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train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
how are bills able to be changed last minute with other members of congress seemingly being out of the loop?	It doesn't happen with most bills. When it does tend to happen is when there is a particularly complicated bill that has to be passed immediately (e.g. a bill that keeps the government funding from shutting down, or deal with some national emergency). In those situations, the bill can be dozens or hundreds of pages...	[ "This bill has not become law. Sessions of Congress last two years, at the end of which all proposed bills and resolutions that have not been passed are removed. Members may and often do reintroduce bills that did not come up for debate.\n", "Sessions of Congress last two years and any bills proposed in that sess...
At what point does matter (mass/size) follow quantum physics as opposed to standard physics?	At every point. QM is the correct theory. "Standard Physics" is the short-wavelength approximation to QM. Which method you use depends on how accurate you need to be in your prediction.	[ "In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can not add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifi...
what does it mean that there is a 2,500 square-mile cloud of methane over the southwest?	Methane is much more efficient at trapping radiation than CO2 - about 20 times more so. As far as greenhouse gases go, it's (one of) the killer(s). Edit: some reading - _URL_0_ _URL_1_ Edit 2: The stuff in parentheses.	[ "The Four Corners Methane Hot Spot (also called the San Juan Basin methane leak or New Mexico methane source or various related permutations) refers to a clustering of large methane sources near San Juan Basin, near Four Corners, New Mexico, United States. It is perhaps the largest source of methane release in the ...
why is 100 degrees celsius the "boiling point", when water can boil below 100 degrees?	Water without impurities boils at 100degrees c at sea level	[ "This boiling–point difference of 16.1 millikelvins between the Celsius scale's original definition and the current one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in real life because water's boiling point is highly sensitive to variations in barometric pressure. For example, an alti...
How strong were relations between the USA and Liberia over time politically, economically, and culturally?	This question has been up for a while without a single response. I am not a historian, but I will try to provide good sources from what I've searched up. Early advocates for resettlement included [Paul Cuffee](_URL_1_), a Quaker abolitionist of mixed descent. The American Colonization Society would eventually found Li...	[ "The United States had a long history of intervening in Liberia's internal affairs, repeatedly sending naval vessels to help suppress insurrections by indigenous tribes before and after independence (in 1821, 1843, 1876, 1910, and 1915). The United States had lost interest in Liberia after 1876, and the country bec...
why do seniors/children pay less for movie tickets when they still take the same amount of space ?	Its a way to get them into the thester. If no seniors are willing to spend $10 to go to the thester, then profit is $0. If lowering the price will cause at least a few seniors to come, then profit is made.	[ "Tickets for all movie showings feature assigned seating. Upon purchasing a ticket, customers are allowed to select their preferred seat and see which seats have already been reserved. The only restriction is the inability to select a seat if it creates a single seat space between an already reserved seat. This is ...
why is lumber sold based the size it was before it went into the planer?	Just a side note to your comment, but a quarter pound hamburger is the amount of hamburger that was put on the grill. The patty you end up eating won’t weigh 4 oz anymore. So your example actually is closer to the same than an opposite.	[ "\"Finished lumber\" is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry – primarily softwood, from coniferous species, including pine, fir and spruce (collectively spruce-pine-fir), cedar, and hemlock, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring. It is more commonly made from softwood than hard...
What happens to the kinetic energy of a moving radioactive particle when it decays?	Energy and momentum are conserved for any decay, in any frame of reference. If you carefully keep track of the energies and momenta of all particles in a decay where the parent particle is moving, you'll find that they are both conserved.	[ "In the decay, an electron and an antineutrino are ejected at great speed from the tritium nucleus, changing one of the neutrons into a proton with the release of 18,600 electronvolts (eV) of energy. The neutrino escapes the system; the electron is generally captured within a short distance, but far enough away fro...
