source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1126/science.1154413 | 82,943,559 | In the bacterium Escherichia coli , the Min proteins oscillate between the cell poles to select the cell center as division site. This dynamic pattern has been proposed to arise by self-organization of these proteins, and several models have suggested a reaction-diffusion type mechanism. Here, we found that the Min pro... | 10.1038/nsmb.3320 | Demonstration of spatial oscillations in the Min system in vitro |
10.1126/science.1209042 | 85,575,408 | A synthetic circuit implementing density-controlled bacterial motility autonomously produces a tunable stripe pattern. | 10.1038/nsmb.3320 | Generation of periodic stripe patterns in a growing bacterial colony by use of a synthetic gene circuit coupling cell density and motility |
10.1073/pnas.0808622106 | 62,324,780 | The reaction–diffusion system is one of the most studied nonlinear mechanisms that generate spatially periodic structures autonomous. On the basis of many mathematical studies using computer simulations, it is assumed that animal skin patterns are the most typical examples of the Turing pattern (stationary periodic pat... | 10.1038/nsmb.3320 | Experimental identification of the interaction network among zebrafish pigment cells that forms Turing patterns |
10.1126/science.1091031 | 46,175,873 | The mammalian visual cortex is organized into columns. Here, we examine cortical influences upon developing visual afferents in the cat by altering intrinsic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–mediated inhibition with benzodiazepines. Local enhancement by agonist (diazepam) infusion did not perturb visual responsiveness, but d... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | First bidirectional shaping of cortical column size by the direct manipulation of lateral inhibition, as predicted by earlier theoretical models (described in references 17 and18). |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02420.x | 81,664,401 | Abstract Monocular deprivation in mice between postnatal days 19 and 32 has been reported to significantly shift ocular dominance within the binocular region of primary visual cortex; however, it is not known whether visual deprivation in mice during this physiologically defined critical period also results in amblyopi... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | A behavioural study revealing a clear critical period for amblyopia that matches the shift of single-unit responses in the mouse visual cortex (detailed in reference 38), which indicates that there are no lasting consequence of sub-threshold changes reported with evoked potentials or immediate early gene expression (di... |
10.1126/science.282.5393.1504 | 19,878,663 | Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was identified here in a mouse model. Gene-targeted disruption of one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase prevented the competitive loss of respons... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | The first evidence that GABA-mediated transmission is required for plasticity in vivo . Lays the foundation for a series of studies confirming that critical period timing can be controlled through inhibitory interneurons (discussed further in references 44–48), quite unlike LTP models in vitro that are routinely blocke... |
10.1126/science.1091032 | 100,698,468 | Weak inhibition within visual cortex early in life prevents experience-dependent plasticity. Loss of responsiveness to an eye deprived of vision can be initiated prematurely by enhancing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–mediated transmission with benzodiazepines. Here, we use a mouse “knockin” mutation to α subunits that ren... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Provides striking evidence that not all GABA-mediated connections are involved in critical period induction, which has strong implications for computational models and the design of specific benzodiazepines for use in human infants. |
10.1073/pnas.0536089100 | 17,439,647 | How individual receptive field properties are formed in the maturing sensory neocortex remains largely unknown. The shortening of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents by 2A subunit (NR2A) insertion has been proposed to delimit the critical period for experience-dependent refinement of circuits in visual cor... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Debunks the 'NR2A subunit switch' hypothesis for critical period closure (see also reference 101). Also reveals distinct molecular pathways for individual receptive field properties. |
10.1126/science.1072699 | 62,247,072 | In young animals, monocular deprivation leads to an ocular dominance shift, whereas in adults after the critical period there is no such shift. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitory for axonal sprouting. We tested whether the developmental maturation of t... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | The holy grail of critical period studies that showed it is possible to reactivate plasticity in adulthood, achieved by disrupting ECM components of perineuronal nets with chondroitinases. These structures preferentially surround and influence the function of large parvalbumin-positive basket cells (see also references... |
10.1073/pnas.102088899 | 79,469,101 | The serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key regulator of extracellular proteolytic cascades. We demonstrate a requirement for tPA signaling in the experience-dependent plasticity of mouse visual cortex during the developmental critical period. Proteolytic activity by tPA in the binocular zone ... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Definitive evidence that proteases are required for ocular dominance plasticity through the use of gene-targeted animals, supporting earlier pharmacological studies in cats (detailed in references 79 and 80). |
10.1126/science.1061395 | 17,602,092 | The temporal pattern and relative timing of action potentials among neocortical neurons may carry important information. However, how cortical circuits detect or generate coherent activity remains unclear. Using paired recordings in rat neocortical slices, we found that the firing of fast-spiking cells can reflect the ... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Paired recordings from electrically-coupled, parvalbumin-positive cells reveals a novel property of such networks, namely synchrony detection, which could operate on a columnar scale. |
10.1126/science.279.5356.1531 | 79,768,993 | In the process of creating a multimodal map of space, auditory-visual neurons in the optic tectum establish associations between particular values of auditory spatial cues and locations in the visual field. In the barn owl, tectal neurons reveal these associations in the match between their tuning for interaural time d... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Demonstrates the power of the critical period in laying down multiple neural representations of early experienced environments that can be reactivated when re-encountered later in life. Active suppression by newly formed GABA circuits prevents confusion among multiple maps (see reference 148). |
