source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00829.x | 103,273,918 | The Escherichia coli DNA‐binding protein H‐NS is known to interact specifically with the upstream region of ribosomal RNA transcription units, where it causes transcriptional repression in vitro . Here, we present results demonstrating the effect of H‐NS on rRNA transcription in vivo . rRNA synthesis rates were compare... | 10.1038/nrmicro883 | Provides a vivid account of the dynamic interplay between DNA topology, nucleoid-associated proteins and temperature in promoter activation. |
10.1128/mr.58.1.94-144.1994 | 41,757,717 | The gas vesicle is a hollow structure made of protein. It usually has the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps. Gas vesicles occur in five phyla of the Bacteria and two groups of the Archaea, but they are mostly restricted to planktonic microorganisms, in which they provide buoyancy. By regulating thei... | 10.1038/nrmicro2834 | An excellent review on the physical properties of gas vesicles and their functions in bacteria. |
10.1126/science.286.5440.741 | 81,550,040 | The exuberant growth of neurites during development becomes markedly reduced as cortical neurons mature. In vitro studies of neurons from mouse cerebral cortex revealed that contact-mediated Notch signaling regulates the capacity of neurons to extend and elaborate neurites. Up-regulation of Notch activity was concomita... | 10.1038/nrn3024 | This paper is the first to show Notch function in postmitotic neurons in regulating density-dependent dendritic arborization. |
10.1098/rspb.1984.0018 | 60,508,946 | This study considered whether marine sponges are selective particle feeders, and whether they are capable of distinguishing between sponge bacterial symbionts and other bacteria. Four species of marine sponges ( Aplysina aerophoba, A. cavernicola, Pericharax heteroraphis and Spongia sp.) were fed in situ with tritium-l... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | An early paper in sponge microbiology that is noteworthy for its thought-provoking hypotheses, which are stimulating contemporary discussions. |
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02065.x | 124,748,697 | Summary Marine sponges contain complex bacterial communities of considerable ecological and biotechnological importance, with many of these organisms postulated to be specific to sponge hosts. Testing this hypothesis in light of the recent discovery of the rare microbial biosphere, we investigated three Australian spon... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | The first study to apply 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to sponge bacteria, revealing the high degree of overlap between bacterial communities in adult and larval sponges. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.116 | 41,614,300 | Abstract Marine sponges are well known for their associations with highly diverse, yet very specific and often highly similar microbiota. The aim of this study was to identify potential bacterial sub-populations in relation to sponge phylogeny and sampling sites and to define the core bacterial community. 16S ribosomal... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | An investigation that uses 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to describe the biogeography and host specificity of bacteria in 32 sponge species from eight worldwide locations. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.95 | 104,409,449 | Abstract In this study, we present a single-cell genomics approach for the functional characterization of the candidate phylum Poribacteria, members of which are nearly exclusively found in marine sponges. The microbial consortia of the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina aerophoba were singularized by fluorescence-activated... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | The first study to apply single-cell techniques to investigate the genomes of uncultivated bacterial symbionts of sponges. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.74 | 41,765,438 | Abstract Sponges form close relationships with bacteria, and a remarkable phylogenetic diversity of yet-uncultured bacteria has been identified from sponges using molecular methods. In this study, we use a comparative metagenomic analysis of the bacterial community in the model sponge Cymbastela concentrica and in the ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | The first metagenomic analysis of sponge microbiota, revealing insights into mechanisms of bacterium–sponge interactions and highlighting ANK-containing proteins as putative symbiosis factors. |
10.1073/pnas.0608549103 | 83,539,270 | Crenarchaeota are ubiquitous and abundant microbial constituents of soils, sediments, lakes, and ocean waters. To further describe the cosmopolitan nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota , we analyzed the genome sequence of one representative, the uncultivated sponge symbiont Cenarchaeum symbiosum . C. symbiosum genotypes coinh... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | The sequenced genome of C. symbiosum provides many new insights into the metabolic potential of this sponge symbiont. |
10.1038/ismej.2012.1 | 104,410,451 | Abstract Sponges harbour complex communities of diverse microorganisms, which have been postulated to form intimate symbiotic relationships with their host. Here we unravel some of these interactions by characterising the functional features of the microbial community of the sponge Cymbastela concentrica through a comb... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | The first proteomic analysis of a sponge-associated microbiota, providing novel information on the activities, physiology and interactions of microorganisms with sponge hosts. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.31 | 78,799,472 | Abstract Sponges harbor highly diverse and dense microbial communities, providing an environment in which bacterial signaling may be important. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent signaling process that bacteria employ to coordinate and regulate their gene expression. Previous studies have found that bacter... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | A report on quorum sensing, the presence of luxS genes and autoinducer 2 activity in sponge-associated bacterial communities. |
10.1073/pnas.0405976101 | 20,026,272 | Bacterial symbionts have long been suspected to be the true producers of many drug candidates isolated from marine invertebrates. Sponges, the most important marine source of biologically active natural products, have been frequently hypothesized to contain compounds of bacterial origin. This symbiont hypothesis, howev... | 10.1038/nrmicro2839 | An investigation that provides unambiguous evidence for the bacterial production of a potent antitumor compound from the sponge T. swinhoei |
