source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1084/jem.20100771 | 102,607,713 | Farnesylation involves covalent linkage of eukaryotic proteins to a lipid moiety to anchor them into membranes, which is essential for the biological function of Ras and other proteins. A large cadre of bacterial effectors is injected into host cells by intravacuolar pathogens through elaborate type III–VII translocati... | 10.1038/nrmicro3009 | Work finding that AnkB is targeted to the LCV via prenylation, and that AnkB prenylation influences disease severity. |
10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01046.x | 104,037,801 | Summary The AvrBs3 protein of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is targeted to host‐plant cells by the bacterial Hrp type III secretion system. In pepper plants containing the Bs3 resistance gene, AvrBs3 induces the hypersensitive response (HR). AvrBs3 recognition is thought to occur ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3009 | The discovery that AvrBs3 interacts with two importin-α proteins via the AvrBs3 NLS. |
10.1073/pnas.94.20.10723 | 59,417,804 | T-DNA nuclear import is a central event in genetic transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium . Presumably, the T-DNA transport intermediate is a single-stranded DNA molecule associated with two bacterial proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, which most likely mediate the transport process. While VirE2 cooperatively coats the... | 10.1038/nrmicro3009 | A paper reporting that VirD2 binds to the A. thaliana nuclear import receptor, KAPα1, via the VirD2 NLS. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0947-09.2009 | 81,793,942 | Netrin has been implicated in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon pathfinding in a number of species. In Xenopus laevis , RGC axons reaching their target in the optic tectum can be repelled by a netrin-1 gradient in vitro , suggesting that netrin may also function in wiring events that follow successful axon pathfinding. ... | 10.1038/nrn3650 | An in vivo imaging study of netrin 1-mediated development of retinal axon arbors in the frog optic tectum, which shows that netrin 1induces dynamic axon branching, increasing branch addition and retraction to ultimately increase total branch number. Importantly, comparison between netrin 1-induced retinotectal axon bra... |
10.1523/jneurosci.1915-08.2008 | 81,795,166 | Toward understanding topographically specific branching of retinal axons in their target area, we have studied the interaction between neurotrophin receptors and members of the Eph family. TrkB and its ligand BDNF are uniformly expressed in the retina and tectum, respectively, and exert a branch-promoting activity, whe... | 10.1038/nrn3650 | In vitro ephrin A5 stripe assays with chick retinal ganglion cell axons reveal a novel interaction between ephrin A5 and the BDNF receptor TRKB in retinal ganglion cell axons. This interaction was shown to promote axon branching by augmenting the PI3K pathway, leading to a model in which BDNF acts as a global branch-pr... |
10.1523/jneurosci.4548-07.2008 | 42,507,797 | During development axon outgrowth and branching are independently regulated such that axons can stall or retract while their interstitial branches extend toward targets. Previous studies have shown that guidance cues and intracellular signaling components can promote branching of cortical axons without affecting axon o... | 10.1038/nrn3650 | By induction of localized calcium transients with photolysis of caged calcium in axons and branches of the same cortical neuron in vitro , this study shows that a process with higher-frequency calcium transients grows more rapidly than a process with lower-frequency calcium transients, which stalls or retracts. This pa... |
10.1073/pnas.1204322109 | 110,833,901 | HIV-1 negative factor (Nef) elevates virus replication and contributes to immune evasion in vivo. As one of its established in vitro activities, Nef interferes with T-lymphocyte chemotaxis by reducing host cell actin dynamics. To explore Nef’s influence on in vivo recirculation of T lymphocytes, we assessed lymph-node ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3309 | This intravital microscopy study investigates the effects of HIV-1 Nef on mouse T cell migration. |
10.1126/science.1167525 | 18,937,189 | The spread of HIV between immune cells is greatly enhanced by cell-cell adhesions called virological synapses, although the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. With use of an infectious, fluorescent clone of HIV, we tracked the movement of Gag in live CD4 T cells and captured the direct translocation of HIV across... | 10.1038/nrmicro3309 | This is an in vitro live-cell imaging study that proposes the cell contact-dependent and endocytosis-dependent transfer of HIV particles between T cells in clusters. |
10.1083/jcb.200203150 | 60,878,226 | To track the behavior of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in the cytoplasm of infected cells, we have tagged virions by incorporation of HIV Vpr fused to the GFP. Observation of the GFP-labeled particles in living cells revealed that they moved in curvilinear paths in the cytoplasm and accumulated in the perinuclea... | 10.1038/nrmicro3309 | This is the first study to visualize the post-entry behaviour of HIV virions by tracking the fate of the virion-associated HIV protein Vpr. |
10.1126/science.1127912 | 18,554,453 | Natural transformation is a widespread mechanism for genetic exchange in bacteria. Aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, as well as mitomycin C, a DNA-damaging agent, induced transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae . This induction required an intact competence regulatory cascade. Furthermore, mitomycin C ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | This paper reports the discovery that pneumococcal competence is induced in response to environmental stresses such as antibiotics and DNA-damaging agents. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04592.x | 124,740,625 | Summary High expression of the transcriptional activator ComK occurs in 10–20% of the cells in stationary phase cultures of Bacillus subtilis strain 168. ComK drives the expression of more than 100 genes constituting the semidormant K‐state, distinct from sporulation and vegetative growth. Among the genes so activated ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | This paper shows that stochastic variation in comK expression in B. subtilis populations determines which cells become competent. |
10.1126/science.1120096 | 125,338,766 | The mosaic-structured Vibrio cholerae genome points to the importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of this human pathogen. We showed that V. cholerae can acquire new genetic material by natural transformation during growth on chitin, a biopolymer that is abundant in aquatic habitats (e.g., from cr... | 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | This paper reports the discovery that competence in V. cholerae is induced by chitin, which is a sugar polymer that is abundant in the aquatic habitat of this bacterium. |
