question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why is a scratch on a black car white and on a white car black? | It's nor white or black: it's grey and being half way between the 2 colors, it appears to be dark against white and fair against black. | [
"Some drivers believe that a new car is in greater danger than a used car of getting into an accident or having a collision. Some drivers will leave change under their seats. Others use one coin to scratch the car, based on the (false) belief that since the car is new and nothing has happened to it yet, the chances... |
Why is methionine/n-formylmethionine the universal start codon? Why not other amino acids? | It all comes down to the [ribosome](_URL_0_). It receives its catalytic activity through RNA, which is ribosomal RNA or rRNA. The smaller subunit has a bound methionine carrying tRNAi^met that will bind with the AUG codon of an mRNA strand. When this happens, the smaller subunits recruits the larger one to form the cat... | [
"The methionine codon AUG is also the most common start codon. A \"Start\" codon is message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA when the AUG codon is in a Kozak consensus sequence. As a consequence, methionine is often incorporated into the N-terminal position of proteins in ... |
how wireless charging works and why it can/can't be put in roads to power electric cars? | Imagine you have two loops of wire very close to each other. You put an electrical current through one of the wires. This current creates a moving magnetic field around that first wire. This magnetic field drags the electrons in the second wire, creating a second current.
The problem is that, even under the best circ... | [
"Work and experimentation is currently underway in designing this technology to be applied to electric vehicles. This will be implemented by using a predefined path or conductors that would transfer power across an air gap and charge the vehicle on a predefined path such as a wireless charging lane. Vehicles that c... |
ipv6, the new and improved internet protocol? | Imagine you invent the telephone. Telephones are complicated and expensive, and not many people can afford them. You sell a bunch, and give them three-digit phone numbers -- the first customer's phone number is 001, the second customer's phone number is 002, and so on.
This works well for a while. But then 20 years pa... | [
"The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. Its successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), has been growing in adoption, reaching almost 25% of all Internet traffic as of October, 2018.\n",
"The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space available ... |
how is it that we are the most advanced species on the planet, yet our young take so long (much longer than most species) to be self-sufficient? | That's just it. It takes a while to amass information and use it.
An animal just does whatever comes natural, aka 'instinct'. But humans are taught and trained and learn and practice and... and...
Layers and layers of information and training to get us to the point where we can actually achieve more than the previo... | [
"The age of the species is subject to considerable debate. Some scientists argue that vertebrate species with small populations cannot persist for long, and estimate the age of the species to be 360 years. Recent genetic analyses indicate that this species may have first colonized the hole within the past 1,000 yea... |
What are some things that people would be surprised to hear about your respective field? | Just a few things
- States continued to have established religions well into the 19th century
- Gran Colombia( a society that had many slaves) was able to free its' slaves with little conflict. In fact the United States was the only slave society that ran into serious trouble freeing their slaves.
- Interracial se... | [
"Talent isn't enough. You need common sense and good advice. If anyone tries to tell you different, tell them the story of Hack Wilson. ... Kids in and out of baseball who think because they have talent they have the world by the tail. It isn't so. Kids, don't be too big to accept advice. Don't let what happened to... |
Is it the common understanding that all life on earth shares a common origin and ancestor? Even methane metabolizing bacteria? How do we know life didn't spring up in a common way in separate places or times? | Yes. See [Last universal common ancestor](_URL_0_). Yes, even methane-metabolizing bacteria. That Wikipedia page also outlines the evidence in favor of this.
However, this does not mean that life didn't spring up in a common way in separate places or times. All it means that the life present today that we have researc... | [
"Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life usually remains simple bacteria. Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved... |
Why did the shield wall/phalanx fall out of use in medieval times, even before the widespread use of guns? | I wouldn't necessarily say that the phalanx went out of use before the spread of guns. Due to the dominance of heavy cavalry in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, pikes became very popular with many Crowns. As time went on and early muskets were introduced, you'd have formations like the tercio being made which rel... | [
"By the middle of the 15th century, artillery pieces had become powerful enough to make the traditional medieval round tower and curtain wall obsolete. This was exemplified by the campaigns of Charles VII of France who reduced the towns and castles held by the English during the latter stages of the Hundred Years W... |
what are the differences of viral, fungal, and bacterial infections in the human body. | The difference is the type of critter that is making you sick/causing the infection. Viral infections are caused by a maybe alive, maybe not depending on who you talk to, bit of protein and RNA that hijack your cells to produce more copies of itself, making you sick. Fungal infections are caused by single cellular fung... | [
"Bacterial infection is the most common cause. Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. In the United States and many other areas of the world the most common bacteria present is \"methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus\". Among spinal subdural abscesses, methicillin-sensitive... |
how come potatos float, but things just as heavy sink? | Floating doesn't have as much to do with weight as it has to do with density.
An object will sink if the weight of the object is than heavier the weight of the water it displaces! Two objects of the same size will displace the same amount of water (when completely submerged). Suppose that water would weigh 10 pounds... | [
"The sea potato buries itself in sand to a depth of ten to fifteen centimetres. It occurs in sediments with a wide range of grain sizes but prefers sediments with a size of 200 to 300 µm and a low mud content. It makes a respiratory channel leading to the surface and two sanitary channels behind itself, all lined b... |
How quickly does temperature change on Mercury? | A [solar day](_URL_1_) on Mercury (different than a [sidereal day](_URL_2_)!) is about 176 Earth days. The resonance of its rotation with its orbit around the sun creates an earth-unintuitive day: ["there are certain points on Mercury's surface where an observer would be able to see the Sun rise about halfway, reverse ... | [
"If the temperature rises, the maximum scale marker will be pushed. If it falls, the moving mercury will push the minimum scale marker. As the temperature varies, the markers will remain in their positions unless the temperature becomes higher (for maximum) or lower (for minimum) than already recorded, in which cas... |
what is the difference between private property and personal property? | *Personal* property is stuff that you just like... have lying around. Your clothes would be personal property, along with your phone, dog, and TV.
