source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1152/jn.1998.79.3.1450 | 10,314,856 | Paré, Denis, Eric Shink, Hélène Gaudreau, Alain Destexhe, and Eric J. Lang. Impact of spontaneous synaptic activity on the resting properties of cat neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1450–1460, 1998. The frequency of spontaneous synaptic events in vitro is probably lower than in vivo because o... | 10.1038/nrn1325 | The first study in which the same neuronal type was recorded during active states of the cortical network in vivo and after suppression of background synaptic activity. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021667 | 4,617,807 | 1. Using dual intracellular recordings in slices of adult rat neocortex, twenty‐four IPSPs activated by single presynaptic interneurones were studied in simultaneously recorded pyramidal cells. Fast spiking interneurones inhibited one in four or five of their close pyramidal neighbours. No reciprocal connections were o... | 10.1038/nrn1325 | An important in vitro study showing that a slight increase in slice thickness leads to a more than fourfold increase in synaptic connectivity, and that inhibitory interneurons show a variety of firing patterns (classical FS, but also RS and burst firing). |
10.1152/jn.00573.2002 | 125,234,271 | Fast rhythmic bursting (or “chattering”) is a firing pattern exhibited by selected neocortical neurons in cats in vivo and in slices of adult ferret and cat brain. Fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) has been recorded in certain superficial and deep principal neurons and in aspiny presumed local circuit neurons; it can be evo... | 10.1038/nrn1325 | An important modelling study that predicted the mechanisms of the transition from RS to FRB and to FS firing patterns as a function of membrane potential. |
10.1073/pnas.061013698 | 100,815,873 | Low-frequency thalamocortical oscillations that underlie drowsiness and slow-wave sleep depend on rhythmic inhibition of relay cells by neurons in the reticular nucleus (RTN) under the influence of corticothalamic fibers that branch to innervate RTN neurons and relay neurons. To generate oscillations, input to RTN pred... | 10.1038/nrn1325 | An in vitro study that explained the differential effects of cortical volleys on thalamic reticular neurons (excitation) and on thalamocortical neurons (inhibition) during highly synchronized states on the basis of different densities of glutamate receptor subtypes in these two thalamic cell types. |
10.1073/pnas.88.3.897 | 80,713,597 | We report here the presence of fast subthreshold oscillatory potentials recorded in vitro from neurons within layer 4 of the guinea pig frontal cortex. Two types of oscillatory neurons were recorded: (i) One type exhibited subthreshold oscillations whose frequency increased with membrane depolarization and encompassed ... | 10.1038/nrn1325 | The first demonstration of voltage (depolarization)-dependent gamma activity in neocortical interneurons. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014228 | 124,776,409 | 1. A slow synaptic potential recorded in neurones of sympathetic ganglia of bullfrog, the late slow e.p.s.p., is probably mediated by a peptide resembling luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH), because (1). a LHRH‐like peptide is contained in preganglionic nerve terminals and is released upon nerve stimulation, ... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.56 | This seminal paper was among the first to determine that neuronally released peptides are transmitters, are co-released with a small-molecule transmitter (thereby establishing the concept of co-transmission) and can influence target neurons at a distance (that is, with no direct synaptic contacts). |
10.1152/jn.00833.2009 | 80,022,845 | The presence and influence of neurons containing multiple neurotransmitters is well established, including the ability of coreleased transmitters to influence the same or different postsynaptic targets. Little is known, however, regarding whether presynaptic regulation of multitransmitter neurons influences all transmi... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.56 | This paper demonstrated that neuropeptide co-release (with GABA) from an identified modulatory projection neuron is selectively inhibited (by an identified sensory feedback pathway, acting via its own divergent co-transmitter action), altering the motor pattern generated by the target microcircuit. |
10.1126/science.1234152 | 125,227,223 | Daylight Determines Dopamine Expression of the appropriate neurotransmitters is essential for the function of neural circuits. Can neurons change their transmitter phenotype to deal with alterations in the environment? Dulcis et al. (p. 449 ; see the Perspective by Birren and Marder ) exposed adult rats to different ph... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.56 | This paper established that environmental conditions (short versus long photoperiods) can trigger a switch in the balance of co-transmitters (dopamine and somatostatin) and their receptors in rodent hypothalamic neurons, altering behaviours associated with these neurons. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00121.x | 16,735,777 | Abstract Phylogenetic comparison can reveal general principles governing the organization and neuromodulation of neural networks. Suitable models for such an approach are the pyloric and gastric motor networks of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG). These networks, which have been well studied in several speci... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.56 | This study showed that likely-equivalent projection neurons in different species share a co-transmitter phenotype (small-molecule plus peptide co-transmitters) but exhibit some distinct actions on their shared target microcircuits. |
10.1126/science.1072493 | 83,022,761 | Deriving the quantity of items is an abstract form of categorization. To explore it, monkeys were trained to judge whether successive visual displays contained the same quantity of items. Many neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex were tuned for quantity irrespective of the exact physical appearance of the displays.... | 10.1038/nrn2334 | This single-unit neurophysiological study provided the first demonstration that there are single cells in the monkey prefrontal cortex that are sensitive to specific numerosities. Importantly, the response properties of these 'number neurons' were found to exhibit psychophysical effects (such as the size and distance e... |
10.1073/pnas.0705495104 | 61,211,520 | Quantitative knowledge guides vital decisions in the life of animals and humans alike. The posterior parietal cortex in primates has been implicated in representing abstract quantity, both continuous (extent) and discrete (number of items), supporting the idea of a putative generalized magnitude system in this brain ar... | 10.1038/nrn2334 | This study made recordings from single neurons in the monkey IPS while the animal performed comparisons of both discrete (arrays of dots) and continous (length) magnitude. The results suggest that some cells code for either continuous or discrete magnitude whereas a third group responds to both, which in turn suggests ... |