10.1002/dev.20053 | 19,901,586 | Abstract Formation of neural circuitry in the developing visual cortex is shaped by experience during the critical period. A number of mechanisms, including N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐mediated inhibition, are crucial in determining onset and closure of the critical pe... | 10.1038/nrn1787 | Crucial evidence from human autopsy samples showing slow maturation of GAD65 and GABA A receptor α1-subunits in the visual cortex that better matches the prolonged critical period for binocular vision in this species (see references 6 and 7) than does NMDA-receptor subunit switching (for further information, see refere... |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04204.x | 45,315,378 | Summary In a normal infection about 850 bp of the bacteriophage T7 genome is ejected into the cell, the remainder of the genome is internalized through transcription by Escherichia coli and then T7 RNA polymerase. Rates of T7 DNA internalization by the E. coli enzyme in vivo are constant across the whole genome. As exp... | 10.1038/nrmicro2988 | This study examines the rates of phage T7 genome internalization catalysed by both E. coli RNA polymerase and virion proteins that are ejected into the infected cell. |
10.1073/pnas.0703274104 | 59,468,179 | The physical, chemical, and structural features of bacteriophage genome release have been the subject of much recent attention. Many theoretical and experimental studies have centered on the internal forces driving the ejection process. Recently, Mangenot et al. [Mangenot S, Hochrein M, Rädler J, Letellier L (2005) Cur... | 10.1038/nrmicro2988 | This work examines genome ejection using single phage λ virions. |
10.1126/science.aag1906 | 62,483,397 | The activated spliceosome (B act ) is in a catalytically inactive state and is remodeled into a catalytically active machine by the RNA helicase Prp2, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we describe a 3D electron cryomicroscopy structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae B act complex at 5.8-angstrom resolution. Our mode... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | The structure of yeast spliceosome after Brr2-mediated activation, providing insight into Prp2-induced remodeling |
10.1126/science.aag0291 | 62,483,844 | How spliceosomes make the first cut In eukaryotes, transcribed precursor mRNA includes noncoding sequences that must be spliced out. This is done by the spliceosome, a dynamic complex in which five small nuclear RNAs and several proteins go through a series of ordered interactions and conformational rearrangements to a... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | The 3.5-Å structure of the yeast B act complex, which revealed that the active site is already formed but that the BP adenosine is kept 50 Å away from the active site by the U2 snRNP SF3b complex |
10.1126/science.aad6466 | 40,821,678 | Structure of a key spliceosomal complex In eukaryotes, when DNA is transcribed into RNA, the primary transcript has protein-coding sequences interrupted by noncoding sequences called introns. Introns are removed by a complex molecular machine, the spliceosome. Wan et al. determined the structure of a key subcomplex, th... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | This paper also describes a complete atomic model of yeast U4/U6–U5 tri-snRNP and shows how U6 snRNA is kept catalytically inactive by the U4 snRNA and Prp3 |
10.1126/science.aag2235 | 19,070,020 | How spliceosomes make the first cut In eukaryotes, transcribed precursor mRNA includes noncoding sequences that must be spliced out. This is done by the spliceosome, a dynamic complex in which five small nuclear RNAs and several proteins go through a series of ordered interactions and conformational rearrangements to a... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | This paper also presented the cryo-EM structure of the catalytic spliceosome after the first step of splicing at 3.4-Å resolution, revealing the interactions between the substrates and surrounding proteins in detail |
10.1126/science.aak9979 | 62,483,162 | Poised for the second step of splicing In eukaryotes, noncoding sequences in transcribed precursor mRNA are cut out by a dynamic macromolecular machine, the spliceosome. This involves two sequential reactions. The first cuts one end of the noncoding intron and loops it back on itself to form an intron lariat, and the n... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | This paper also describes the cryo-EM structure of the yeast C* spliceosome in atomic detail and provides functional insights similar to those in ref. 77 |
10.1126/science.aac7629 | 104,003,566 | Structure and function of the spliceosome When RNA is transcribed from DNA in the eukaryotic cell nucleus, the initial transcript includes noncoding introns that must be spliced out. This splicing is done by a complex macromolecular machine, the spliceosome, which comprises five small nuclear RNAs and more than 100 ass... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | The cryo-EM structure of the S. pombe intron-lariat spliceosome revealed the structure of the active site after mRNA release and provided a first view of the active site and the Prp19-associated complex |
10.1126/science.aad2085 | 59,957,036 | A human spliceosomal subcomplex The spliceosome is an RNA and protein molecular machine that cuts out introns from messenger RNAs. Agafonov et al. used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the largest intermediate subcomplex on the assembly pathway for the human spliceosome (see the Perspective by Cat... | 10.1038/nsmb.3463 | The 7-Å cryo-EM structure of the human tri-snRNP shows that SAD1 tethers the BRR2 helicase at the pre-activation position and keeps it away from the substrate U4 snRNA |
10.1084/jem.20070902 | 103,270,311 | B cells use translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) to introduce somatic mutations around genetic lesions caused by activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Monoubiquitination at lysine164 of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNAK164) stimulates TLS. To determine the role of PCNAK164 modifications in somatic hypermutation, PC... | 10.1038/nsmb.2792 | This work shows that a single lysine on PCNA is crucial for translesion synthesis in vivo |
10.1126/science.1120615 | 80,126,628 | Translesion synthesis (TLS) is the major pathway by which mammalian cells replicate across DNA lesions. Upon DNA damage, ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) induces bypass of the lesion by directing the replication machinery into the TLS pathway. Yet, how this modification is recognized and inte... | 10.1038/nsmb.2792 | This work proposes, for the first time, the concept of specific readers that combine ubiquitin or UBL binding with specific target interactions |