10.1101/gad.11.1.119 | 102,680,700 | Development of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis is controlled by the competence-specific transcription factor ComK. ComK activates transcription of itself and several other genes required for competence. The activity of ComK is controlled by other genes including mecA, clpC, and comS. We have used purified ComK,... | 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | This paper provides in vitro characterization of the interplay between ComK, ClpCP, MecA and ComS and demonstrated that accumulation of B. subtilis ComK is regulated by proteolysis. |
10.3747/pdi.2013.00204 | 19,190,283 | Given the ever-increasing burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a global milieu of limited financial and health resources, interested parties continue to search for ways to optimize dialysis access. Government and payer initiatives to increase access to renal replacement therapies (RRTs), particularly peritoneal ... | 10.1038/nrneph.2016.181 | A summary of the lessons learned from the success and failure of various peritoneal dialysis policies in different countries. |
10.3747/pdi.2013.00282 | 122,660,078 | Observational studies from different regions of the world provide valuable information in patient selection, clinical practice, and their relationship to patient and technique outcome. The present study is the first large cohort providing patient characteristics, clinical practice, patterns and their relationship to ou... | 10.1038/nrneph.2016.181 | This large cohort study shows an improvement in patient survival on peritoneal dialysis in Brazil despite a high percentage of patients with diabetes. |
10.1073/pnas.0709002105 | 62,582,761 | Reactive gliosis is the universal reaction to brain injury, but the precise origin and subsequent fate of the glial cells reacting to injury are unknown. Astrocytes react to injury by hypertrophy and up-regulation of the glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Whereas mature astrocytes do not normally divide, a subpopu... | 10.1038/nrn2978 | This was the first fate mapping analysis of adult glial cells in vivo with the surprising result that some mature astrocytes resume proliferation and even acquire neurosphere-forming potential. |
10.1002/glia.20876 | 18,188,128 | Abstract Astrocytes play many pivotal roles in the adult brain, including their reaction to injury. A hallmark of astrocytes is the contact of their endfeet with the basement membrane surrounding blood vessels, but still relatively little is known about the signaling mediated at the contact site. Here, we examine the r... | 10.1038/nrn2978 | This study describes the key role of the contact of astrocyte endfeet with the basement membrane by deleting integrin-mediated signalling at early postnatal stages, which results in a reactive gliosis phenotype, and highlights the important function of this pathway in regulating astrocytes quiescence. |
10.1634/stemcells.2007-0122 | 42,610,127 | Abstract After neurotrauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative disease, astrocytes upregulate their expression of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (Vim), and nestin. This response, reactive gliosis, is attenuated in GFAP−/−Vim−/− mice, resulting in the promotion of synapti... | 10.1038/nrn2978 | This study showed the impact of reactive astrogliosis in the host environment on transplanted stem cells, highlighting a further aspect of the important role of intermediate filaments in reactive gliosis. |
10.1073/pnas.0807453105 | 19,034,546 | Müller glia can serve as a source of new neurons after retinal damage in both fish and birds. Investigations of regeneration in the mammalian retina in vitro have provided some evidence that Müller glia can proliferate after retinal damage and generate new rods; however, the evidence that this occurs in vivo is not con... | 10.1038/nrn2978 | A key study demonstrating the possibility of endogenous repair from glial cells, in this case Müller glia, after excitotoxic injury by activation via growth factors. |
10.1073/pnas.0406795101 | 38,360,828 | The adult mammalian CNS shows a very limited capacity to regenerate after injury. However, endogenous precursors, or stem cells, provide a potential source of new neurons in the adult brain. Here, we induce the birth of new corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN), the CNS neurons that die in motor neuron degenerative diseas... | 10.1038/nrn2978 | This is so far the only evidence for endogenous generation of new, long-distance projection neurons forming connections from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and surviving for more than a year. |
10.1046/j.1529-8027.2001.01008-5.x | 66,529,899 | The distribution of paclitaxel (Taxol(R)) within the central and peripheral nervous system after repeated administration of this antineoplastic agent is still largely unknown. In this study we determined for the first time paclitaxel tissue concentration in the brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sciatic ... | 10.1038/nrn1914 | A report showing that, compared with other peripheral tissues, the DRG preferentially accumulate intravenously infused paclitaxel. |
10.1002/ana.410430111 | 124,005,131 | Abstract The cancer chemotherapeutic agent Taxol (paclitaxel) causes a dose‐related peripheral neuropathy in humans. We produced a dose‐dependent large‐fiber sensory neuropathy, without detrimental effects on general health, in mature rats by using two intravenous injections 3 days apart. Tests of other dosing schedule... | 10.1038/nrn1914 | One of the first animal models that allowed researchers to demonstrate that intravenous infusion of paclitaxel preferentially targets large primary afferent sensory neurons. |
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3123 | 120,348,019 | Abstract Purpose: Bone metastases have a considerable impact on quality of life in patients with breast and other cancers. Tumors produce osteoclast-activating factors, whereas bone resorption promotes the growth of tumor cells, thus leading to a “vicious cycle” of bone metastasis. Sagopilone, a novel, fully synthetic ... | 10.1038/nrn1914 | A study in an animal model of bone cancer pain demonstrating that a COX2 inhibitor simultaneously reduces pain and tumour burden. |
10.1126/science.1177486 | 83,540,122 | Growing on You The human gut and skin harbor diverse microbial communities that are known to vary strikingly among individuals. Here, Costello et al. (p. 1694 , published online 5 November) analyzed microbial diversity among several distinct body habitats (including the gut, mouth, inside the ears and nose, and skin) o... | 10.1038/nrmicro2537 | A comprehensive analysis of skin, gut and oral microbiota in the same individuals. |
10.1073/pnas.1004204107 | 19,000,081 | Diabetics frequently suffer from chronic, nonhealing wounds. Although bacterial colonization and/or infection are generally acknowledged to negatively impact wound healing, the precise relationship between the microbial community and impaired wound healing remains unclear. Because the host cutaneous defense response is... | 10.1038/nrmicro2537 | This study showed that a selective shift in microbiota is associated with an altered innate immune response. |