Did Confederate symbols disappear after the Civil War? Did people still display the Confederate flag after the war? If, not when did it come back in fashion?	Hi there -- this is a question that's come up here a few times before. Not to discourage new answers, but you may be interested in these previous links on the topic: _URL_0_ _URL_1_ _URL_2_	[ "The battle flag was never adopted by the Confederate Congress, never flew over any state capitols during the Confederacy, and was never officially used by Confederate veterans' groups. The flag probably would have been relegated to Civil War museums if it had not been resurrected by the resurgent KKK and used by S...
why do products with double the amount/content don't nearly cost double the price?	Smaller products have more packaging costs, more transaction overhead & more customer service issues. When you make something, you just want to focus on making that thing so you sell it off in big lots so you don't need to worry about running stores & dealing with customers.	[ "The regulating price of a given type of product is a sort of modal average price level, above or below which people would be much less likely to trade the product. If the price is too high, buyers cannot afford to buy it, or try to get cheaper alternatives. If the price is too low, sellers cannot cover their costs...
what causes the menstruation cycle to be regular?	[Additional info](_URL_0_) The menstrual cycle is caused by hormones that fluctuate in level throughout the cycle. A hormone called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is released by the pituitary gland, which causes an egg cell to develop. The little pod of cells it is inside is called the follicle. The follicle grow...	[ "The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise a...
i can always find a deal on most electronics if i look hard enough. why do the prices of certain products never seem to vary more than a few bucks?	Apple will only supply to retailers if the retailer agrees to very strict conditions. Those conditions include that the retailer only sells Apple products at pre-agreed prices. Which is why you will never be able to find a deal on a new iPhone or iPad.	[ "If the customers do not find value and integrity in the products they are buying they will be quick to leave for the next lowest price. Selling on pure price turns the product into a commodity. Commoditization does more harm than good for the brand or company selling. A commodity is something for which there is de...
What causes different materials to expand or contract at different rates?	Intermolecular bonding energy. Heat is atomic kinetic energy, right? Well, if a material is bonded to itself really strongly (tungsten), it will take a lot of energy (heat) to force them to spread out. If they are weak (plastic), they will spread out a lot further with application of the same amount of energy.	[ "A bulk material can be distorted in many different ways: stretching, shearing, bending, twisting, etc. Each kind of distortion contributes to the elastic energy of a deformed material. In orthogonal coordinates, the elastic energy per unit volume due to strain is thus a sum of contributions:\n", "Material will e...
the concept of a t-test in statistics	A t-test is used to compare two sets of data gathered independently of each other to see how similar they are. In my job (biochemistry) it's sometimes used during method validation to test how well a particular test will give a 100% result when conducted multiple times. The difference between one-tailed and two-tailed ...	[ "A \"t\"-test is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistics (under certain conditions) follow a Student's \"t\...
when is the veil of beyond which the historian can't look, the age that that must be left to the archaeologists?	An archaeologist works in the field, studying primarily by excavating remains and recovering objects from the place of history. Historians typically write and study about the subject, but don't necessarily have to be archaeologists. There isn't any sort of time divider, though.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Centuries of Darkness: A Challenge to the Conventional Chronology of Old World Archaeology\", with P.J. James (ed), I.J. Thorpe, N. Kokkinos and J.A. Frankish. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Centuries of Darkness: A Challenge to the Conventional Chronology of Old World Archaeology\...
where there is a uterus or another female organ in a woman's body, what is in that exact spot in a man's body?	No, the woman's bladder is just smaller when empty and is located more forward in the body, creating a space behind it, where the womb is located. An important thing about the womb is that, when the woman is not pregnant, it's pretty small organ. It only gets huge and cumbersome when there's a huge, cumbersome baby in ...	[ "The sexes are determined externally by the number of openings in the groin area: the female has three – the forward one is the urinary opening (in the urinary papilla or projection), the second is the vagina, and the third is the anus at the tail. The male has two openings – the combined urinary/reproductive openi...