*Private* property is stuff like an office or factory. You're not holding it in your hands; if everyone else did not agree that you owned it, you would have no grounds for ... | [
"Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities. Private property is distinguishable from public property, which is owned by a state entity; and from collective (or cooperative) property, which is owned by a group of non-governmental entities. Private proper... |
how does helium in a sealed balloon "wear out" after a few days, and what do blimps do to counteract this effect? | Helium is the smallest stable molecule there is. It is so small that it can fit between the molecules of most solid materials. So keeping helium in a rubber balloon is like keeping water in a cloth bag. It will slowly leak out over time. Blimps use denser and thicker materials for their balloons but still have to refil... | [
"Helium II also exhibits a creeping effect. When a surface extends past the level of helium II, the helium II moves along the surface, against the force of gravity. Helium II will escape from a vessel that is not sealed by creeping along the sides until it reaches a warmer region where it evaporates. It moves in a ... |
Why, if the Sun is a "Green Star," do we see it as red/yellow/orange? | Some call it green because the Boltzman peak happens in the "green" region. The problem is if its emitting here its also emitting at many other wavelengths as well. Our eyes see the combination of all these colors to derive the final view which is yellow/orange.
| [
"In astronomy, a green star is a white or blue star that appears green due to an optical illusion. There are no truly green stars, because the color of a star is more or less given by a black-body spectrum and this never looks green. However, there are a few stars that appear green to some observers. This is usuall... |
if my computer can watch gameplay of a game on the highest quality why can't my video card support it's graphics. | When you play the game, your computer has to calculate many things like how the light is going to bounce off different objects, it has to load texture files, render complex 3d models and many more.
When you play a video, its just playing pictures, its not having to "build" what's in them. | [
"Gaming PCs use hardware accelerated video cards which offer high-end rasterisation-based rendering/image quality. The graphics card is the most important part determining the capabilities of a gaming PC. Memory capacity on 3D cards is usually at least 256 MB to 12 GB. The amount of video RAM is more important whil... |
why when repaving a freeway is the concrete under an overpass never paved over | The dump truck which feeds the paving machine often has its [bed extended high into the air](_URL_0_), which probably exceeds the clearance of many overpasses. I'd imagine they just skip them and finish up with smaller equipment after the main drags are completed. | [
"Because of problems with pavement on other roads in the system and anticipation of heavy traffic on the new Interstate, the tollway authority decided to pave I-355 with pavement expected to last 20 years. Construction workers laid concrete on the tollway to a thickness of over an sub-base. The new pavement also in... |
why can't we bring in sealed beverages through tsa checkpoints but we can buy those same beverages on the other side at 200% markup? | For the fear that you might have sealed the beverage yourself and it might actually contain gasoline or other dangerous substances instead of an actual can of coke. | [
"Trades at the NBP are made via the OCM trading system, an anonymous trading service managed by ICE ENDEX to which offers or requests for gas at a nominated price can be posted. The minimum amount of gas that may be traded on the OCM is 4,000 therms, so if a shipper's position is long or short by a volume less than... |
What happened to Prussian military values? | I'm not sure that "Prussian Military Values" as much glorified war, as it did the profession of arms, and being good at it. Although the Prussian military heritage (and reputation) dates back to the 18th Century, the big revolution in military affairs appropriate to the Germans in the 20th Century was that brought abou... | [
"The defeat of the Prussian Army in particular shocked the Prussian establishment, which had believed it was invincible after the victories of Frederick the Great. The Prussians were used to relying on superior organization and tactical factors such as order of battle to focus superior troops against inferior ones.... |
Is nuclear fusion currently the most efficient method of energy generation or do we know of something better? | Aside from solar and wind power, virtually all means of energy generation are the same: produce heat, boil water, and use the steam to power a turbine. In that sense, a nuclear plant can have effectively the same efficiency as a coal, oil, or natural gas plant. If you are using a different definition of efficiency, ... | [
"As a source of power, nuclear fusion is expected to have several theoretical advantages over fission. These include reduced radioactivity in operation and little high-level nuclear waste, ample fuel supplies, and increased safety. However, achieving the necessary temperature/pressure/duration combination has prove... |
Why does a person spinning around slow the earths rotation? | An analogue:
Say you are on a vehicle on a perfectly flat surface with incredibly well greased wheels (basically no friction). Now you are standing still on one end of the vehicle and start running towards the end of the vehicle. Your acceleration sets the vehicle into motion just as yourself and when you stop, the ve... | [
"Scientists in a rotating box can measure the speed and direction of their rotation by measuring these fictitious forces. For example, Léon Foucault was able to show the Coriolis force that results from Earth's rotation using the Foucault pendulum. If Earth were to rotate many times faster, these fictitious forces ... |
On my bike: is it more efficient to pedal fast in a low gear or slower in a high gear? | In 'armchair engineering' units you are more efficient in high gear (low cadence), you do not have to 'lift' your leg that often and that lifting doesn't need such a fast acceleration.
In 'real world cycling' units you have to produce energy, with a light load (high cadence) you can produce that from burning most... | [
"For a bicycle to travel at the same speed, using a lower gear (larger mechanical advantage) requires the rider to pedal at a faster cadence, but with less force. Conversely, a higher gear (smaller mechanical advantage) provides a higher speed for a given cadence, but requires the rider to exert greater force. Diff... |
if fireworks are illegal, why do people get them anyway and don't get penalized? | Fireworks are illegal in the same way that jaywalking is illegal. They're a minor infraction punishable by a small fine. So unless you're causing trouble, most cops aren't going to waste their time writing you a $25 ticket. | [
"Improper use of fireworks may be dangerous, both to the person operating them (risks of burns and wounds) and to bystanders; in addition, they may start fires after landing on flammable material. For this reason, the use of fireworks is generally legally restricted. Display fireworks are restricted by law for use ... |
how does ritalin work? | So to answer the 2nd part of your q, ritalin blocks [re-uptake](_URL_0_) of the neurotransmitters by pre-synaptic neurons - they have a higher affinity for the transport proteins and physically block the neurotransmitters from binding these proteins. So more of the neurotransmitters remain in the synaptic cleft and are... | [
"Methylphenidate, sold under the trade name Ritalin among others, is a stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is a first line medication for ADHD. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin. Different formulations have different durations of effect.\n"... |
Why was the German M24 potato mashers concept of having a stick to throw the grenade not adapted by other armed forces? | Stick grenades were not only used by Germany.
