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Why is the lowest temperature called absolute zero if it's relative to the frame of reference?	Temperatures such as absolute zero are the same in all reference frames. It's true that an object's overall motion depends on what reference frame you are in (a book on a train will be motionless in the train's frame, but speeding along in the ground frame). And it's true that temperature involves motion. But the moti...	physics	context: physics question: Why is the lowest temperature called absolute zero if it's relative to the frame of reference?	Temperatures such as absolute zero are the same in all reference frames. It's true that an object's overall motion depends on what reference frame you are in (a book on a train will be motionless in the train's frame, but speeding along in the ground frame). And it's true that temperature involves motion. But the moti...
Why will a delivery truck filled with birds sitting on its floor be heavier than a truck with the same birds flying around inside.	If the truck and the birds are the same, they will weigh the same no matter what the birds are doing inside. It seems that when in flight, the birds are not touching anything, so they cannot contribute any weight. But the key is that birds do not magically become weightless by flapping their wings. Gravity still acts ...	physics	context: physics question: Why will a delivery truck filled with birds sitting on its floor be heavier than a truck with the same birds flying around inside.	If the truck and the birds are the same, they will weigh the same no matter what the birds are doing inside. It seems that when in flight, the birds are not touching anything, so they cannot contribute any weight. But the key is that birds do not magically become weightless by flapping their wings. Gravity still acts ...
How can I find accurate science information on the internet?	This is more of a cultural question than a science question. As such, the best I can give you is my educated opinion. Let us look first at the general issue of acquiring accurate information, and then apply it to the internet. An appeal to authority is a logical fallacy. In other words, statements such as, "Dr. Smith ...	society	context: society question: How can I find accurate science information on the internet?	This is more of a cultural question than a science question. As such, the best I can give you is my educated opinion. Let us look first at the general issue of acquiring accurate information, and then apply it to the internet. An appeal to authority is a logical fallacy. In other words, statements such as, "Dr. Smith ...
How can I tell whether my friend's scientific explanation is accurate?	As detailed in an earlier post, the best way to find accurate scientific information is to personally perform controlled experiments and to look up the consensus of unbiased experts as found in academic textbooks, peer reviewed academic journals, and academic/governmental websites. But what if you don't have the time,...	society	context: society question: How can I tell whether my friend's scientific explanation is accurate?	As detailed in an earlier post, the best way to find accurate scientific information is to personally perform controlled experiments and to look up the consensus of unbiased experts as found in academic textbooks, peer reviewed academic journals, and academic/governmental websites. But what if you don't have the time,...
How can I win the lottery?	You can't. There are only two kinds of people who play the lottery: 1) people who get a thrill out of losing money, and 2) people who don't understand basic mathematics. If you think there is a third kind of person ( a "lucky" person, a "gifted" person, etc.), then you definitely are the second type and don't understa...	society	context: society question: How can I win the lottery?	You can't. There are only two kinds of people who play the lottery: 1) people who get a thrill out of losing money, and 2) people who don't understand basic mathematics. If you think there is a third kind of person ( a "lucky" person, a "gifted" person, etc.), then you definitely are the second type and don't understa...
How can science solve all of our problems?	Science can not solve all of our problems. While scientific understanding can help battle things like disease, hunger, and poverty when applied properly, it does not do so completely and automatically. Furthermore, there are many areas of life where science can have little impact. Let us look at some of the reasons wh...	society	context: society question: How can science solve all of our problems?	Science can not solve all of our problems. While scientific understanding can help battle things like disease, hunger, and poverty when applied properly, it does not do so completely and automatically. Furthermore, there are many areas of life where science can have little impact. Let us look at some of the reasons wh...
How did Albert Einstein flunk math and still end up so smart?	There is no record of Einstein flunking or ever getting low marks in math. Albert Einstein was an all-around good student with exceptional grades in math and science, according to the biography written by Albrecht Folsing. The statement that Einstein was a poor student is pure myth. Another version of this myth states...	society	context: society question: How did Albert Einstein flunk math and still end up so smart?	There is no record of Einstein flunking or ever getting low marks in math. Albert Einstein was an all-around good student with exceptional grades in math and science, according to the biography written by Albrecht Folsing. The statement that Einstein was a poor student is pure myth. Another version of this myth states...