how can a distance be infinitely smaller	Between the numbers 1 and 2, there is 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. But between 1.1 and 1.2 there is 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, etc. And between 1.11 and 1.12 there is 1.121, 1.122, 1.123, etc. So there can always be more numbers in between two other numbers. It is infinite, you can keep going smaller and smaller. So between any two poi...	[ "The dimensions (e.g., length) of an object as measured by one observer may be smaller than the results of measurements of the same object made by another observer (e.g., the ladder paradox involves a long ladder traveling near the speed of light and being contained within a smaller garage).\n", "This also implie...
when people make supercuts, where do they get all the footage, and how do they find all the clips?	There are places on the internet where you can easily and quickly acquire just about every episode of these shows... For free. After that it's just up to you to piece it together.	[ "A supercut is a technique or genre of video editing with historical roots in film and television and related to vidding. It is generally a speedy compilation or montage using seconds of video clips that feature the same type of action, scene, word, phrase, object, gesture, cliché or trope from pre-existing visual ...
In which direction is spacetime "curved"?	The classic example that you refer to does frequently seem to lead to exactly the confusion you mention. It's frustrating because it easy to understand, and is 'morally' correct, although of course it's really just a cartoon and isn't meant to be an accurate description of what curvature is. The difficulty is that the...	[ "If Einstein showed that space-time was curved, Nottale shows that it is not only curved, but also fractal. Nottale has proven a key theorem which shows that a space which is continuous and non-differentiable is necessarily fractal. It means that such a space depends on scale.\n", "Curved space often refers to a ...
anarchy vs libertarian	A libertarian philosophy is laissez-faire (minimal interference from the government) advocating only minimal state intervention in the lives of citizens. An anarchist philosophy is based on the absence of government, and we are self-governed. So one has a government that works minimally, and the other has no governme...	[ "Libertarianism (from , meaning \"freedom\") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association and individual judgment. Libertarians share a skepticism of...
Stereotypically, we see Ancient Greeks as toga-wearing. How did they dress for winter?	Just for clarification, the Greeks did not wear togas, rather himations, chitons, and peplos. Togas were an Etruscan-influenced Roman style, and differed from the green garb both in fastening, drape, and style. The met has a nice overview of Greek attire here, which includes an overview of how the components were laye...	[ "Clothing reformers later in the 19th century CE admired ancient Greek dress because they thought it represented timeless beauty, the opposite of complicated and rapidly changing fashions of their time, as well as the more practical reasoning that Grecian-style dresses required far less cloth than those of the Roco...
what happens to an eyeball after it's removed from a body and loses its moisture?	Well, it would definitely depend upon the environment around the eyeball, but since you're particularly curious about it being dried out; in an arid environment (say under a heat lamp or something) yeah, it would turn into basically an eyeball raisin. But under most conditions, it'd basically just eventually rot, turni...	[ "Dry eye occurs when either the eye does not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. This can result from contact lens use, meibomian gland dysfunction, allergies, pregnancy, Sjögren's syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, LASIK surgery, and certain medications such as antihistamines, some blood pre...
What color would Radon glow when excited?	Based on [this](_URL_0_) emission spectrum, it appears that radon would fluoresce with a deep bluish-violet color. Obviously it's intense radioactivity prevents this experiment from being easily accomplished.	[ "Radium bromide is a luminous chemical that causes the air surrounding it, even when encased in a tube, to glow a brilliant green and demonstrate all bands of the nitrogen spectrum. It is possible that the effect of the alpha radiation on the nitrogen in the air causes this luminescence. Radium bromide is highly re...
History of Satanism?	Modern day Satanism isn't much a religion at all, it is more a philosophy, the same way some Buddhists treat Buddhism as a philosophy (though not all.) Modern Satanism relies heavily on the counter-culture as a means of establishing its philosophy. Modern Satanism emphasizes the self, and most of the sins are sins that...	[ "Schreck's \"Flowers From Hell: A Satanic Reader\" was released in 2001. The book detailed the history of the use of Satan as a symbol, archetype, and deity in fiction throughout history, from ancient to modern times, and through several different cultures.\n", "Satan in Goray (1955) is a novel by Isaac Bashevis ...