10.1126/science.1184557 | 82,130,933 | Tripartite Toxin Luminescent bacterial symbionts of nematode worms that attack insects have long stirred interest in their possibilities for biological control. The bacteria produce a family of toxins composed of at least three subunits that resemble a widely occurring class of bacterial toxins also produced by human p... | 10.1038/nrmicro3310 | This study identifies the substrates of the TcC components of P. luminescens toxin complex proteins and shows that these toxins promote actin polymerization. |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02064.x | 122,134,839 | A number of well‐known bacterial toxins ADP‐ribosylate and thereby inactivate target proteins in their animal hosts. Recently, several vertebrate ecto‐enzymes (ART1–ART7) with activities similar to bacterial toxins have also been cloned. We show here that psi blast , a position‐specific‐iterative database search progra... | 10.1038/nrmicro3310 | This paper shows that the spvB gene is similar to other mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases using PSI-BLAST protein homology searches. |
10.1073/pnas.071559398 | 18,923,702 | The 1,852,442-bp sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes , a Gram-positive pathogen, has been determined and contains 1,752 predicted protein-encoding genes. Approximately one-third of these genes have no identifiable function, with the remainder falling into previously characterized categories of known micr... | 10.1038/nrmicro3310 | This paper proposes, on the basis of sequence data, that the spyA gene encodes a C3-like ADP-ribosyltransferase. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04262.x | 100,341,990 | Summary Streptococcus pyogenes , the aetiological agent of both respiratory and skin infections, produces numerous exotoxins to establish infection. This report identifies a new exotoxin produced by this organism, termed SpyA, for S. py ogenes A DP‐ribosylating toxin. SpyA, MW 24.9, has amino acid identity with the ADP... | 10.1038/nrmicro3310 | This study characterizes the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of SpyA and shows that, despite its predicted C3-like activity, SpyA has activity towards different eukaryotic substrates. |
10.1128/mmbr.64.3.548-572.2000 | 20,865,041 | SUMMARY Endospores of Bacillus spp., especially Bacillus subtilis, have served as experimental models for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the incredible longevity of spores and their resistance to environmental insults. In this review we summarize the molecular laboratory model of spore resistance mechani... | 10.1038/nrmicro750 | Enjoyable recent review of the resistance properties of endospores against the backdrop of the possible survival of spores in space. |
10.1073/pnas.91.9.3849 | 27,960,510 | Soon after the initiation of sporulation, Bacillus subtilis divides asymmetrically to produce sister cells that have very different developmental fates. Recently, it has been proposed that the differential gene expression which begins soon after this division is due to cell-specific activation of the transcription fact... | 10.1038/nrmicro750 | Presents evidence for a model describing the general principles underlying the establishment of cell fate during sporulation. |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03643.x | 19,533,785 | Summary Sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis undergo a highly polarized cell division and possess a specialized mechanism to move the oriC region of the chromosome close to the cell pole before septation. DivIVA protein, which localizes to the cell pole, and the Soj and Spo0J proteins, which associate with the chromo... | 10.1038/nrmicro750 | References 46 and 47 describe the present understanding of the mechanism of prespore chromosome segregation. |
10.1073/pnas.92.6.2012 | 27,987,960 | Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis requires the coordinated expression of two separate developmental programs in the mother cell and forespore compartments by sigma E and sigma F, respectively. This coordination is maintained through the action of cross-regulatory factors that control the activities of the various sporul... | 10.1038/nrmicro750 | References 59 and 60 describe the discovery of SpoIIR, a key protein comprising the first link between the prespore and mother-cell programmes of gene expression. |
10.1101/gad.1039902 | 61,262,701 | A hallmark of bacterial endospore formation is engulfment, during which the membrane of one cell (the mother cell) migrates around the future spore, enclosing it in the mother cell cytoplasm. Bacteria lack proteins required for eukaryotic phagocytosis, and previously proteins required for membrane migration remained un... | 10.1038/nrmicro750 | Recent paper describing the functions of some of the proteins involved in prespore engulfment and insights into how some aspects of the process might work. |
10.1073/pnas.0609625104 | 62,076,228 | Circadian rhythms and the genes that make up the molecular clock have long been implicated in bipolar disorder. Genetic evidence in bipolar patients suggests that the central transcriptional activator of molecular rhythms, CLOCK, may be particularly important. However, the exact role of this gene in the development of ... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | Using an animal model, the authors demonstrated a connection between the circadian clock and mood control. |
10.1101/lm.1146009 | 101,030,080 | Endogenous biological clocks are widespread regulators of behavior and physiology, allowing for a more efficient allocation of efforts and resources over the course of a day. The extent that different processes are regulated by circadian oscillators, however, is not fully understood. We investigated the role of the cir... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | This report demonstrates that short-term associative memory formation but not sensory perception is regulated in a circadian manner. These data suggest thata central circadian oscillator is important for short-term memory formation. |
10.1073/pnas.0401472101 | 26,824,923 | The cAMP-responsive transcription factor, CREB, is required for formation of long-term memory (LTM) in Drosophila melanogaster and regulates transcription of a circadian clock gene, period ( per ). Involvement of CREB both in LTM and circadian rhythm raises the possibility that per also plays a role in LTM. Assaying th... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | In D. melanogaster , mutations in per but not in other circadian clock genes affected long-term memory formation. This work suggests a circadian clock-independent role of clock proteins in the regulation of memory formation. |
10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r1152 | 123,728,406 | The interaction of homeostatic and circadian processes in the regulation of waking neurobehavioral functions and sleep was studied in six healthy young subjects. Subjects were scheduled to 15–24 repetitions of a 20-h rest/activity cycle, resulting in desynchrony between the sleep-wake cycle and the circadian rhythms of... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | Cognitive performance in humans has a circadian profile. The experimental design of this study facilitated the discrimination between the effects of sleep and the circadian clock on cognition. |
10.1177/0748730405277378 | 59,325,751 | This review discusses the ways in which the circadian rhythms of older people are different from those of younger adults. After a brief discussion of clinical issues, the review describes the conventional wisdom regarding agerelated changes in circadian rhythms. These can be summarized as four assertions regarding what... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | A review of the reported discrepancies in the effects of ageing on the circadian system in humans. |