How many years do we have until the earth becomes so over-populated that people won't be allowed to have children?	The earth is not in an immediate danger of over-population. This misconception has been around for centuries. Over-population alarmism is driven by various political and environmental ideologies. In 1980, a brief boom in births globally lead some activists to proclaim that if trends continued, calamity would ensue. Th...	society	context: society question: How many years do we have until the earth becomes so over-populated that people won't be allowed to have children?	The earth is not in an immediate danger of over-population. This misconception has been around for centuries. Over-population alarmism is driven by various political and environmental ideologies. In 1980, a brief boom in births globally lead some activists to proclaim that if trends continued, calamity would ensue. Th...
I watched a science documentary and then came up with my own theory. Where can I get it published?	First of all, let's get the terminology right. In science, a "theory" is a set of mathematical equations that have been verified by experiment. In everyday language, we use the word "theory" to mean a guess, but in science it only means ideas that have already been confirmed by physical observations. In contrast, a "h...	society	context: society question: I watched a science documentary and then came up with my own theory. Where can I get it published?	First of all, let's get the terminology right. In science, a "theory" is a set of mathematical equations that have been verified by experiment. In everyday language, we use the word "theory" to mean a guess, but in science it only means ideas that have already been confirmed by physical observations. In contrast, a "h...
What is the most harmful drug to society?	According to a 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD), the most harmful and damaging drug to society is alcohol. Alcohol beat out such heavy hitters as cocaine, LSD, heroine, and tobacco. Note that this does not mean that alcohol is more toxic to the human body gram for gram than these othe...	society	context: society question: What is the most harmful drug to society?	According to a 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD), the most harmful and damaging drug to society is alcohol. Alcohol beat out such heavy hitters as cocaine, LSD, heroine, and tobacco. Note that this does not mean that alcohol is more toxic to the human body gram for gram than these othe...
What makes x so special that you see it all the time in equations?	From a purely mathematical perspective, there is absolutely nothing special about choosing the letter x as your label for a variable. Labels are used in mathematics to represent numbers that are not yet known or can change (variables), a collection of numbers (functions and vectors), and numbers that are known but are...	society	context: society question: What makes x so special that you see it all the time in equations?	From a purely mathematical perspective, there is absolutely nothing special about choosing the letter x as your label for a variable. Labels are used in mathematics to represent numbers that are not yet known or can change (variables), a collection of numbers (functions and vectors), and numbers that are known but are...
What part of China do fortune cookies come from?	Fortune cookies do not come from China. Fortune cookies have never been made in China, except for a short-lived attempt in 1992 by American businessman. In a short-lived venture, these businessmen attempted to sell fortune cookies to the Chinese under the name "American cookies". Other than this failed attempt, Fortun...	society	context: society question: What part of China do fortune cookies come from?	Fortune cookies do not come from China. Fortune cookies have never been made in China, except for a short-lived attempt in 1992 by American businessman. In a short-lived venture, these businessmen attempted to sell fortune cookies to the Chinese under the name "American cookies". Other than this failed attempt, Fortun...
What part of France invented French toast?	The French did not invent French toast. Rather, it was Americans who gave the name "French Toast" to this dish because French immigrants in America popularized the dishe. In fact, French toast was invented long before France even existed. The first known recorded recipe for French toast comes from Rome around 300 A.D....	society	context: society question: What part of France invented French toast?	The French did not invent French toast. Rather, it was Americans who gave the name "French Toast" to this dish because French immigrants in America popularized the dishe. In fact, French toast was invented long before France even existed. The first known recorded recipe for French toast comes from Rome around 300 A.D....