"complexes" in terms of psychology	The psych meaning of complex is a bit different than the dictionary. In the field, complex refers to a group of attitudes, forms, or personality traits that define whatever word is placed in front of it. Example: "superiority complex" refers to the traits in a given person that makes them feel superior to others.	[ "The term \"complex\" (; also \"emotionally charged complexes\" or \"feeling-toned complex of ideas\"), was coined by Carl Jung when he was still a close associate of Sigmund Freud. Complexes were so central to Jung's ideas that he originally called his body of theories \"Complex psychology\". Historically the term...
why are there not many artistic depictions of heaven within christian religious art traditionally?	perhaps depicting perfection was thought impossible and hence avoided. My theory, though, is that they thought it offensive to draw holy things back then	[ "In the context of Christianity, heaven is sometimes symbolically depicted as populated by angels playing harps, giving the instrument associations of the sacred and heavenly. In the Bible, Genesis 4:21 says that Jubal, the first musician and son of Lamech, was 'the father of all who play' the harp and flute.\n", ...
What is the difference between 208/220/240/277v in a 3 phase system and how is each voltage achieved?	You are, I believe, talking about a power supply setup used in North America, known as [high-leg delta](_URL_0_). In this setup, voltage between any two phases is 240V. The neutral is connected to midpoint between two phases, which results in neutral-to-phase voltage of 120V for those two phases, and 208V phase-to-ne...	[ "In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in some areas). A wye system allows the use of tw...
why is dietary fibre important?	There’s also new evidence that the “good” bacteria in our colon take nutrition from dietary fiber. So even if humans can’t digest it, our gut bacteria can. Having a healthy microbiome is essential to preventing diabetes, heart disease and all sorts of other inflammatory disorders. So, eat your fruits and veggies.	[ "Many molecules that are considered to be \"dietary fiber\" are so because humans lack the necessary enzymes to split the glycosidic bond and they reach the large intestine. Many foods contain varying types of dietary fibers, all of which contribute to health in different ways.\n", "Dietary fiber is a carbohydrat...
why is it that modern body armor, like the kind used by the military and police, is very rarely of high enough strength to stop rounds from rifle caliber weapons? especially in a military context, aren't rifle caliber weapons exceedingly common?	When I was deployed we had armor with plates. They were rated to stop a round from an AK-47. But like with many things. The more times it gets hit the more it loses its structural integrity. Think of a brick wall and a sledgehammer. Sure, the brick wall maybe able to stop a few hits, but eventually the force is going t...	[ "The proliferation of high-quality body armor has begun to make guns that fire pistol ammunition (such as Heckler & Koch's earlier MP5 submachine gun and USP pistol) ineffective. In response to this trend, Heckler & Koch designed the MP7 (along with the cancelled UCP pistol, which uses the same ammunition) to penet...
what made the beatles so revolutionary for the music industry? and why are they regarded as one of the most influential bands of all time?	Oh, my. A number of things. 1 The Beatles wrote their own songs. Before, most Pop acts were given songs to sing by their producers. After The Beatles, it was more expected that a band would create its own music. I may be wrong, but I understand that the current model has drifted back to a "You write, I perform" model....	[ "The Beatles often incorporated classical elements, older pop forms and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways and later experimented with several musical styles ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. Their records inspired the new psychedelic and progressive styles,...
charter schools, good/bad side to them	They're basically publicly funded private schools. They can be selective in who they admit as a student, often offer better facilities and better trained faculty, and in many cases are "specialized" schools that are geared towards students that may be interested in medicine, science, math, the arts etc... and educate t...	[ "Charter schools have been depicted as a controversial solution to alleviate educational inequality in the United States. In an effort to combat the impacts of living in a low-income school district, charter schools have emerged as a means of reorganizing funding to better assist low-income students and their commu...
