id stringlengths 7 21 | domain stringclasses 31
values | text_type stringclasses 2
values | original_text stringlengths 20 8.57k | prompt listlengths 2 2 | ground_truth stringclasses 2
values | prompt_len int64 156 2.05k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
human_2209 | roct | human | I was tending to my garden. My kumquat tree had just bloomed. I went to go tend to it. I realized there were hundreds of bees swarming the tree. I realized I should be careful during blooming season! | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 199 |
human_2210 | roct | human | Tim caught a show on television. He really got into it. He went online to learn more about it. He found out there were tons of older episodes. Tim binge watched everything. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 187 |
human_2211 | roct | human | Tony wanted to eat some soup. Tony cut his finger while opening the soup can. While waiting for his soup, he heard a pop in the microwave. He found that soup was all over the inside of his microwave. Tony angrily ate what was left of his soup. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 204 |
human_2212 | roct | human | It was Kelli's wedding. She was going to marry her boyfriend of three years. But her makeup was taking a long time. Before she knew it she was an hour late. By the time she walked down the aisle her friends were furious. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 200 |
human_2213 | roct | human | Mavis always wanted to be a chef for the stars. She had gone to school for the culinary arts. She was a great cook. Mavis really wanted to be close to celebrities. She got her wish when she was called to cook for a TV reporter. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 203 |
human_2214 | roct | human | Jess woke up in the morning late for work. Jess skipped her breakfast so she could catch the bus. Jess made it to work on time but felt very hungry. While working at her desk, Jess felt lightheaded. Jess ate a very large lunch because she was so hungry. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 208 |
human_2215 | roct | human | Jeff's family left for a vacation while he had to stay home to work. Each day they sent him pictures and called him. He was left to stay with the dogs and do chores around the house. They saw the Grand Canyon and went swimming. They returned home and Jeff was ready for them to leave again. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 213 |
human_2216 | roct | human | Tony was a part of a social group. She was a newcomer. She began to be treated differently than the rest. She worked hard at becoming a better friend to the group. She became the leader of the group. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 194 |
human_2217 | roct | human | Will Smith was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended Overbrook High School. Before graduating, he released a rap record. He became a Grammy nominated rapper and eventually started acting. Will is now an A-list blockbuster movie superstar. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 198 |
human_2218 | roct | human | William grew up with a reputation for trying to take people's money. Now he is 41-years-old and has something to sell. His boss gave him two tickets to a Kevin Hart comedy show. William posted on facebook he bought Kevin Hart tickets but can't go. A friend bought the tickets for 80, close to market value of 100. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 225 |
human_2219 | roct | human | Gary entered a hot dog eating contest. He ate one hundred hot dogs in thirty minutes. He won the hot dog eating contest and set a new record. He didn't know he was so good at eating. Next weekend he is competing in the world hot dog eating championship. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 205 |
human_2220 | roct | human | One day I went on a strange 2 week diet. I had only grapefruit and coffee for breakfast. Lunch and dinner was either beef, chicken or fish. I did not lose any weight, and was very frustrated. I went on a more sensible diet and lost 20 pounds. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 209 |
human_2221 | roct | human | Ahmed and Holly were watching a scary movie. Suddenly the power went out and Holly screamed! Ahmed laughed at her while he went to check the fuse box. A bit later the lights came back and Ahmed came back, still laughing. Holly felt silly when she realized she had nothing to be scared of. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 210 |
human_2222 | roct | human | Amy worked at home as a customer service representative. There was a caller who wanted a discount on her purchase. Amy offered what she could but the lady wanted more. Amy asked in the chat room for a supervisor to give more discounts. As Amy waited for an answer the caller hung up on her. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 210 |
human_2223 | roct | human | Jed and his girlfriend were going out to a movie. They spent an hour getting nicely dressed up. They got in their car and began to drive. They turned on the radio and heard the theater was closed from rain. The couple turned around and went back home. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 203 |
human_2224 | roct | human | Jessica wanted to do something big for her 30th birthday. She thought maybe she would go skydiving. She talked to some of her friends and they all agreed to go. Jessica bought the tickets and met up with her friends. They all went skydiving and had a great time. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 211 |
human_2225 | roct | human | Danielle used to love doing all kinds of activities. She loved crafts, sports, reading and more. There wasn't really anything she didn't like. As she got older and got a job, the repetitive nature made her bitter. She didn't like to do anything anymore. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 205 |
human_2226 | roct | human | The Turner family goes on a camping trip every year. This year they decided to camp in the mountains. Unfortunately, Mr Turner was called into work for a business meeting. The camping trip was delayed for a day. However, the camping trip was successfully despite the delay. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 204 |