10.1101/gr.096651.109 | 20,881,436 | The Human Microbiome Project (HMP), funded as an initiative of the NIH Roadmap for Biomedical Research ( http://nihroadmap.nih.gov ), is a multi-component community resource. The goals of the HMP are: (1) to take advantage of new, high-throughput technologies to characterize the human microbiome more fully by studying ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2537 | A detailed description of the Human Microbiome Project and its objectives. |
10.1073/pnas.0800897105 | 62,034,359 | Much is known about the composition and function of the postsynaptic density (PSD), but less is known about its molecular organization. We use EM tomography to delineate the organization of PSDs at glutamatergic synapses in rat hippocampal cultures. The core of the PSD is dominated by vertically oriented filaments, and... | 10.1038/nrn2540 | This paper used EM tomography combined with immunogold labelling to delineate the organization of PSDs at glutamatergic synapses in rat hippocampal cultures. It provided images of the organization of PSDs from dendritic spines at the resolution of individual molecules. |
10.1126/science.1147554 | 60,127,781 | The guanine nucleotide exchange factor p63RhoGEF is an effector of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein) Gα q and thereby links Gα q -coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the activation of the small-molecular-weight G protein RhoA. We determined the crystal structure of the Gα q -p63RhoGEF-RhoA comp... | 10.1038/nrn2540 | By determining the structure of the Gα q –p63RHOGEF–RHOA complex, this study revealed the molecular basis of how the PH–DH supramodule of p63RHOGEF integrates G-protein coupled receptor signalling with small GTPase signalling pathways. |
10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578 | 62,606,363 | The number of prokaryotes and the total amount of their cellular carbon on earth are estimated to be 4–6 × 10 30 cells and 350–550 Pg of C (1 Pg = 10 15 g), respectively. Thus, the total amount of prokaryotic carbon is 60–100% of the estimated total carbon in plants, and inclusion of prokaryotic carbon in global models... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | An early effort to estimate the magnitude and extent of the deep biosphere. |
10.1126/science.1219424 | 62,468,768 | Deep Breathing Living microbes have been discovered many meters into marine sediments. On a cruise in the North Pacific Gyre, Røy et al. (p. 922 ) discovered that oxygen occurred for tens of meters into the sediment. The bacteria living in these sediments were respiring the oxygen but at a slower rate than the supply o... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | The observation of aerobic microbial respiration in 86-million-year-old sediments in one of Earth's most oligotrophic settings. |
10.1128/mr.59.1.48-62.1995 | 60,793,785 | Biomass formation represents one of the most basic aspects of bacterial metabolism. While there is an abundance of information concerning individual reactions that result in cell duplication, there has been surprisingly little information on the bioenergetics of growth. For many years, it was assumed that biomass produ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | An excellent overview of energy metabolism, maintenance energy and energy spilling. |
10.1098/rsta.1990.0061 | 21,893,705 | The distribution of bacterial biomass and activity down to 80 m below the sea floor was investigated in sediments from the Peru margin, collected as part of the Ocean Drilling Programme, leg 112. Bacteria were present in all sediment depths sampled. Although direct bacterial counts decreased with depth there was no ind... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | One of the earliest demonstrations of the presence of active microorganisms in deep sediments. |
10.1126/science.1064878 | 41,741,415 | Global maps of sulfate and methane in marine sediments reveal two provinces of subsurface metabolic activity: a sulfate-rich open-ocean province, and an ocean-margin province where sulfate is limited to shallow sediments. Methane is produced in both regions but is abundant only in sulfate-depleted sediments. Metabolic ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | An early observation of low process rates in deep sediments. |
10.1073/pnas.1107763108 | 123,203,153 | Remarkable numbers of microbial cells have been observed in global shallow to deep subseafloor sediments. Accumulating evidence indicates that deep and ancient sediments harbor living microbial life, where the flux of nutrients and energy are extremely low. However, their physiology and energy requirements remain large... | 10.1038/nrmicro2939 | A demonstration that metabolic activity is rapidly induced in most sub-seafloor cells. |
10.1126/science.1146157 | 124,536,917 | Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus markedly improves the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but causes cognitive side effects such as impulsivity. We showed that DBS selectively interferes with the normal ability to slow down when faced with decision conflict. While on DBS, patients actually sp... | 10.1038/nrn4038 | This influential paper describes how, when faced with decision conflict, patients with PD who have STN-DBS switched on acted impulsively and failed to show the slowing down observed in patients who had DBS switched off or had not been operated on. |
10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06531.1995 | 74,058,048 | Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have been found to reduce the severe akinetic motor symptom produced in animal models of Parkinson's disease, such as in monkeys treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or in monoamine-depleted rats. However, little is known about the effect of STN excl... | 10.1038/nrn4038 | One of the first animal studies to report that lesioning of the STN speeds up reaction times but results in impulsivity, as evidenced by premature responding. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0487-08.2008 | 42,507,748 | The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia is an important element of motor control. This is demonstrated by involuntary movements induced by STN lesions and the successful treatment of Parkinson's disease by STN stimulation. However, it is still unclear how individual STN neurons participate in motor control. ... | 10.1038/nrn4038 | An elegant study in primates showing that the STN implements a switch signal from the pre-SMA to shift from automatic to controlled eye movements. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0519-07.2007 | 20,665,938 | The ability to stop motor responses depends critically on the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and also engages a midbrain region consistent with the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Here we used diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography to show that the IFC and the STN region are connected via a white matter tract, w... | 10.1038/nrn4038 | A study using tractography to show white-matter tracts between the inferior frontal cortex, pre-SMA and STN and an fMRI study to establish that these areas form a right-hemispheric network for inhibition that is engaged both during the temporary braking associated with conflict-induced slowing and during successful sto... |