how do some citrus food products contain 0% dv of vitamin c, when they contain 'orange puree' and 'lemon juice concentrate'?	The same reason that it's possible for a banana peel to have 0% banana in it anymore. Those fruits are usually vehicles for vitamin c but it's processing removes it. Taste, texture and color don't equal the presence of nutrients	[ "As with other citrus fruits, orange pulp is an excellent source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g serving (right table). Numerous other essential nutrients are present in low amounts (right table).\n", "Chivita 100% is a natural source of vitamins and minerals. The juice comes in 6 varian...
how can it be some people die after 1 shot but others, like emmett dalton gets shot 23 times in the late 19th century without great medical care and live?	There are youtube videos on the effects of handguns. Generally handguns are less powerful than rifles. Yes there are specific deadly areas. Being shot in the heart, head or a major artery is generally fatal. The existence of guardian angels is not proven and is suspect. Do not rely on one. Buckshot is smaller than m...	[ "Grat and Bob Dalton, Dick Broadwell and Bill Power were all killed. Emmett Dalton received 23 gunshot wounds and survived (he was shot through the right arm, below the shoulder, through the left – right, in some accounts – hip and groin, and received 18-23 buckshot in his back). He was given a life sentence in the...
how do big companies hire lawyers to avoid lawsuits?	Basically, the more money you have to defend yourself, the higher probability you'll get away with things (i.e. OJ Simpson). So, let's say you're a petroleum company and you have a spill. Now, you try to blame that on a third party who put the rig together but people still sue you directly of course. You know that i...	[ "The role of a corporate lawyer is to ensure the legality of commercial transactions, advising corporations on their legal rights and duties, including the duties and responsibilities of corporate officers. In order to do this, they must have knowledge of aspects of contract law, tax law, accounting, securities law...
What role did the potato play in Enligthenment ideology in Europe?	Maybe not specifically related to your question, but I can give a bit of background on the introduction of the potato in french cuisine. The main figure in this is Antione Augustin Parmentier, who you will see on his wiki page that even though he was an acknowledged pharmacist, he is most famous for 'potato'. During...	[ "In Europe, the potato was not immediately well received. Reader discusses how it was accused of causing leprosy or other ailments and then how cultural groups’ perception of the potato flipped and it became something entirely healthful. The potato also is at the center of demographic and cultural change and this i...
how does a star trek styled economy work "where all of humanity is equal and can spend their time creating art, exploring, researching, reading, gardening and raising their family" ?	This type of world is referred to as post-scarcity. We pay money for things because of scarcity. The crappy jobs are all automated, and the necessities for life are available with little to no effort. For example, you eat without needing a chef, a farmer, a truck driver (to transport), or any other third party to provi...	[ "Although they lead a comfortable life within the Culture, many of its citizens feel a need to be useful and to belong to a society that does not merely exist for their own sake but that also helps improve the lot of sentient beings throughout the galaxy. For that reason the Culture carries out \"good works\", cove...
why looking at gruesome pictures of people/animals gross us so much?	Empathy. When you see an image of something you consider to have human emotions in pain, your brain actually simulates that pain in order to determine how you should feel about it. This simulation of pain is the root of all of our morality and feelings that other humans are worthwhile, because it allows us to understan...	[ "In the movie \"Animals are Beautiful People\", an entire section was dedicated to showing many different animals including monkeys, elephants, hogs, giraffes, and ostriches, eating over-ripe marula tree fruit causing them to sway and lose their footing in a manner similar to human drunkenness. Birds may become int...
Is it possible to 'reverse engineer' a secret food ingredient?	Yes, and it has been done. For example, the [Merory formulation](_URL_1_) is said to be very close to the actual composition of Coca Cola- for which there have been [a number of reconstructions.](_URL_3_) Poundstone discusses the formulation for KFC in his [Big Secrets](_URL_4_) book, and I think it's his [Bigger Secr...	[ "A secret ingredient is a component of a product that is closely guarded from public disclosure for competitive advantage. Sometimes the ingredient makes a noticeable difference in the way a product performs, looks or tastes; other times it is used for advertising puffery. Companies can go to elaborate lengths to m...
why you can still whisper if you have lost your voice but if you try to talk nothing come out?	Talking uses vibrations of your vocal cords. Whispering uses the same jaw, lip, and tongue movements to create speech, but only pushing air through open vocal cords. No vibrations = no voice.	[ "\"We are so accustomed to silence, but silence doesn’t mean surrender. We can’t stop shouting simply because our voices are low; we can’t do nothing simply because our power is weak. It’s okay to be chided, it’s okay to be misunderstood, it’s okay to be overlooked. But it’s just I no longer want to keep silent.\"\...