There are several advantages to the "pineapple" design. If you just check a picture of both types you will notice that the pineapple version is smaller and therefore weights less, is easier to carry and easier to transport. Equipping a unit with several thousand M24 or oth... | [
"Some grenades are designed to be thrown longer distances. The German \"potato-masher\" grenade had a long wooden handle that extended its range by fifty percent. The potato-masher was fired by a friction igniter in the head, activated by a pull string threaded through the hollow handle. Immediately before throwing... |
Can all winged animals be traced back to a single animal that was born with a mutation that caused it to grow wings? | Wings have evolved independently at least four times in the history of the planet. Flying insects, birds, bats, and prehistoric flying reptiles like the pterodactyl all developed flight separate from each other. | [
"One of the winged species appears to have evolved on the planet because fossils of these creatures have been found kilometers under the surface, wedged into the rocks of ice down there, and from the condition of the fossils, the wings were rudimentary. If this particular winged species actually did evolve on this ... |
What was the average height of different armies in World War 2? | In the US Army during WWII, logs were kept by the Quartermaster Corps of what sizes of clothes were issued for supply purposes, as well as by the Medical Corps for statistical purposes. It was found that the average male inductee was 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighed 144 pounds; an inch taller and eight pounds heavier ... | [
"The Army entered World War I with very large divisions, often numbering more than 30,000 men (the 4th Division contained 32,000, for example) and consisting of two infantry brigades of two regiments each, with a total of sixteen infantry battalions per division. Each division also had three artillery regiments and... |
Which ancestor species in the genus of Homids was the first to adapt with clothing and why? | /r/AskAnthropology would be better equipped to tackle this question for you. | [
"\"H. erectus\" was probably the first hominin to live in small, familiar band-societies similar to modern hunter-gatherer band-societies, and is thought to be the first hominin species to hunt in coordinated groups, to use complex tools, and to care for infirm or weak companions. It is also unknown if they wore cl... |
Do we really know what Ancient Greece looked like? I’ve been playing Assassin’s Creed Odyssey and was wondering if it is really an accurate depiction of what Greece looked like at that time. | There's two pretty distinct parts to your question so I'll discuss them separately.
& nbsp;
**How do we know what Ancient Greece looked like?**
The most famous remains of Classical Greece are literary texts, painted vases, ruined buildings, and statues (the latter usually Roman marble copies of bronze Greek origina... | [
"Central Greece is the location of Thebes, an ancient city that once rivalled Athens, and featured in Greek myth. Delphi has a distinguished ancient theatre, the site of the Oracle. Thermopylae is primarily known for the battle that took place there in 480 BC, in which an outnumbered Greek force probably of seven t... |
they had rc planes and helicopters way before and no one cared so what's the big issue with people and drones? | I would say part of it would be the recording video aspect. Since you could theoretically fly a drone and peek into your neighbors house. South Park did an episode that is quite entertaining on the drone issues
EDIT: Here is a link to the [south park](_URL_0_) episode | [
"Drones are used by the military in situations where manned flight is considered too risky or difficult. The United States Air Force has drones that range from small intelligence drones to surveillance drones and large spy planes. The drones are unmanned, but they have a pilot. Trained crew steer the craft through ... |
why aren't bluefin tuna more commonly bred? | It's not as profitable as you would think. Bluefins require *massive* amounts of food per pound of weight gained. They also are 1000+ lbs so you need a huge amount of space and heavy duty equipment to do it. The land and equipment eats into that profit tremendously, but the big reason is that their diet of fish isn'... | [
"Bluefin tuna were often referred to as the common tunny, especially in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The name \"tuna\", a derivative of the Spanish \"atún\", was widely adopted in California in the early 1900s, and has since become accepted for all tunas, including the bluefin, throughout the English-speakin... |
why do pets have "favorite" toys? | Pets are just like us. They have smells they prefer, colors (if they can see them) etc. They also often like predictibility and routine at times and may find relaxing with the same object often soothing. Other features that cause a pet to enjoy a toy may include the sound it makes, the way it moves or what the toy remi... | [
"The game offers a variety of puppies and kittens which you can interact with. Activities include playing, feeding, petting, and dressing up the pets to develop a bond with them. Each pet contains different personality traits, which determines their likes and dislikes for certain food and activities. Play with the ... |
What is the origin of the wandering Romani? | India is the accepted original spot. People left India between 700 and 1200 C.E., and landed in the Middle East, where they split. My understanding is that there may have been separate migrations of Dom and Rom, with the Dom leaving earlier.
They did not keep a written record, however historians are confident that bec... | [
"The Romani (also spelled Romany , ), colloquially known as Gypsies or Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally itinerant, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab regions of modern-day India.\n",
"In Vuk Ste... |
why is it when you jump straight up you move with the earth, instead of it moving under you. | The earth does turn under you. And the ground is moving really fast. So why don't we notice?
Let's think about three things in the time of a jump, 1 second: The whole earth, you, and the point on the ground right under you.
The whole earth is turning or spinning. That means that it turns all the way around in one... | [
"When someone wants to jump, he or she exerts additional downward force on the ground ('action'). Simultaneously, the ground exerts upward force on the person ('reaction'). If this upward force is greater than the person's weight, this will result in upward acceleration. When these forces are perpendicular to the g... |
Was John Locke in favor of democracy? | John Locke's most politically influential work is probably his two Treatises of Government. The first of which, is mostly written as refutation of a work titled Patriarcha, by Sir Robert Filmer, which was mostly written as a philosophical attempt to support the divine right of kings. Arguing for a hierarchical system i... | [
"Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state all peo... |
why must i enter a captcha to pay a bill? are they afraid a robot is going to enter a credit card on my behalf? | Yes, captchas are generally used to prevent automation by using (ro)bots. However, there are a couple of side effects. One would be that you can not "accidentally" pay the bill because you would have to enter the captcha first. A bot would also not just enter "a credit card" but instead do pretty much anything on there... | [
"If the passenger has not paid his penalty immediately, he is obliged to prove his identity. If he has not his ID card on his, the ticket inspector is needed to call police officers to verify the identity.\n",
"Such an offer may even be no more than a phishing attempt to obtain the victim's credit card informatio... |
Why do some trees leaves turn red some yellow and some orange and if a tree is red this year then is it always red or can it be yellow next year? | Chlorophyll is the main pigment that most plants contain and it’s what causes plants to be green.
However, plants have other pigments as well . These are the reds, oranges, and yellows that can be seen in the fall when the chlorophyll starts to break down as the trees prep for winter.
And yes, if a tree is red one y... | [
"why some leaves turn yellow. However, the yellow color can attract aphids, so some trees turn the leaves red instead by injecting a bright pigment. The loss of chlorophyll may also contribute to the abscission process.\n",
"Characteristically the trees shed their leaves for a short period in the dry season to re... |
Does drinking alcohol kill off viruses and other diseases in your system by any amount? | No, the concentration of ethanol needed to kills microbes in large quantities is over 60%. You would be *long* dead via alcohol poisoning before that happened.
