the cause of death in Fig-0?	[ "PMC5448248_HV-18-26-g005.jpg" ]	The autopsy findings included a massive right pulmonary hemorrhagic infarct caused by pulmonary thromboemboli, extensive pleural adhesions, and a hypertrophied left ventricle with a fibrocalcific constrictive annular band, all of which contributed to determining the cause of death.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::011	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC5448248	PMC5448248_HV-18-26-g005.jpg	PMC5448248_HV-18-26-g005.jpg	11	CC BY-NC-SA	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	true	Attribution + non-commercial; derivatives must use the same licence.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the compound figure reveal about the structural characteristics and visualization techniques of amyloid fibrils?	[ "PMC9172111_d2sc00645f-f4.jpg" ]	The compound figure shows that amyloid fibrils have a cross-β-sheet structure with β-strands forming intermolecular β-sheets orthogonal to the fiber axis. Negative-stain electron microscopy (EM) visualizes these fibrils, revealing their characteristic morphology and organization. This visualization technique helps in u...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::012	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC9172111	PMC9172111_d2sc00645f-f4.jpg	PMC9172111_d2sc00645f-f4.jpg	12	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does onabotulinumtoxin-A (BoNT-A) injection affect the percentage of contractile material in muscle tissue, and how does HMB supplementation influence this effect?	[ "PMC8638725_JRM-53-9-2820-g003.jpg" ]	Onabotulinumtoxin-A (BoNT-A) injection significantly reduces the percentage of contractile material in muscle tissue, decreasing it from 93 ± 5% in the control group to 75 ± 16% in the BoNT-A group. HMB supplementation partially mitigates this effect, resulting in 85 ± 4% contractile material in the BoNT-A+HMB group. T...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::013	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8638725	PMC8638725_JRM-53-9-2820-g003.jpg	PMC8638725_JRM-53-9-2820-g003.jpg	13	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key histopathological and functional changes observed in the LPS-induced sepsis model compared to the control group?	[ "PMC6091847_10.1177_0300060517737434-fig3.jpg" ]	In the LPS-induced sepsis model, key histopathological changes include haemorrhage, oedema, and rupture of myocardial fibers in the left ventricle anterior wall. Functionally, there is a significant decrease in cardiac output and stroke volume, an increase in lactate levels, and a greater need for fluid resuscitation. ...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::014	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6091847	PMC6091847_10.1177_0300060517737434-fig3.jpg	PMC6091847_10.1177_0300060517737434-fig3.jpg	14	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What structural differences are observed between control and PRPF31-mutated iRPE cells in the compound figure?	[ "PMC9381579_41536_2022_235_Fig2_HTML.jpg" ]	In the compound figure, control iRPE cells exhibit the presence of desmosomes and basal membranes, while PRPF31-mutated iRPE cells (specifically Cys247X) lack these structures. Both cell types have apical microvilli and basal nuclei, and tight junctions are present in both, but the absence of desmosomes and basal membr...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::015	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC9381579	PMC9381579_41536_2022_235_Fig2_HTML.jpg	PMC9381579_41536_2022_235_Fig2_HTML.jpg	15	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment affect GPR120 expression in pediatric NAFLD patients, and what does this imply for potential therapeutic strategies?	[ "PMC3913708_pone.0088005.g002.jpg" ]	Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment leads to a significant increase in GPR120 expression in hepatocytes of pediatric NAFLD patients. This finding suggests that DHA might have a therapeutic role in managing NAFLD by enhancing GPR120 expression, which is associated with improved lipid metabolism and reduced inflammation...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::016	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3913708	PMC3913708_pone.0088005.g002.jpg	PMC3913708_pone.0088005.g002.jpg	16	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What is the primary purpose of the T1-driven image registration pipeline illustrated in Fig-0?	[ "PMC7779564_gr1.jpg" ]	The primary purpose of the T1-driven image registration pipeline is to normalize and align Magnetization Transfer (MT) images across multiple subjects, creating a consistent study-wise template and ultimately a group template. This process ensures accurate registration, enabling reliable visualization and segmentation ...