10.1002/hbm.20433 | 26,747,669 | Abstract Months, days of the week, and numbers differ from other verbal concepts because they are ordered in a sequence, whereas no order is imposed on members of other categories, such as animals or tools. Recent studies suggest that numbers activate a representation of their quantity within the intraparietal sulcus (... | 10.1038/nrn2334 | This paper and reference 57 are two independently published fMRI studies that show that both numerical and non-numerical ordering tasks activate areas of the IPS (the anterior portion) that have previously been associated with numerical-quantity processing. These data suggest that there is an abstract representation of... |
10.1162/0898929042568497 | 123,011,101 | This article addresses the representation of numerical information conveyed by nonsymbolic and symbolic stimuli. In a first simulation study, we show how number-selective neurons develop when an initially uncommitted neural network is given nonsymbolic stimuli as input (e.g., collections of dots) under unsupervised lea... | 10.1038/nrn2334 | This was the first computational model of the development of both symbolic and non-symbolic representations of numerical magnitude. The model proposes that symbolic representations develop by being mapped onto pre-existing non-symbolic representations and suggests that there are format-specific pathways from input to p... |
10.1073/pnas.0604416103 | 62,657,662 | The universal use of Arabic numbers in mathematics raises a question whether these digits are processed the same way in people speaking various languages, such as Chinese and English, which reflect differences in Eastern and Western cultures. Using functional MRI, we demonstrated a differential cortical representation ... | 10.1038/nrn2334 | This fMRI study compared the brain activation of native English and Chinese speakers while they carried out mental arithmetic and made relative-magnitude judgements of Arabic numerals. It was the first investigation into the effects of culture on the neural correlates of number processing, and it revealed that culture ... |
10.1084/jem.20030648 | 20,852,361 | Direct cell–cell transfer is an efficient mechanism of viral dissemination within an infected host, and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) can exploit this mode of spread. Receptor recognition by HIV-1 occurs via interactions between the viral surface envelope glycoprotein (Env), gp120, and CD4 and a chemokine rece... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | References 39 and 40 demonstrate the induction of a polarized synapse that mediates the transfer of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 between T cells. |
10.1126/science.1167525 | 18,937,189 | The spread of HIV between immune cells is greatly enhanced by cell-cell adhesions called virological synapses, although the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. With use of an infectious, fluorescent clone of HIV, we tracked the movement of Gag in live CD4 T cells and captured the direct translocation of HIV across... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | A real-time analysis of HIV-1 synaptic transfer, as monitored by three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. |
10.1073/pnas.88.8.3195 | 18,837,432 | Mutations in sequences at the C terminus of the capsid precursor protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that affect the viral p6 protein prevent release of budded virus particles from the cell surface. The experiments reported here define an important step in the life cycle of the virus, the release of the budd... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | The first description of a functional L-domain in an enveloped virus. |
10.1073/pnas.2133846100 | 61,125,323 | The release of enveloped viruses from infected cells often requires a virally encoded activity, termed a late-budding domain (L domain), encoded by essential PTAP, PPXY, or YPDL sequence motifs. PTAP-type L domains recruit one of three endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT-I). However, subsequent ev... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | References 61–63 provide the first evidence that different L-domains recruit alternative adaptor proteins that bind the core ESCRT machinery. |
10.1083/jcb.200707031 | 122,989,472 | Endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) proteins function in multivesicular body biogenesis and viral budding. They are recruited from the cytoplasm to the membrane, where they assemble into large complexes. We used “deep-etch” electron microscopy to examine polymers formed by the ESCRT-III pro... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | This study demonstrates the membrane deformation that is mediated by ESCRT-III. |
10.1126/science.1161070 | 60,985,383 | During intracellular membrane trafficking and remodeling, protein complexes known as the ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) interact with membranes and are required for budding processes directed away from the cytosol, including the budding of intralumenal vesicles to form multivesicular bodies... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | This article describes the helical structures that are formed by ESCRT-III. |
10.1073/pnas.1011485107 | 38,759,965 | Tetherin/BST2 is a type-II membrane protein that inhibits the release of a range of enveloped viruses, including HIV-1. Here we report three crystal structures of human tetherin, including the full-length ectodomain, a triple cysteine mutant and an ectodomain truncation. These structures show that tetherin forms a cont... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | References 118–120 document the crystal structure of the extracellular domain of tetherin. |
10.1073/pnas.0603788103 | 60,106,594 | The endosomal sorting complex ESCRT-III, which is formed by the structurally related CHMP proteins, is engaged by HIV-1 to promote viral budding. Here we show that progressive truncations into the C-terminal acidic domains of CHMP proteins trigger an increasingly robust anti-HIV budding activity. Together with biochemi... | 10.1038/nrmicro2596 | This report provides the first evidence for autoinhibitory mechanisms in ESCRT-III. |
10.1002/ana.24063 | 60,472,044 | Objective We investigated whether, and the extent to which, vascular and degenerative lesions in the brain mediate the association of diabetes with poor cognitive performance. Methods This cross‐sectional study included 4,206 participants (age > 65 years; 57.8% women) of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility–Reyk... | 10.1038/nrn4019 | This large population-based study identifies structural changes in the brain in individuals with T2DM and finds that these structural changes are associated with impaired cognitive performance. |
10.2337/db15-0596 | 102,374,944 | Insulin receptors (IRs) are expressed in discrete neuronal populations in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus. To elucidate the functional role of hippocampal IRs independent of metabolic function, we generated a model of hippocampal-specific insulin resistance using a lentiviral vector expressing an ... | 10.1038/nrn4019 | This research demonstrates that hippocampal region-specific decreases in insulin receptor activity impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the absence of peripheral IR. |