10.1126/science.1455232 | 18,715,250 | To examine the basis for the evolutionary selection for codirectionality of replication and transcription in Escherichia coli , electron microscopy was used to visualize replication from an inducible ColE1 replication origin inserted into the Escherichia coli chromosome upstream (5′) or downstream (3′) of rrnB , a ribo... | 10.1038/nrmicro2800 | The first report to show that replication–transcription conflicts occur in vivo . This study uses electron microscopy to find that RNAPs are dislodged during the conflicts and that replication is slowed during head-on conflicts. |
10.1073/pnas.0608999104 | 98,024,472 | In many bacteria, there is a strong bias for genes to be encoded on the leading strand of DNA, resulting in coorientation of replication and transcription. In Bacillus subtilis , transcription of the majority of genes (75%) is cooriented with replication. By using genome-wide profiling of replication with DNA microarra... | 10.1038/nrmicro2800 | An investigation which shows that transcription slows replication elongation within an inverted large genomic segment in B. subtilis |
10.1093/genetics/119.4.771 | 20,691,706 | Abstract In an effort to learn what factors might mitigate the establishment of Escherichia coli variants bearing major chromosomal rearrangements, we have examined the effects on cell growth of two inversions between rRNA operons. One of these inversions, IN(rrnD-rrnE), had been propagated in a commonly used subline o... | 10.1038/nrmicro2800 | An early experimental indication that gene orientation on the chromosome contributes to fitness. |
10.1126/science.1179595 | 123,319,726 | When Polymerases Collide Genomes must be replicated by DNA polymerase and copied by RNA polymerase. The two processes occur concurrently in bacteria and, although the majority of bacterial genes are co-oriented with replication, head-on collisions still occur and can result in double-strand breaks in the genome. Pomera... | 10.1038/nrmicro2800 | This in vitro study finds that the replisome can remain stably associated with DNA when it collides with a head-on transcription complex and that replication can restart without additional factors after RNAP is removed by Mfd. |
10.1073/pnas.1009564108 | 103,814,632 | DNA replication fork movement is impeded by collisions with transcription elongation complexes (TEC). We propose that a critical function of transcription termination factors is to prevent TEC from blocking DNA replication and inducing replication fork arrest, one consequence of which is DNA double-strand breaks. We sh... | 10.1038/nrmicro2800 | This work shows that factors which influence RNAP termination can affect replication and chromosome integrity. |
10.1073/pnas.1319661110 | 20,639,486 | Significance We show that the selective overactivation of autophagy can cause cell death with unique morphological features distinct from apoptosis or necrosis. This unique type of autophagic cell death, termed “autosis,” occurs not only in vitro but also in vivo in cerebral hypoxia–ischemia. Moreover, autosis is inhib... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.51 | This study is the first morphological and biochemical characterization of autosis, and the first demonstration of its pathophysiological relevance in the course of neonatal hypoxia–ischaemia. |
10.1126/science.1196371 | 122,970,663 | A protein kinase links energy stores to control of autophagy. | 10.1038/nrn.2016.51 | These authors demonstrate a direct, MTORC1-independent connection between the regulator of autophagy, AMPK and one of the upstream components of the molecular machinery of autophagy, ULK1. |
10.1126/science.1225967 | 20,590,235 | Getting Autophagy to Akt The protein kinase Akt is often activated in human cancers and is thought to promote tumor formation. One way in which it may do so is to inhibit autophagy (a process by which the cell digests its own proteins or organelles, especially damaged ones). Wang et al. (p. 956 , published online 25 Oc... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.51 | These authors demonstrate that BECN1 can be directly phosphorylated by AKT1, resulting in suppressed autophagic responses upon the sequestration of BECN1 by 14-3-3 ɛ |
10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-100008 | 104,343,268 | Depending on the initiating stimulus, cancer cell death can be immunogenic or nonimmunogenic. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) involves changes in the composition of the cell surface as well as the release of soluble mediators, occurring in a defined temporal sequence. Such signals operate on a series of receptors expresse... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.51 | This is an exhaustive review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby RCD can be perceived as immunogenic by the immune system and hence initiate an adaptive immune response. |
10.1152/ajpheart.1978.235.1.h23 | 11,037,509 | Platelets are actively mobile in plasma in vitro and, in addition, they migrate specifically and directionally toward added intact collagen (chemotaxis). Native human, bovine, and equine collagen, suspended in plasma, induce a chemotactic response in human platelets. However, heat-denatured and dinitrofluorobenzene-tre... | 10.1038/nrmicro3269 | This paper provides early evidence for vectorial chemotaxis by human platelets. |
10.1073/pnas.0401567101 | 123,126,575 | Conventional analyses distinguish between antimicrobial peptides by differences in amino acid sequence. Yet structural paradigms common to broader classes of these molecules have not been established. The current analyses examined the potential conservation of structural themes in antimicrobial peptides from evolutiona... | 10.1038/nrmicro3269 | This paper reports the discovery of the γ -core motif, which unifies all cysteine-stabilized host-defence peptides. |
10.1126/science.1228892 | 67,256,173 | Platelets Poison Parasites Activated platelets bound to malaria parasite–infected red blood cells were once thought to contribute to pathogenesis, but recently the platelets have been found to have a protective effect. McMorran et al. (p. 1348 ; see the Perspective by Engwerda and Good ) extended this discovery to show... | 10.1038/nrmicro3269 | This paper represents a major advance in our understanding of host defence against malaria. |
10.1128/iai.66.3.1181-1189.1998 | 40,506,063 | ABSTRACT Neutropenia is considered a significant risk factor for invasive aspergillosis but is almost always associated with concurrent thrombocytopenia. Studies determined that platelets, like neutrophils, attached to cell walls of the invasive hyphal form of Aspergillus fumigatus . Organisms were damaged as shown by ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3269 | This paper provides mechanistic evidence for the anti-aspergillus functions of platelets ex vivo |