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::017	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC7779564	PMC7779564_gr1.jpg	PMC7779564_gr1.jpg	17	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key findings regarding the anatomical relationship between the SLF I and the cingulum as depicted in the compound figure?	[ "PMC9093186_fneur-13-794618-g0003.jpg" ]	The compound figure shows that the SLF I and the cingulum have a great proximity in their fiber tracts. The study by Wang et al. suggests that SLF I is indistinguishable from the cingulum and proposes excluding SLF I from the definition of the SLF, which now consists of dorsal (SLF II) and ventral (SLF III) segments. T...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::018	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC9093186	PMC9093186_fneur-13-794618-g0003.jpg	PMC9093186_fneur-13-794618-g0003.jpg	18	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do the different dose rate calculation methods (ADR, DADR, DTDR) and their corresponding DRVHs in Fig-0 affect the interpretation of dose rate distribution in proton therapy?	[ "PMC8616118_cancers-13-05790-g002.jpg" ]	In Fig-0, the dose rate calculation methods (ADR, DADR, DTDR) reveal distinct quantitative results, with DADR yielding the highest dose rates in most voxels, followed by DTDR and ADR. The corresponding DRVHs confirm these observations, showing differences in dose rate distributions. These differences are crucial for un...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::019	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8616118	PMC8616118_cancers-13-05790-g002.jpg	PMC8616118_cancers-13-05790-g002.jpg	19	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the presence of Legionella pneumophila affect the digestion process of Wolbachia magna as shown in the compound image?	[ "PMC7829821_microorganisms-09-00174-g003.jpg" ]	The presence of Legionella pneumophila disrupts the digestion process of Wolbachia magna. When other bacterial strains are unavailable, W. magna phagocytoses L. pneumophila, leading to intracellular growth observed after 72 hours in many trophozoites. Additionally, the presence of E. coli does not affect W. magna...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::020	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC7829821	PMC7829821_microorganisms-09-00174-g003.jpg	PMC7829821_microorganisms-09-00174-g003.jpg	20	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the differential labeling by MF20 and A4.1025 reveal about the myocardial segments in the dogfish heart?	[ "PMC6558913_12983_2019_318_Fig1_HTML.jpg" ]	The differential labeling by MF20 and A4.1025 reveals distinct MyHC isoform expression patterns across various myocardial segments in the dogfish heart. MF20 uniformly labels the atrial, conal, and ventricular myocardium, whereas A4.1025 specifically labels the sinus venosus, atrium, and the apex of the ventricle, sugg...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::021	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6558913	PMC6558913_12983_2019_318_Fig1_HTML.jpg	PMC6558913_12983_2019_318_Fig1_HTML.jpg	21	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do the histological features of the seminiferous tubules differ between the cisplatin-treated group and the combined treatment group (CMBG)?	[ "PMC8074130_animals-11-01142-g009.jpg" ]	The cisplatin-treated group exhibits thickened basement membranes, reduced germinal lining, and fewer spermatozoa, indicative of testicular dysfunction. In contrast, the combined treatment group (CMBG) shows mildly thickened basement membranes, average germinal lining with full spermatogenesis, and normal interstitium ...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::022	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8074130	PMC8074130_animals-11-01142-g009.jpg	PMC8074130_animals-11-01142-g009.jpg	22	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the differential expression of ERdj8 in RGK1 and RGM1 cells affect the phagosome size, as shown in Fig-0?	[ "PMC10684771_42003_2023_5598_Fig7_HTML.jpg" ]	The higher expression level of ERdj8 in RGK1 cells, indicated by an 11% higher average fluorescence intensity, correlates with larger phagosomes (0.3–2 μm) compared to the smaller phagosomes (~0.3 μm) in RGM1 cells. This suggests that ERdj8 plays a critical role in regulating phagosomal function and size.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::023	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10684771	PMC10684771_42003_2023_5598_Fig7_HTML.jpg	PMC10684771_42003_2023_5598_Fig7_HTML.jpg	23	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the compound image reveal about the success of stent implantation and the status of the left anterior descending artery (LAD)?	[ "PMC10154107_JTHC-17-249-g002.jpg" ]	The compound image shows successful stent implantation and post-dilation in the LMCA and circumflex artery, with good flow and suitable stent expansion. However, it also reveals an occlusion at the ostial section of the LAD, indicating incomplete revascularization and the need for additional interventions to prevent my...