10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1673 | 17,639,313 | 1. The primate orbitofrontal cortex is the site of convergence of information from primary taste and primary olfactory cortical regions. In addition, it receives projections from temporal lobe visual areas concerned with the representation of objects such as foods. Previous work has shown that the responses of gustator... | 10.1038/nrn875 | A neurophysiological study of the effects of motivational state on the response properties of orbital frontal neurons to visual and olfactory stimuli in awake, behaving macaque monkeys. Most neurons that had specific responses to particular foods (either by sight or smell) reduced their responding after satiation with ... |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02010.x | 84,385,743 | Abstract The basolateral complex of the amygdala (ABL) is involved in processing information about stimulus motivational value. However, it is not clear whether the ABL is critical for acquisition, maintenance, or expression of this information. Our previous work has shown that ABL lesions made prior to training, block... | 10.1038/nrn875 | The findings of this experiment complement those of reference 26 . The authors found that when first-order Pavlovian conditioning takes place before damage to the basolateral amygdala, subsequent second-order conditioning (after the amygdala lesion) proceeds normally. So, once a stimulus–value association is acquired i... |
10.4049/jimmunol.0902477 | 101,516,801 | Abstract Fungal β-glucan, such as curdlan, triggers antifungal innate immune responses as well as shaping adaptive immune responses. In this study, we identified a key pathway that couples curdlan to immune responses. Curdlan promoted the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β by dendritic cells and macrophag... | 10.1038/nrmicro2711 | This study finds that there is differential activation of the inflammasome by C. albicans yeast cells and hyphae. |
10.1002/eji.201041226 | 83,272,221 | Abstract The Nlrp3 inflammasome has been proposed to play an important role in antifungal host defense. However, studies exploring the role of the inflammasome in antifungal host defense have been limited to the direct effects on IL‐1β processing. Although IL‐1β has important direct effects on the innate immune respons... | 10.1038/nrmicro2711 | This investigation demonstrates the importance of the inflammasome in driving protective T H 1-type and T H 17-type responses during fungal infection. |
10.1189/jlb.1210702 | 38,751,143 | ABSTRACT In the mucosa, the immune pathways discriminating between colonizing and invasive Candida, thus inducing tolerance or inflammation, are poorly understood. Th17 responses induced by Candida albicans hyphae are central for the activation of mucosal antifungal immunity. An essential step for the discrimination be... | 10.1038/nrmicro2711 | This article describes the inflammasome–IL-1β–T H 17 cell axis as an important mechanism that is capable of discriminating C. albicans colonization from invasion at the mucosal level. |
10.1084/jem.20091983 | 38,400,308 | Most patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS-I) display chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). We hypothesized that this CMC might result from autoimmunity to interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines. We found high titers of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against IL-17A, IL-17F, and/or IL-22 in the sera of all 33... | 10.1038/nrmicro2711 | This paper describes the link between STAT3 mutations and defective T H 17 cell differentiation. |
10.1073/pnas.0709684105 | 123,856,232 | IL-1β and IL-18 are crucial mediators of inflammation, and a defective control of their release may cause serious diseases. Yet, the mechanisms regulating IL-1β and IL-18 secretion are partially undefined. Both cytokines are produced as inactive cytoplasmic precursors. Processing to the active form is mediated by caspa... | 10.1038/nrmicro2711 | An important study highlighting the link between the commensal microbial flora and mucosal T H 17 cell immune responses. |
10.1126/science.1231965 | 60,525,576 | Recent studies in mammals have documented the neural expression and mobility of retrotransposons and have suggested that neural genomes are diverse mosaics. We found that transposition occurs among memory-relevant neurons in the Drosophila brain. Cell type–specific gene expression profiling revealed that transposon exp... | 10.1038/nrn3730 | This work shows that somatic transposition in the brain is conserved in the fly. Also, specific types of mushroom body neurons have decreased levels of known retroelement repressors (Aub and Ago3), which correlates with increased expression of certain retroelements. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4814-03.2004 | 42,507,692 | GABAergic nonpyramidal cells, cortical interneurons, consist of heterogeneous subtypes differing in their axonal field and target selectivity. It remains to be investigated how the diverse innervation patterns are generated and how these spatially complicated, but synaptically specific wirings are achieved. Here, we as... | 10.1038/nrn2188 | An impressive quantitative analysis of the axon arbors of several classes of neocortical GABA interneurons. This paper suggests that different classes of interneurons have common as well as distinct features in their axon branching, bouton distribution and arrangement. |
10.1523/jneurosci.1851-04.2004 | 102,372,626 | The neocortical GABAergic network consists of diverse interneuron cell types that display distinct physiological properties and target their innervations to subcellular compartments of principal neurons. Inhibition directed toward the soma and proximal dendrites is crucial in regulating the output of pyramidal neurons,... | 10.1038/nrn2188 | The generation of cell-type specific reporter mice allowed the first quantitative description of the maturation of perisomatic innervation in the visual cortex and its regulation by neural activity and sensory experience. |
10.1073/pnas.0407088102 | 4,414,397 | The neocortex has a high capacity for plasticity. To understand the full scope of this capacity, it is essential to know how neurons choose particular partners to form synaptic connections. By using multineuron whole-cell recordings and confocal microscopy we found that axons of layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons do... | 10.1038/nrn2188 | This study, together with reference 50, uses quantitative analysis of neuronal morphology and theoretical modelling to suggest that the layout of the dendrites and axons of neocortical pyramidal neurons appears to achieve all-to-all potential connectivity with neighbouring pyramidal cells. Reference 50 further susgests... |
10.1073/pnas.95.16.9608 | 20,556,904 | Opioid drugs play important roles in the clinical management of pain, as well as in the development and treatment of drug abuse. The mu opioid receptor is the primary site of action for the most commonly used opioids, including morphine, heroin, fentanyl, and methadone. By sequencing DNA from 113 former heroin addicts ... | 10.1038/nrn3110 | This paper identified the functional N40D variation in the MOR (the target for naltrexone). |