10.1101/gad.1432206 | 125,142,591 | Mice deficient in the circadian transcription factor BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein) have impaired circadian behavior and demonstrate loss of rhythmicity in the expression of target genes. Here we report that Bmal1 −/− mice have reduced lifespans and display various symptoms of premature aging including sarc... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | This study shows that the BMAL1-dependent regulation of ROS homeostasis is associated with premature ageing. These data facilitate an understanding of the circadian effects on physiology. |
10.1073/pnas.0812638106 | 26,834,375 | The circadian clock regulates the daily rhythms in the physiology and behavior of many organisms, including mice and humans. These cyclical changes at molecular and macroscopic levels affect the organism's response to environmental stimuli such as light and food intake and the toxicity and efficacy of chemo- and radiot... | 10.1038/nrn3208 | This study demonstrates that the circadian clock controls the transcription of a DNA repair system, thus contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms through which the circadian clock can regulate the ageing process. |
10.1126/science.1178223 | 103,640,083 | Balancing the Nitrogen Budget Setting the global budget for elements presents difficult challenges, such as accounting for possibly unknown sources or sinks. An unresolved imbalance in the oceanic nitrogen budget suggests that there may be additional sources of biological nitrogen fixation in the deep sea. Using high-r... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | An excellent article that describes the use of SIMS IMS to study nitrogen fixation in communities. |
10.1126/science.1145557 | 41,237,756 | Biological nitrogen fixation, the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia for biosynthesis, is exclusively performed by a few bacteria and archaea. Despite the essential importance of biological nitrogen fixation, it has been impossible to quantify the incorporation of nitrogen by individual bacteria or to map th... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | This article describes the use of SIMS IMS to study nitrogen fixation in an entire host, and therefore highlights what the future holds for the creative use of IMS in biology. |
10.1126/science.1104404 | 62,286,952 | A new method of desorption ionization is described and applied to the ionization of various compounds, including peptides and proteins present on metal, polymer, and mineral surfaces. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is carried out by directing electrosprayed charged droplets and ions of solvent onto the surfa... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | The first paper to describe the development of DESI MS and also to suggest that imaging would be feasible. |
10.1073/pnas.1008368107 | 125,256,429 | During bacterial cannibalism, a differentiated subpopulation harvests nutrients from their genetically identical siblings to allow continued growth in nutrient-limited conditions. Hypothesis-driven imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) was used to identify metabolites active in a Bacillus subtilis cannibalism system in which... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | The first study to use IMS to discover specific factors. |
10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073233 | 15,336,238 | An astonishing diversity of microorganisms thrives on our planet and their activities are fundamental for the functioning of all ecosystems including the human body. Consequently, detailed insights into the functions performed by microorganisms in their natural environment are required to understand human biology and t... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | A useful review of the current state of SIMS IMS. |
10.1073/pnas.1008441108 | 59,267,529 | Leaf-cutting ants cultivate the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus , which serves as a major food source. This symbiosis is threatened by microbial pathogens that can severely infect L. gongylophorus . Microbial symbionts of leaf-cutting ants, mainly Pseudonocardia and Streptomyces , support the ants in defending their... | 10.1038/nrmicro2634 | This work uses IMS directly on biological samples: direct IMS of ants demonstrates the presence of antibiotics that are produced by associated microorganisms. This is another article that shows what IMS will be capable of in the future. |
10.1126/science.1168885 | 39,592,926 | Future Fuels In the scramble to develop more environmentally friendly transportation methods, a wide range of questions must be answered, including how automobiles may best be powered. Biomass might be an important source for that power, either to generate electricity for electric vehicles, or to make ethanol for combu... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | A comparison between electricity and fuels in the context of transport and sustainability shows that the low energy yield of combustion makes bioelectricity more favourable. |
10.1126/science.137.3530.615 | 123,849,761 | Experiments were initiated to determine whether microbes using a hydrocarbon as food could generate electrical energy. Experiments with ethane were unsuccessful, but when microbes or glucose oxidase were added to a solution of glucose, electrical output was observed, confirming in part previous observations. As far as ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | Early work on microbial fuel cells, several aspects of which have particular relevance for some of the studies that have been published recently. |
10.1002/bit.21821 | 20,616,600 | Abstract Anode‐respiring bacteria (ARB) in a biofilm anode carry out an oxidation half‐reaction of organic matter, producing an electrical current from renewable biomass, including wastes. At the same time, ARB produce protons, usually one proton for every electron. Our study shows how current density generated by an a... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | This work shows that proton production during electrochemical oxidation limits microbial activity in biofilms, highlighting the fact that bulk parameters are not the only factors that are important for effective current generation. |
10.1073/pnas.0900086106 | 83,006,227 | A number of species of Gram-negative bacteria can use insoluble minerals of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) as extracellular respiratory electron acceptors. In some species of Shewanella , deca -heme electron transfer proteins lie at the extracellular face of the outer membrane (OM), where they can interact with insoluble substrate... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | This study shows that electron transfer through the Shewanella oneidensis outer membrane occurs through the MtrAB complex, the structure and working mechanism of which is described. Similar complexes seem to be ubiquitous in other species. |