10.1126/science.6306772 | 20,766,726 | Two regions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus were tested for their ability to enhance transcription of the SV40 early promoter. A portion of the intervening sequence between the heavy chain joining region (J h ) and the constant region of the μ chain (Cμ) can enhance transcription when it is cloned either 5′ or ... | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | Refs. 3–5 reported the first cellular enhancer, which, when placed in proximity to the MYC gene, leads to Burkitt's lymphoma. |
10.1101/gad.2.11.1414 | 83,144,675 | Mutations at the suppressor of Hairy-wing [su(Hw), 3-54.8] locus reverse the phenotype of second-site mutations induced by the gypsy transposable element in Drosophila melanogaster. This gene encodes a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 109,000 that contains an acidic domain and 12 copies of the DNA-binding '... | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | This study showed that Su(Hw) directly bound sequences in the gypsy insulator, thus providing a mechanistic understanding for years of genetic studies and helping to launch the new field of insulator biology. |
10.1093/genetics/144.3.1143 | 83,333,934 | Abstract The mechanisms that allow enhancers to activate promoters from thousands of base pairs away are disrupted by the suppressor of Hairy-wing protein (SUHW) of Drosophila. SUHW binds a DNA sequence in the gypsy retrotransposon and prevents enhancers promoter-distal to a gypsy insertion in a gene from activating wi... | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | This study used a genetic screen for factors regulating enhancer-promoter communication and identified genes later shown to encode the fly homologs of NIPBL and LDB1. These proteins were subsequently shown to be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of enhancer-promoter looping in mammals. |
10.1126/science.1160631 | 38,304,971 | Some developmentally important genes can be regulated via two enhancers, one located nearby and the other, a "shadow" enhancer, 10 to 20 kilobases away. | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | This study used genome-wide occupancy of transcription factors in Drosophila to identify novel, seemingly redundant enhancers for well-known enhancers of developmental genes. |
10.1126/science.1211053 | 42,510,752 | Manipulation of a transcriptional repressor promotes expression of protective fetal globin genes. | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | These authors deleted a tissue-specific enhancer of an essential gene encoding a transcriptional repressor for fetal hemoglobin and found that this disruption restored globin expression in a mouse model of sickle-cell anemia. |
10.1126/science.1232542 | 104,266,701 | The Regulatory Genome Multicellular organisms contain a variety of cell types that are morphologically and functionally distinct even though they typically contain the same genomic DNA. Differences stem from differential gene expression. Gene regulatory genomic regions (enhancers) are well studied, yet despite major ef... | 10.1038/nsmb.2784 | This study developed a genome-wide screen to identify regions of DNA that function in enhancer assays in Drosophila S2 cells. |
10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2785 | 125,111,317 | Besides their well-established actions on reproductive functions, estrogens exert a variety of actions on many regions of the nervous system that influence higher cognitive function, pain mechanisms, fine motor skills, mood, and susceptibility to seizures; they also appear to have neuroprotective actions in relation to... | 10.1038/nrn846 | A recent authoritative review on the multiple roles of oestrogen in the brain. |
10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb03205.x | 124,735,965 | Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test specific hypotheses regarding volumetric changes ot the neocortex between 10 female trichotillomania (TTM) subjects and 10 female normal controls. A standard three‐dimensional (3‐D) brain coordinate system was imposed over each newly acquired native magnetic resonan... | 10.1038/nrn846 | This comprehensive review discusses the biological plausibility and the clinical empirical evidence of a link between oestrogen levels and memory in women. |
10.1126/science.3753802 | 104,149,335 | The mechanism by which the estrogen receptor and other steroid hormone receptors regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells is not well understood. In this study, a complementary DNA clone containing the entire translated portion of the messenger RNA for the estrogen receptor from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was ... | 10.1038/nrn846 | References 55 and 56 describe the cloning of the first human ER. |
10.1073/pnas.93.12.5925 | 62,621,504 | We have cloned a novel member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The cDNA of clone 29 was isolated from a rat prostate cDNA library and it encodes a protein of 485 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 54.2 kDa. Clone 29 protein is unique in that it is highly homologous to the rat estrogen recepto... | 10.1038/nrn846 | This paper describes the cloning of ERβ. The discovery of ERβ is an important landmark in our understanding of oestrogen action in various tissues. |
10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1535 | 83,428,057 | Our appreciation of the physiological functions of estrogens and the mechanisms through which estrogens bring about these functions has changed during the past decade. Just as transgenic mice were produced in which estrogen receptors had been inactivated and we thought that we were about to understand the role of estro... | 10.1038/nrn846 | A recent review on the molecular mechanisms of oestrogen activity. |
10.1016/0014-5793(87)81293-0 | 103,267,057 | Estrogens, such as estrone, estradiol and estriol, were tested as possible antioxidants of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe 3+ ‐ADP‐adriamycin or Fe 3+ ‐ADP‐ascorbate. The estrogens with phenolic structure possessed substantial activities with respect to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Concentrations of estradiol... | 10.1038/nrn846 | An early report showing that oestrogen can act as free-radical scavenger in a lipophilic environment. |
10.1128/aem.69.5.2616-2623.2003 | 19,477,179 | ABSTRACT Methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE) is a widespread groundwater contaminant that does not respond well to conventional treatment technologies. Growing evidence indicates that microbial communities indigenous to groundwater can degrade MTBE under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Although pure cultures of microorga... | 10.1038/nrmicro731 | Evidence that some microorganisms that are involved in aerobic degradation of contaminants in groundwater are also closely related to organisms that can be recovered in pure culture. |
10.1126/science.289.5486.1902 | 41,744,670 | Extremely halophilic archaea contain retinal-binding integral membrane proteins called bacteriorhodopsins that function as light-driven proton pumps. So far, bacteriorhodopsins capable of generating a chemiosmotic membrane potential in response to light have been demonstrated only in halophilic archaea. We describe her... | 10.1038/nrmicro731 | This paper shows that sequencing genomic DNA extracted from the environment can provide significant new insights into the physiological capabilities of as-yet-uncultured microorganisms. |