10.1073/pnas.0604419103 | 41,727,587 | Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder with substantial heritability. Uncovering gene–environment interactions underlying this disease process can aid identification of novel treatment targets. Here, we found a lowered threshold for stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in Marchigian–Sardinian Preferring ... | 10.1038/nrn3110 | Using a genetically selected alcohol preferring rat line, the authors demonstrated for the first time that genetic variation affecting the CRF system influences stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking and escalation of alcohol consumption. They showed that the potency of a CRF 1 antagonist was enhanced in animals wit... |
10.1073/pnas.0902863106 | 36,503,212 | Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), encoded by the CRH gene, is a key integrator of stress responses, and, as such, CRH gene variation may contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to stress-related pathology. In rhesus macaques, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is found within the CRH promoter (−2... | 10.1038/nrn3110 | This study demonstrated a gene × environment interaction, such that variation at the rhesus CRF gene locus that moderates sensitivity to feedback inhibition by cortisol moderated alcohol preference in adult life if the animals had been reared under conditions of early life adversity, but not otherwise. |
10.1177/1753425912450348 | 16,868,955 | LPS-binding protein (LBP) functions as a crucial molecule in innate immune responses to bacterial challenge. Our study has shown the expression of LBP in human gingiva and its significant association with periodontal health and disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen of periodontal disease. P. gingivalis LP... | 10.1038/nrmicro3047 | Report demonstrating that modified lipid A, such as 4′-monophosphoryl lipid A, makes an excellent vaccine adjuvant owing to the ability to initiate safer, less inflammatory but still effective immune responses. |
10.1073/pnas.1201313109 | 123,847,456 | Historically, the O1 El Tor and classical biotypes of Vibrio cholerae have been differentiated by their resistance to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with this phenotypic distinction have remained a mystery for 50 y. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria modif... | 10.1038/nrmicro3047 | The first description of an amino acid addition to lipid A uncovers a potential new class of lipid A modification system, as well as a striking connection between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. |
10.1073/pnas.0808723105 | 59,985,811 | The intestinal epithelium is in direct contact with a vast microbiota, yet little is known about how epithelial cells defend the host against the heavy bacterial load. To address this question we studied Paneth cells, a key small intestinal epithelial lineage. We found that Paneth cells directly sense enteric bacteria ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3047 | LPS is important at epithelial barriers, where it stimulates a basal level of host defence to prevent adverse bacterial colonization. |
10.1073/pnas.0913451107 | 64,210,126 | Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of acute bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is implicated in development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Two major surface features, the outer membrane lipooligosaccharide and flagella, are highly variable and are often targets for modification. Presumably, these modifications provid... | 10.1038/nrmicro3047 | Lipid A modification systems have evolved pleiotropic roles and affect other systems, such as the link between lipid A modification and the assembly of flagella in C. jejuni |
10.1126/science.1211057 | 20,817,132 | Commensal microflora promote the pathogenesis of mucosally acquired viruses. | 10.1038/nrmicro3047 | The LPS of Gram-negative commensal bacteria affects the pathogenesis of diverse organisms, including viruses. |
10.1242/dev.00590 | 102,493,952 | The establishment of the floor plate at the ventral midline of the CNS is dependent on an inductive signaling process mediated by the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh). To understand molecularly how floor plate induction proceeds we identified a Shh-responsive regulatory element that directs transgene reporter expr... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | The cis -acting sequences that regulate the SHH floor plate enhancer SFPE2 were characterized in this study. The highly conserved binding sites that match the consensus for homeodomain, FOXA and FOXH1 transcription factors were identified. Mutational analysis revealed that the HD and FOXA-binding sites are both require... |
10.1242/dev.126.2.281 | 82,913,375 | The axial midline mesoderm and the ventral midline of the neural tube, the floor plate, share the property of being a source of the secreted protein, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which has the capacity to induce a variety of ventral cell types along the length of the mouse CNS. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which Shh... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | This study identified three enhancers that direct Shh expression to distinct regions along the AP axis. Analysis of regulatory sequences indicated that FOXA2-dependent and -independent mechanisms direct Shh expression in the floor plate. |
10.1242/dev.124.2.327 | 20,840,919 | The zebrafish locus one-eyed pinhead (oep) is essential for the formation of anterior axial mesoderm, endoderm and ventral neuroectoderm. At the beginning of gastrulation anterior axial mesoderm cells form the prechordal plate and express goosecoid (gsc) in wild-type embryos. In oep mutants the prechordal plate does no... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Analysis of combinatorial zebrafish mutant embryos indicates a differential genetic requirement for the differentiation of floor plate cells along the AP axis. In addition, this study indicates a role for prechordal mesoderm in floor plate formation in zebrafish. |
10.1242/dev.00694 | 122,388,886 | To begin to reconcile models of floor plate formation in the vertebrate neural tube, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the development of the early floor plate in the chick embryo. Using real-time analyses of cell behaviour, we provide evidence that the principal contributor to the early neural midli... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Real-time fate mapping analysis in chick embryos shows that cells in area a and Hensen's node do not mix, that area a cells largely populate the anterior ventral midline and that they are induced by prechordal mesoderm. |
10.1002/jez.1402550309 | 62,534,950 | Abstract A microinjection technique is described for fate mapping the epiblast of avian embryos. It consists of injecting the epiblast of cultured blastoderms with a fluorescent‐histochemical marker, examining rhodamine fluorescence at the time of injection in living blastoderms, and assaying for horseradish peroxidase... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Fate mapping reveals that area a cells contribute to the floor plate of the early embryo and extend into the forebrain. |