10.1073/pnas.0604517103 | 123,094,351 | Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 produced electrically conductive pilus-like appendages called bacterial nanowires in direct response to electron-acceptor limitation. Mutants deficient in genes for c -type decaheme cytochromes MtrC and OmcA, and those that lacked a functional Type II secretion pathway displayed nanowires tha... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | A key study on the role of nanowires as possible electron transport media, not only to minerals but also to electrodes and other microorganisms. |
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00593.x | 83,089,512 | Summary It has been demonstrated previously that Geobacter species can transfer electrons directly to electrodes. In order to determine whether electrodes could serve as electron donors for microbial respiration, enrichment cultures were established from a sediment inoculum with a potentiostat‐poised graphite electrode... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | A demonstration that Geobacter spp. can use electrodes as electron donors for nitrate and fumarate reduction. Pure-culture growth was not evaluated in this study. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.66 | 102,564,208 | Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have applications other than electricity production, including the capacity to power desirable reactions in the cathode chamber. However, current knowledge of the microbial ecology and physiology of biocathodes is minimal, and as a result more research dedicated to understanding the... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | The first manuscript to describe an in-depth investigation of microbial populations that use electricity as an energy source; despite the challenging conditions on the cathode, highly diverse populations can thrive. |
10.1128/aem.65.7.2912-2917.1999 | 18,937,882 | ABSTRACT Electrically reduced neutral red (NR) served as the sole source of reducing power for growth and metabolism of pure and mixed cultures of H 2 -consuming bacteria in a novel electrochemical bioreactor system. NR was continuously reduced by the cathodic potential (−1.5 V) generated from an electric current (0.3 ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | In this pivotal study, microorganisms are shown to grow on electrical current assisted by a mediator, and both fumarate reduction and methanogenesis are achieved. |
10.1073/pnas.0801290105 | 79,701,517 | Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a kinetically and thermodynamically stable molecule. It is easily formed by the oxidation of organic molecules, during combustion or respiration, but is difficult to reduce. The production of reduced carbon compounds from CO 2 is an attractive proposition, because carbon-neutral energy sources... | 10.1038/nrmicro2422 | Using a single enzyme and electrical current, this study finds that formate can be produced from CO 2 |
10.1073/pnas.071582498 | 62,367,389 | Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been suggested to underlie migraine visual aura. However, it has been challenging to test this hypothesis in human cerebral cortex. Using high-field functional MRI with near-continuous recording during visual aura in three subjects, we observed blood oxygenation level-dependent (... | 10.1038/nrn1102 | The most thorough investigation of changes in neuronal activity during migraine aura. Signal changes showed a number of characteristics that were consistent with CSD during migriane aura in humans. |
10.1002/ana.1293 | 60,072,511 | Abstract We investigate and characterize the magnetoencephalographic waveforms from patients during spontaneous and visually induced migraine aura. Direct current neuromagnetic fields were measured during spontaneous onset of migraine auras in 4 migraine patients, and compared with recordings from 8 migraine‐with‐aura ... | 10.1038/nrn1102 | This study provided the important demonstration that CSD-typical changes of direct current neuromagnetic field measurements in animals also occur during spontaneous and visually triggered migraine auras in migraineurs. |
10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.964 | 62,099,340 | Burstein, Rami, Hiroyoshi Yamamura, Amy Malick, and Andrew M. Strassman. Chemical stimulation of the intracranial dura induces enhanced responses to facial stimulation in brain stem trigeminal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 964–982, 1998. Chemical activation and sensitization of trigeminal primary afferent neurons inner... | 10.1038/nrn1102 | References 22, 77 and 78 are key papers for our understanding of pain sensitization in migraine. The data provide evidence for sensitization of TNC neurons in humans during migraine attacks and in rats after chemical stimulation of the dura, and are consistent with the idea that initiation, but not maintenance, of cent... |
10.1073/pnas.192242399 | 62,139,997 | Insights into the pathogenesis of migraine with aura may be gained from a study of human Ca V 2.1 channels containing mutations linked to familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Here, we extend the previous single-channel analysis to human Ca V 2.1 channels containing mutation V1457L. This mutation increased the channel op... | 10.1038/nrn1102 | This paper reported the expression of FHM mutant Ca v 2.1α 1 constructs in Ca v 2.1α 1 deficient neurons, and disclosed two functional effects that are common to all analysed FHM mutations: increase of single-channel Ca 2+ influx over a broad range of negative voltages and decrease of channel density. These findings pr... |
10.1038/sj.icb.7100014 | 45,484,386 | Waterborne parasitic diseases plague tropical regions of the world with the development of water resources often increasing transmission. Skin‐penetrating cercariae (infectious stages of schistosome parasites) mature within their mammalian host, form sexual pairs and produce several hundred eggs per day. Many eggs are ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2438 | This article discusses how the granulomatous response to S. mansoni and S. japonicum eggs develops in the liver, as well as how regulatory cells and cytokine decoy receptors limit the extent of the immunopathology associated with these infections. |
10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x | 18,287,208 | Summary: Immune regulation by parasites is a global concept that includes suppression, diversion, and conversion of the host immune response to the benefit of the pathogen. While many microparasites escape immune attack by antigenic variation or sequestration in specialized niches, helminths appear to thrive in exposed... | 10.1038/nrmicro2438 | This paper reviews the immunoregulation induced by helminth infections, which is dominated by the T H 2 phenotype and the selective loss of effector activity against a background of regulatory T cells, T H 2-inducing dendritic cells and alternatively activated macrophages. |
10.1126/science.1067903 | 104,018,399 | Neurons receive thousands of synaptic inputs throughout elaborate dendritic trees. Here we determine the somatic impact of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at known dendritic sites in neocortical pyramidal neurons. As inputs became more distal, somatic EPSP amplitude decreased, whereas use-dependent... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | In this study, dendritic recording and analysis of spontaneous synaptic potentials originating at different dendritic locations revealed no synaptic scaling in neocortical layer V pyramidal neurons. |