10.1128/aem.69.2.769-778.2003 | 123,525,259 | ABSTRACT A DNA microarray to monitor the expression of bacterial metabolic genes within mixed microbial communities was designed and tested. Total RNA was extracted from pure and mixed cultures containing the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-degrading bacterium Ralstonia eutropha JMP134, and the inducing agent 2,... | 10.1038/nrmicro731 | A successful evaluation of gene expression in a mixture of microorganisms, indicating that evaluation of gene expression in natural environments could be tractable. |
10.1126/science.7997879 | 83,540,671 | Representational difference analysis was used to isolate unique sequences present in more than 90 percent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissues obtained from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These sequences were not present in tissue DNA from non-AIDS patients, but were present in 15 percent of non-K... | 10.1038/nrmicro958 | Original paper reporting the discovery of the first human rhadinovirus, KSHV. |
10.1073/pnas.90.19.9150 | 17,675,663 | The gene encoding latent-infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was specifically mutated in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) recombinants by inserting a nonsense linker after codon 9 or codon 84 or into an intron 186 bp 3' to the latter insertion site. EBV recombinants with the LMP1 intron mutation were wild type for LMP1 express... | 10.1038/nrmicro958 | First report to show that the LMP1 viral protein is essential for B-cell immortalization. |
10.1073/pnas.88.16.7051 | 18,836,585 | Herpesvirus saimiri is an oncogenic herpesvirus that induces rapidly progressing lymphomas in New World primates. Using retrovirus vectors for gene transfer, specific open reading frames of H. saimiri were tested for their ability to transform rodent cells in culture. One open reading frame, designated STP-C488 (for sa... | 10.1038/nrmicro958 | Demonstrated that the stp gene of HVS subgroup C was more oncogenic than the stp gene of subgroup A. |
10.1098/rstb.2000.0555 | 1,657,367 | What is the link, if any, between the patterns of connections in the brain and the behavioural effects of localized brain lesions? We explored this question in four related ways. First, we investigated the distribution of activity decrements that followed simulated damage to elements of the thalamocortical network, usi... | 10.1038/nrn893 | An analysis of the problems associated with interpreting lesion effects and double dissociations, showing that the interpretation is clarified when the position of the areas in the anatomical network are taken into account. |
10.1098/rstb.2001.0908 | 104,414,609 | The need to integrate massively increasing amounts of data on the mammalian brain has driven several ambitious neuroscientific database projects that were started during the last decade. Databasing the brain's anatomical connectivity as delivered by tracing studies is of particular importance as these data characterize... | 10.1038/nrn893 | A paper on database methodology that includes the data on prefrontal connections on which figures 1 and 2 are based. |
10.1152/jn.1991.66.3.705 | 61,391,837 | 1. Single-cell activity was recorded from three different motor areas in the cerebral cortex: the primary motor cortex (MI), supplementary motor area (SMA), and premotor cortex (PM). 2. Three monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were trained to perform a sequential motor task in two different conditions. In one condition (visually... | 10.1038/nrn893 | This paper presents data on the percentage of cells in three motor areas that fire in relation to two tasks — sequences guided by visual cues and sequences guided by memory. It shows that a comparison of the cell properties in related areas can indicate differences in the proportion of cells that fire in relation to su... |
10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.895 | 50,892,117 | 1. Neurons that are selectively sensitive to the direction of motion of elongated contours have been found in several cortical areas in many species. However, in the striate cortex of the cat and monkey, and the extrastriate posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area of the cat, such cells are generally component m... | 10.1038/nrn893 | Scannell et al . used multivariate analysis of a large database to predict the response properties of cells in a higher visual area in the cat. They confirmed the predictions by making direct electrophysiological recordings in this area. |
10.1126/science.1208245 | 107,160,936 | Ribosome assembly factors block multiple steps in translation initiation. | 10.1038/nsmb.2939 | Cryo-EM reconstructions of late yeast 40S precursors showing that AFs mask essential ribosomal functional areas, including the decoding site and ribosome ligand-binding sites |
10.1002/anie.201408362 | 42,571,374 | Abstract Ribose methylations are the most abundant chemical modifications of ribosomal RNA and are critical for ribosome assembly and fidelity of translation. Many aspects of ribose methylations have been difficult to study due to lack of efficient mapping methods. Here, we present a sequencing‐based method (RiboMeth‐s... | 10.1038/nsmb.2939 | Mapping all rRNA 2′-O methyl groups 'at once' in yeast cells by high-throughput sequencing reveals that all positions are not fully modified at all times |
10.1126/science.1066771 | 38,325,503 | Energy in the form of electricity can be harvested from marine sediments by placing a graphite electrode (the anode) in the anoxic zone and connecting it to a graphite cathode in the overlying aerobic water. We report a specific enrichment of microorganisms of the family Geobacteraceae on energy-harvesting anodes, and ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2456 | The first study to describe microorganisms that are capable of direct extracellular electron transfer to electrodes. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.117 | 103,239,325 | Abstract The advent of rapid complete genome sequencing, and the potential to capture this information in genome-scale metabolic models, provide the possibility of comprehensively modeling microbial community interactions. For example, Rhodoferax and Geobacter species are acetate-oxidizing Fe(III)-reducers that compete... | 10.1038/nrmicro2456 | The first genome-scale dynamic multispecies model to accurately predict the outcome of competition among Fe III reducers under varying acetate and ammonium availabilities. |
10.1126/science.1224159 | 29,088,698 | The genetic heterogeneity of autism poses a major challenge for identifying mechanism-based treatments. A number of rare mutations are associated with autism, and it is unclear whether these result in common neuronal alterations. Monogenic syndromes, such as fragile X, include autism as one of their multifaceted sympto... | 10.1038/nrn3992 | This paper reports the convergence of synaptic pathophysiology in fragile X syndrome mouse models and NLGN3-knockout mice, and the rescue of the NLGN3 alterations by re-expression of NLGN3 in juvenile mice. |