10.1242/dev.01453 | 19,604,757 | Ventral midline cells in the neural tube form floorplate throughout most of the central nervous system (CNS) but in the anterior forebrain, they differentiate with hypothalamic identity. The signalling pathways responsible for subdivision of midline neural tissue into hypothalamic and floorplate domains are uncertain, ... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | A study of the development of a hypothalamic ventral midline cell group that differentiates in the anterior forebrain around p3–p5. The analyses reveal that Wnt antagonists promote a p3–p5 hypothalamic floor plate fate, as opposed to a posterior floor plate fate. |
10.1242/dev.00544 | 100,762,568 | The floor plate, a specialized group of cells in the ventral midline of the neural tube of vertebrates, plays crucial roles in patterning the central nervous system. Recent work from zebrafish, chick, chick-quail chimeras and mice to investigate the development of the floor plate have led to several models of floor-pla... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Abrogation of Cyc/Nodal signalling in zebrafish embryos at various stages using a temperature-sensitive mutant indicates that the floor plate in zebrafish is induced during gastrulation. In addition, continuous Cyc signalling is required throughout gastrulation to produce a complete ventral neural tube throughout the l... |
10.1242/dev.125.15.2759 | 83,367,745 | Induction of the floor plate at the ventral midline of the neural tube is one of the earliest events in the establishment of dorsoventral (d/v) polarity in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The secreted molecule, Sonic hedgehog, has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for this induction. In verteb... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Analysis of a mouse that is mutant for the Gli2 gene, which codes for a crucial downstream component on the SHH signalling pathway, reveals that SHH signalling is required for the induction of floor plate cells from the spinal cord up to the midbrain/forebrain junction. These studies also show that GLI2 function is not... |
10.1242/dev.125.14.2533 | 123,102,039 | Floor plate cells at the midline of the neural tube are specified by high-level activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted by notochord, whereas motor neurons are thought to be specified by a lower level activity of Shh secreted in turn by floor plate cells. In Drosophila, the Gli zinc finger protein Cubitus interruptus... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Similar to reference 94, these analyses show that GLI2 function is crucial for the development of floor plate cells that differentiate up to the midbrain, but is not required for the expression of FOXA1 and SHH in the forebrain. These analyses also reveal that motor neurons can differentiate in the absence of a floor p... |
10.1073/pnas.95.20.11733 | 42,633,875 | By using the quail–chicken chimera system, we have previously shown that during development of the spinal cord, floor plate cells are inserted between neural progenitors giving rise to the alar plates. These cells are derived from the regressing Hensen’s node or cordoneural hinge (HN-CNH). This common population of HN-... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Chick–quail chimaeras were used to follow the descendants of cells in the chordoneural hinge, a region of the embryo that links the regressing node and the forming notochord. The results provided evidence that some floor plate cells derive from the chordoneural hinge, resulting in the suggestion that floor plate cells ... |
10.1101/gad.1025702 | 103,906,061 | The hedgehog signaling pathway organizes the developing ventral neural tube by establishing distinct neural progenitor fates along the dorsoventral axis. Smoothened ( Smo ) is essential for all Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and genetic inactivation of Smo cells autonomously blocks the ability of cells to transduce the Hh si... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | The genetic removal of SMO, an obligate transducer of HH signalling, in mouse embryos reveals that HH signalling is required for floor plate specification. |
10.1242/dev.125.18.3553 | 83,401,258 | The steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine produces cyclopia and holoprosencephaly when administered to gastrulation-stage amniote embryos. Cyclopamine-induced malformations in chick embryos are associated with interruption of Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-mediated dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube and somites. Cell types norm... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Evidence that in the chick, as in the mouse, SHH signalling is required for floor plate specification. |
10.1242/dev.00364 | 38,325,394 | Gli proteins regulate the transcription of Hedgehog (Hh) target genes. Genetic studies in mouse have shown that Gli1 is not essential for embryogenesis, whereas Gli2 acts as an activator of Hh target genes. In contrast, misexpression studies in Xenopus and cultured cells have suggested that Gli1 can act as an activator... | 10.1038/nrn1628 | Analyses of zebrafish gli1 and gli2 mutants and morphants reveal divergent requirements for Gli1 and Gli2 in mouse and zebrafish. In addition, these studies indicate that depletion of Hh signalling does not completely eliminate Gli1 expression in zebrafish. |
10.1126/science.1137455 | 45,414,214 | The dynamic process of differentiation depends on the architecture, quantitative parameters, and noise of underlying genetic circuits. However, it remains unclear how these elements combine to control cellular behavior. We analyzed the probabilistic and transient differentiation of Bacillus subtilis cells into the stat... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This study provides direct evidence for a causal link between gene expression noise and phenotypic heterogeneity in B. subtilis |
10.1126/science.1099390 | 104,375,088 | A fraction of a genetically homogeneous microbial population may survive exposure to stress such as antibiotic treatment. Unlike resistant mutants, cells regrown from such persistent bacteria remain sensitive to the antibiotic. We investigated the persistence of single cells of Escherichia coli with the use of microflu... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This article establishes that phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial growth rates leads to the formation of persisters that are tolerant to antibiotics. |
10.1126/science.1114383 | 20,820,469 | Organisms in fluctuating environments must constantly adapt their behavior to survive. In clonal populations, this may be achieved through sensing followed by response or through the generation of diversity by stochastic phenotype switching. Here we show that stochastic switching can be favored over sensing when the en... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This theoretical paper establishes that phenotypic heterogeneity can increase long-term growth rates in fluctuating environments. |