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::024	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10154107	PMC10154107_JTHC-17-249-g002.jpg	PMC10154107_JTHC-17-249-g002.jpg	24	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key features of intraplaque neoangiogenesis observed in the compound image?	[ "PMC10741508_biomedicines-11-03275-g001.jpg" ]	The key features of intraplaque neoangiogenesis observed in the compound image include the presence of newly formed vessels with reduced or collapsed lumens, dilated branching vessels with irregular lumens, and a lack of smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive smooth muscle cells or discontinuous coverage. Additionally, rev...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::025	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10741508	PMC10741508_biomedicines-11-03275-g001.jpg	PMC10741508_biomedicines-11-03275-g001.jpg	25	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does mefenamic acid (MFA) treatment affect the infarct volume and total ischemic damage in MCAO-induced ischemic stroke?	[ "PMC6374636_fnins-13-00064-g002.jpg" ]	Mefenamic acid (MFA) treatment at 1 mg/kg significantly reduces total ischemic damage by 47% and infarct volume by 80% compared to vehicle-treated controls. Additionally, MFA notably reduces edema volume by 54%, highlighting its neuroprotective effects in reducing brain damage following MCAO.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::026	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6374636	PMC6374636_fnins-13-00064-g002.jpg	PMC6374636_fnins-13-00064-g002.jpg	26	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the subcellular localization of SK2 change with different levels of SK2 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells?	[ "PMC5323123_oncotarget-07-64886-g005.jpg" ]	In NIH3T3 cells, low-level SK2 overexpression leads to plasma membrane localization, while high-level overexpression results in strong nuclear localization. This localization pattern was confirmed through immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, highlighting how varying expression levels influence SK2's sub...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::027	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC5323123	PMC5323123_oncotarget-07-64886-g005.jpg	PMC5323123_oncotarget-07-64886-g005.jpg	27	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do hp-lysate (HPL) and polyP affect the outgrowth of epithelial cells from corneo-scleral explants compared to control conditions?	[ "PMC9066647_c9ra04409d-f3.jpg" ]	In the presence of hp-lysate (HPL), there is a significant increase in cell density around the explants by day 1, which intensifies by days 2 and 3. PolyP induces even more extensive multilayered cell outgrowth. In contrast, under control conditions without any supplements, minimal cell outgrowth is observed. These fin...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::028	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC9066647	PMC9066647_c9ra04409d-f3.jpg	PMC9066647_c9ra04409d-f3.jpg	28	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key observations regarding the behavior and migration patterns of porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs) as shown in the compound figure?	[ "PMC3694295_gr2.jpg" ]	The key observations include rapid initial attachment of capillary fragments to a collagen/fibronectin substrate within 9 hours, followed by the emergence of cell processes. Over time, endothelial cells migrate away from the initial explant site. Detailed examination using Transwell inserts reveals the formation of ad...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::029	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3694295	PMC3694295_gr2.jpg	PMC3694295_gr2.jpg	29	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does dose modulation affect the image quality and radiation exposure during MDCT imaging of the left ventricle as shown in Fig-0?	[ "PMC2842564_12350_2009_9173_Fig4_HTML.jpg" ]	Dose modulation in MDCT imaging reduces radiation exposure by adjusting the tube current during acquisition. It maintains high-quality images during the end-diastolic phase when the tube current is maximal but results in increased image noise in the end-systolic phase due to reduced tube current. This technique effecti...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::030	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC2842564	PMC2842564_12350_2009_9173_Fig4_HTML.jpg	PMC2842564_12350_2009_9173_Fig4_HTML.jpg	30	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key histological findings and their clinical significance in the diagnosis of the paradental cyst shown in Fig-0?	