10.1126/science.1152586 | 125,299,557 | Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive human skin cancer that typically affects elderly and immunosuppressed individuals, a feature suggestive of an infectious origin. We studied MCC samples by digital transcriptome subtraction and detected a fusion transcript between a previously undescribed virus T anti... | 10.1038/nrmicro2992 | The discovery of MCPyV as a result of the recognition that MCC occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients than in non-immunocompromised individuals. Southern blotting also demonstrates the clonal integration of MCPyV in tumour cells. |
10.1073/pnas.0806526105 | 104,415,141 | Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is a virus discovered in our laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh that is monoclonally integrated into the genome of ≈80% of human Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs). Transcript mapping was performed to show that MCV expresses transcripts in MCCs similar to large T (LT), small T (ST), an... | 10.1038/nrmicro2992 | Mutations in MCPyV large T antigen, found in MCC, disable the ability of the virus to replicate viral origin-containing DNA. |
10.1128/jvi.69.12.7925-7931.1995 | 40,438,084 | The LID strain of polyomavirus differs from other laboratory strains in causing a rapidly lethal infection of newborn C3H/Bi mice. This virulent behavior of LID was attenuated by dilution, yet at sublethal doses LID was able to induce tumors at a high frequency, like its parent virus PTA. By constructing and assaying L... | 10.1038/nrmicro2992 | The demonstration that MPyV spread in the host is dependent on receptor usage. |
10.1126/science.1064335 | 18,826,023 | SNAREs (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors) are generally acknowledged as central components of membrane fusion reactions, but their precise function has remained enigmatic. Competing hypotheses suggest roles for SNAREs in mediating the specificity of fusion, catalyzing fusion, or actually executing fusion. We ge... | 10.1038/nrn898 | Shows that knockout of synaptobrevin affects Ca 2+ -triggered fusion more than Ca 2+ -independent fusion. |
10.1083/jcb.146.2.333 | 80,624,081 | Proteins of the Sec1 family have been shown to interact with target-membrane t-SNAREs that are homologous to the neuronal protein syntaxin. We demonstrate that yeast Sec1p coprecipitates not only the syntaxin homologue Ssop, but also the other two exocytic SNAREs (Sec9p and Sncp) in amounts and in proportions character... | 10.1038/nrn898 | In this study, yeast Sec1 was shown to bind to core complexes that contain the yeast plasma-membrane syntaxin Sso1, rather than to isolated Sso1, in contrast to results obtained with the neuronal homologues syntaxin 1 and Munc18-1. |
10.1083/jcb.143.5.1167 | 85,542,218 | Members of the synaptobrevin/VAMP family of v-SNAREs are thought to be essential for vesicle docking and exocytosis in both lower and higher eukaryotes. Here, we describe yeast mutants that appear to bypass the known v-SNARE requirement in secretion. Recessive mutations in either VBM1 or VBM2, which encode related ER-l... | 10.1038/nrn898 | The observation that genes involved in controlling lipid metabolism can rescue the lethal phenotype caused by mutations in Snc1 and Snc2 indicates that SNAREs might not be essential for membrane fusion. |
10.1083/jcb.137.7.1511 | 81,574,037 | Membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells requires that specific v-SNAREs on transport vesicles interact with specific t-SNAREs on target membranes. We identified a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae v-SNARE (Vti1p) encoded by the essential gene, VTI1. Vti1p interacts with the prevacuolar t-SNARE Pep12p to direct Golgi to preva... | 10.1038/nrn898 | This paper provides some of the most convincing evidence that a SNARE can function in more than one membrane-traffic pathway. |
10.1126/science.287.5454.864 | 62,191,077 | Brain function requires precisely orchestrated connectivity between neurons. Establishment of these connections is believed to require signals secreted from outgrowing axons, followed by synapse formation between selected neurons. Deletion of a single protein, Munc18-1, in mice leads to a complete loss of neurotransmit... | 10.1038/nrn898 | Deletion of Munc18-1 in mice resulted in a phenotype in which neurotransmitter release was completely abolished, but normal brain assembly was observed. |
10.1123/mcj.3.3.237 | 79,784,761 | Reaching out for an object is often described as consisting of two components that are based on different visual information. Information about the object's position and orientation guides the hand to the object, while information about the object's shape and size determines how the fingers move relative to the thumb t... | 10.1038/nrn1744 | An excellent review of experimental studies showing the influences of object properties on grasping behaviour. |
10.1126/science.291.5505.889 | 104,014,447 | Mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) respond to odors with slow temporal firing patterns. The representation of each odor by activity patterns across the MC population thus changes continuously throughout a stimulus, in an odor-specific manner. In the zebrafish OB, we found that this distributed temporal patte... | 10.1038/nrn964 | A paper showing the decorrelation of odour representations by MC assemblies resulting from slow MC temporal patterning. The data indicate that activity across MCs is redistributed across the population so that overlap between the representations of similar odours decreases as a function of time within the first ∼ 800 m... |
10.1126/science.175.4017.84 | 100,836,770 | Single olfactory bulb units were studied in two macrosmatic species of rodents under conditions intended to preserve the cyclical stimulation which normally accompanies nasal breathing. Patterns of unit activity related to the inhalation cycle were observed in all animals, often in the absence of specific stimuli, and ... | 10.1038/nrn964 | References 14 and 19 are among the first papers to indicate that mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate MCs show slow temporal patterning in response to odours. |
10.1126/science.1070502 | 60,045,943 | In the insect olfactory system, oscillatory synchronization is functionally relevant and reflects the coherent activation of dynamic neural assemblies. We examined the role of such oscillatory synchronization in information transfer between networks in this system. The antennal lobe is the obligatory relay for olfactor... | 10.1038/nrn964 | The first description of responses of MB KCs to odours. This paper provides direct physiological evidence that oscillatory synchronization is a dynamic mechanism used by a brain circuit to bind separate elements in a sensory representation and so sparsen that representation. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820 | 104,309,376 | 1. A detailed theory of cerebellar cortex is proposed whose consequence is that the cerebellum learns to perform motor skills. Two forms of input—output relation are described, both consistent with the cortical theory. One is suitable for learning movements (actions), and the other for learning to maintain posture and ... | 10.1038/nrn964 | Marr examines the consequences of cerebellar architecture on the possible format of memories and on the management of overlaps between memories. |