10.1152/physrev.00013.2006 | 125,331,452 | Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is frequently the decisive event that delimits the frontier between survival and death. Thus mitochondrial membranes constitute the battleground on ... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial pathway of cell death and of its multifaceted implications for human physiology and pathology. |
10.1073/pnas.0505294102 | 62,353,986 | Mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a phenomenon induced by high levels of matrix calcium and is characterized by the opening of the PT pore (PTP). Activation of the PTP results in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, expansion of the matrix, and rupture of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Consequently,... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | References 72, 75 and 76 provided unequivocal evidence that CYPD regulates MPT and participates in the ischaemic response of the CNS. |
10.1126/science.1126863 | 83,436,024 | The energy that sustains cancer cells is derived preferentially from glycolysis. This metabolic change, the Warburg effect, was one of the first alterations in cancer cells recognized as conferring a survival advantage. Here, we show that p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance b... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | This paper provided the first demonstration that the absence of a single p53 target gene, SCO2 , can recapitulate the metabolic alterations typical of cancer cells, known as the Warburg effect. |
10.1073/pnas.232473399 | 18,455,493 | Caspase-3 is a major cell death effector protease in the adult and neonatal nervous system. We found a greater number and higher density of cells in the cortex of caspase-3 −/− adult mice, consistent with a defect in developmental cell death. Caspase-3 −/− mice were also more resistant to ischemic stress both in vivo a... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | In this study, the small fraction of Casp3 −/− mice that survived into adulthood were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischaemia. The findings supported the idea that caspase 3 and caspase 8 participate in ischaemic cell death of cortical neurons in vivo |
10.1073/pnas.171283198 | 44,855,269 | The forebrain overgrowth mutation ( fog ) was originally described as a spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation mapping to mouse chromosome 10 that produces forebrain defects, facial defects, and spina bifida. Although the fog mutant has been characterized and available to investigators for several years, the underlyi... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | Allelic complementation, western blot analyses and caspase-activation assays were performed to characterize the molecular defects of Fog mice, which turned out to be caused by a reduction in APAF1 activity. |
10.1084/jem.20070193 | 119,713,018 | Upon cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) can move from mitochondria to nuclei, participate in chromatinolysis, and contribute to the execution of cell death. Previous work (Cande, C., N. Vahsen, I. Kouranti, E. Schmitt, E. Daugas, C. Spahr, J. Luban, R.T. Kroemer, F. Giordanetto, C. Garrido,... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | This paper provided the first demonstration that AIF fails to relocalize to the nuclei of CYPA-deficient neurons (and that, conversely, CYPA nuclear translocation is impaired in the brain of Hq mice) following an ischaemic insult, in vivo |
10.1523/jneurosci.2826-07.2007 | 19,234,887 | Loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and release of apoptogenic factors are a key step in the signaling cascade leading to neuronal cell death in various neurological disorders, including ischemic injury. Emerging evidence has suggested that the intramitochondrial protein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocate... | 10.1038/nrn2665 | This work focused on the molecular pathways underlying the mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in neurons and was the first study that attributed a crucial role to calpain I in the ischaemia-induced mitochondrial release of AIF. |
10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648 | 41,749,140 | Nine previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of human visual information processing were reanalyzed to determine the consistency across experiments of blood flow decreases during active tasks relative to passive viewing of the same stimulus array. Areas showing consistent decreases during active tasks inclu... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This meta-analysis provides convincing evidence that a set of specific brain regions, which later became known as the default mode network, becomes consistently activated during rest. |
10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 | 125,332,500 | A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baselin... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This highly influential theoretical paper coined the term 'default mode' to refer to cognitive and neural processes that occur in the absence of external task demands. |
10.2190/7k24-g343-mtqw-115v | 38,512,571 | To what extent are three criteria of daydreaming–as thought that is fanciful, stimulus-independent, or undirected–equivalent? How are these properties of thought flow distributed during everyday activity? Students ( N = 29) carrying a beeper described properties of their consciousness on a total of 1425 occasions by me... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This is probably the earliest experience sampling study of mind-wandering in daily life, revealing that adults spend approximately one-third of their waking life engaged in undirected thinking. |
10.1126/science.1131295 | 104,439,072 | Despite evidence pointing to a ubiquitous tendency of human minds to wander, little is known about the neural operations that support this core component of human cognition. Using both thought sampling and brain imaging, the current investigation demonstrated that mind-wandering is associated with activity in a default... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This influential paper brought mind-wandering to the forefront of neuroscientific research, arguing for a link between DN recruitment and stimulus-independent thought. |
10.1073/pnas.0900234106 | 20,625,162 | Although mind wandering occupies a large proportion of our waking life, its neural basis and relation to ongoing behavior remain controversial. We report an fMRI study that used experience sampling to provide an online measure of mind wandering during a concurrent task. Analyses focused on the interval of time immediat... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This paper is the first to use online experience sampling to examine the neural correlates of mind-wandering and the first to find joint activation of the DN and executive network during this phenomenon. |
