Kokoslocke/NACA_4_Digit_for_ML

NACA 4-Digit Airfoil CFD Dataset

Point-cloud CFD solutions for NACA 4-digit airfoils, generated with OpenFOAM v13 (k-ω SST). Intended for training surrogate models that predict steady-state flow fields from airfoil geometry and flow conditions.

Dataset Summary

• ~500 converged cases across 50 distinct NACA 4-digit profiles
• AoA range: −5° to +5°
• Reynolds number range: 100,000 – 500,000
• 10 out-of-distribution (OOD) probe cases at high Re and high AoA for generalization evaluation
• Split strategy: profile-level — all cases for a given airfoil shape belong to a single split, preventing geometry leakage between train/val/test

Airfoil Parameter Space

Parameter	Range
Max camber	0 – 6 % chord
Camber position	20 – 60 % chord
Thickness	8 – 18 % chord
Angle of attack	−5° to +5°
Reynolds number	1 × 10⁵ – 5 × 10⁵
Kinematic viscosity	1 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s

File Format

Each case is stored as a compressed NumPy archive (.npz). The bounding box is chord-normalized with the leading edge at x = 0 and the trailing edge at x = 1.

Spatial domain (bounding box):

x ∈ [−1.5, 3.5]   (1.5c upstream, 2.5c downstream)
y ∈ [−1.5, 1.5]   (1.5c above and below)

Arrays per .npz file

Key	Shape	dtype	Description
x	(N,)	float32	Cell-center x-coordinate
y	(N,)	float32	Cell-center y-coordinate
sdf	(N,)	float32	Signed distance to airfoil surface (≥ 0 outside)
u_init	(N,)	float32	Inlet Ux (uniform initial condition)
v_init	(N,)	float32	Inlet Uy (uniform initial condition)
u	(N,)	float32	Solved x-velocity
v	(N,)	float32	Solved y-velocity
p	(N,)	float32	Kinematic pressure
k	(N,)	float32	Turbulent kinetic energy
omega	(N,)	float32	Specific dissipation rate
nut	(N,)	float32	Turbulent viscosity
reynolds	()	float32	Reynolds number (scalar)
is_wall	(N,)	uint8	1 if cell is adjacent to the airfoil wall, else 0

N varies per case (typically 50,000 – 150,000 cells inside the bounding box).

Airfoil-surface arrays

In addition to the volume point cloud, each file carries a separate surface table with one row per airfoil wall face (M rows, M ≈ N_wall, typically a few hundred). These live on the airfoil surface itself, unlike is_wall which marks the first layer of volume cells sitting just off the wall. Rows are ordered by wall-face index and are mutually aligned.

Key	Shape	dtype	Description
wall_xy	(M, 2)	float32	Wall-face-center coordinates (same frame as x, y)
wall_normal	(M, 2)	float32	Unit surface normal, pointing from the wall into the fluid
wall_shear	(M, 2)	float32	Kinematic wall shear stress vector τ_w / ρ (m²/s²)
wall_p	(M,)	float32	Kinematic surface pressure (m²/s²)
wall_length	(M,)	float32	Face edge length (for surface integration)
wall_cell	(M,)	int64	Owner cell index — links each face back to the volume cloud

Availability: the surface arrays are present for all splits — train, val, test, and ood.

Quantities are kinematic (divided by density, consistent with p), matching OpenFOAM's wallShearStress function object. Multiply by ρ for physical units. Skin friction and pressure coefficients follow directly:

import numpy as np

data = np.load("NACA2412_p3.5_2.0e5.npz")
u_mag = float(np.hypot(data["u_init"][0], data["v_init"][0]))
q = 0.5 * u_mag**2                      # kinematic dynamic pressure
cf = np.linalg.norm(data["wall_shear"], axis=1) / q
cp = data["wall_p"] / q
# Chordwise wall-shear sign flags separation (τ_w,x < 0 → reversed flow):
tau_x = data["wall_shear"][:, 0]

Loading a sample

import numpy as np

data = np.load("NACA2412_p3.5_2.0e5.npz")
x, y = data["x"], data["y"]
u, v, p = data["u"], data["v"], data["p"]
re = float(data["reynolds"])

File Naming Convention

NACA{code}_{sign}{aoa}_{Re}.npz

• {code} — 4-digit NACA identifier (e.g., 2412)
• {sign} — p for positive AoA, n for negative AoA
• {aoa} — angle of attack in degrees (one decimal place)
• {Re} — Reynolds number in scientific notation (e.g., 2.0e5)

Example: NACA2412_p3.5_2.0e5.npz → NACA 2412 airfoil, AoA = +3.5°, Re = 200,000.

Dataset Structure

NACA_4_digit_for_ml/
├── README.md
├── metadata.csv           # Per-case tabular summary (see below)
└── *.npz                  # One file per converged case

metadata.csv columns

Column	Description
case_id	Matches the .npz filename stem
aoa_deg	Angle of attack in degrees
reynolds	Reynolds number
u_inlet_x	Inlet x-velocity component
u_inlet_y	Inlet y-velocity component
u_mag	Inlet velocity magnitude
cl	Lift coefficient (from final converged iteration)
cd	Drag coefficient (from final converged iteration)

Dataset Splits

Splits are profile-level: every case sharing an airfoil code is assigned to one partition only. This ensures the model cannot memorize geometry.

Split	Profiles	Cases
Train	35	~348
Validation	8	~80
Test	7	~70
OOD probe	—	10

The split field is also stored in each case's meta.yaml in the source repository. The OOD cases use airfoil shapes drawn from the training profiles but at Reynolds numbers and angles of attack well outside the training envelope (Re up to ~3 × 10⁷, AoA up to ~17°).

CFD Setup

Setting	Value
Solver	OpenFOAM v13, simpleFoam (steady RANS)
Turbulence model	k-ω SST
Mesh topology	C-mesh with wake refinement aligned to AoA
Convergence criterion	Residuals below threshold; Cl/Cd monitored
Chord length	1 m (normalized)

Only cases that converged within the iteration budget are included. Non-converged cases are logged in the source repository's dataset/rejection_log.csv.

Source

Generated with cfd_data_generator. Mesh and field data produced by the pipeline in dataset/scripts/; ML-ready .npz files assembled by dataset/scripts/build_ml_dataset.py.