10.1523/jneurosci.23-24-08558.2003 | 41,553,084 | Pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of the neocortex are central to cortical circuitry, but the intrinsic properties of their dendrites are poorly understood. Here we study layer 2/3 apical dendrites in parallel experiments in acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca 2+ imaging. We find... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | This study used dendritic recordings and Ca 2+ imaging to identify the excitable properties of layer II/III pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo |
10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.926 | 104,325,479 | Action potential propagation links information processing in different regions of the dendritic tree. To examine the contribution of dendritic morphology to the efficacy of propagation, simulations were performed in detailed reconstructions of eight different neuronal types. With identical complements of voltage-gated ... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | This study used computational modelling to describe how morphology affects action-potential propagation in realistic dendritic trees. |
10.1523/jneurosci.18-10-03919.1998 | 102,337,428 | In vitro experiments suggest that dendritic fast action potentials may influence the efficacy of concurrently active synapses by enhancing Ca 2+ influx into the dendrites. However, the exact circumstances leading to these effects in the intact brain are not known. We have addressed these issues by performing intracellu... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | This study used dendritic recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in vivo to identify events consistent with backpropagating action potentials and dendritic spikes. |
10.1073/pnas.0707919104 | 40,849,913 | The hippocampus is essential for episodic memory, which requires single-trial learning. Although long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength is a candidate mechanism for learning, it is typically induced by using repeated synaptic activation to produce precisely timed, high-frequency, or rhythmic firing. Here we ... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | This study demonstrated that activation of CA3 axons in a single burst can lead to LTP that is induced by a single dendritic spike — no action-potential firing is required. This might be an important cellular mechanism for rapid information storage. |
10.1523/jneurosci.2650-06.2006 | 20,401,961 | Previous studies focusing on the temporal rules governing changes in synaptic strength during spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) have paid little attention to the fact that synaptic inputs are distributed across complex dendritic trees. During STDP, propagation of action potentials (APs) back to the site... | 10.1038/nrn2286 | This study demonstrated the importance of bursts and BAC spikes in the induction of LTP at distal dendritic synapses on layer V neurons. The result was distance-dependent timing rules for synaptic plasticity. |
10.1073/pnas.0506897102 | 39,796,874 | A neural network underlying attentional control involves the anterior cingulate in addition to lateral prefrontal areas. An important development of this network occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. We have examined the efficiency of attentional networks across age and after 5 days of attention training (experimental g... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | Shows how even a brief period of attentional training can improve performance in children. |
10.1111/1467-6494.7106009 | 80,862,968 | Abstract Studies of temperament from early childhood to adulthood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectivity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | Outlines the idea of effortful control as applied to attention and emotional regulation. |
10.1073/pnas.0503064102 | 58,454,258 | Many studies have suggested that conflict monitoring involves the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We previously showed that a specific hypnotic suggestion reduces involuntary conflict and alters information processing in highly hypnotizable individuals. Hypothesizing that such conflict reduction would be associated wi... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | A converging data (behavioural, ERP and fMRI) approach to how atypical attention can inform basic research questions: a posthypnotic suggestion to construe words as nonsense strings reduces Stroop conflict. |
10.1162/089892902317361886 | 83,517,488 | In recent years, three attentional networks have been defined in anatomical and functional terms. These functions involve alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Reaction time measures can be used to quantify the processing efficiency within each of these three networks. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is design... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | A behavioural paradigm that provides a concurrent measure of the three attentional subsystems, and that has consequently been broadly used by attention researchers. |
10.1080/00335558008248231 | 83,558,500 | Bartlett viewed thinking as a high level skill exhibiting ballistic properties that he called its “point of no return”. This paper explores one aspect of cognition through the use of a simple model task in which human subjects are asked to commit attention to a position in visual space other than fixation. This instruc... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | Posner's Cueing Task, one of the most widely used paradigms in attentional research. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.315 | 38,258,993 | A typical scene contains many different objects that, because of the limited processing capacity of the visual system, compete for neural representation. The competition among multiple objects in visual cortex can be biased by both bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down influences, such as selective attention... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | One of the more comprehensive reviews of attention focusing on alternative models to that described by Posner. |
10.1002/ar.b.20035 | 124,103,580 | Abstract Attention is a central theme in psychological science. As with other biological systems, attention has a distinct anatomy that carries out basic psychological functions. Disparate attentional networks correlate with discrete neural circuitry and can be influenced by specific brain injuries, states, and drugs. ... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | An overview of the main anatomy and the underlying theory proposing a three-network model for attention. |
10.1073/pnas.95.3.831 | 83,508,760 | Functional anatomical and single-unit recording studies indicate that a set of neural signals in parietal and frontal cortex mediates the covert allocation of attention to visual locations, as originally proposed by psychological studies. This frontoparietal network is the source of a location bias that interacts with ... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | An alternative to the idea of independent attention subsystems. This research nicely complements Posner's model and extends aspects of the orienting system. |