10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331 | 38,316,818 | Conscious experience is fluid; it rarely remains on one topic for an extended period without deviation. Its dynamic nature is illustrated by the experience of mind wandering, in which attention switches from a current task to unrelated thoughts and feelings. Studies exploring the phenomenology of mind wandering highlig... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This comprehensive review synthesizes the recent research characterizing mind-wandering as task-unrelated and/or stimulus-independent thought. |
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x | 20,745,493 | An experience-sampling study of 124 undergraduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the experience of mind wandering in daily life. Over 7 days, personal digital assistants signaled subjects eight times daily to report immediately whether their tho... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This study of mind-wandering in everyday life is one of the most important investigations into the complex relationship between mind-wandering and executive control. |
10.1162/jocn.2008.21029 | 20,706,084 | A core brain network has been proposed to underlie a number of different processes, including remembering, prospection, navigation, and theory of mind [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007]. This purported network—medial prefrontal, medial-tem... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This paper provides some of the first quantitative evidence that the DN is associated with multiple cognitive functions. |
10.1177/1073858411403316 | 125,080,828 | During the many idle moments that comprise daily life, the human brain increases its activity across a set of midline and lateral cortical brain regions known as the “default network.” Despite the robustness with which the brain defaults to this pattern of activity, surprisingly little is known about the network’s prec... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This recent review describes a large-scale functional meta-analysis on the cognitive functions, functional subdivisions and clinical dysfunction of the DN. |
10.1196/annals.1440.011 | 62,670,226 | Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain's default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined bra... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This comprehensive review bridges across neuroscience, psychology and clinical research, and introduces a prominent hypothesis — the 'internal mentation hypothesis' — that the DN has an important role in spontaneous and directed forms of internal mentation. |
10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 | 20,847,639 | Variations in neural circuitry, inherited or acquired, may underlie important individual differences in thought, feeling, and action patterns. Here, we used task-free connectivity analyses to isolate and characterize two distinct networks typically coactivated during functional MRI tasks. We identified a “salience netw... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This paper is the first to name the salience network and characterize its functional neuroanatomy. |
10.1152/jn.00338.2011 | 41,744,594 | Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circ... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This seminal paper uses resting-state functional connectivity and clustering approaches in 1,000 individuals to parcellate the brain into seven canonical large-scale networks. |
10.1126/science.1164685 | 82,903,031 | The emergence of memory, a trace of things past, into human consciousness is one of the greatest mysteries of the human mind. Whereas the neuronal basis of recognition memory can be probed experimentally in human and nonhuman primates, the study of free recall requires that the mind declare the occurrence of a recalled... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This pioneering study aimed to identify the neural origins of spontaneously recalled memories, finding strong evidence for the initial generation in the MTL. |
10.1162/jocn.1992.4.3.257 | 19,065,879 | A neuropsychological model of memory is proposed that incorporates Fodor's (1983) idea of modules and central systems. The model has four essential components: (1) a non-frontal neocortical component that consists of perceptual (and perhaps interpretative semantic) modules that mediate performance on item-specific, imp... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This paper introduces the influential component process model of memory. |
10.1002/hipo.20287 | 82,140,834 | Abstract That associative processing provides the vehicle of thought is a long‐standing idea. We describe here observations from cognitive neuroimaging that elucidate the neural processing that mediates this element. This account further allows a more specific ascription of a cognitive function to the brain's “default”... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | This paper introduces a novel hypothesis on the associative processes underlying a train of thoughts, originating in the MTL. |
10.1002/hbm.22504 | 61,743,943 | Abstract Background Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders of childhood. Neuroimaging investigations of ADHD have traditionally sought to detect localized abnormalities in discrete brain regions. Recent years, however, have seen the emergence of complementary ... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.113 | By analysing data from more than 750 participants, this paper links childhood ADHD to abnormal resting-state functional connectivity involving the DN. |
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02841.x | 104,091,949 | Summary Three classes of low‐G+C Gram‐positive bacteria ( Firmicutes ), Bacilli , Clostridia and Negativicutes , include numerous members that are capable of producing heat‐resistant endospores. Spore‐forming firmicutes include many environmentally important organisms, such as insect pathogens and cellulose‐degrading i... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | A comprehensive study of sporulation gene conservation among endospore formers. |
10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224 | 40,834,590 | Endospores formed by Bacillus, Clostridia, and related genera are encased in a protein shell called the coat. In many species, including B. subtilis, the coat is the outermost spore structure, and in other species, such as the pathogenic organisms B. anthracis and B. cereus, the spore is encased in an additional layer ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | A thorough review that includes a comprehensive list of coat proteins in B. subtilis and B. anthracis |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07936.x | 4,800,697 | Summary Spores of Bacillus subtilis are encased in a protective coat made up of at least 70 proteins. The structure of the spore coat has been examined using a variety of genetic, imaging and biochemical techniques; however, the majority of these studies have focused on mature spores. In this study we use a library of ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | This study ties the phenomenon of spore encasement to the regulation of expression of individual spore coat genes. |