[ "PMC10431234_JISP-27-434-g003.jpg" ]	The key histological findings in Fig-0 include hyperplastic cystic lining epithelium, inflamed connective tissue capsule, multinucleated giant cells, hyaline rings, and implanted vegetable/plant material confirmed by PAS-positive staining. These findings indicate a chronic inflammatory response and granulomatous reacti...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::031	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10431234	PMC10431234_JISP-27-434-g003.jpg	PMC10431234_JISP-27-434-g003.jpg	31	CC BY-NC-SA	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	true	Attribution + non-commercial; derivatives must use the same licence.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the use of contours and specific echo-types in cross-sectional views aid in the assessment of patellar tendon structure?	[ "PMC6639951_13102_2019_124_Fig4_HTML.jpg" ]	Contours and specific echo-types in cross-sectional views help in delineating and quantifying different areas within the patellar tendon. By representing varying degrees of echogenicity with distinct colors, these contours allow for the accurate measurement and comparison of tendon structure. The relative percentages o...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::032	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6639951	PMC6639951_13102_2019_124_Fig4_HTML.jpg	PMC6639951_13102_2019_124_Fig4_HTML.jpg	32	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does sustained expression of D-GADD45 affect cell death in wing imaginal discs, and what role does the JNK pathway play?	[ "PMC6562583_genes-10-00378-g001.jpg" ]	Sustained expression of D-GADD45 increases apoptosis and reduces disc size in wing imaginal discs. The JNK pathway is activated by D-GADD45 upregulation, and inhibiting JNK reduces apoptosis, indicating that JNK is crucial for D-GADD45-induced cell death.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::033	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6562583	PMC6562583_genes-10-00378-g001.jpg	PMC6562583_genes-10-00378-g001.jpg	33	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the series of imaging tests in Fig-0 reveal about the post-surgical status of the esophageal anastomosis?	[ "PMC10658932_fonc-13-1157563-g003.jpg" ]	The imaging tests in Fig-0 show that the esophageal anastomosis is generally healing well post-surgery. There is no leakage or obstruction, although there is slight narrowing at the upper anastomosis and delayed larynx emptying. The mucosa is smooth, and the lower edge of the anastomosis is spacious and free of ulcerat...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::034	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10658932	PMC10658932_fonc-13-1157563-g003.jpg	PMC10658932_fonc-13-1157563-g003.jpg	34	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key structures forming the Main Proliferative Zone (MPZ) in the compound image, and what does the distribution of proliferating cells suggest about neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain?	[ "PMC4222938_pone.0111453.g003.jpg" ]	The Main Proliferative Zone (MPZ) in the compound image includes the rostral migratory stream (RMS), lateral walls of the caudate, and supra alveus cells. The distribution of proliferating cells, as indicated by EdU-labeled nuclei and DCX-expressing cells, suggests active cell division and potential neuronal regenerati...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::035	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC4222938	PMC4222938_pone.0111453.g003.jpg	PMC4222938_pone.0111453.g003.jpg	35	CC0	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	false	true	true	false	Public domain dedication; attribution not legally required but recommended.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the lack of positive staining for vitellogenin in Figure 0 indicate about the developmental stage of the ovary?	[ "PMC2999438_f01_01.jpg" ]	The lack of positive staining for vitellogenin in Figure 0 indicates that the ovary is in a stage 1, previtellogenic, non-activated state, where it has not yet initiated the process of vitellogenesis necessary for egg development.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::036	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC2999438	PMC2999438_f01_01.jpg	PMC2999438_f01_01.jpg	36	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What do the diffuse increases in signal intensity and reduced muscle volume observed in the MRI sequences suggest about the underlying muscle pathology?	[ "PMC6824318_fneur-10-01138-g0001.jpg" ]	The diffuse increases in signal intensity observed on T1WI and T2WI with fat suppression sequences suggest inflammation or edema in the affected muscles, indicating conditions such as myositis or muscle injury. The high signal intensity on T2WI with fat suppression further supports active inflammatory changes. The redu...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::037	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC6824318	PMC6824318_fneur-10-01138-g0001.jpg	PMC6824318_fneur-10-01138-g0001.jpg	37	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What key histopathological features are evident in the compound image of subcutaneous tissue, and what is the final diagnosis based on these findings?	