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01669.x | 79,479,450 | We examined the effects of suggestion on Stroop interference in highly suggestible individuals. Participants completed the Stroop task with and without a suggestion to perceive Stroop words as meaningless symbols. Half the participants were given this suggestion in hypnosis, and half were given the suggestion without t... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | Proposes that suggestibility is perhaps more important than hypnotic induction and that individuals who are highly suggestible can 'deautomatize' cognitive processing (that is, Stroop interference) in the presence of hypnosis but also in its absence. |
10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00804.x | 79,473,511 | A cued, visuospatial attention task and a working memory task were administered to 89 healthy adults genotyped for a T-to-C polymorphism in CHRNA4, a nicotinic receptor subunit gene. Increasing gene dose of the C allele of the CHRNA4 gene (i.e., no C alleles, one C allele, two C alleles) was associated with increased r... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | A thoughtful account of how a brain theory together with a careful correlation of genotype with phenotype can advance our understanding of attention. |
10.1073/pnas.0732088100 | 66,952,442 | Brain imaging data have repeatedly shown that the anterior cingulate cortex is an important node in the brain network mediating conflict. We previously reported that polymorphisms in dopamine receptor ( DRD4 ) and monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA ) genes showed significant associations with efficiency of handling conflict as... | 10.1038/nrn1903 | Together with the work of Parasuraman et al . (see reference 134), these exploratory studies show how genetics could have a role in shaping the biological substrates of attention. |
10.1162/neco.1997.9.5.1001 | 56,543,975 | Shunting inhibition, a conductance increase with a reversal potential close to the resting potential of the cell, has been shown to have a divisive effect on subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes. It has therefore been assumed to have the same divisive effect on firing rates. We show that shunting i... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | An influential theoretical study that predicted that shunting inhibition has a subractive effect on the rate-coded I–O relationship. It includes an elegant analysis of why inhibitory shunting conductances behave like current sources during sustained firing. |
10.1126/science.290.5498.1968 | 125,165,473 | Feedforward models of visual cortex appear to be inconsistent with a well-known property of cortical cells: contrast invariance of orientation tuning. The models' fixed threshold broadens orientation tuning as contrast increases, whereas in real cells tuning width is invariant with contrast. We have compared the orient... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | An experimental study that highlighted the importance of noise in contrast invariance of orientation tuning and showed that it smoothed the relationship between output firing rate and membrane potential. |
10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1488 | 80,532,033 | Neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo are subject to an intense synaptic background activity but little is known of how this activity affects cellular responsiveness and what function it may serve. These issues were examined in morphologically reconstructed neocortical pyramidal neurons in which synaptic background act... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | An early theoretical study that predicted that background synaptic input enhances the responsiveness of neocortical pyramidal neurons to coincident synaptic input. |
10.1523/jneurosci.23-32-10388.2003 | 109,390,527 | Ongoing synaptic activity, ever present in cortical neurons, may vary widely in its amplitude and characteristics, potentially having a strong influence on neuronal processing. Intracellular recordings in layer 5 pyramidal cells in prefrontal and visual cortical slices maintained in vitro revealed spontaneous periods o... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | A dynamic clamp study that showed that background noise controls the gain of the relationship between spike probability and excitatory conductance for coincident inputs, while voltage and conductance changes induce additive shifts. These effects are linked to up and down states. |
10.1126/science.1067903 | 104,018,399 | Neurons receive thousands of synaptic inputs throughout elaborate dendritic trees. Here we determine the somatic impact of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at known dendritic sites in neocortical pyramidal neurons. As inputs became more distal, somatic EPSP amplitude decreased, whereas use-dependent... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | An experimental study of neocortical pyramidal cells showing spatial dependence of synaptic efficacy and that synaptic inputs on the distal dendrites have a much narrower time-window for integration than those at the soma. |
10.1126/science.1171958 | 20,620,735 | Fine Dendrites Fire Differently The pyramidal neuron is the basic computational unit in the brain cortex. Its distal tuft dendrite is heavily innervated by horizontal fibers coursing through cortical layer-I providing long-range corticocortical and thalamocortical associational input. Larkum et al. (p. 756 ) investigat... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | An experimental study that unifies previous work by the same authors by showing that synaptic integration occurs in the thin basal and apical dendrites of L5 pyramidal cells through NMDA receptors. These local nonlinear integration sites can trigger either a regenerative Ca 2+ spike in the main dendrite or a sodium spi... |
10.1523/jneurosci.2682-05.2005 | 19,248,680 | Multiplicative gain control is a vital component of many theoretical analyses of neural computations, conferring the ability to scale neuronal firing rate in response to synaptic inputs. Many theories of gain control in single cells have used precisely balanced noisy inputs. Such noisy inputs can degrade signal process... | 10.1038/nrn2864 | This experimental and theoretical study shows how Na + channels on pyramidal cell dendrites in electric fish confer spatial dependence to the arithmetic operations performed by inhibition during sustained firing. |
10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.331 | 104,421,894 | 1. An oculomotor delayed-response task was used to examine the spatial memory functions of neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. Monkeys were trained to fixate a central spot during a brief presentation (0.5 s) of a peripheral cue and throughout a subsequent delay period (1-6 s), and then, upon the extinction of the fi... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.43 | This classic paper offers a description of how PFC activity represents spatial information of remembered stimuli, thereby providing a neural code for spatial WM. |