Is there a physical limit on a car's 0-60 time?	Read up on [top fuel dragsters](_URL_0_). They're as fast as we can do right now with a tire-driven car, accelerating from 0-100mph in around 0.7s. We could do better if there weren't such stringent rules in place regarding engine design. We can also do better with jet- or rocket-powered vehicles because they don't d...	[ "After accumulating, for example, 60 hours of driving and on-duty time within a period of 7 days, a driver's daily driving limit may be reduced (60 / 7 = 8.57 driving hours per day). The driver of a passenger-carrying vehicle may not use the 34-hour restart provision.\n", "The time scale is typically given by the...
how do the foam cutouts in a recording studio mute out sound?	They don't mute the sound they absorb it. Picture this: throw a golf ball as hard as you can into a tiny room with concrete walls, floor, and ceiling. What did that golf ball do? Now cover the walls, floor, and ceiling with thick feather pillows and throw that golf ball. The golf ball represents the sound travel.	[ "Acoustic foam is a lightweight material made from polyurethane foam either polyether or polyester, and also extruded melamine foam. It is usually cut into tiles - often with pyramid or wedge shapes - which are suited to placing on the walls of a recording studio or a similar type of environment to act as a sound a...
how does the un work?	All the countries that are members of the United Nations send representatives to the council, and they have meetings, discussions, and hopefully agreements over all the subjects that are important to people all over the planet. "The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization tasked with maintaining internatio...	[ "The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; , AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the UN. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the UN, app...
what’s the difference between a mountain’s height and its prominence? how are each measured?	Height usually refers to the height of the mountain above sea level; basically, what is the difference in height between the peak of the mountain and the average sea level below. & #x200B; Prominence refers to how much the peak of a mountain stands out from the surrounding landscape. Technically speaking, it's the d...	[ "This list contains most of the highest mountains in the country. It is limited to mountain peaks with, if known, an elevation of at least above sea level, and may include those considered as hills. The distinction between a hill and a mountain in terms of elevation is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is ...
why do digital clocks slowly become inaccurate? (follow-up: but something like a car turn signal always blinks at the same frequency?)	Consumer digital clocks use crystal oscillators (like quartz) to keep time. When you pass an electric current through a crystal, it vibrates at a specific frequency. Crystal oscillators are accurate enough for consumer use but they're not that accurate. Things like mechanical stress or mechanical shock, temperature c...	[ "Synchronous motor clocks are rugged because they do not have a delicate pendulum or balance wheel. However, a temporary power outage will stop the clock, which will show the wrong time when power is restored. Some synchronous clocks have an indicator which shows if it has stopped and restarted.\n", "Because digi...
why can't you use your phone when it's out of juice and you just plugged it in?	The battery charge system won't let the phone power up until there is a small reserve of charge on the battery. If you have a tiny charge on the battery, just enough to boot the phone, the phone will boot and the CPU/Display/Everything will start using more juice. This increase will cause the battery voltage to drop....	[ "Juice jacking is not possible if a device is charged via the AC adapter shipped with the device, a battery backup device, or by utilizing a USB cable that has its data cables removed. A tool originally called the USB Condom (now renamed to SyncStop) has been released with the sole purpose of disallowing data conne...