[ "PMC10477728_gr3.jpg" ]	The key histopathological features evident in the compound image include necrosis of the subcutis with prominent fibrosis and lipomembranous fat necrosis with chronic degenerative changes, including foci of calcium deposits. The final diagnosis is dystrophic calcification, supported by the absence of intramural calcifi...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::038	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10477728	PMC10477728_gr3.jpg	PMC10477728_gr3.jpg	38	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What is the clinical significance of the increased liver attenuation observed on CT in Fig-0 after nine years of amiodarone therapy?	[ "PMC10899361_11604_2023_1505_Fig10_HTML.jpg" ]	The increased liver attenuation observed on CT in Fig-0, rising from 57 HU to 97 HU over nine years of amiodarone therapy, indicates amiodarone deposition in the liver. Despite this increase, there were no signs of abnormal liver function or hepatitis. This finding highlights the need for careful differentiation betwee...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::039	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10899361	PMC10899361_11604_2023_1505_Fig10_HTML.jpg	PMC10899361_11604_2023_1505_Fig10_HTML.jpg	39	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do the confocal and DIC images in Fig-0 contribute to understanding the localization of MIP-GFP within S. cerevisiae cells?	[ "PMC8287684_12934_2021_1610_Fig1_HTML.jpg" ]	The confocal and DIC images in Fig-0 provide a comprehensive view of MIP-GFP localization within S. cerevisiae. Confocal micrographs highlight the fluorescence of MIP-GFP, indicating its presence in internal membranes, cell walls, and the extracellular environment. The DIC images, when merged with the fluorescent ima...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::040	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8287684	PMC8287684_12934_2021_1610_Fig1_HTML.jpg	PMC8287684_12934_2021_1610_Fig1_HTML.jpg	40	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the X-gal staining and H&E staining in the compound figure reveal about the Muc4 knockout (KO) mouse corneas?	[ "PMC10442421_41598_2023_40491_Fig1_HTML.jpg" ]	The X-gal staining in the compound figure indicates the activation of the Muc4 promoter along the corneal surface with a spiraling pattern, suggesting centripetal epithelial cell migration. H&E staining shows no significant morphological differences or inflammation between Muc4 KO and wild-type (WT) mice, confirming th...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::041	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC10442421	PMC10442421_41598_2023_40491_Fig1_HTML.jpg	PMC10442421_41598_2023_40491_Fig1_HTML.jpg	41	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do the imaging findings in Fig-0 contribute to the staging and treatment planning of the patient with bladder cancer?	[ "PMC8654419_cureus-0013-00000019375-i01.jpg" ]	The imaging findings in Fig-0, including CT and T2-weighted MRI, provide critical information for staging bladder cancer. CT reveals left hydronephrosis, indicating urinary obstruction, a bladder tumor on the right lateral wall with invasion into the surrounding fibroadipose tissue, and right external iliac lymph node ...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::042	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8654419	PMC8654419_cureus-0013-00000019375-i01.jpg	PMC8654419_cureus-0013-00000019375-i01.jpg	42	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What are the key findings from RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry in the BCCAS mouse model, and how do they correlate with the observed ischemic lesions?	[ "PMC7188838_41598_2020_63183_Fig3_HTML.jpg" ]	RNA sequencing from the BCCAS mouse model reveals significant upregulation of genes such as Apoe, Cd33, and Ms4a clusters, along with APP-Aβ degradation genes, during subacute hypoperfusion. This upregulation correlates with microglia infiltration and reduced cerebral blood flow. Immunohistochemistry using markers like...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::043	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC7188838	PMC7188838_41598_2020_63183_Fig3_HTML.jpg	PMC7188838_41598_2020_63183_Fig3_HTML.jpg	43	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the persistence of nodules and mass shadows on chest CT after anti-infective treatment suggest about the underlying condition?	[ "PMC9210899_WJCC-10-5380-g003.jpg" ]	The persistence of nodules and mass shadows on chest CT after anti-infective treatment suggests that the underlying condition may not be primarily infectious. Further diagnostic steps, such as biopsy or additional imaging, are needed to determine the exact etiology and guide appropriate management.