10.1126/science.1150769 | 20,856,274 | It is usually assumed that enhanced spiking activity in the form of persistent reverberation for several seconds is the neural correlate of working memory. Here, we propose that working memory is sustained by calcium-mediated synaptic facilitation in the recurrent connections of neocortical networks. In this account, t... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.43 | The paper provides a computational model that does not depend on persistent activity and can account for some memory phenomena, based on synaptic mechanisms. |
10.1073/pnas.0901894106 | 62,604,379 | Working memory capacity, the maximum number of items that we can transiently store in working memory, is a good predictor of our general cognitive abilities. Neural activity in both dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex has been associated with memory retention during visuospatial working memory ... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.43 | This study integrates computational modelling and fMRI to test a model of top-down attention and WM storage. |
10.1126/science.1166102 | 123,229,757 | Working memory is a key function for human cognition, dependent on adequate dopamine neurotransmission. Here we show that the training of working memory, which improves working memory capacity, is associated with changes in the density of cortical dopamine D1 receptors. Fourteen hours of training over 5 weeks was assoc... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.43 | Here, PET is used to map changes in cortical D1R binding associated with WM training. |
10.1126/science.3749885 | 83,455,015 | Although individual neurons in the arm area of the primate motor cortex are only broadly tuned to a particular direction in three-dimensional space, the animal can very precisely control the movement of its arm. The direction of movement was found to be uniquely predicted by the action of a population of motor cortical... | 10.1038/nrn2578 | The first study to implement a population analysis of neuronal responses by using a population vector. |
10.1152/jn.00125.2007 | 119,710,074 | We investigated the representation of visual inputs by multiple simultaneously recorded single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe, using their firing rates to infer which images were shown to subjects. The selectivity of these neurons was quantified with a novel measure. About four spikes per neuron, triggered b... | 10.1038/nrn2578 | This paper showed that it is possible to correctly predict picture presentations from the firing of neurons in the human medial temporal lobe far above chance. The authors also showed that more information can be extracted from a population analysis than from a single-cell study. |
10.1162/neco.2008.10-07-633 | 119,464,705 | One of the most critical challenges in systems neuroscience is determining the neural code. A principled framework for addressing this can be found in information theory. With this approach, one can determine whether a proposed code can account for the stimulus-response relationship. Specifically, one can compare the t... | 10.1038/nrn2578 | The authors analysed in detail the relative strengths and weaknesses of information theory and Bayesian decoders when they are used to rule out neural codes. They also introduced a set of measures that varied smoothly between information theory and Bayesian decoders. |
10.1152/jn.1987.57.1.162 | 102,029,150 | Ablation and single-unit studies in primates have shown that inferior temporal (IT) cortex is important for pattern discrimination. The first paper in this series suggested that single units in IT cortex of alert monkeys respond to a set of two-dimensional patterns with complex temporal modulation of their spike trains... | 10.1038/nrn2578 | The first study to demonstrate that the time profile of cortical spike trains encodes much more information about static visual features than spike counts. |
10.1073/pnas.0505508102 | 84,340,003 | The brain acts as an integrated information processing system, which methods in cognitive neuroscience have so far depicted in a fragmented fashion. Here, we propose a simple and robust way to integrate functional MRI (fMRI) with single trial event-related potentials (ERP) to provide a more complete spatiotemporal char... | 10.1038/nrn2578 | First study using a single-trial analysis to combine the temporal and spatial resolutions of electroencephalogram and functional MRI recordings. |
10.1126/science.1110591 | 20,881,218 | The human endogenous intestinal microflora is an essential “organ” in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity; yet, surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described. We examined 13,355 prokaryotic ribosomal RNA gene sequences from multiple colonic mucosal sites and ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | An early metagenomic survey of the human gut microbiome that considers both stool and mucosal samples; it reveals many previously uncultured taxa along with strong inter-subject and inter-site differences. |
10.1111/2041-210x.12114 | 83,018,474 | Summary Bacteria comprise the most diverse domain of life on Earth, where they occupy nearly every possible ecological niche and play key roles in biological and chemical processes. Studying the composition and ecology of bacterial ecosystems and understanding their function are of prime importance. High‐throughput seq... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | This paper presents a computational approach for improving taxonomic resolution in surveys of microbial communities based on 16S rRNA sequencing. |
10.1126/science.1237439 | 38,421,299 | A low-error 16 S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing method, in combination with whole-genome sequencing of >500 cultured isolates, was used to characterize bacterial strain composition in the fecal microbiota of 37 U.S. adults sampled for up to 5 years. Microbiota stability followed a power-law function, which when e... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | This paper presents a sequencing method for improving taxonomic resolution in surveys of microbial communities based on 16S rRNA sequencing; the method was used to quantify the stability of the human gut microbiome over a 5-year period. |
10.1126/science.1241165 | 62,606,488 | Protecting the Guts Regulatory T cells (T regs ) in the gut are important sentinels in maintaining the peace between our gut and its trillions of resident bacteria and have been shown to be regulated by specific strains of bacteria in mouse models. Smith et al. (p. 569 , published online 4 July; see the Perspective by ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | This study demonstrates that SCFAs, a common class of microbial metabolites, have an important role in co-adaptation between the gut microbiome and host immune system. |