10.1126/science.1062622 | 20,566,596 | The mushroom bodies of the Drosophila brain are important for olfactory learning and memory. To investigate the requirement for mushroom body signaling during the different phases of memory processing, we transiently inactivated neurotransmission through this region of the brain by expressing a temperature-sensitive al... | 10.1038/nrn964 | References 54–56 report recent experiments geared towards identifying the locus or loci of olfactory/associative memories in Drosophila . All point to KCs as being crucial cellular elements, although it is still unclear which synaptic sites are modified and what their roles are for memory or recall. |
10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.465 | 41,491,143 | 1. We studied the sensitivity of cells in the medial superior olive (MSO) of the anesthetized cat to variations in interaural phase differences (IPDs) of low-frequency tones and in interaural time differences (ITDs) of tones and broad-band noise signals. Our sample consisted of 39 cells histologically localized to the ... | 10.1038/nrn1136 | A careful description of a significant number of MSO cells in vivo . It provided the strongest physiological evidence so far in favour of a Jeffress-type ITD-detection mechanism in the MSO. |
10.1002/cne.903310208 | 18,127,938 | Abstract Bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) receive their principal excitatory input from the auditory nerve and are the primary source of excitatory input to more centrally located brainstem auditory nuclei. Despite this pivotal position in the auditory pathway, details of the basic physiological... | 10.1038/nrn1136 | A thorough anatomical study addressing the question of the existence of delay-lines in mammals (although B.G. does not agree with their conclusion). |
10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1222 | 58,996,170 | Batra, Ranjan, Shigeyuki Kuwada, and Douglas C. Fitzpatrick. Sensitivity to interaural temporal disparities of low- and high-frequency neurons in the superior olivary complex. I. Heterogeneity of responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1222–1236, 1997. Interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) are a cue for localization of sounds... | 10.1038/nrn1136 | A detailed description of different types of ITD sensitivity in the superior olivary complex. This paper is particularly important because it comes from the first (and so far only) recordings from SONs in awake animals. Additionally, it provides the first indirect in vivo evidence for inhibitory effects on ITD function... |
10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.851bp.x | 87,063,080 | Synaptic inputs to nucleus laminaris (NL) neurones were studied in a brainstem slice preparation of chick embryos (E15‐20) using the whole‐cell patch clamp technique. NL neurones are third order auditory neurones and are proposed to behave as coincidence detectors concerned with interaural timing discrimination. Under ... | 10.1038/nrn1136 | In vitro recordings indicate that the GABA-mediated inhibition in the bird ITD detector increases the membrane conductance and thereby improves the coincidence detection of the excitatory inputs. |
10.1073/pnas.90.17.8292 | 102,457,068 | Virulence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is believed to relate to adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes to postcapillary venular endothelium (asexual cytoadherence). Transmission of malaria to the mosquito vector involves a switch from asexual to sexual development (gametocytogenesis). Continuous in... | 10.1038/nrmicro3519 | This study links for the first time the loss of a specific chromosome region to the loss of gametocytogenesis in parasite cultures grown in vitro |
10.1073/pnas.1217712110 | 102,624,312 | Gametocytes are essential for Plasmodium transmission, but little is known about the mechanisms that lead to their formation. Using piggyBac transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis, we screened for parasites that no longer form mature gametocytes, which led to the isolation of 29 clones (insertional gametocyte-defi... | 10.1038/nrmicro3519 | This article identifies 16 genes that may be involved in commitment or gametocyte development using piggyBac transposon mutagenesis. |
10.1126/science.1125129 | 79,730,835 | Translational repression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) plays an important role in sexual differentiation and gametogenesis in multicellular eukaryotes. Translational repression and mRNA turnover were shown to influence stage-specific gene expression in the protozoan Plasmodium . The DDX6-class RNA helicase, DOZI (developme... | 10.1038/nrmicro3519 | This work shows that the DEAD box helicase PbDOZI is required for translational repression in female gametocytes and that disruption of the gene encoding this protein results in defective ookinete development. |
10.1242/jcs.059824 | 40,375,648 | Translation regulation plays an important role during gametocytogenesis in the malaria parasite, a process that is obligatory for the transmission of the parasite through mosquito vectors. In this study we determined the function of PfPuf2, a member of the Puf family of translational repressors, in gametocytogenesis of... | 10.1038/nrmicro3519 | This study shows that disruption of the RNA-binding protein PfPuf2 results in an increase in gameto-cytogenesis and a biased male/female sex ratio. |
10.1002/0471264385.wei0306 | 123,824,176 | Abstract The visual system is the most widely studied and perhaps the best understood mammalian sensory system. Not only have the details of its anatomical features been well described, but the behavior of it neurons have also been characterized at many stages of the neural pathway. This chapter focuses on the visual s... | 10.1038/nrn1603 | A comprehensive review of the organization of and processing in the visual system of primates. |
10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.187 | 113,581,453 | We applied electrical stimulation to physiologically identified sites in macaque middle temporal area (MT) to examine its role in short-term storage of recently encoded information about stimulus motion. We used a behavioral task in which monkeys compared the directions of two moving random-dot stimuli, sample and test... | 10.1038/nrn1603 | Electrical stimulation of area MT during the presentation of the sample caused monkeys to report motion in the direction preferred by the stimulated neurons. The same stimulation delivered during the memory delay disrupted performance but did not produce such a bias. This result indicates that MT is part of, or is conn... |