10.1073/pnas.1109419108 | 60,481,403 | Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus family form highly resistant spores, which in the case of the pathogen B. anthracis act as the agents of infection. The outermost layer, the exosporium, enveloping spores of the B. cereus family as well as a number of Clostridia , plays roles in spore adhesion, dissemination, targeting, ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the exosporium structure, revealing a crystalline layer made of a honeycomb-like array of cups. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05658.x | 100,316,410 | Summary Spores of Bacillus anthracis are enclosed by an exosporium composed of a basal layer and an external hair‐like nap. The nap is formed by a collagen‐like glycoprotein called BclA, while the basal layer contains many different proteins, one of which is a spore‐specific alanine racemase (Alr). In this study, we em... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | A description of the polarity of the spore envelope and a model for spore germination and outgrowth. |
10.1126/science.1169218 | 122,622,600 | Proteins in bacteria often deploy to particular places within the cell, but the cues for localization are frequently mysterious. We found that the peripheral membrane protein SpoVM (VM) recognizes a geometric cue when localizing to a particular membrane during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis . Sporulation involves an ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2921 | This study reveals that the coat morphogenetic protein SpoVM has the ability to recognize positive membrane curvature. |
10.1073/pnas.220398297 | 103,781,109 | An assay has been developed that allows the identification of molecules that function as type I IFN antagonists. Using this assay, we have identified an Ebola virus-encoded inhibitor of the type I IFN response, the Ebola virus VP35 protein. The assay relies on the properties of an influenza virus mutant, influenza delN... | 10.1038/nrmicro3524 | This is the first demonstration that the eVP35 protein blocks IFN responses. |
10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2797 | 20,706,073 | Abstract Acute infection of humans with Ebola and Lassa viruses, two principal etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fevers, often results in a paradoxical pattern of immune responses: early infection, characterized by an outpouring of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, vs late stage infections, which are... | 10.1038/nrmicro3524 | This is one of the first in vitro studies to demonstrate suppression of dendritic cell maturation by filovirus infection. |
10.1128/jvi.73.4.3491-3496.1999 | 81,549,438 | ABSTRACT Ebola virus infection is highly lethal and leads to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Ebola virus Zaire (EZ) suppressed basal expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) family of proteins and in... | 10.1038/nrmicro3524 | This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that EBOV infection blocks cellular responses to IFNs. |
10.1073/pnas.0910547107 | 98,752,096 | Ebolavirus causes a severe hemorrhagic fever and is divided into five distinct species, of which Reston ebolavirus is uniquely nonpathogenic to humans. Disease caused by ebolavirus is marked by early immunosuppression of innate immune signaling events, involving silencing and sequestration of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA... | 10.1038/nrmicro3524 | This study describes the structural basis of VP35 IFN-antagonist and dsRNA-binding activities. |
10.1126/science.1194637 | 20,828,539 | Primitive Origins for Microglia Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are associated with neurodegeneration and brain inflammatory diseases. Although the developmental origins of other tissue macrophage populations are well established, the origins of microglia remain controversial. G... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.69 | Using transgenic mice, this study provides direct evidence that microglia populate the brain early during neurodevelopment and do not undergo renewal from blood-derived myeloid cells. |
10.1126/science.1202529 | 125,270,775 | A good brain needs a good vacuum cleaner. | 10.1038/nrn.2016.69 | Seminal findings showing that microglia contribute to synaptic refinement of hippocampal neurons during development and that reduced microglial function leads to persistence of immature synapses and altered neurodevelopment. |
10.1126/science.1067859 | 61,559,091 | Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumo... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.69 | A fundamental study elucidating the mechanisms by which glial-derived TNF modulates baseline levels of synaptic plasticity by trafficking of AMPA receptors. |
10.1073/pnas.250476497 | 20,738,743 | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to participate in the recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system, but it is not clear how a restricted family of receptors has the capacity to recognize the wide spectrum of TLR stimuli known to exist. We report here that two members of the TLR family, TLR2 and TLR6,... | 10.1038/nrn752 | The specific recognition of PAMPs depends on the repertoire of different TLRs, which can form heterodimers to allow pro-inflammatory signalling and gene transcription. |
10.1002/ana.1256 | 40,851,597 | Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated the activation of caspase‐1 and caspase‐3 in mice expressing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Caspase‐1 converts the prointerleukin‐1β into a potent proinflammatory molecule involved in the innate immune response and in neurodegener... | 10.1038/nrn752 | The first description of TLR2 induction in a model of CNS degeneration. Indicates that innate immunity is not only triggered by PAMPs, but might be a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. |
10.1126/science.3276004 | 102,724,754 | A crucial question in the study of immunological reactions in the central nervous system (CNS) concerns the identity of the parenchymal cells that function as the antigen-presenting cells in that organ. Rat bone marrow chimeras and encephalitogenic, major histocompatability-restricted T-helper lymphocytes were used to ... | 10.1038/nrn752 | Reports that perivascular microglia are bone-marrow-derived cells with features of macrophages, such as antigen processing and presentation. Indicates a fine interplay between peripheral challenge and CNS microglia, as well as a potential role for bone-marrow transplantation in replacing mutant and/or deficient microgl... |
10.1083/jcb.200703209 | 41,056,614 | Subcellular regulation of protein synthesis requires the correct localization of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) within the cell. In this study, we investigate whether the axonal localization of neuronal mRNAs is regulated by extracellular stimuli. By profiling axonal levels of 50 mRNAs detected in regenerating adult sensory ax... | 10.1038/nrn3210 | Comprehensive profiling study that showed extrinsic cues can influence the axonal transcriptome. Systematic analysis of axons treated with NGF, BDNF, NT3, MAG and SEMA3A showed that these cues regulate axonal transport of 50 candidate mRNAs in culture. |