What part of Germany does German chocolate cake come from?	German chocolate cake does not come from Germany. According to the book "The Baker Chocolate Company: A Sweet History" by historian Anthony M. Sammarco, the cake uses a chocolate baking bar invented by an American named Sam German. The cake is named after this man, and not the country. In 1852, Sam German developed a ...	society	context: society question: What part of Germany does German chocolate cake come from?	German chocolate cake does not come from Germany. According to the book "The Baker Chocolate Company: A Sweet History" by historian Anthony M. Sammarco, the cake uses a chocolate baking bar invented by an American named Sam German. The cake is named after this man, and not the country. In 1852, Sam German developed a ...
When will the technological singularity occur?	If real-world science is used instead of wishful thinking, then a technological singularity will never occur. The technological singularity is a hypothetical event where advances in technology become essentially infinite. If the power of technology doubles every two years, then in two years it will be twice as powerfu...	society	context: society question: When will the technological singularity occur?	If real-world science is used instead of wishful thinking, then a technological singularity will never occur. The technological singularity is a hypothetical event where advances in technology become essentially infinite. If the power of technology doubles every two years, then in two years it will be twice as powerfu...
When will the written word become obsolete?	Despite advances in technology, the written word will never become obsolete because it has many advantages besides the fact that it is technologically simple. Of all the ways to convey ideas and communicate, the main two methods are the spoken word and the written word. The written word has long dominated over the spo...	society	context: society question: When will the written word become obsolete?	Despite advances in technology, the written word will never become obsolete because it has many advantages besides the fact that it is technologically simple. Of all the ways to convey ideas and communicate, the main two methods are the spoken word and the written word. The written word has long dominated over the spo...
Who invented the scientific method?	There is not one scientific method. The existence of one, golden-standard scientific method is a myth perpetuated by elementary school textbooks in an effort to make science accessible to young students. This myth is chronicled in the book "Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method" by Henry H. Bauer. ...	society	context: society question: Who invented the scientific method?	There is not one scientific method. The existence of one, golden-standard scientific method is a myth perpetuated by elementary school textbooks in an effort to make science accessible to young students. This myth is chronicled in the book "Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method" by Henry H. Bauer. ...
Why are refried beans cooked twice?	Refried beans are not cooked twice; they are only cooked once. According to the book "American Regional Cuisine" by The Art Institutes, this misnomer results from the fact that that the prefix "re-" means "very" in Spanish, but Americans misunderstand it to mean "again". The name "refritos" therefore means "very fried...	society	context: society question: Why are refried beans cooked twice?	Refried beans are not cooked twice; they are only cooked once. According to the book "American Regional Cuisine" by The Art Institutes, this misnomer results from the fact that that the prefix "re-" means "very" in Spanish, but Americans misunderstand it to mean "again". The name "refritos" therefore means "very fried...
Why are scientists atheists?	Scientists are not necessarily atheists. According to a 2009 Pew poll, 59% of scientists believe there is a God or higher power. In other words, the majority of scientists are not atheists. This makes sense because there is nothing fundamental in science that would require a good scientist to turn away all religion. S...	society	context: society question: Why are scientists atheists?	Scientists are not necessarily atheists. According to a 2009 Pew poll, 59% of scientists believe there is a God or higher power. In other words, the majority of scientists are not atheists. This makes sense because there is nothing fundamental in science that would require a good scientist to turn away all religion. S...
Why do most international phone calls and data links go through satellites?	Actually, most international phone calls and data links these days do not go through satellites. Instead, telecommunication signals go across earth's oceans through cables running along the bottom of the oceans. Transoceanic submarine cables have existed since 1858 when they were first introduced in order to carry tel...	society	context: society question: Why do most international phone calls and data links go through satellites?	Actually, most international phone calls and data links these days do not go through satellites. Instead, telecommunication signals go across earth's oceans through cables running along the bottom of the oceans. Transoceanic submarine cables have existed since 1858 when they were first introduced in order to carry tel...
Why do people believe in conspiracy theories?	People are all different, so the reasons for them believing in conspiracies cover a broad range of factors. In general, though, people tend to believe in conspiracies because of helplessness. Ted Goertzel, professor of sociology at Rutgers University, found that belief in conspiracy theories is strongly linked to inse...	society	context: society question: Why do people believe in conspiracy theories?	People are all different, so the reasons for them believing in conspiracies cover a broad range of factors. In general, though, people tend to believe in conspiracies because of helplessness. Ted Goertzel, professor of sociology at Rutgers University, found that belief in conspiracy theories is strongly linked to inse...