Furthermore, alcohol is not very good at killing microbes in a system such as your body (or a cell plate in a bio lab), hence why other chemicals are used fo... | [
"For health care settings like hospitals and clinics, optimum alcohol concentration to kill bacteria is 70% to 95%. Products with alcohol concentrations as low as 40% are available in American stores, according to researchers at East Tennessee State University.\n",
"The risk of cancer associated with alcohol cons... |
The conflict of Israel v. Hamas has come up due to recent events. What is the history behind the Israelis and the anti-Israeli sentiment in Palestine, or even Gaza and West Bank? | I hope the mods are watching. This has the potential to be VERY circlejerky. I want sources. | [
"Tensions between Israel and Hamas ran high after the Gaza War, although fighting ended after a cease-fire was signed. No serious armed incidents had taken place before these clashes. However, tensions ran high, especially with the Mossad suspected of assassinating Hamas commander Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai, and a... |
what causes us to rub our face when we are tired? | Tired eyes get dry, and rubbing stimulates the glands to produce more fluid. Tiredness also closes your eyes, so you may rub to keep them open. Finally, there's a connection between the muscles that move your eyes around and your heart. When these muscles are stimulated, a reflex slows the heart. | [
"Dry eyes can be exacerbated by smoky environments, dust and air conditioning and by our natural tendency to reduce our blink rate when concentrating. Purposefully blinking, especially during computer use and resting tired eyes are basic steps that can be taken to minimise discomfort. Rubbing one's eyes can irritat... |
Did Manchukuo have any sort of national identity or was it purely a Japanese puppet? | **TL;DR at the Bottom**
The political situation surrounding Manchuria (or the Northeast, *dongbei*) is extremely complex. After the collapse of the Qing, and the general chaos ensuing between and during the Republican Period, Japan had strong economic ties to Manchuria, which at the time led the world in soybean produ... | [
"Manchukuo, in the northeast region of China, had been a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria since the 1930s. It was nominally ruled by Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the Kwantung Army. While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic M... |
In the First World War, soldiers were required to be clean shaven in order to ensure a proper seal on their gas masks. Was this rule extended to Sikh soldiers, who in the modern British Army, are allowed to wear facial hair on religious grounds? | This question is based on a faulty premise, at least for the British Army. Soldiers were not required to be clean-shaven to wear gas masks; the regulations that regulated facial hair for British soldiers dated from a time before chemical warfare was a fact of life. Soldiers in the field also tended to ignore the regula... | [
"After the Crimean war, regulations were introduced that prevented serving soldiers of all ranks from shaving above their top lip, in essence making moustaches compulsory for those who could grow them, although beards were later forbidden. This remained in place until 1916, when the regulation was abolished by an A... |
how does natural selection work for selecting genes for addictive and destructive behaviors such alcoholism, smoking, gambling and other substance abuse? | Usually when there is a "bad gene" that stays in the population, there is something good about it too. For example. the gene that causes sickle cell anemia [protects carriers of the gene from malaria.](_URL_0_)
Alcohol is really bad for full blown alcoholics, but is beneficial for other people in moderation. Gambling ... | [
"Additionally, genetics play a role on individual traits, which may put one at increased risk for experimentation with drugs, continued use of drugs, addictions, and potential for relapse. Some of these individual personality traits, such as impulsivity, reward-seeking, and response to stress, may lead to increased... |
los angeles traffic | Because its worse than the other two cities. Additionally, LA's public transit isn't nearly as comprehensive and awesome as that of NYC or Chicago, so more people are on the roads than would like to be due to lack of an alternative that's cost and time effective. | [
"The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay... |
why is it that kids have such a fascination with vehicles and transportation? | I got into mechanical engineering because once upon a time my parents got me a few of those "planes and trains and things that go" books, and I loved reading the Eyewitness Books and Incredible Cross Sections in the school library.
There's something fascinating, perhaps majestic that seems quite magical to a child's m... | [
"Following the introduction of rail transport (note the concept of the railway excursion), the automobile has made recreational travel more available for people worldwide. Automobiles also allow the easy hauling of trailers, travel trailers, popup campers, off-road vehicles, boats and bicycles, which fosters recrea... |
Given the right circumstances could flora become sentient? | Given the right circumstances, I suppose just about any organism could eventually evolve sentience, however, plants developing sentience is highly unlikely and here's why: Plants have no nervous system, they don't even have the evolutionary beginnings of higher thought. Also, sentience would have no evolutionary benefi... | [
"Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 \"Fertilisation of Orchids\" gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain comp... |
Why do we need to compile separate 32 and 64 bit versions? | Sure, and one cpu does just that. But 64-bit code has several advantages. For one the address space is bigger, so you aren't limited to using only 4 gigs (in practice closer to 2 gigs) of ram and can use up to terabytes of ram for a single process if you want. For another the 64 bit instruction set is a bit better and ... | [
"Although 32-bit applications can be run transparently, the mixing of the two types of code within the same process is not allowed. A 64-bit program cannot use a 32-bit dynamic-link library (DLL) and similarly a 32-bit program cannot use a 64-bit DLL. This may lead to the need for library developers to provide both... |
The Bristish History or The History of England podcast | Hi, I actually co-produce The British History Podcast. I say listen to both and see what suits what you're looking for in a podcast - Crowther takes a very different tone and approach than we do, so there's a distinct difference. I recommend listening to ten episodes of each to get a real feel for what both have to off... | [
"In March 2018, Barnett began a series of podcasts for Historic England entitled \"Irreplaceable: A History of England in 100 Places\". The podcast, presented by Barnett and Dr. Suzannah Lipscomb, was nominated for the British Podcast Awards in the 'Best Branded Content' category in April 2018. Deputising for the p... |
is it more economical to run my car half full of gas due to a lighter vehicle rather than filling up each time? | Yes, theoretically... but consider, a gallon of gas weighs 6.3 pounds, so a 20 gallon tank only weighs around 120 lbs. So, you are talking about maybe a 60lb savings in vehicular weight. May as well just drain your wiper fluid low and toss out your floormats while you're at it. | [
"By converting a light vehicle it is possible to use a smaller motor, which both weighs and costs less than a larger motor. A lighter overall vehicle weight will reduce power consumption in start-and-stop traffic and increase range in many practical driving conditions. In the same way that a gasoline-powered econom... |
Why was the Lee Enfield SMLE, the only major bolt action rifle to have a 10 round magazine. | James Paris Lee's detachable box magazine was pretty revolutionary for the time; every other rifle was using a blind magazine within the action, or the Mannlicher enbloc system. Originally designed to hold five rounds, the magazine (single stack) was changed to hold eight rounds when the Magazine Lee-Metford was acce... | [
"In 1937, the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nation's bolt-action rifle as the standard-issue infantry weapon. The gas-operated M1 Garand was developed by Canadian-born John Garand for the U.S. government at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. After years of r... |
When you get cancer, is most of the pain focused on the area that you have cancer in? Or does the pain spread out across the body regardless of the origin of cancer? | Excepting brain cancer, pain in cancer is frequently due to disruption of the normal anatomy which produces local pain that may be so severe or vague it feels like it’s spreading. For example, liver cancer can stretch out the sac that surrounds the liver (its capsule) and produce excruciating pain, but since the nerves... | [
"Pain in cancer may arise from a tumor compressing or infiltrating nearby body parts; from treatments and diagnostic procedures; or from skin, nerve and other changes caused by a hormone imbalance or immune response. Most chronic (long-lasting) pain is caused by the illness and most acute (short-term) pain is cause... |
How do historians view archeologists, and vice versa? | First off, yes, misspelled. Well, according to many. According to some you spelled it correctly. I think that most archaeologists would use the ae form. Except the new archeologists. Who are now quite old. I'll stop referring in abstract to archaeological theories.