10.1126/science.1140818 | 38,873,814 | Random cell-to-cell variations in gene expression within an isogenic population can lead to transitions between alternative states of gene expression. Little is known about how these variations (noise) in natural systems affect such transitions. In Bacillus subtilis , noise in ComK, the protein that regulates competenc... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This report details an important analysis of the impact of noise on phenotypic heterogeneity in B. subtilis |
10.1126/science.1188308 | 125,167,637 | Devil in the Detail Genetically identical cells in the same environment can show variation in gene expression that may cause phenotypic variation at the single-cell level. But how noisy are most genes? Taniguchi et al. (p. 533 ; see the Perspective by Tyagi ) now report single-cell global profiling of both messenger RN... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This report presents a genome-wide screen of phenotypic heterogeneity in E. coli |
10.1126/science.1109090 | 19,647,573 | Accurately predicting noise propagation in gene networks is crucial for understanding signal fidelity in natural networks and designing noise-tolerant gene circuits. To quantify how noise propagates through gene networks, we measured expression correlations between genes in single cells. We found that noise in a gene w... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This investigation demonstrates how gene expression noise propagates through gene-regulatory networks. |
10.1126/science.1061338 | 20,833,011 | Microorganisms living in anoxic marine sediments consume more than 80% of the methane produced in the world's oceans. In addition to single-species aggregates, consortia of metabolically interdependent bacteria and archaea are found in methane-rich sediments. A combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization and seco... | 10.1038/nrmicro3491 | This report describes an early analysis of phenotypic traits at the single-cell level using samples from natural environments. |
10.1126/science.1165322 | 123,100,539 | Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that lack endomembrane structures. However, a number of hyperthermophilic members of the Kingdom Crenarchaea , including members of the Sulfolobus genus, encode homologs of the eukaryotic endosomal sorting system components Vps4 and ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for tra... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | Together with reference 13, this article describes the discovery of the Cdv cell division machinery in crenarchaeotes. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07635.x | 4,801,384 | Summary In eukaryotic and bacterial cells, spatial organization is dependent upon cytoskeletal filaments. Actin is a main eukaryotic cytoskeletal element, involved in key processes such as cell shape determination, mechanical force generation and cytokinesis. We describe an archaeal cytoskeleton which forms helical str... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The discovery of the actin homologue crenactin, the first cytoskeletal structure described for archaea. |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.6421360.x | 102,369,225 | FtsZ is a tubulin‐like protein that is essential for cell division in eubacteria. It functions by forming a ring at the division site that directs septation. The archaebacteria constitute a kingdom of life separate from eubacteria and eukaryotes. Like eubacteria, archaebacteria are prokaryotes, although they are phylog... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The first demonstration of an FtsZ-based division structure in archaea. |
10.1128/jb.179.16.4963-4969.1997 | 122,950,902 | We have performed a cell cycle analysis of organisms from the Archaea domain. Exponentially growing cells of the thermophilic archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were analyzed by flow cytometry, and several unusual cell cycle characteristics were found. The cells initiated chromosome replicati... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The first description of cell cycle organization in an archaeon. |
10.1038/sj.embor.embor732 | 105,403,680 | Although archaeal genomes encode proteins similar to eukaryotic replication factors, the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi replicates its circular chromosome at a high rate from a single origin ( oriC ) as in Bacteria. In further elucidating the mechanism of archaeal DNA replication, we have studied the elon... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The demonstration that archaeal Okazaki fragments are similar in length to those of eukaryotes. |
10.1073/pnas.0400656101 | 58,571,643 | Chromosome replication origins were mapped in vivo in the two hyperthermophilic archaea, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Sulfolobus solfataricus , by using microarray-based marker frequency analysis. Bidirectional replication was found to be initiated in near synchrony from three separate sites in both organisms. Two of ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | Together with reference 32, this work revealed that there can be multiple replication origins in the chromosome of a prokaryote. |
10.1126/science.288.5474.2212 | 122,101,082 | Despite a rapid increase in the amount of available archaeal sequence information, little is known about the duplication of genetic material in the third domain of life. We identified a single origin of bidirectional replication in Pyrococcus abyssi by means of in silico analyses of cumulative oligomer skew and the ide... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The initial description of a chromosome replication origin in an archaeon. |
10.1073/pnas.0611333104 | 56,728,654 | Relative RNA abundance was measured at different cell-cycle stages in synchronized cultures of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius . Cyclic induction was observed for >160 genes, demonstrating central roles for transcriptional regulation and cell-cycle-specific gene expression in archaeal cell-c... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The first genome-wide transcription map of cell cycle-specific gene expression in an archaeon. |
10.1073/pnas.1113384109 | 57,318,233 | Eukarya and, more recently, some bacteria have been shown to rely on a cytoskeleton-based apparatus to drive chromosome segregation. In contrast, the factors and mechanisms underpinning this fundamental process are underexplored in archaea, the third domain of life. Here we establish that the archaeon Sulfolobus solfat... | 10.1038/nrmicro3077 | The initial characterization of the archaeal genome segregation system, SegAB. |
10.1242/dev.01777 | 122,997,171 | Many oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord are derived from a region of the ventral ventricular zone (VZ) that also gives rise to motoneurons. Cell fate specification in this region depends on sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord and floor plate. There have been suggestions of an additional source(s) of oligodendrocyt... | 10.1038/nrn3386 | References 19–21 collectively identify multiple origins of oligodendrocyte formation in the developing CNS. |