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::044	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC9210899	PMC9210899_WJCC-10-5380-g003.jpg	PMC9210899_WJCC-10-5380-g003.jpg	44	CC BY-NC	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	false	true	false	Attribution required; non-commercial use only.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What is the purpose of using oblique coronal and sagittal reformations in conjunction with axial MRI slices for visualizing the subthalamic nuclei in this compound image?	[ "PMC8902041_fnhum-16-829198-g002.jpg" ]	Oblique coronal and sagittal reformations are used to ensure that the substantia nigra is not obscured on the selected axial MRI slice. This step is critical for confirming the accuracy of the anatomical visualization of the subthalamic nuclei (STN). By cross-checking with these reformations, radiologists can verify th...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::045	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC8902041	PMC8902041_fnhum-16-829198-g002.jpg	PMC8902041_fnhum-16-829198-g002.jpg	45	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What does the enrichment of Cx40 and Nav1.5 in atrial muscle bundles at HH Stage 29 suggest about the molecular diversification of these structures?	[ "PMC4264946_pone.0115207.g002.jpg" ]	The enrichment of Cx40 and Nav1.5 in atrial muscle bundles at HH Stage 29 suggests a functional diversification of these structures from the thin-walled myocardium, indicating distinct molecular profiles and roles in cardiac development and function.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::046	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC4264946	PMC4264946_pone.0115207.g002.jpg	PMC4264946_pone.0115207.g002.jpg	46	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How does the balance of MMP-2 and TIMP expression in SVGD (-) patients relate to the stability of the saphenous vein graft as shown in Figure 3?	[ "PMC3787554_BMRI2013-730721.003.jpg" ]	The balanced MMP-2 and TIMP expression in SVGD (-) patients, with MMP-2 being weaker (IRS score 1) and TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 being stronger (IRS scores 8 and 6, respectively), supports the stability of the saphenous vein graft. This balance suggests a protective effect against graft degradation, aligning with the stable an...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::047	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3787554	PMC3787554_BMRI2013-730721.003.jpg	PMC3787554_BMRI2013-730721.003.jpg	47	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
Which superimposition technique is considered the gold standard for maximal accuracy in Fig-0?	[ "PMC4338241_pone.0118810.g001.jpg" ]	The gold standard for maximal accuracy in Fig-0 is the superimposition technique using the anterior cranial base plus foramen magnum (AC + F) due to its stable anatomical form.	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::048	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC4338241	PMC4338241_pone.0118810.g001.jpg	PMC4338241_pone.0118810.g001.jpg	48	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
What specific histopathological features are observed in the compound image confirming the diagnosis of oral lichen planus?	[ "PMC3677628_ISRN.DENTISTRY2013-362750.001.jpg" ]	The compound image confirms the diagnosis of oral lichen planus through the observation of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, degeneration of the basal cell layer, and lymphocyte infiltration in the superficial lamina propria and subjacent to the epithelium. These features are characteristic of the chronic inflammatory con...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::049	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC3677628	PMC3677628_ISRN.DENTISTRY2013-362750.001.jpg	PMC3677628_ISRN.DENTISTRY2013-362750.001.jpg	49	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited
How do the temporal dynamics of inhibitory control differ between adolescents and adults, as depicted in Fig-0?	[ "PMC4061489_fnhum-08-00453-g002.jpg" ]	In the compound figure, adults exhibit earlier activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) between 200 and 250 ms, while adolescents show later activation of the left IFG between 250 and 300 ms. Additionally, adolescents display heightened activation in the right temporal and inferior parietal regions, indicat...	[ "Fig-0" ]	pmc-mi-bench::compound_figure_vqa::050	pmc_mi_bench	compound_figure_vqa	test	1.0	PMC4061489	PMC4061489_fnhum-08-00453-g002.jpg	PMC4061489_fnhum-08-00453-g002.jpg	50	CC BY	article-level	PMC AWS Article Datasets metadata	current_pmc_aws	true	true	true	false	Must give appropriate credit; commercial reuse OK.	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/	project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation	verified_article_level_licence	not_independently_audited