Basically, there's no one answer for your question; a... | [
"Although closely related and often grouped with archaeology, anthropologists and archaeologists perform differing roles, though archeology is considered a sub-discipline of anthropology. While both professions focus on the study of human culture from past to present, archaeologists focus specifically on analyzing ... |
Woodstock is sometimes thought of as as the defining event for the Baby Boomer generation. To what extent did you young people outside of the Northeast know about Woodstock, and what did they think about it? Why is it thought of as being a unique and important event? | A comment rather than direct answer, but in July 1969, around half a millon people or more gathered around cape Canaveral for the Appollo space launch. This was more than attended Woodstock a month later. The Canaveral gathering was a huge event but is not mentioned as much as woodstock. | [
"Woodstock is a city in and the county seat of McHenry County, Illinois, United States, located northwest of Chicago. The population was 25,528 at the start of 2017. The city's downtown includes a historic, turn-of-the-century town square, which is anchored by the landmark Woodstock Opera House and the Old McHenry ... |
why do soldiers have their thumb over the barrel/bore of their rifle when engaging a target? | For accurate shooting it is very important to have the correct grip and techniques. Soldiers are also being trained in this. However in a war there is a lot of things to worry about. Most shots are not even aimed. So soldiers might opt to have a better grip on their rife so they do not lose their grip. So they may exte... | [
"BULLET::::- Upon the command \"\"present\"\", the butt of the musket was brought to the soldier's right shoulder, while at the same time the soldier lowered the muzzle to firing position, parallel to the ground, and sighting (if the soldier had been trained to fire at \"marks\") along the barrel at the enemy.\n",
... |
why do humans enjoy having other species as pets? | There are many reasons. The most prominent one is probably companionship. | [
"A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas and octopuses, insects including praying mantises, reptiles such as snakes and chameleons, and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, a... |
How are specific DNA primers constructed in the lab? | They're chemically synthesized from activated nucleotide building blocks. Phosphoramidite chemistry is most commonly used these days. See: _URL_0_ | [
"Four specially designed primers recognize distinct target sequences on the template strand. The primers bind only to these sequences which allows for high specificity. Out of the 4 primers involved, two of them are “inner primers” (FIP and BIP) which are designed to synthesize new DNA strands. The outer primers (F... |
league of legends; dota 2; smite | They are in the same genre of games. They all have their similarities and differences.
Just like quake, counter strike and call of duty are all shooters, buy very different games. | [
"\"League of Legends\" (\"LoL\") is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Riot Games, primarily inspired by \"Defense of the Ancients\". It was released on October 27, 2009. In an early \"LoL\" tournament, the game was featured as a promotional title in the 2010 World Cyber Games i... |
Do people have differing tolerances towards
painkillers and anasthetics? | Absolutely. As highlighted by others, red heads are notoriously difficult to sedate.
Even within a single patient, there can be different responses to different pain medicines. With opioid pain medicines there exists a phenomenon of equianalgesic potency. Thus I can say "patient x is taking 10 vicodin a day. that is ... | [
"There is also an aspect of drug intolerance that is subjective. Just as different people have different pain tolerances, so too do people have different tolerances for dealing with the adverse effects from their medications. For example, while opioid-induced constipation may be tolerable to some individuals, other... |
how can some employers fire/lay off workers for seemingly no reason but others have to document things like "write ups" to have grounds for termination? | Depends on if the company wants to deal with an unemployment claim.
Laid off: You're eligible.
Let go because you just didn't have the skills or just weren't a good fit: Eligible.
Fired because you sent the secretary dick pics: Not eligible. | [
"Employers must not assume that the employee is unauthorized to work just because the individual either could not bring the proof of employment authorization or has brought the unaccepted documents until the start date of the employment. Instead, employers should encourage that employee to bring the acceptable docu... |
what is controversial about athletes kneeling during the national anthem (objectivity appreciated)? | Traditional decorum is to stand during the national anthem and face the flag. Some athletes are kneeling during the national anthem as a form of protest, which is perceived as an insult to the nation because it violates that social norm to respect the national symbols.
The athletes say it is justified because it brin... | [
"Williams, Matthews, and Wonder at one point during their respective performances each knelt on stage, performing the gesture to show solidarity with NFL players protesting the National Anthem and in response to President Donald Trump's criticism of the players.\n",
"Many players beyond the 2017 season have knelt... |
Historians of Reddit. What is the most important lesson from history? | Eh, I'd say the most important thing history teaches is simply *perspective*. It shows that you we aren't the first, we won't be the last, we aren't nearly as important and pivotal as we like to think, and we're just a very small part in a *very* grand and complex human story.
Lessons like "Never start a land war in ... | [
"History has a long-range perspective. It ultimately passes stern judgment on tyrants and vindicates those who fought, suffered, were imprisoned, and died for human freedom, against political oppression and economic slavery.\n",
"“The historian helps people understand the ‘pastness of the past.’ We do this with t... |
Hey AskScience, what forces (jet stream, etc) influence the movement of storms? | Jet stream has little to do with movement of storms at a low altitude. The more prevalent forces are pressure gradient (low pressure at the center of the storm creates movement of air) and coriolis force (a moving fluid on a rotating sphere creates a curvature to the right of motion in the northern hemisphere and left... | [
"The jet stream moves from West to East bringing changes of weather. Meteorologists now understand that the path of jet streams affects cyclonic storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere, and so knowledge of their course has become an important part of weather forecasting. For example, in 2007 and 2012, Brita... |
During the First World War, what purpose did those little horn looking things serve on the German stalhelms? | Those "horns" on the side, are for the purposes of ventilation and to support a a steel brow plate for extra protection. It was later dropped because the brow plate made the helmet too heavy for general use.
Bull, Stephen; Hook, Adam (2002). *World War I Trench Warfare: 1914–16*. Osprey Publishing. pp. 10–11 | [
"The Grille (German: \"cricket\") was a series of self propelled artillery vehicles used by Nazi Germany during World War II. The \"Grille\" series was based on the Czech Panzer 38(t) tank chassis and used a 15 cm sIG 33 infantry gun.\n",
"During World War I wooden post horns were used as a means of collecting wa... |
Colloquialisms in Ancient Rome? | [This](_URL_0_) is an example of Roman graffiti found in Pompeii. Many are funny, and many are crass. I'm not sure about word play, but there is a word square in there.