Why do scientists write so well?	From my experience, scientists do not write spectacularly well. As a peer reviewer of physics journal articles, and as a supervisor of student dissertations, I have often been shocked at the poor grammar, spelling, and formatting of scientists' manuscripts. Too often, my evaluation of a paper as a peer reviewer has ef...	society	context: society question: Why do scientists write so well?	From my experience, scientists do not write spectacularly well. As a peer reviewer of physics journal articles, and as a supervisor of student dissertations, I have often been shocked at the poor grammar, spelling, and formatting of scientists' manuscripts. Too often, my evaluation of a paper as a peer reviewer has ef...
Why is speculation forbidden in science?	Speculation is not completely forbidden in science. In fact, used at the proper stage of science (hypothesis-forming), clever speculation can be quite useful. Speculation is so easy and tempting in settings where it leads more to errors than to accurate information, that most often speculation in science is discourage...	society	context: society question: Why is speculation forbidden in science?	Speculation is not completely forbidden in science. In fact, used at the proper stage of science (hypothesis-forming), clever speculation can be quite useful. Speculation is so easy and tempting in settings where it leads more to errors than to accurate information, that most often speculation in science is discourage...
Can a star turn into a planet?	Yes, a star can turn into a planet, but this transformation only happens for a very particular type of star known as a brown dwarf. Some scientists do not consider brown dwarfs to be true stars because they do not have enough mass to ignite the nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen. At the same time, some scientists do ...	space	context: space question: Can a star turn into a planet?	Yes, a star can turn into a planet, but this transformation only happens for a very particular type of star known as a brown dwarf. Some scientists do not consider brown dwarfs to be true stars because they do not have enough mass to ignite the nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen. At the same time, some scientists do ...
Galaxies look stationary, so why do scientists say that they rotate?	Galaxies do indeed rotate. This rotation is what gives typical galaxies a flattened round shape, a bit like how throwing and spinning pizza dough makes it round and flat. In terms of the tangential speed of its parts, galaxies rotate at an incredibly high speed. For instance, our entire solar system speeds along at ab...	space	context: space question: Galaxies look stationary, so why do scientists say that they rotate?	Galaxies do indeed rotate. This rotation is what gives typical galaxies a flattened round shape, a bit like how throwing and spinning pizza dough makes it round and flat. In terms of the tangential speed of its parts, galaxies rotate at an incredibly high speed. For instance, our entire solar system speeds along at ab...
Have aliens ever visited earth?	According to the findings of mainstream science, aliens have never visited the earth. Despite the whimsical fantasies of fictional works and the confusion of supposed eye-witnesses, there is no credible scientific evidence that aliens have ever visited the earth. Aliens did not visit the earth anciently and build the ...	space	context: space question: Have aliens ever visited earth?	According to the findings of mainstream science, aliens have never visited the earth. Despite the whimsical fantasies of fictional works and the confusion of supposed eye-witnesses, there is no credible scientific evidence that aliens have ever visited the earth. Aliens did not visit the earth anciently and build the ...
How do space probes make it past the asteroid belt without crashing into asteroids?	The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter contains millions of asteroids, but a space probe has never had to worry about hitting into one on its way to the outer planets. The reason for this is because space is so big and so empty when it comes to macroscopic objects such as planets and asteroids. Outer space is cram...	space	context: space question: How do space probes make it past the asteroid belt without crashing into asteroids?	The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter contains millions of asteroids, but a space probe has never had to worry about hitting into one on its way to the outer planets. The reason for this is because space is so big and so empty when it comes to macroscopic objects such as planets and asteroids. Outer space is cram...