10.1126/science.1103709 | 107,386,366 | Olig1 and Olig2 are closely related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that are expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Olig2 is necessary for the specification of oligodendrocytes, but the biological functions of Olig1 during... | 10.1038/nrn3386 | This study defines myelin repair functions of OLIG1 in mouse models of MS. |
10.1073/pnas.0602813103 | 20,435,966 | Disease-producing mutations of ion channels are usually characterized as producing hyperexcitability or hypoexcitability. We show here that a single mutation can produce hyperexcitability in one neuronal cell type and hypoexcitability in another neuronal cell type. We studied the functional effects of a mutation of sod... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This study demonstrates that the distinct cellular responses of DRG neurons and sympathetic ganglion neurons to expression of mutant Na V 1.7 channel depends on the presence or absence of another sodium channel, Na V 1.8. |
10.1073/pnas.94.4.1527 | 103,834,955 | Membrane excitability in different tissues is due, in large part, to the selective expression of distinct genes encoding the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Although the predominant sodium channels in brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle have been identified, the major sodium channel types responsible for excit... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | The first study to report the major cellular distribution of Na V 1.7. |
10.1113/jphysiol.2002.026559 | 106,875,266 | The TTX‐sensitive Na v 1.7 (PN1) Na + channel α subunit protein is expressed mainly in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones. This study examines immunocytochemically whether it is expressed exclusively or preferentially in nociceptive primary afferent DRG neurones, and determines the electrophysiological propertie... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This study demonstrates the presence of Na V 1.7 in functionally identified nociceptors. |
10.1002/ana.22485 | 122,982,296 | Abstract Objective: Small nerve fiber neuropathy (SFN) often occurs without apparent cause, but no systematic genetic studies have been performed in patients with idiopathic SFN (I‐SFN). We sought to identify a genetic basis for I‐SFN by screening patients with biopsy‐confirmed idiopathic SFN for mutations in the SCN9A... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This study was the first to show that patients with idiopathic SFN can harbour Na V 1.7 variants; it also shows that these variants cause hyperexcitability of DRG neurons. |
10.1073/pnas.0404915101 | 20,436,430 | Nine voltage-gated sodium channels are expressed in complex patterns in mammalian nerve and muscle. Three channels, Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8, and Na v 1.9, are expressed selectively in peripheral damage-sensing neurons. Because there are no selective blockers of these channels, we used gene ablation in mice to examine the fu... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | The first report showing that knockout of Na V 1.7 in DRG neurons impairs acute and inflammatory pain. |
10.1002/ana.21527 | 125,243,145 | Abstract Objective Although axons within neuromas have been shown to produce inappropriate spontaneous ectopic discharges, the molecular basis for pain in patients with neuromas is still not fully understood. Because sodium channels are known to play critical roles in neuronal electrogenesis and hyperexcitability, we e... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This study demonstrates the presence of sodium channels Na V 1.3, Na V 1.7 and Na V 1.8, and activated MAPK1, MAPK3 and MAPK12 within blind axon terminals of painful human neuromas. |
10.1002/ana.21895 | 19,787,485 | Abstract Sodium channel Na V 1.7, encoded by the SCN9A gene, is preferentially expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons, where it amplifies small depolarizations. In studies on a family with inherited erythromelalgia associated with Na V 1.7 gain‐of‐function mutation A863P, we identified a nonsynonymous single‐... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This report identifies and characterizes a common variant of SCN9A that is associated with pain. |
10.1002/ana.21678 | 82,000,006 | Abstract Objective Human and animal studies have shown that Na v 1.7 sodium channels, which are preferentially expressed within nociceptors and sympathetic neurons, play a major role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) has been linked to gain‐of‐function mutations of Na v 1.7. We now r... | 10.1038/nrn3404 | This study identifies the SCN9A mutation V400M in patients who responded to treatment with carbamazepine, and demonstrates that this mutation increases responsiveness to carbamazepine without altering the affinity of the channel to the drug. |
10.1098/rstb.2007.2095 | 79,434,455 | We propose that rostral prefrontal cortex (PFC; approximating area 10) supports a cognitive system that facilitates either stimulus-oriented (SO) or stimulus-independent (SI) attending. SO attending is the behaviour required to concentrate on current sensory input, whereas SI attending is the mental processing that acc... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.111 | This comprehensive review proposes that the role of frontopolar cortex can be better explained by 'gateway' and 'prospective memory' hypotheses. |
10.1126/science.1252254 | 103,176,444 | Selecting the most successful strategy The brain's prefrontal cortex helps us to make decisions in an uncertain and constantly changing environment. Donoso et al. present a model of human reasoning as an algorithm implemented in the prefrontal cortex (see the Perspective by Hare). Brain-imaging experiments supported th... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.111 | This computational and fMRI study reveals the critical role of anterior prefrontal regions in monitoring the relevance of current and alternative behavioural strategies and arbitrating between them. |
10.1073/pnas.1419649112 | 5,763,981 | Brodmann’s area 10 is one of the largest cytoarchitecturally defined regions in the human cerebral cortex, occupying the most anterior part of the prefrontal cortex [frontopolar cortex (FPC)], and is believed to sit atop a prefrontal hierarchy. The crucial contributions that the FPC makes to cognition are unknown. Rode... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.111 | This is a pioneering study investigating the behavioural consequences of lesions of the frontopolar cortex in monkeys. |
10.1073/pnas.1422629112 | 60,281,953 | Frontal pole cortex (FPC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) have close neuroanatomical connections, and imaging studies have shown coactivation or codeactivation of these brain regions during performance of certain tasks. However, they are among the least well-understood regions of the primate brain. One reason for ... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.111 | This is another pioneering study investigating the behavioural consequences of lesions of the frontopolar cortex in monkeys. |
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