10.1126/science.1235872 | 125,323,106 | Digoxin Dangers A proportion of patients treated with digoxin, a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart function abnormalities, generate the inactive metabolite, dihydrodigoxin, resulting in poor efficacy. Haiser et al. (p. 295 ) examined a potential culprit responsible for this transformation—the actinobacterium, Egger... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | Through an integrated multi-omic analysis, these authors identify an operon in a member of the human gut microbiome community that is involved in degradation (and hence loss of efficacy) of the cardiac drug digoxin. |
10.1038/msb.2013.22 | 19,979,325 | Complex microbial communities are an integral part of the Earth's ecosystem and of our bodies in health and disease. In the last two decades, culture‐independent approaches have provided new insights into their structure and function, with the exponentially decreasing cost of high‐throughput sequencing resulting in bro... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | An in-depth review of computational methods in microbial community analysis. |
10.1073/pnas.0808022106 | 101,027,317 | Recently, approaches have been developed to sample the genetic content of heterogeneous environments (metagenomics). However, by what means these sequences link distinct environmental conditions with specific biological processes is not well understood. Thus, a major challenge is how the usage of particular pathways an... | 10.1038/nrmicro3451 | An in-depth review of statistical procedures for identifying patterns in high-dimensional microbial community data. |
10.1126/science.3952506 | 123,290,119 | Synapses develop concurrently and at identical rates in different layers of the visual, somatosensory, motor, and prefrontal areas of the primate cerebral cortex. This isochronic course of synaptogenesis in anatomically and functionally diverse regions indicates that the entire cerebral cortex develops as a whole and t... | 10.1038/nrn1790 | A seminal paper on exuberant and synchronous synaptogenesis in different cortical areas of the monkey. |
10.1002/cne.1152 | 124,329,893 | Abstract Previous studies have shown that the distribution of callosal connections in the 17/18 callosal zone of the cat is patchy at a small scale, but the mechanisms that determine this periodic pattern remain unclear. The present study investigated this issue by correlating the distribution of retrogradely labeled c... | 10.1038/nrn1790 | This work makes an important contribution to the concept that the topographic projections from the retina guide the establishment of callosal connections. |
10.1002/ana.10591 | 18,422,218 | Abstract Unilateral lesions of the occipital visual areas performed on postnatal day 5 (P5) in the ferret are not compensated by the appearance, in the lesioned hemisphere, of visual responses at ectopic locations. Instead, when parts of the visual areas are spared, they show abnormal retinotopic organizations; further... | 10.1038/nrn1790 | A recent paper that confirms and extends the concept that competition among cortico-cortical axons is involved in shaping cortico-cortical networks. |
10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1267 | 4,860,309 | Proteoglycans are a heterogeneous class of proteins bearing sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Some of the proteoglycans have distinct core protein structures, and others display similarities and thus may be grouped into families such as the syndecans, the glypicans, or the hyalectans (or lecticans). Proteoglycans can be fou... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | References 5, 11 and 12 describe interaction partners and functions of ECM molecules. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142758 | 103,673,482 | ▪ Abstract Activity-dependent changes in synaptic function are believed to underlie the formation of memories. Two prominent examples are long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), whose mechanisms have been the subject of considerable scrutiny over the past few decades. Here we review the growing lit... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | References 14–16 and 20 give nice introductions to the synaptic plasticity field. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00039.x | 100,747,337 | Abstract Heparin‐binding growth‐associated molecule (HB‐GAM) is an 18‐kDa developmentally regulated protein, which promotes neurite outgrowth, axonal guidance and synaptogenesis through interaction with cell‐surface heparan‐sulphate proteoglycans. We have studied the effect of HB‐GAM on synaptic transmission and long‐t... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | This study describes the first evidence for the importance of the ECM component HB-GAM in hippocampal LTP. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00216.x | 86,569,656 | Abstract Perisomatic inhibition of pyramidal cells regulates efferent signalling from the hippocampus. The striking presence of HNK‐1, a carbohydrate expressed by neural adhesion molecules, on perisomatic interneurons and around somata of CA1 pyramidal neurons led us to apply monoclonal HNK‐1 antibodies to acute murine... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | This work and reference 85 provide the first evidence for the importance of tenascin-R and its associated HNK-1 carbohydrate in regulation of perisomatic inhibition and LTP. |
10.1073/pnas.95.26.15753 | 58,555,877 | The type IIA rat brain sodium channel is composed of three subunits: a large pore-forming α subunit and two smaller auxiliary subunits, β1 and β2. The β subunits are single membrane-spanning glycoproteins with one Ig-like motif in their extracellular domains. The Ig motif of the β2 subunit has close structural similari... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | References 79–81 highlight the interactions between ion channels and ECM molecules. |
10.1126/science.1072699 | 62,247,072 | In young animals, monocular deprivation leads to an ocular dominance shift, whereas in adults after the critical period there is no such shift. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitory for axonal sprouting. We tested whether the developmental maturation of t... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | The importance of CSPGs in regulating synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex in vivo is elegantly demonstrated in this paper. |
10.1128/mcb.22.21.7417-7427.2002 | 19,443,858 | ABSTRACT Brevican is a brain-specific proteoglycan which is found in specialized extracellular matrix structures called perineuronal nets. Brevican increases the invasiveness of glioma cells in vivo and has been suggested to play a role in central nervous system fiber tract development. To study the role of brevican in... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | This study shows that injection of brevican antibody and genetic ablation of brevican lead to abolishment of LTP. |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-07-02451.2000 | 38,871,461 | Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is critical for learning and memory. Considerable attention has been paid to mechanisms that increase or decrease synaptic efficacy, referred to as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), respectively. It is becoming apparent that synaptic activity also modula... | 10.1038/nrn1115 | A patch-clamp study that provides a framework for evaluation of depolarization thresholds for induction of LTP and LTD. |
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