How do stars move when viewed from a speeding space ship?	During space travel, the stars don't move or stream past you. The reason for this is that the stars are so immensely far away from you. Consider driving along the highway. The trees at the edge of the road whoosh passed you at an alarming rate as you speed forward, but the distant mountains hardly move at all. All sta...	space	context: space question: How do stars move when viewed from a speeding space ship?	During space travel, the stars don't move or stream past you. The reason for this is that the stars are so immensely far away from you. Consider driving along the highway. The trees at the edge of the road whoosh passed you at an alarming rate as you speed forward, but the distant mountains hardly move at all. All sta...
How long before the expansion of the universe causes our earth to drift away from the sun?	The expansion of the universe does not affect the relative position of astronomical bodies within galaxies. It is true that the universe is expanding, but this does not alter the distance between the earth and the sun. It also does not affect the distance between atoms. The expansion of the universe is partly caused b...	space	context: space question: How long before the expansion of the universe causes our earth to drift away from the sun?	The expansion of the universe does not affect the relative position of astronomical bodies within galaxies. It is true that the universe is expanding, but this does not alter the distance between the earth and the sun. It also does not affect the distance between atoms. The expansion of the universe is partly caused b...
How long can a human in outer space last without a spacesuit before exploding?	Humans don't explode in space. Even though outer space represents a lack of air pressure, which usually counters the internal pressure in our bodies, our tissue is strong enough to handle the imbalance. According to Richard Harding's book "Survival in Space," the blood vessels can withstand the internal pressure witho...	space	context: space question: How long can a human in outer space last without a spacesuit before exploding?	Humans don't explode in space. Even though outer space represents a lack of air pressure, which usually counters the internal pressure in our bodies, our tissue is strong enough to handle the imbalance. According to Richard Harding's book "Survival in Space," the blood vessels can withstand the internal pressure witho...
Since one satellite can see half of the earth, why do we need more than two satellites in a given network?	A satellite in orbit around the earth cannot see half of the earth because of a simple geometric effect known as perspective. As shown in the diagram, when an observer is looking at a sphere, he can only see the portion of the sphere that lies in front of the points where his line of sight is tangential to the sphere....	space	context: space question: Since one satellite can see half of the earth, why do we need more than two satellites in a given network?	A satellite in orbit around the earth cannot see half of the earth because of a simple geometric effect known as perspective. As shown in the diagram, when an observer is looking at a sphere, he can only see the portion of the sphere that lies in front of the points where his line of sight is tangential to the sphere....
What is the overall electric charge of the universe?	It is impossible to conclusively measure the overall electric charge of the universe since the universe is infinite. However, the laws of physics, extrapolations of local measurements, and simple reasoning seem to all tell us that the overall electric charge of the universe is exactly zero. In other words, there is ex...	space	context: space question: What is the overall electric charge of the universe?	It is impossible to conclusively measure the overall electric charge of the universe since the universe is infinite. However, the laws of physics, extrapolations of local measurements, and simple reasoning seem to all tell us that the overall electric charge of the universe is exactly zero. In other words, there is ex...
What makes the Great Wall of China the only man-made object visible from space?	The Great Wall of China is not visible to the naked eye from space, even in low-earth orbit, according to NASA. Even though the wall is very long, it is also very thin, making it essentially invisible. In fact, no man-made objects are visible from space by the naked eye, according to astronauts. The earth is a very bi...	space	context: space question: What makes the Great Wall of China the only man-made object visible from space?	The Great Wall of China is not visible to the naked eye from space, even in low-earth orbit, according to NASA. Even though the wall is very long, it is also very thin, making it essentially invisible. In fact, no man-made objects are visible from space by the naked eye, according to astronauts. The earth is a very bi...
Where is the edge of the universe?	As far as we can tell, there is no edge to the universe. Space spreads out infinitely in all directions. Furthermore, galaxies fill all of the space through-out the entire infinite universe. This conclusion is reached by logically combining two observations. First, the part of the universe that we can see is uniform a...	space	context: space question: Where is the edge of the universe?	As far as we can tell, there is no edge to the universe. Space spreads out infinitely in all directions. Furthermore, galaxies fill all of the space through-out the entire infinite universe. This conclusion is reached by logically combining two observations. First, the part of the universe that we can see is uniform a...