human_2227 | roct | human | Nia is a young newborn. One day Nia starts vomiting. She vomits until her vomit becomes dark green. Her parents take her to the hospital. They give Nia medicine and she gets better. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 193 |
human_2228 | roct | human | Pete was a big music fan. He loved spending time at local record stores. He was upset when many of them started closing their doors. His friend suggested he start frequenting swap meets. Pete found lots of good albums at local swap meets. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 199 |
human_2229 | roct | human | I pan seared some tilapia today. First I steamed some vegetables and rice to go with it. I heated some olive oil and butter in a pan. Then I added the fillets and coated on some seasoning. It came out nice and crunchy! | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 202 |
human_2230 | roct | human | Julie found a stray dog on the side of the road. She tried to find an owner with no luck. She decided to keep the dog. One day, she heard squealing. The dog had given birth to puppies! | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 195 |
human_2231 | roct | human | A new roommate moved into my apartment. He was one of the nicest people I have ever met. Unfortunately, he snored so loudly that I could not sleep. I finally confronted him about his snoring. He was so nice that he bought me earplugs to wear at night. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 209 |
human_2232 | roct | human | It was Sam's birthday yesterday. She got a birthday cake and presents. Everyone had fun except for her. She cried. She couldn't get over the fact that she was so old. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 188 |
human_2233 | roct | human | We were crossing the plains and following the wildebeest migration. Ours was the only truck we could see in all directions. After stopping to take pictures, the truck would not start. Our driver got out to fix it and scared a herd of hyenas in the grass. The driver fixed the truck and continued on to our lodge. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 219 |
human_2234 | roct | human | Charles had always wanted to eat Chinese food. Finally he decided to try some at a Chinese restaurant. Charles ate many delicious dishes of food. He felt satisfied. Charles was happy that he had finally eaten Chinese food. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 193 |
human_2235 | roct | human | During winter break, I went to the mall with a few friends. We ate dinner and walked around the outlet stores. Before we left, we decided to go to the bathroom. Although it was hard to believe, I ran into other friends. We talked for a little bit and exchanged phone numbers. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 210 |
human_2236 | roct | human | When Rex was 70 years old, he retired. He had been looking forward to retirement all of his life. He sat in his armchair and thought about all the fun things to do. Instead, he sat there and did nothing. He missed his old job tremendously. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 206 |
human_2237 | roct | human | Bob was throwing a party. He made lots of food. However he couldn't find the chips. He looked everywhere. He finally found them chewed up by the dog's dish. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 187 |
human_2238 | roct | human | Tom was a college student. He noticed his classmates were better dressed than himself. Tom went shopping for new clothes. Tom spent hours at the mall. Tom left with a whole new wardrobe. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 188 |
human_2239 | roct | human | Claire was an opiate addict. She couldn't keep the needle out of her arm. She went into the bathroom and shot up her final hit. It was too much for her to handle and she overdosed. Her husband found her purple and dead in the bathroom an hour later. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 207 |
human_2240 | roct | human | Eddie was known as a violent man. He often beat up his woman. Eddie should have known that he was wrong. He continued beating his woman, but she soon got wise. After going to jail, Eddie was not allowed to return home. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 199 |
human_2241 | roct | human | My neighbor came over for tea this morning. She sat down on my couch while I prepared it. Carefully, I placed the tea next to her. When she picked it up she shook, spilling tea everywhere. I awkwardly apologized to her for no good reason. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 205 |
human_2242 | roct | human | Ray enjoyed going outside. But it was too time consuming to walk everywhere. So he decided to buy a bike. He was able to quickly get to where he wanted. And his constant cycling made his legs very strong. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 194 |
human_2243 | roct | human | Elliot was in line at the bank to deposit a check. All of a sudden, the man next to him pulled out a gun. The robber started grabbing money from the tills. Before the bank robber could get away, the police had already arrived. The robber was arrested and Elliot was able to deposit his check. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 214 |
human_2244 | roct | human | A few days ago, I had been walking to the park. When I arrived, I saw some strange men running quickly towards me. I tried to walk away from them but they started threatening me. When I left, I spoke to the police about them. The police spoke to the men and made them leave. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 213 |
human_2245 | roct | human | My elderly mother-in-law was alarmed to see a virus warning on her PC. She clicked on the link and read that the PC had thousands of viruses. She was asked to pay hundreds of dollars and decided to call me. I found out it was a fraudulent scheme to charge people for nothing. We reported this to the state Attorney Gener... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 221 |
human_2246 | roct | human | I had a crush on a girl at church. Christina was four years younger than I. Her father owned a restaurant in Chinatown. I ate at the restaurant and asked her out. She declined, and we never spoke again. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 196 |