M3LLM Data

Data for M³LLM training and evaluation on biomedical instruction-following tasks derived from PubMed Central (PMC) articles. This repository is the versioned v1.0.0 data release.

Collection	Split	Records	Description
PMC-MI supervised instruction corpus	train	224,401	Six instruction formats after partitioning and release filtering
PMC-MI policy-refinement partition	train	10,355	Policy-refinement instances for Stage II after release filtering
PMC-MI policy-refinement partition	validation	200	Validation instances for Stage II
PMC-MI-Bench	test	298	Six benchmark tasks after the two author-specified exclusions

Initial PMC-MI assembly yielded 237,137 instruction instances. The source-article separation audit excluded 117 model-development records whose PMCIDs occurred in retained PMC-MI-Bench, yielding the final 237,020-instance study corpus. This corpus contains 226,464 supervised instructions and 10,556 policy-refinement instances, comprising 10,356 optimization and 200 validation instances.

The public release applies two additional provenance and licence filters. It excludes 43 records associated with 39 PMCIDs for which redistribution-licence evidence was not verified to the release threshold and 2,021 text-only records from the unavailable raw shard 008, whose PMCID and source-figure provenance could not be recovered. The resulting release contains 224,401 supervised records, 10,355 policy-refinement training records, 200 policy-refinement validation records and 298 benchmark records. metadata/training_exclusions.jsonl records each exclusion without redistributing its instruction content.

PMCID and source-figure provenance was recovered for 38,565 text-only source records: 38,366 by monotonic semantic alignment and 199 by exact context-question-answer alignment. After article-overlap and licence filtering, 38,516 text-only records are released. The alignment method and evidence are recorded per sample in metadata/puretext_provenance.jsonl.

Repository layout

data/pmc_mi/                 PMC-MI supervised instruction corpus
data/policy_refinement/      PMC-MI policy-refinement train and validation splits
data/pmc_mi_bench/           evaluator-compatible benchmark JSON arrays
data/pmc_mi_bench_hf/        equivalent streamable JSONL files
images/pmc_mi_bench.tar.gz   588 images referenced by retained benchmark records
metadata/                    sample manifests, article metadata and audits
scripts/                     reproducible preparation and validation scripts

The six benchmark filenames and their JSON-array format are preserved for direct use with the M3LLM-v2 evaluation code. Extract the benchmark images before evaluation:

mkdir -p M3LLM-v2/Evaluation/PMC-MI-Bench/images
tar -xzf images/pmc_mi_bench.tar.gz --strip-components=1 \
  -C M3LLM-v2/Evaluation/PMC-MI-Bench/images

In text-only records, source_figure_id and the benchmark field images_puretext record provenance and are not model inputs. compound_image_id is retained as an internal compatibility field for the corresponding compound-figure identifier.

The policy-refinement files retain EasyR1-compatible fields. ground_truth_selection (and compatibility alias answer) stores reference subimage identifiers, ground_truth_response stores the structured reference trajectory and ground_truth_answer_text stores the refined reference answer.

Loading the data

from datasets import load_dataset

pmc_mi = load_dataset("KerwinFu/M3LLM-data-v1.0.0", "pmc_mi_multi_subimage_vqa")
policy = load_dataset("KerwinFu/M3LLM-data-v1.0.0", "pmc_mi_policy_refinement")
benchmark = load_dataset("KerwinFu/M3LLM-data-v1.0.0", "pmc_mi_bench_multi_subimage_vqa")

Visual PMC-MI and policy-refinement records reference source-image filenames from the MedPMC-11M image repository. The 588 images referenced by PMC-MI-Bench are included here.

Provenance and licences

Every released sample has a PMCID and article-level licence metadata. The combined evidence comprises 234,288 sample records resolved from the frozen PMC AWS inventory, 767 from official PMC JATS and 199 from the labelled earlier PMC Open Access audit. The retained article licences are CC BY, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-SA or CC0.

The released training data and PMC-MI-Bench are disjoint at the PMCID and stored compound-figure-identifier levels. The complete sample mapping, article-version evidence, exclusions and overlap audit are provided under metadata/.

To the extent that the authors hold the relevant rights, project-generated questions, answer options, reference answers, structured reference trajectories, task labels and dataset organisation are licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, consistent with the MedPMC release. PMC-derived images, captions and article text remain governed by their per-source licences; accordingly, this repository uses a mixed-licence declaration.

See DATA_LICENCE.md for the licence scope and reuse guidance. Preparation counts and checks are recorded in metadata/preparation_summary.json, metadata/licence_coverage_summary.json, metadata/overlap_audit.json and metadata/file_checksums.sha256.

Associated resources

Code: https://github.com/KerwinFuyihang/M3LLM-v2/tree/v1.0.2
Source-image repository: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Yale-BIDS-Chen/medpmc-11m-dataset_jun24_baseline

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M3LLM Data

Contents

Repository layout

Loading the data

Provenance and licences

Associated resources