Which space movie has the most accurate physics?	In order to objectively answer this question, let's list the most common physics principles that movies get wrong and then judge the movies one principle at a time. Because the principles of physics apply universally to all galaxies, the excuse of "advanced technology" cannot be used to explain away physics errors in ...	space	context: space question: Which space movie has the most accurate physics?	In order to objectively answer this question, let's list the most common physics principles that movies get wrong and then judge the movies one principle at a time. Because the principles of physics apply universally to all galaxies, the excuse of "advanced technology" cannot be used to explain away physics errors in ...
Why are stars not blurred even though the earth is moving?	Stars are blurred when viewed from earth. We just don't notice it much with our naked eyes because of the high temporal and low spatial resolution of the human visual system. Take a glow stick, sparkler, or flashlight and spin it very quickly in the dark. You don't see an individual object anymore, but see instead a c...	space	context: space question: Why are stars not blurred even though the earth is moving?	Stars are blurred when viewed from earth. We just don't notice it much with our naked eyes because of the high temporal and low spatial resolution of the human visual system. Take a glow stick, sparkler, or flashlight and spin it very quickly in the dark. You don't see an individual object anymore, but see instead a c...
Why did NASA spend millions developing a pen that would work in space when a pencil is just as good?	NASA did not spend millions developing a space pen. The first U.S. astronauts did indeed use pencils and not pens, according to the NASA History Program Office. After a private inventor (Paul Fisher) developed a space pen on his own, he attempted to sell the pens to NASA. At first NASA refused the offer. Pencils lead ...	space	context: space question: Why did NASA spend millions developing a pen that would work in space when a pencil is just as good?	NASA did not spend millions developing a space pen. The first U.S. astronauts did indeed use pencils and not pens, according to the NASA History Program Office. After a private inventor (Paul Fisher) developed a space pen on his own, he attempted to sell the pens to NASA. At first NASA refused the offer. Pencils lead ...
Why do the spikes that shoot out of stars form perfect crosses?	The crossed spikes that you see in some images of stars are not actually parts of the stars. They are imaging artifacts that are created by the telescope itself and are called diffraction spikes. Certain telescopes have a large primary mirror that focuses the incoming beam of light onto a secondary mirror or a sensor ...	space	context: space question: Why do the spikes that shoot out of stars form perfect crosses?	The crossed spikes that you see in some images of stars are not actually parts of the stars. They are imaging artifacts that are created by the telescope itself and are called diffraction spikes. Certain telescopes have a large primary mirror that focuses the incoming beam of light onto a secondary mirror or a sensor ...
You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task. This task is about using the specified sentence and converting the sentence to Resource Description Framework (RDF) triplets of the form (subject, predicate object). The RDF triplets generated must be such that the triplets accurately capture ...	[ ["AFC Ajax (amateurs)", "has ground", "Sportpark De Toekomst"], ["Ajax Youth Academy", "plays at", "Sportpark De Toekomst"] ]		You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task. This task is about using the specified sentence and converting the sentence to Resource Description Framework (RDF) triplets of the form (subject, predicate object). The RDF triplets generated must be such that the triplets accurately capture ...	[ ["AFC Ajax (amateurs)", "has ground", "Sportpark De Toekomst"], ["Ajax Youth Academy", "plays at", "Sportpark De Toekomst"] ]
Generate an approximately fifteen-word sentence that describes all this data: Midsummer House eatType restaurant; Midsummer House food Chinese; Midsummer House priceRange moderate; Midsummer House customer rating 3 out of 5; Midsummer House near All Bar One	Midsummer House is a moderately priced Chinese restaurant with a 3/5 customer rating, located near All Bar One.	You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.	context: You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer. question: Generate an approximately fifteen-word sentence that describes all this data: Midsummer House eatType restaurant; Midsummer House food Chinese; Midsummer House priceRange moderate; Midsummer House custome...	Midsummer House is a moderately priced Chinese restaurant with a 3/5 customer rating, located near All Bar One.