10.1126/science.2523562 | 41,758,021 | A random-primed complementary DNA library was constructed from plasma containing the uncharacterized non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) agent and screened with serum from a patient diagnosed with NANBH. A complementary DNA clone was isolated that was shown to encode an antigen associated specifically with NANBH infections.... | 10.1038/nrmicro3098 | This is a classic paper that identifies HCV as the aetiological agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis. |
10.1073/pnas.1300524110 | 107,344,519 | Pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus, are important animal pathogens and are closely related to hepatitis C virus, which remains a major global health threat. They have an outer lipid envelope bearing two glycoproteins, E1 and E2, required for cell entry. They deliver their genome into the host cell cyto... | 10.1038/nrmicro3098 | This article reports the crystal structure of a pestivirus E2 glycoprotein, revealing a new viral glycoprotein architecture that might serve as a model for HCV E2. |
10.1242/dev.125.4.599 | 104,388,988 | Mash1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex, is transiently expressed throughout the developing peripheral autonomic nervous system and in subsets of cells in the neural tube. In the mouse, targeted mutation of Mash1 has revealed a role in the development of parts of the ... | 10.1038/nrn871 | This paper, together with reference 9 , provides genetic evidence for the essential role of Mash1 in peripheral and central NA differentiation, acting independently of Phox2b. |
10.1242/dev.126.18.4087 | 104,434,822 | The development of sympathetic neurons is controlled by a network of transcriptional regulators, including the paired homeodomain proteins Phox2a and Phox2b. To understand the role of Phox2 proteins in more detail, the effect of Phox2 overexpression was analysed in the avian peripheral nervous system. Phox2a expression... | 10.1038/nrn871 | This study, together with reference 32 , makes use of GOF methods to show that Phox2a and Phox2b are sufficient to initiate sympathetic-neuron development. |
10.1242/dev.127.18.4073 | 125,166,885 | The dHAND basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor is expressed in neurons of sympathetic ganglia and has previously been shown to induce the differentiation of catecholaminergic neurons in avian neural crest cultures. We now demonstrate that dHAND expression is sufficient to elicit the generation of ectopic sympath... | 10.1038/nrn871 | This study makes use of GOF methods to show the involvement of dHand in the development of sympathetic neurons. |
10.1242/dev.129.4.983 | 125,250,100 | The role of BMPs in the development of the major noradrenergic centre of the brain, the locus coeruleus (LC), was investigated. LC generation is reflected by initial expression of the transcription factors Phox2a and Phox2b in dorsal rhombomere1 (r1), followed by expression of dopamine-β-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydrox... | 10.1038/nrn871 | This paper, together with reference 48 , presents in vivo evidence for a role of BMPs in the development of central NA neurons. |
10.1101/gad.921501 | 109,156,982 | Brainstem visceral sensory and (nor)adrenergic neurons play crucial roles in modulating cardiovascular and respiratory functions. The origins and formation of these neurons are poorly understood. Here we show that these two classes of neurons are derived from Mash1 -positive precursor cells, and can be prospectively id... | 10.1038/nrn871 | This study shows that most central NA neurons depend on Rnx3, which acts independently of Phox2a. |
10.1073/pnas.95.7.4013 | 101,658,568 | Nurr1 is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, including developing and mature dopaminergic neurons. Recent studies have demonstrated that Nurr1 is essential for the induction of phenotypic markers of ventral mid-brain dopami... | 10.1038/nrn871 | Together with references 62 and 63 , this paper provides genetic evidence for a crucial role of Nurr1 in DA-neuron development. |
10.1126/science.1157086 | 107,325,584 | To determine how spatial scale is represented in the pyramidal cell population of the hippocampus, we recorded neural activity at multiple longitudinal levels of this brain area while rats ran back and forth on an 18-meter-long linear track. CA3 cells had well-defined place fields at all levels. The scale of representa... | 10.1038/nrn3888 | This is the first paper that went beyond the spatial scales of small experimental boxes, to an 18-m track. This study showed a dramatic scaling of place-field size with the size of the environment, as well as a dorsoventral gradient of place-field sizes in the hippocampus. |
10.1073/pnas.1107365108 | 18,922,276 | Navigation, the ability to reach desired goal locations, is critical for animals and humans. Animal navigation has been studied extensively in birds, insects, and some marine vertebrates and invertebrates, yet we are still far from elucidating the underlying mechanisms in other taxonomic groups, especially mammals. Her... | 10.1038/nrn3888 | This study examined the navigation of Egyptian fruit bats in the wild, using global positioning system (GPS) data loggers, and provided the first behavioural evidence for a 100-km cognitive map in a mammal. |
10.1073/pnas.070039597 | 29,295,541 | Structural MRIs of the brains of humans with extensive navigation experience, licensed London taxi drivers, were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects who did not drive taxis. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects. A more anterior hippoca... | 10.1038/nrn3888 | This paper suggested involvement of the human hippocampus in long-distance navigation. The study showed that the volume of posterior hippocampus is larger in London taxi drivers, who are navigational experts, compared to control subjects; and hippocampal volume also correlated with years of experience as a taxi driver. |
10.1126/science.1235338 | 83,087,557 | Bats, Grids, and Oscillations Nearly all animals move around in a three-dimensional (3D) world; however, very little is known about the neural circuitry underlying the representation of 3D space (see the Perspective by Barry and Doeller ). Using whole-cell patch recordings in slices of entorhinal cortex, Heys et al. (p... | 10.1038/nrn3888 | This study reported the first neural recordings in freely flying bats, and demonstrated three-dimensional spherical place fields during flight, as well as scaling of place-field size with three-dimensional environmental size. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3522-07.2007 | 18,958,526 | Decision making can be conceptualized as the culmination of an integrative process in which evidence supporting different response options accumulates gradually over time. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activity leading up to and during decisions about perceptual object identity. Pic... | 10.1038/nrn2374 | In this study, pictures were revealed gradually and subjects indicated the time of recognition. Whereas activity in occipital regions increased primarily as stimulus information increased, activity in inferior temporal, frontal and parietal regions showed a gradual build-up, peaking at the time of recognition. The resu... |