human_2247 | roct | human | Jane wanted to get a tattoo. She chose a sensitive area. The tattoo artist advised against it. Jane decided to do it anyway. It hurt so much she cried. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 184 |
human_2248 | roct | human | Mia had a warrant for her arrest. Her thought was to move far away. She felt this would eliminate her need to look over her shoulder. She packed up all her things and moved. Now Mia lives carefree without worry. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 196 |
human_2249 | roct | human | Justin was laid off from work. He saw a job posting from the local jail. Justin was qualified to be a prison guard. He went through the application process. The jail hired Justin. | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 188 |
human_2250 | sci | human | In order to cope with the rapidly increasing service demand in cellular networks, more cells are needed with better resource usage efficiency. This poses challenges for the network planning since service demand in practical networks is not geographically uniform and, to cope with the non-uniform service demand, network... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 346 |
human_2251 | sci | human | A major challenge for social event organizers (e.g., event planning and marketing companies, venues) is attracting the maximum number of participants, since it has great impact on the success of the event, and, consequently, the expected gains (e.g., revenue, artistbrand publicity). In this paper, we introduce the Soci... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 309 |
human_2252 | sci | human | Importance of visual context in scene understanding tasks is well recognized in the computer vision community. However, to what extent the computer vision models for image classification and semantic segmentation are dependent on the context to make their predictions is unclear. A model overly relying on context will f... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 363 |
human_2253 | sci | human | Plastic waste is filling our oceans at an exponential rate. The situation is catastrophic and has now garnered worldwide attention. Despite the catastrophic conditions, little to no robotics research is conducted in the identification, collection, sorting, and removal of plastic waste from oceans and rivers and at the ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 294 |
human_2254 | sci | human | This paper considers the stability of online learning algorithms and its implications for learnability (bounded regret). We introduce a novel quantity called forward regret that intuitively measures how good an online learning algorithm is if it is allowed a one-step look-ahead into the future. We show that given stabi... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 414 |
human_2255 | sci | human | Botnets have come a long way since their inception a few decades ago.Originally toy programs written by network hobbyists, modern-day botnets can beused by cyber criminals to steal billions of dollars from users, corporations,and governments. This paper will look at cutting-edge botnet features anddetection strategies ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 242 |
human_2256 | sci | human | Future extreme-scale computer systems may expose silent data corruption (SDC) to applications, in order to save energy or increase performance. However, resilience research struggles to come up with useful abstract programming models for reasoning about SDC. Existing work randomly flips bits in running applications, bu... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 378 |
human_2257 | sci | human | The next frontier towards truly ubiquitous connectivity is the use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) small-satellite constellations to support 5G and Beyond-5G (B5G) networks. Besides enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC), LEO constellations can support ultra-reliable communications (UR... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 331 |
human_2258 | sci | human | It was shown before that the NP-hard problem of deterministic finite automata (DFA) identification can be effectively translated to Boolean satisfiability (SAT). Modern SAT-solvers can tackle hard DFA identification instances efficiently. We present a technique to reduce the problem search space by enforcing an enumera... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 342 |
human_2259 | sci | human | A normalizing flow models a complex probability density as an invertible transformation of a simple density. The invertibility means that we can evaluate densities and generate samples from a flow. In practice, autoregressive flow-based models are slow to invert, making either density estimation or sample generation sl... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 298 |
human_2260 | sci | human | It has been shown that for a dcpo P , the Scott closure of c (P) in (P) is a consistent Hoare powerdomain of P , where c (P) is the family of nonempty, consistent and Scott closed subsets of P , and (P) is the collection of all nonempty Scott closed subsets of P . In this paper, by introducing the notion of a - existin... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 334 |
human_2261 | sci | human | Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lifetime disease that arises in children. Accurate estimation of Cobb angles of the scoliosis is essential for clinicians to make diagnosis and treatment decisions. The Cobb angles are measured according to the vertebrae landmarks. Existing regression-based methods for the ver... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 334 |
human_2262 | sci | human | Segmentation of the left atrial chamber and assessing its morphology, are essential for improving our understanding of atrial fibrillation, the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. Automation of this process in 3D gadolinium enhanced-MRI (GE-MRI) data is desirable, as manual delineation is time-consuming, challengin... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 394 |