I've always feel that these give a very human look at Romans, rather than just seeing them as an ancient society.
| [
"Many modern historians use the term \"comitia tributa\" or \"comitia populi tributa\" (\"comitia tributa\" of the people) to indicate meetings by the tribes which involved the whole of the Roman people (populus) and the term \"concilium plebis\" or \"concilium plebis tributum\" (plebeian council by the tribes) for... |
where does my cash go when i deposit it at the bank? | Into the tellers draw and credited electronically to your account. Then at regular intervals it will get taken to the banks safe. | [
"When cash is deposited in a bank, the bank is said to \"debit\" its cash account, on the asset side, and \"credit\" its deposits account, on the liabilities side. In this case, the bank is debiting an asset and crediting a liability, which means that both increase.\n",
"When a company deposits cash with a bank, ... |
how were there surrenders in such large numbers during ww2? | People don't like dying, and obedience is enforced harshly in the military. If you have a bunch of people encircled and out of options the question is either them surrendering or killing them all. When the order from leadership comes down to surrender then soldiers are expected to obey, as if they don't either the enem... | [
"This is a timeline of the surrenders of the various armies of the Axis powers that marked the end of World War II. There are two lists: the first denotes surrenders in April–November 1945. The second one shows the surrenders of Japanese holdouts that only surrendered in the months, years, and even decades after th... |
Did military bands actually play during battles? | Yes - here's an example from Russo-Japanese war:
In February, 1905 214th Mokshansky infantry regiment of Russian Army was encircled during Mukden battle. At critical point, when ordinance was almost gone and soldiers was tired from defending their position on the hill, Col. Pyotr Pobyvanetz has ordered *знамя и оркес... | [
"By the 20th century military music had effectively ceased to be an integral part of combat operations with the existence of military bands becoming a function of public duties and troop morale and welfare. Occasional exceptions existed, however. One later example of the use of a band in combat occurred during the ... |
After France was captured in WW2 where did the Free French Army Go/what did they do. Also did Vichy France have any formal army of their own? | Yes, Vichy France had Army of the Armistice (or Armée de l'Armistice). Under direction of the German army, it was meant to defend from the Allies.
As far as the Free French Army goes keep in mind there were other French servicemen too.
Many escaped to England, indeed French pilots flew in the RAF in the Battle Of Bri... | [
"In France, six pockets were captured by the Allies between the initial invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and October 1944, after which the rest were put under siege. Three were liberated by French forces in April 1945, while the remainder surrendered after the capitulation of Germany in May 1945.\n",
"After the ... |
why do some cats and dogs get along but others hate each other, how do animals like that decide who they like/dislike? | How do *you* decide whom you like and dislike...? | [
"If appropriately socialized, cats and dogs may have relationships that are not antagonistic, and dogs raised with cats may prefer the presence of cats to other dogs. Even cats and dogs that have got along together in the same household may revert to aggressive reactions due to external stimuli, illness, or play th... |
why does my hdtv have input lag when playing video games, and what, if anything, can be done to minimize/eliminate it? | TV's do a lot of image processing compared to monitors.
Here are somethings you can do to reduce lag:
* Turn on Game Mode.
* Turn down/off Sharpness.
* Turn off Dynamic Contrast.
* Turn off all Noise Filters.
* Turn off Edge Enhancement.
* And for the love of God, turn of motion interpolation. | [
"BULLET::::- Response time in video games may be affected by upscaling lag. While all HDTVs have some lag when upscaling lower resolution input to their native resolution, DLPs are commonly reported to have longer delays. Newer consoles that have HD output signals do not have this problem as long as they are connec... |
how do wireless speakers work? | Just like radio. There is a transmitter and a reciever. In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitter is something like a smartphone. Then the speaker recieves the signal, and amplifies it. | [
"Wireless speakers are composed of two units: a main speaker unit combining the loudspeaker itself with an RF receiver, and an RF transmitter unit. The transmitter connects to the audio output of any audio devices such as hi-fi equipment, televisions, computers, mp3 players, etc. An RCA plug is normally used to ach... |
why is it that i can stream a movie fine until it is fully downloaded, then the video becomes lagy and intermittent? | Assuming you are talking about a youtube -esque player, the grey download bar is a partial placebo, if you start a 1 hour video and wait for it to buffer all the way you likely aren't downloading the entire thing. On your end this seems to be silly but on the companies end there is a lot of users that say open several... | [
"Voddler's streaming technology, called Vnet by the company, is a peer-to-peer-based video content delivery solution. With p2p-streaming, movies are not streamed from a central server or content delivery network (CDN), but from other users who have parts of the movie on their units after seeing the movie earlier. T... |
Do you have any stories about interesting/promising experiments that worked in the lab but not in the real world? | If you have some agar, you can show that many bacterial species cannot grow well on agar plates impregnated with various spices like garlic and cinnamon. Some things in those spices are antiseptic. However, like your example, it's all in vitro - these spices do not have curative properties, because they are digested ... | [
"The experiments are biologically engineered children that are designed to be like fairy tale characters. They are bought through the snail-mail catalogs that are sent to marks house. The experiments are preserved in cold liquid until someone orders them from a catalog. \n",
"Natural experiments are employed as s... |
why my tv signal messes up after turning on my battery charged vacuum cleaner? | Because the vacuum cleaner's electric motor is emitting an electromagnetic field that interferes with the tv's reception. | [
"Many televisions and monitors automatically degauss their picture tube when switched on, before an image is displayed. The high current surge that takes place during this automatic degauss is the cause of an audible \"thunk\" or loud hum, which can be heard (and felt) when televisions and CRT computer monitors are... |
why is it that a part of your body getting hurt enough (like getting kicked in the shin) will sometimes give you a taste of blood in your mouth? | I've never heard of this phenomenon but perhaps you're hurt so bad without realizing it you're biting your lip or inner cheeks or what have you and draw blood? | [
"Head trauma can cause lesions in regions of the central nervous system which are involved in processing taste stimuli, including thalamus, brain stem, and temporal lobes; it can also cause damage to neurological pathways involved in transmission of taste stimuli.\n",
"The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, b... |
why is it both my reading speed and absorption rate are a lot higher when reading stories as opposed other forms of writing? | Think of all the knowledge in the world as a building and rooms contain things that you know or don't know. Every time you learn something new, your brain has to find the hallway or staircase that connects that room to all the other related rooms. The ease with which you can do this depends on the proximity of the new ... | [
"Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs evidence-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of 50% is de... |
why dextrose is considered an artificial sweetener when it is another form of glucose. | Because it is not a sugar that is naturally found in the environment and can only be made under specific conditions. | [
"The world's most commonly used artificial sweetener, sucralose is a chlorinated sugar that is about 600 times as sweet as sugar. It is produced from sucrose when three chlorine atoms replace three hydroxyl groups. It is used in beverages, frozen desserts, chewing gum, baked goods, and other foods. Unlike other art... |
when to take asprin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen | The misinformation here is a nightmare. It's understandable though, I think everyone has a hard time with it. I'm in medical school and I'm still hesitant to even try to answer your question because *I know I'm going to screw something up myself*. But here goes...