10.1523/jneurosci.1655-06.2006 | 18,958,549 | When does the brain know that a decision is difficult to make? How does decision difficulty affect the allocation of neural resources and timing of constituent cortical processing? Here, we use single-trial analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) to identify neural correlates of decision difficulty and relate these to... | 10.1038/nrn2374 | This study used a single-trial analysis of EEG to identify the neural representation of task difficulty and decision making during perceptual categorization. The results showed a decision-difficulty component of the EEG arising between two EEG components that were predictive of decision accuracy. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3286-05.2005 | 123,192,326 | Goal-directed behavior requires the continuous monitoring and dynamic adjustment of ongoing actions. Here, we report a direct coupling between the event-related electroencephalogram (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and behavioral measures of performance monitoring in humans. By applying independent ... | 10.1038/nrn2374 | This study showed that single-trial error-related negativity of the EEG was systematically related to behaviour in the subsequent trial, thus demonstrating trial-by-trial adjustments of a cognitive monitoring system. Moreover, this trial-by-trial monitoring predicted fMRI activity in the rostral cingulate cortex, a bra... |
10.1073/pnas.0500566102 | 4,404,661 | A fundamental goal of cognitive neuroscience is to explain how mental decisions originate from basic neural mechanisms. The goal of the present study was to investigate the neural correlates of perceptual decisions in the context of emotional perception. To probe this question, we investigated how fluctuations in funct... | 10.1038/nrn2374 | Quantitative analysis showed that fMRI signals in a near-threshold fear-detection task predicted behavioural choice in a network of areas linked to emotional processing, including the posterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, the right inferior frontal gyrus and the left insula. |
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.720879.x | 20,810,422 | Abstract : Differential display of mRNA was used to identify concordant changes in gene expression induced by two mood‐stabilizing agents, lithium and valproate (VPA). Both treatments, on chronic administration, increased mRNA levels of the transcription factor polyomavirus enhancer‐binding protein (PEBP) 2β in frontal... | 10.1038/nrn3229 | This paper presents the novel findings of mood-stabilizing-agent-induced increases in CNS BCL-2 levels, which may have implications for the long-term treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. |
10.1073/pnas.0803736105 | 100,984,758 | Recent microarray studies with stringent validating criteria identified Bcl-2-associated athanogene ( BAG1 ) as a target for the actions of medications that are mainstays in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD). BAG1 is a Hsp70/Hsc70-regulating cochaperone that also interacts with glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and ... | 10.1038/nrn3229 | The authors present data to suggest that the level of neuronal expression of BAG1 , a common biochemical target for mood stabilizers, has a clinically relevant role in regulating recovery from stressors that can lead to the behavioural impairments associated with mood disorders. The authors suggest that therapies desig... |
10.1073/pnas.1004361107 | 84,384,650 | Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has emerged as a schizophrenia-susceptibility gene affecting various neuronal functions. In this study, we characterized Mitofilin, a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, as a mediator of the mitochondrial function of DISC1. A fraction of DISC1 was localized to the inside of mitoch... | 10.1038/nrn3229 | The authors provide evidence that links DISC1 with regulation of key mitochondrial functions through interactions with mitofilin, a mitochondrial inner-membrane protein. The findings offer a possible underlying molecular mechanism to link DISC1 and mitofilin to mitochondrial function, the subsequent deregulation of whi... |
10.1073/pnas.0812671106 | 125,100,440 | Glucocorticoids play an important biphasic role in modulating neural plasticity; low doses enhance neural plasticity and spatial memory behavior, whereas chronic, higher doses produce inhibition. We found that 3 independent measures of mitochondrial function—mitochondrial oxidation, membrane potential, and mitochondria... | 10.1038/nrn3229 | This is the first study to demonstrate the biphasic effects that glucocorticoids have on neuronal mitochondrial dynamics. The data also indicate the role that glucocorticoids and chronic stress might have in cellular plasticity and resilience. |
10.1126/science.285.5428.760 | 125,271,704 | Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria are linked to the bacterial cell wall by a mechanism that involves cleavage of a conserved Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly (LPXTG) motif and that occurs during assembly of the peptidoglycan cell wall. A Staphylococcus aureus mutant defective in the anchoring of surface proteins was isolated... | 10.1038/nrmicro2520 | The discovery of sortase, the enzyme that covalently anchors surface proteins to the cell wall. |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03782.x | 60,272,424 | Summary Pili of Gram‐negative pathogens are formed from pilin precursor molecules by non‐covalent association within the outer membrane envelope. Gram‐positive microbes employ the cell wall peptidoglycan as a surface organelle for the covalent attachment of proteins, however, an assembly pathway for pili has not yet be... | 10.1038/nrmicro2520 | The first demonstration that sortases and surface proteins assemble pili in a Gram-positive organism. |
10.1073/pnas.0803565105 | 60,544,160 | Pilin precursors are the building blocks of pili on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria; however, the assembly mechanisms of these adhesive fibers are unknown. Here, we describe the chemical bonds that assemble BcpA pilin subunits on the surface of Bacillus cereus . Sortase D cleaves BcpA precursor between the threon... | 10.1038/nrmicro2520 | The demonstration that pili are made of intermolecular isopeptide (amide) bonds between the YPKN motif and the sorting signal of neighbouring pilin subunits. |
10.1126/science.1145806 | 41,735,634 | Many bacterial pathogens have long, slender pili through which they adhere to host cells. The crystal structure of the major pilin subunit from the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes at 2.2 angstroms resolution reveals an extended structure comprising two all-β domains. The molecules associate in colum... | 10.1038/nrmicro2520 | The first description of an intramolecular isopeptide (amide) bond in a pilus protein from a Gram-positive bacterium. |