human_2263 | sci | human | The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an important technique both in datacompression and in the design of compact indexing data structures. It has beengeneralized from single strings to collections of strings and some classes oflabeled directed graphs, such as tries and de Bruijn graphs. The BWTs ofrepetitive datasets... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 300 |
human_2264 | sci | human | In this paper, we analyze the outage performance of two multicarrier relay selection schemes, i.e. bulk and per-subcarrier selections, for two-hop orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. To provide a comprehensive analysis, three forwarding protocols: decode-and-forward (DF), fixed-gain (FG) amplify-... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 295 |
human_2265 | sci | human | We study random string-duplication systems, which we call Polya string models. These are motivated by DNA storage in living organisms, and certain random mutation processes that affect their genome. Unlike previous works that study the combinatorial capacity of string-duplication systems, or various string statistics, ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 287 |
human_2266 | sci | human | Semi-supervised learning methods based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) obtained strong empirical results, but it is not clear 1) how the discriminator benefits from joint training with a generator, and 2) why good semi-supervised classification performance and a good generator cannot be obtained at the same t... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 293 |
human_2267 | sci | human | One of the major challenges in multivariate analysis is the estimation of population covariance matrix from sample covariance matrix (SCM). Most recent covariance matrix estimators use either shrinkage transformations or asymptotic results from Random Matrix Theory (RMT). Shrinkage techniques help in pulling extreme co... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 450 |
human_2268 | sci | human | Recent works examine the relationship between the communication structure and the performance of a group in a problem solving task. Some conclude that inefficient communication networks with long paths outperform efficient networks on the long run. Others find no influence of the network topology on group performance. ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 297 |
human_2269 | sci | human | This paper introduces an extension of Answer Set Programming called Preference Set Constraint Programming which is a convenient and general formalism to reason with preferences. PSC programming extends Set Constraint Programming introduced by Marek and Remmel by introducing two types of preference set constraint atoms,... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 274 |
human_2270 | sci | human | In crowdsourcing when there is a lack of verification for contributed answers, output agreement mechanisms are often used to incentivize participants to provide truthful answers when the correct answer is hold by the majority. In this paper, we focus on using output agreement mechanisms to elicit effort, in addition to... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 329 |
human_2271 | sci | human | We study zero-sum (combinatorial) games, within the framework of so-called Richman auctions (Lazarus et al. 1996) namely, we modify the alternating play scoring ruleset Cumulative Subtraction (CS) (Cohensius et al. 2019), to a discrete bidding scheme (similar to Develin and Payne 2010). Players bid to move and the play... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 404 |
human_2272 | sci | human | To effectively train medical students to become qualified radiologists, a large number of X-ray images collected from patients with diverse medical conditions are needed. However, due to data privacy concerns, such images are typically difficult to obtain. To address this problem, we develop methods to generate view-co... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 483 |
human_2273 | sci | human | A classic setting of the stochastic K -armed bandit problem is considered in this note. In this problem it has been known that KL-UCB policy achieves the asymptotically optimal regret bound and KL-UCB policy empirically performs better than the KL-UCB policy although the regret bound for the original form of the KL-UCB... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 262 |
human_2274 | sci | human | Natural language generation (NLG) has received increasing attention, which has highlighted evaluation as a central methodological concern. Since human evaluations for these systems are costly, automatic metrics have broad appeal in NLG. Research in language generation often finds situations where it is appropriate to a... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 356 |
human_2275 | sci | human | A joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme based on hybrid digitalanalog coding is proposed for the transmission of correlated sources over discrete-memoryless two-way channels (DM-TWCs). The scheme utilizes the correlation between the sources in generating channel inputs, thus enabling the users to coordinate their t... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 321 |
human_2276 | sci | human | This work develops techniques for the sequential detection and location estimation of transient changes in the volatility (standard deviation) of time series data. In particular, we introduce a class of change detection algorithms based on the windowed volatility filter. The first method detects changes by employing a ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 338 |
human_2277 | sci | human | An undirected graph is Eulerian if it is connected and all its vertices are of even degree. Similarly, a directed graph is Eulerian, if for each vertex its in-degree is equal to its out-degree. It is well known that Eulerian graphs can be recognized in polynomial time while the problems of finding a maximum Eulerian su... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 434 |
human_2278 | sci | human | We present an efficient neural network method for locating anatomical landmarks in 3D medical CT scans, using atlas location autocontext in order to learn long-range spatial context. Location predictions are made by regression to Gaussian heatmaps, one heatmap per landmark. This system allows patchwise application of a... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 340 |