Napoleon's Marriage Ambitions	By 1809, it was clear to Napoleon that he had a problem: he had no direct heir. Rumors of his death in Spain in 1808 encouraged an embryonic conspiracy in circles around Fouche and Talleyrand, and the hard-fought 1809 campaign actually gave Napoleon his only serious wound in a lifetime of soldiering. The 1808 conspirac...	[ "Upon Louis's return to France, he was involved in Napoleon's plot to overthrow the Directory. After becoming the First Consul, Napoleon arranged for a marriage between Louis and Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Empress Josephine, and hence Napoleon's stepdaughter. Hortense, who was opposed to the marriage ...
Can a baby inside the womb have an allergic reaction? If so how would it be treated?	Not really, because fetuses don't really have the B-cell diversity an infant has. They have some, but they are a yolk-sac derived alternative that is unique to mature B-cells. I also feel like they won't have many, if any, resident, mature mast cells throughout their body yet, which is necessary for the massive degranu...	[ "Side effects include diarrhea, rash, itchiness, headache, and hair loss. Rarely a severe allergic reaction or rash such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, may occur. It is not generally recommended in people with a sulfonamide allergy or significant liver or kidney disease. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is saf...
how do terrestrial ant colonies survive torrential downpours without flooding in and drowning them?	Water does flood in. However, ants usually dig colonies at least a foot deep. That creates a lot of surface area relative to the tiny entrance hole, so the dirt absorbs the rain quickly. Ants also build chambers at the top of upward sloping tunnels, so water can't flow in. As a last-ditch effort, some species will ...	[ "In the Brazilian rain forest, sudden rainfall can trigger flooding at a moment's notice. Given that flooding can potentially destroy a colony and drown the insects, fire ants have developed a unique adaptation to this situation. While individual fire ants are hydrophobic and flounder at the waters surface, large g...
what is the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?	Two different neurotransmitters which signal in different way. Noradrenaline doesn’t have a direct action on the heart. Instead it increases vascular tone. Also, adrenaline has a methyl group on it!	[ "Primarily referred to in the United States as epinephrine and norepinephrine, adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamines, water-soluble compounds that have a structure made of a catechol group and an amine group. The adrenal glands are responsible for most of the adrenaline that circulates in the body, but on...
How well can a chemist predict the properties of a chemical before it is synthesized?	Chemical is very vague. You could be talking about things as simple as an element or as complicated as a protein. The truth is, chemists simply don't have the ability to determine the properties of any and all chemicals before actually seeing them work. Breaking this into different categories--atoms are very simple...	[ "An element-reaction-product table is used to find coefficients while balancing an equation representing a chemical reaction. Coefficients represent moles of a substance so that the number of atoms produced is equal to the number of atoms being reacted with. This is the common setup:\n", "Once the chemical reacti...
how does an excess of democracy in a society lead to civil war or dictatorship?	It doesn't. Democracy just means people getting to vote on the rules they live by. What would an excess of that look like? Wars and dictators are caused by a lack of democracy.	[ "They also note that several studies support a variant of the democratic peace theory, which argues that more democracy causes a general decrease in systematic violence, at least for the most democratic nations. However, intermediately democratic nations do have a higher tendency for conflicts such as civil war tha...
what are the usa's immigration policies goals?	To simplify it, the US is wanting to implement a system that can "weed out" the people that have connections to bad people or bad organizations that might not be so friendly to people in America. Essentially, the US wants to prevent a "Trojan Horse" immigration, where people come in under false pretenses, say "Oh yeah...	[ "The framework of U.S. immigration law has largely remained the same since 1965. The U.S. economy needs both high-skilled and low-skilled immigrant workers to remain competitive and to have enough workers who continue to pay into Social Security and Medicare as the U.S. population grows older. Nonetheless, there ar...
Did Pharaoh Akhenaten renounce godhood in his pursuit of a monotheistic Egypt?	It is not necessarily clear for many reasons. First of all there is the extent to which each pharaoh was seen as divine versus there being a divine spirit of royal authority which each ruler had as an attribute. I find the argument for the latter to be very convincing since in the New Kingdom the pharaoh was only de...	[ "Akhnaten left the ancient capital of Luxor to build a religious utopia in the desert to break from the past and honour his new monotheistic god. The great temple at Amarna opened up to the sun but only the Pharaoh and his family were allowed in. Akhnaton came to believe that he was the son of god and should be wor...