- They **all** lower fever and pain.
- And they **a... | [
"Codeine/acetaminophen or co-codamol (BAN) is a compound analgesic consisting of a combination of codeine phosphate and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Co-codamol tablets are used for the relief of mild to moderate pain when acetaminophen or NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, aspirin or naproxen alone do not sufficiently relie... |
How did Spanish colonial mismanagement lead to the poor state of it's former colonies-turned-independent countries |
We can find many influences of Spanish rule in the Americas lasting into post-colonial times. I've written before on colonial administration and on how certain practices were established there that facilitated later corruption - I'm adding the answer below as it seems relevant. Other factors include: the division int... | [
"The enormous wealth being extracted from the Americas and poured into the Spanish society would lead to corruption at home and in the colonies. Corruption and accumulation of vast resources at the top of the food chain had some ripple effects throughout the core countries. Corruption ran high from the top of the s... |
why are tracksuits synonymist with russia? | In russia, poland and other slavic countries, track suits are worn by a group of young people similar to British chavs. You should check out r/squattingslavs for more examples of this specimen.
Edited spelling.
| [
"In addition, the word \"blatnoy\" came to indicate career criminals because they had a \"blatnoy\" or special status in the Russian criminal underworld. The word is used to indicate association with the criminal underworld (e.g. \"blatnoy language\"/Fenya, \"blatnoy behavior\", \"blatnoy outlook\").\n",
"Analyti... |
Popular Questions regarding reproduction in Snakes | Do you think you can get a clutch of eggs and show them the developmental stages? | [
"Snake sperm morphology and function is highly influenced by their ability to find, interact with, and fertilize eggs. Snake species display extended copulations and higher gonad mass/body mass proportions in males than other reptilian taxonomic groups. Furthermore, their mating systems have a wide range of variabi... |
why did new york city merge multiple subway companies into one? | The problem is that if I want to get from A to B, I don't have a choice of which line I take. If company X provides a better service but doesn't run the line that takes me from A to B, that's no use to me. I'm not going to walk half a mile to station C to get a train to D and then walk another half a mile to my final d... | [
"By the time the first subway opened in 1904, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city built most of the lines and leased them to the compan... |
How does the body compensate for being too alkaline or too acidic? | Your body uses a bicarbonate buffer system to maintain proper blood pH.
If pH is too high your body will blow off CO2 in order to force the equilibrium back into balance.
if pH is too low respiration will slow in order to keep more CO2 in the blood.
The kidneys also help to manage this system. They are able to elim... | [
"Advocates propose that since the normal pH of the blood is slightly alkaline, the goal of diet should be to mirror this by eating a diet that is alkaline producing as well. These advocates propose that diets high in acid-producing elements will generally lead the body to become acidic and thereby foster disease. T... |
prices of shares go up and down each hour. so why don't people just buy, and sell when the price gets higher and keep doing this until they are rich? | Some people do that. It's called [Day Trading](_URL_0_).
The problem is knowing when it's going to rise and when it's going to fall. At the start of a business day, you know Company X is going to have a press conference at noon and they are rumored to be revealing Wigit 7, the most up to date wigit ever. So you buy... | [
"One can explain this alternately as the price not adjusting down—the price is too high, with supply being too high, or alternatively demand being too low, or by the theory of an equilibrium price not holding—the price at which sellers will sell is higher than the price at which buyers will buy.\n",
"When a busin... |
the us constitution and its amendments. | An amendment is allowed by the section titled "elastic clause" which allows congress to make changes to the constitution by vote. Amendments are a rather big deal, like changing voting rights. And I suck at this type of thing, someone will explain it better. | [
"Since the Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times, including an amendment to repeal a previous one, in order to meet the needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer speci... |
how are we legally able to sue for a "negative review" but not legally obliged to pay for positive ones? | You can sue for anything, but you are not likely to win many things. Damages for receiving a negative review are one of the things you are not likely to win. In fact news of a company making a lawsuit for bad reviews is such bad press it is most likely to make them lose even more profits. | [
"In some countries, those prevailing in trial may recover their attorneys' fees from the opposing party. In the United States A party may be able to seek sanctions when the other party acts without legal basis or justifiable cause. For example, if the opposing party continues to object to the complaint without sign... |
what is it in the quran that convinces so many extremists to fight in the name of their god? | > Why are there no current Christian extremists?
[Does the KKK not count? As well as other Christians who have, for example, blown up abortion clinics in the name of Christianity?](_URL_0_) These people could very easily be compared to aforementioned "outliers". For these outliers, you must understand that all relig... | [
"One further critical cleavage is al-Ahbash's strict rejection of any form of anthropomorphism of God which they accuse Wahhabis of. Consequently, Shaykh Habashi holds that \"it does not befit God to speak like that, and his word is not a voice or letters\" and that therefore, the Qur'an contains the word of God bu... |
memory leaks in computer programs. | 1) It *can* but it's not a simple problem. Java has a garbage collector that does this, and it is possible to set up a similar thing in C, but C let's you do memory manipulation on a scale Java doesn't allow so it's harder.
2) By not having memory leaks. | [
"In computer science, a memory leak is a type of resource leak that occurs when a computer program incorrectly manages memory allocations in such a way that memory which is no longer needed is not released. A memory leak may also happen when an object is stored in memory but cannot be accessed by the running code. ... |
Are there chemicals that get released in my brain while asleep that cause me to think more clearly in the morning? | You might want to read [this short article](_URL_2_), which discusses the development of insight during sleep. The authors speculate that REM might be implicated but that was not supported by subsequent research.
In the original (as far as I know) study, sleep was been found to lead to insight - changing the memory of... | [
"Several neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and waking patterns: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin. Neocortical neurons fire spontaneously during slow-wave sleep, thus they seem to play a role during this period of sleep. Also, these neurons appear to have some sort of internal di... |
Why is most of the gold in the world found in Africa? | By total amount of gold mine reserves, North America comes out on top with about 30% of known gold mine reserves by weight. Africa has only 22%. The US and Canada combined have more gold than all of Africa. So the premise of the question is wrong since Africa does not have the most gold compared to other continents.