10.1152/jn.00870.2003 | 122,546,640 | We recorded the activity of middle temporal (MT) neurons in 2 monkeys while they compared the directions of motion in 2 sequentially presented random-dot stimuli, sample and test, and reported them as the same or different by pressing one of 2 buttons. We found that MT neurons were active not only in response to the sa... | 10.1038/nrn1603 | A recording study showing that MT neurons are active not only during the presentation of visual motion stimuli but also during the memory delay. This activity carries signals that reflect the direction of the remembered stimulus. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 | 83,551,177 | ▪ Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of pat... | 10.1038/nrn1603 | A comprehensive review of neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging and computational studies that support the theory that the PFC is responsible for executive control of other brain regions and pathways involved in behaviour. |
10.1523/jneurosci.12-10-03946.1992 | 19,247,094 | The rodent trigeminal system is characterized by the punctate organization of its afferents and neurons that replicate the distribution of mystacial vibrissae and sinus hairs on the snout. We have examined the development of topographic equivalence between the sensory periphery on the snout and the brainstem trigeminal... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | The first application of carbocyanine labelling to developing trigeminal axons confirmed the topographic order of the trigeminal projections from the periphery to the brainstem and showed that trigeminothalamic projections from the PrV alone are responsible for whisker-specific pattern formation in the thalamus. |
10.1126/science.1130042 | 79,441,493 | In the mouse trigeminal pathway, sensory inputs from distinct facial structures, such as whiskers or lower jaw and lip, are topographically mapped onto the somatosensory cortex through relay stations in the thalamus and hindbrain. In the developing hindbrain, the mechanisms generating such maps remain elusive. We found... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | This study mapped the rhombomeric origin and Hoxa2 -dependent patterning of the mouse PrV and its whisker and lower-jaw representations. |
10.1002/cne.902130402 | 59,796,973 | Abstract The trigeminal system of the rat is characterized by a high degree of order. The pattern of the distribution of vibrissae follicles on the face is replicated at each synaptic station between face and somatosensory cortex (Belford and Killackey, '80). The present study details the development of the trigeminal ... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | The first study depicting topographic order in the infraorbital nerve, the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem projections in rat embryos. |
10.1523/jneurosci.23-19-07246.2003 | 115,109,964 | Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the principal sensory nucleus (PrV) of the trigeminal nerve, a major relay station for somatotopic pattern formation in the trigeminal system. Here, we show that mice lacking Drg11 , a homeodomain transcription factor, exhibit defects within the... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | The first study to show the involvement of a homeodomain transcription factor, DRG11, in PrV development. |
10.1002/cne.901830207 | 40,247,599 | Abstract In the neonatal rat differential activity levels of the metabolic enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) reveal intricately detailed segmentation in the neuropil of the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei of the brainstem and in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The segmentation occurs in the portions o... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | The first study depicting the development of pattern formation along the subcortical trigeminal centers of postnatal rats. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4902-04.2005 | 38,881,558 | In the rodent trigeminal principal nucleus (PrV), trigeminal afferent terminals and postsynaptic cells form discrete modules (“barrelettes”) that replicate the patterned array of whiskers and sinus hairs on the snout. Barrelette neurons of the PrV relay whisker-specific patterns to the contralateral thalamus and, subse... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | This study describes the role of NMDARs in trigeminal axonal branching and dendritic orientation of PrV barrelette cells in Nmdar mutant mice. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00161.x | 1,646,234 | Abstract A novel in vitro preparation, consisting of the rat brainstem with the trigeminal ganglion attached, has been used to study the anatomical and functional development of the trigeminal nucleus from embryonic day (E)13 to postnatal day (P)6. Neurobiotin injections into the trigeminal ganglion showed that primary... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | This study showed that embryonic trigeminal axons are synaptically active as they enter the brainstem trigeminal nuclei. |
10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2765 | 39,008,897 | In the rodent brain stem trigeminal complex, select sets of neurons form modular arrays or “barrelettes,” that replicate the patterned distribution of whiskers and sinus hairs on the ipsilateral snout. These cells detect the patterned input from the trigeminal axons that innervate the whiskers and sinus hairs. Other br... | 10.1038/nrn2804 | Membrane properties and synaptic responses of PrV cells in neonatal rats are described. |
10.1126/science.1114362 | 20,702,845 | Monocular deprivation normally alters ocular dominance in the visual cortex only during a postnatal critical period (20 to 32 days postnatal in mice). We find that mutations in the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) affect cessation of ocular dominance plasticity. In NgR –/– mice, plasticity during the critical period is normal, b... | 10.1038/nrn2936 | This paper shows that the developmental plasticity in the well-known paradigm of visual cortex ocular dominance columns is restricted at the end of the critical period by mechanisms involving NgR, and Nogo-A and Nogo-B. |
10.1242/dev.048371 | 40,210,134 | Wiring of the nervous system is a multi-step process involving complex interactions of the growing fibre with its tissue environment and with neighbouring fibres. Nogo-A is a membrane protein enriched in the adult central nervous system (CNS) myelin, where it restricts the capacity of axons to grow and regenerate after... | 10.1038/nrn2936 | Using antibodies against Nogo-A or NgR as well as using Nogo-A knockout mice, this paper shows a role of Nogo-A expressed by developing neurons in neurite fasciculation and branching in vitro , and in chicken and mouse embryos. |
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