human_2279 | sci | human | We propose a physics-informed Echo State Network (ESN) to predict the evolution of chaotic systems. Compared to conventional ESNs, the physics-informed ESNs are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while ensuring that their predictions do not violate physical laws. This is achieved by introducing an additional lo... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 306 |
human_2280 | sci | human | Deep learning models have significantly improved the visual quality and accuracy on compressive sensing recovery. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for signal reconstruction from compressed measurements with image priors captured by a generative model. We search and constrain on latent variable space to make the m... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 270 |
human_2281 | sci | human | The ability to semantically interpret hand-drawn line sketches, although very challenging, can pave way for novel applications in multimedia. We propose SketchParse , the first deep-network architecture for fully automatic parsing of freehand object sketches. SketchParse is configured as a two-level fully convolutional... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 420 |
human_2282 | sci | human | Deep neural networks (DNNs) are successfully applied in a wide variety of music information retrieval (MIR) tasks. Such models are usually considered "black boxes," meaning that their predictions are not interpretable. Prior work on explainable models in MIR has generally used image processing tools to produce explanat... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 408 |
human_2283 | sci | human | A study of channel hardening in a large-scale antenna system has been carried out by means of indoor channel measurements over four frequency bands, namely 1.472 GHz , 2.6 GHz , 3.82 GHz and 4.16 GHz . NTNU's Reconfigurable Radio Network Platform has been used to record the channel estimates for 40 single user non-line... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 344 |
human_2284 | sci | human | Machine learning (ML) techniques are increasingly applied to decision-making and control problems in Cyber-Physical Systems among which many are safety-critical, e.g., chemical plants, robotics, autonomous vehicles. Despite the significant benefits brought by ML techniques, they also raise additional safety issues beca... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 446 |
human_2285 | sci | human | Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) are a popular choice for modeling temporal and sequential tasks and achieve many state-of-the-art performance on various complex problems. However, most of the state-of-the-art RNNs have millions of parameters and require many computational resources for training and predicting new data. ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 321 |
human_2286 | sci | human | A quotient construction defines an abstract type from a concrete type, using an equivalence relation to identify elements of the concrete type that are to be regarded as indistinguishable. The elements of a quotient type are equivalence classes: sets of equivalent concrete values. Simple techniques are presented for de... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 254 |
human_2287 | sci | human | In this paper, we study jamming attacks against wireless networks. Specifically, we consider a network of base stations (BS) or access points (AP) and investigate the impact of a fixed number of jammers that are randomly deployed according to a Binomial point process. We shed light on the network performance in terms o... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 472 |
human_2288 | sci | human | The matrix factorization (MF) technique has been widely adopted for solving the rating prediction problem in recommender systems. The MF technique utilizes the latent factor model to obtain static user preferences (user latent vectors) and item characteristics (item latent vectors) based on historical rating data. Howe... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 471 |
human_2289 | sci | human | For a polygonal linkage, we produce a fast navigation algorithm on its configuration space. The basic idea is to approximate M (L) by the vertex-edge graph of the cell decomposition of the configuration space discovered by the first author. The algorithm has three aspects: (1) the number of navigation steps does not ex... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 271 |
human_2290 | sci | human | The rapid advances in e-commerce and Web 2.0 technologies have greatly increased the impact of commercial advertisements on the general public. As a key enabling technology, a multitude of recommender systems exists which analyzes user features and browsing patterns to recommend appealing advertisements to users. In th... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 415 |
human_2291 | sci | human | Widespread adoption of agile project management , independent delivery with microservices, and automated deployment with DevOps has tremendously speedup the systems development. The real game-changer is continuous integration (CI), continuous delivery and continuous deployment (CD). Organizations can do multiple releas... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 437 |
human_2292 | sci | human | We consider simultaneously identifying the membership and locations of point sources that are convolved with different band-limited point spread functions, from the observation of their superpositions. This problem arises in three-dimensional super-resolution single-molecule imaging, neural spike sorting, multi-user ch... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 290 |
human_2293 | sci | human | Considering the potential of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to provide flexibility in demand response or load control, a semi-Markov model (SMM) for the ONOFF controlled TCL is developed in this paper. This model makes full use of the adjustment flexibility of TCLs when the control period is long and maintain... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 336 |