O... | [
"From the late 15th century until the mid 19th century, two-thirds of Africa's gold production was estimated to have originated from the Gold Coast. Annual production in the early 1980s was 12,000-15,000 kg. The major primary gold lodes are found in the shear zone between the Lower Birimian phyllites and Upper Biri... |
Why is the Ozone Layer Hole in the South Pole? Why isn't it in the North Pole? | The Antarctic one is the “famous” one but there was also an article in Nature in 2005 about an Arctic ozone hole and occasionally a hole will form over Tibet (albeit not as intense). The Antarctic one was primarily exacerbated by the polar vortex in the Antarctic that fed into a seasonal increase in reactive chlorine t... | [
"The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator. The ozone hole has influenced atmospheric circulation all the way to the tropics and increased rainfall at low, subtropical latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.\n",
... |
how do scientists achieve extremely cold temperatures in labs (liquid oxygen/hydrogen levels)? in order to heat something up, i understand that you can add more energy to it, but how is it possible to make something that cold? | As you said when something is heated or when something is boiled it requires energy to be taken in. So how do you cool something?
You simply put a lot of pressure on a gas to make it a liquid. Then when you allow the liquid to expand it will begin to boil and turn back to a gas. This boiling process requires energy wh... | [
"Some laboratory reactions must be run under extreme cooling, because they are very prone to hazardous thermal runaway. For example, in Swern oxidation, the formation of sulfonium chloride must be performed in a cooled system (–30 °C), because at room temperature the reaction undergoes explosive thermal runaway.\n"... |
Why do flowers smell nice to humans? | Many flowers smell like dead flesh to attract flies to pollinate them. We have bred certain flowers to smell better for us but they don't occur naturally. So I guess I would say that most people don't notice the wild flowers that we can't smell or smell bad. We mostly interact with good smelling domesticated flowers th... | [
"Another attractive mechanism for flowers is the use of scent which is highly attractive towards humans such as the rose, but some are very fragrant within attracting flies as they have a smell of rotting meat. Dark is another factor in which flowers have grown to adapt these conditions so colour lacks vision at ni... |
why do laptops preform better when plugged in? | Well, it's due to the power management profile in the laptop's control panel. Running your computer's components at full power consumes an awful lot of, well, power. Throttling your system down when it's not attached to the outlet means it can extend its battery life. You can always change how it reacts under Power Opt... | [
"The laptop has a notable lack of expansion ports, consisting of a RS-232 port, a printer port, and the docking connector. The computer used the docking connector to connect to a Toshiba DeskStation II, giving it extra capabilities.\n",
"Laptop computers, conversely, offer portability that desktop systems (includ... |
Why is there so much rainfall in East Asia, even though most of it is at the same latitudes as the Sahara desert? | It's because of the Himalayas. If there were no mountains on the Earth, it would be dry along the tropics like [the Sahara and the Middle East](_URL_1_). But mountain ranges and nearby oceans shift the dry zone away, and cause [monsoon rains to the east](_URL_0_). | [
"Presently, the African Monsoon still influences the climate between 5° south and 25° north latitude; the latitudes around 10° north receive the bulk of their precipitation from the monsoon during summer, with smaller amounts of rainfall occurring farther north. Thus farther north deserts can be found while the moi... |
What historical processes lead to the development of Texas cities around beltway (ring road) highways? | I don't have all the info, but I can get you started.
We call them 'loops,' as does the state department, but if you look into the technical definition according to the ones who build them, loops are not necessarily circular, but they are required to connect two state highways.
Often, to avoid traffic congestion in ... | [
"Construction on Beltway 8 (the Sam Houston Tollway) through the area began in 1985 and was completed in 1988. Financing for this section of the tollway was particularly challenging, as the Texas Department of Transportation's right-of-way acquisition program coincided with the rapid development of Westchase and Sh... |
In theory, would it be possible to find gravitational lenses at the correct angles to one another that would allow us to resolve the ancient Milky Way, and perhaps study an ancient Earth? | Unfortunately, the answer is never.
We can approach this question in two ways: gravitational lensing, and object resolution.
A distant black hole, or even the one at the center of the galaxy, may in fact have the perfectly perfect angle where the photons from millions of years ago (other galaxy), or thousands of y... | [
"The possibility of gravitational lensing was suggested in 1924 and clarified by Albert Einstein in 1936. In 1937, Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974), working at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California, realized that galaxies and galaxy clusters far out in space may be sufficiently compact and massive t... |
Who did Saudi Arabia sell its oil to during WWII? | Great Britain got their oil from British Petroleum, which traces its origins back to the Anglo-Persian oil company that was founded before World War I. After WWI and the partition of the Ottoman Empire, BP expanded its operations into Kuwait and Iraq. So Britain did not buy... | [
"During and after World War II, production of Saudi oil expanded, with much of the oil being sold to the Allies. Aramco (the Arabian American Oil Company) built an underwater pipeline to Bahrain to help increase oil flow in 1945. Between 1939 and 1953, oil revenues from Saudi Arabia increased from $7 million to ove... |
Would it be better if starving to eat or keep a limb? | I'm not a professional or anything, but I think that eating the limb would provide you with nutrition. The factors to consider however are what are your means for stopping blood loss, shock, and infection? If you are poor and starving, I would hardly think you had access to a proper clean environment. | [
"If extensive necrosis and gangrene has set in an arm or leg, the limb may have to be amputated. Limb amputation is in itself usually remarkably well tolerated, but is associated with a substantial mortality (~50%), primarily because of the severity of the diseases in patients where it is indicated.\n",
"People w... |
why is sepp blatter able to remain untouced in switzerland even though the fbi is actively pursuing him | Extradition is a complicated process. Even with an extradition treaty in place you have to prove that you've got a very good case against the person you want handed over before a foreign government will help you get them. If there isn't enough evidence or your argument isn't considered good enough they can refuse to ha... | [
"On 13 December, the Director of the SFO wrote to the Attorney General to inform him that the SFO was dropping the investigation and would not be looking into the Swiss bank accounts, citing \"real and imminent damage to the UK's national and international security and would endanger the lives of UK citizens and se... |
How does the body know when to use the esophagus or the trachea? | It's a fairly simple process, the trachea and the esophagus share the same lumen up until just below the epiglottis. When you actually swallow something the reflexes start to occur immediately after you initiate the movement. The swallow reflex uses the tongue and certain other muscles in the mouth (and the pharynx/bac... | [
"The anus is the final component of the gastrointestinal tract, and directly continues from the rectum. The anus passes through the pelvic floor. The anus is surrounded by muscles. The top and bottom of the anus are surrounded by the internal and external anal sphincters, two muscular rings which control defecation... |
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