10.1073/pnas.0906826106 | 18,837,248 | Cell-surface pili are important virulence factors that enable bacterial pathogens to adhere to specific host tissues and modulate host immune response. Relatively little is known about the structure of Gram-positive bacterial pili, which are built by the sortase-catalyzed covalent crosslinking of individual pilin prote... | 10.1038/nrmicro2520 | The first description of an intramolecular disulfide bond in a pilus protein from a Gram-positive bacterium. |
10.1121/1.417951 | 40,939,179 | Infants’ development of speech begins with a language-universal pattern of production that eventually becomes language specific. One mechanism contributing to this change is vocal imitation. The present study was undertaken to examine developmental change in infants’ vocalizations in response to adults’ vowels at 12, 1... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | Vocalizations of infants watching a video of a female talker were recorded at 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age. The results show developmental change between 12 and 20 weeks of age and also provide evidence of vocal imitation in infants by 20 weeks of age. |
10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00403.x | 107,132,202 | Abstract Behavioral data establish a dramatic change in infants’ phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months of age. Foreign‐language phonetic discrimination significantly declines with increasing age. Using a longitudinal design, we examined the electrophysiological responses of 7‐ and 11‐month‐old American infants to... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | An ERP study showing that at 11 months, the infant brain remains sensitive to non-native-language contrasts. Infants' responsiveness to native-language consonant contrasts also increased over time. |
10.1073/pnas.1532872100 | 38,303,476 | Infants acquire language with remarkable speed, although little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition process. Studies of the phonetic units of language have shown that early in life, infants are capable of discerning differences among the phonetic units of all languages, including native- and for... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | Two studies showing that learning can occur with only short-term exposure to a language in infants, and that it is enhanced by social interaction. |
10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00345.x | 83,152,453 | Abstract Do young infants treat speech as a special signal, compared with structurally similar non‐speech sounds? We presented 2‐ to 7‐month‐old infants with nonsense speech sounds and complex non‐speech analogues. The non‐speech analogues retain many of the spectral and temporal properties of the speech signal, includ... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | The authors investigated differences in 2- to 7-month old infants' perception of nonsense speech sounds and structurally similar non-speech analogues. They found a bias for speech sounds in infants as young as 2-months old. |
10.1073/pnas.0030098100 | 61,057,357 | Developmental dyslexia, characterized by unexplained difficulty in reading, is associated with behavioral deficits in phonological processing. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown a deficit in the neural mechanisms underlying phonological processing in children and adults with dyslexia. The present study examined... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | This fMRI study of children with dyslexia showed that an auditory processing and oral language remediation programme produced increased brain activity in areas that are usually activated in children who have no difficulty in reading. |
10.1126/science.1077066 | 122,410,560 | Human infants begin to acquire their native language in the first months of life. To determine which brain regions support language processing at this young age, we measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging the brain activity evoked by normal and reversed speech in awake and sleeping 3-month-old infants. Left... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | The authors used fMRI to show that, like adults, language activates areas in the left hemisphere, with additional activation in the preforntal cortex of awake infants. |
10.1111/1467-9280.00444 | 1,332,443 | Despite its significance for understanding of language acquisition, the role of childhood language experience has been examined only in linguistic deprivation studies focusing on what cannot be learned readily beyond childhood. This study focused instead on long-term effects of what can be learned best during childhood... | 10.1038/nrn1533 | This study showed that adults speak a second language with a more native-like accent if they overheard the language regularly during childhood. |
10.1152/ajprenal.00118.2017 | 20,460,439 | Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) plays critical roles in energy metabolism and cell survival. Previous investigations showed that UCP2 regulated the production of extracellular matrix and renal fibrosis. However, little is known about UCP2 in acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, we used Ucp2 knockout mice to investigate the rol... | 10.1038/nrneph.2017.107 | This study suggests a role for UCP2 in restoring tubular function after AKI by reducing tubular cell apoptosis. |
10.1083/jcb.201511036 | 83,413,817 | Mitochondria are renowned for their central bioenergetic role in eukaryotic cells, where they act as powerhouses to generate adenosine triphosphate from oxidation of nutrients. At the same time, these organelles are highly dynamic and undergo fusion, fission, transport, and degradation. Each of these dynamic processes ... | 10.1038/nrneph.2017.107 | This review summarizes recent studies and mechanisms that relate metabolism and mitochondrial energetics to mitochondrial dynamics. |
10.1073/pnas.96.6.2722 | 38,578,158 | Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a recently discovered hypothalamic peptide regulated by leptin and with a potent appetite-suppressing activity. In the rat, the CART gene encodes a peptide of 116 amino acid residues (or a splice variant 13 residues longer). The predicted signal sequence is 27 ami... | 10.1038/nrn2493 | This study elucidated the tissue-specific processing and sequence of specific CART peptides. Reference 8 was a strong follow-up to this work. |
10.1038/oby.2002.175 | 47,059,058 | Abstract Objective: To define the regulatory DNA sequence controlling the expression of the cocaine‐amphetamine‐regulated transcript ( CART ) gene expression. Research Methods and Procedures: A rat genomic library was screened for genomic clones containing the CART gene and upstream DNA sequence. A clone containing exo... | 10.1038/nrn2493 | This and other work by Barrett was among the first to demonstrate regulation of CART gene expression by transcription factors. |
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