human_2294 | sci | human | Wireless telephone speech is usually limited to the - 300 3400 Hz band, which reduces its quality. There is thus a growing demand for wideband speech systems that transmit from 50 Hz to 8000 Hz . This paper presents an algorithm to generate wideband speech from narrowband speech using as low as 500 bitss of side inform... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 310 |
human_2295 | sci | human | The so-called block-term decomposition (BTD) tensor model has been recently receiving increasing attention due to its enhanced representation ability in numerous applications involving mixing of signals of rank higher than one (blocks). Its uniqueness and approximation have thus been thoroughly studied. Nevertheless, t... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 381 |
human_2296 | sci | human | We study the circumradius of the intersection of an m -dimensional ellipsoid E with semi-axes 1 m with random subspaces of codimension n , where n can be much smaller than m . We find that, under certain assumptions on , this random radius R n R n is of the same order as the minimal such radius n 1 with high probabilit... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 504 |
human_2297 | sci | human | A fundamental problem in distributed computing is the distribution of requests to a set of uniform servers without a centralized controller. Classically, such problems are modelled as static balls into bins processes, where m balls (tasks) are to be distributed to n bins (servers). In a seminal work, [ ] proposed the s... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 477 |
human_2298 | sci | human | We describe a procedure for removing dependency on a cohort of training data from a trained deep network that improves upon and generalizes previous methods to different readout functions, and can be extended to ensure forgetting in the activations of the network. We introduce a new bound on how much information can be... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 300 |
human_2299 | sci | human | Factorization machine (FM) is a popular machine learning model to capture the second order feature interactions. The optimal learning guarantee of FM and its generalized version is not yet developed. For a rank k generalized FM of d dimensional input, the previous best known sampling complexity is O [ k 3 d polylog ( k... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 398 |
human_2300 | sci | human | We propose a generic framework to calibrate accuracy and confidence of a prediction in deep neural networks through stochastic inferences. We interpret stochastic regularization using a Bayesian model, and analyze the relation between predictive uncertainty of networks and variance of the prediction scores obtained by ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 362 |
human_2301 | sci | human | In this paper, we propose a novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) -based algorithm for solving ill-posed inverse problems. Regularized iterative algorithms have emerged as the standard approach to ill-posed inverse problems in the past few decades. These methods produce excellent results, but can be challenging... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 447 |
human_2302 | sci | human | We devise a distributional variant of gradient temporal-difference (TD) learning. Distributional reinforcement learning has been demonstrated to outperform the regular one in the recent study (,). In the policy evaluation setting, we design two new algorithms called distributional GTD2 and distributional TDC using the ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 349 |
human_2303 | sci | human | This paper investigates an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) -based wireless powered communication system, where one user harvests energy from an energy access point (EAP) to power its information transmission to a data access point (DAP). The channels from the EAP to the user, i.e., the wireless energy... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 370 |
human_2304 | sci | human | In this paper we introduce a new method for text detection in natural images. The method comprises two contributions: First, a fast and scalable engine to generate synthetic images of text in clutter. This engine overlays synthetic text to existing background images in a natural way, accounting for the local 3D scene g... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 339 |
human_2305 | sci | human | Existing action detection algorithms usually generate action proposals through an extensive search over the video at multiple temporal scales, which brings about huge computational overhead and deviates from the human perception procedure. We argue that the process of detecting actions should be naturally one of observ... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 381 |
human_2306 | sci | human | This paper contributes a first study into how different human users deliver simultaneous control and feedback signals during human-robot interaction. As part of this work, we formalize and present a general interactive learning framework for online cooperation between humans and reinforcement learning agents. In many h... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 415 |
human_2307 | sci | human | This paper presents a method to detect reflection with 3D light detection and ranging (Lidar) and uses it to map the back side of objects. This method uses several approaches to analyze the point cloud, including intensity peak detection, dual return detection, plane fitting, and finding the boundaries. These approache... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 263 |
human_2308 | sci | human | In recent years we have witnessed a shift towards personalized, context-based applications and services for mobile device users. A key component of many of these services is the ability to infer the current location and predict the future location of users based on location sensors embedded in the devices. Such knowled... | [
{
"content": "You are an expert in textual forensics. Your job is to decide whether the following text is AI-generated or human-written. Please reason step by step, considering the style, structure, and content of the text. Justify your decision by pointing out specific features or characteristics of the text t... | HUMAN | 470 |
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