Can Tsar Nicholas II's personality be blamed for the decline and fall of the Romanov dynasty?	Part of it according to Robert Massie's book Nicholas and Alexandra has to do with the fact that his father Alexander III died at a relatively young age and was not really preparing his son for the responsibilities. He had the tutoring, but didn't get the sit-ins and was basically allowed to enjoy life. This caused his...	[ "When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin, was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles, led George to think that ...
What are the problems surrounding human cryogenises (with prospect of later resuscitation), and does anybody in the field have any insight on the steps being taken to improve the process?	I do not work in this field, but... Freezing water produces ice crystals. Ice crystals within cells destroy them, breaking apart organelles, expanding to break the membrane, causing solutes to precipitate and so on. To deal with this for electron microscopy, people flash freeze samples, freeze cells with things that a...	[ "The effect of cryopreservation on epigenetic marks in tissues is a new area of study. The primary focus of this research is on oocytes and sperm for the purpose of assisted reproductive technology, however it can be useful in forensics for the preservation of evidence. Methylation can be analyzed in fresh tissue t...
What affects whether rain comes down hard or soft?	The atmosphere everywhere (even outside the cloud) contains lots and lots and lots of water. And under a stable combination of temperature, pressure, and humidity, all that moisture is perfectly happy to exist in a completely gaseous state. But as differing air masses start to collide, the local atmospheric conditions ...	[ "In some areas of the world (e.g. the mid-western USA), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater ki...
Do identical twins have a higher chance of having identical twins?	Fraternal (non-identical) twins occur when, during ovulation in a female, two or more separate eggs are released, and more than one egg becomes fertilized. Since they have different DNA, the twins are not identical. There is a gene that increases the likelihood of having fraternal twins. Women with this gene are more l...	[ "Twins differ very little from non-twin siblings. Measured studies on the personality and intelligence of twins suggest that they have scores on these traits very similar to those of non-twins (for instance Deary et al. 2006).\n", "Because identical twins are genetically virtually identical, it follows that a gen...
why are humans attracted to bright and shiney things?	Most mammals are. I once read it's because pure, clean water is naturally reflective, so that way we are more attracted to the shiny clean water than to the murky one.	[ "Human preferences toward things in nature, while refined through experience and culture, are hypothetically the product of biological evolution. For example, adult mammals (especially humans) are generally attracted to baby mammal faces and find them appealing across species. The large eyes and small features of a...
How effective of a fuel source was Whale Oil?	"Whale oil", or the triglyceride derived from adipose tissues "blubbler" of whales, usually contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids which burns poorly and produces a lot of soot; poor grades of oil derived from whale guts also had a awful smell, making them a poor choice for indoor use. While it was had been...	[ "James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.\n", "As the price of whale oil escalated, scientists tried to create a...
if colors are defined by wavelengths of light, how do they combine to form new colors?	Colours are not _purely_ defined by wavelengths of light. In fact, colours are entirely the result of _perception_. That means there are some monochromatic colours - light of one wavelength that makes you see a particular colour - and there's polychromatic colour - light with different wavelengths that make you see a ...	[ "Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (monochromatic light) are called pure spectral colors. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.\n", "The color circ...
If you were drafted into WWII or Vietnam, did the armed forces take into account your desires or skill set when deciding where to place you, or was it completely by chance?	[This response I wrote on the USMC mobilization might be of interest for you.](_URL_0_)	[ "During the Vietnam War the Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson decided upon a draft to enhance active duty troop strength rather than calling on large numbers of the National Guard and Reserves. As a result, membership in a reserve component, including the Army National Guard, became a way to avoid comba...
if someone used a flashlight in a closed container traveling close to the speed of light, would the waves of light leaving the flashlight, be traveling faster than the speed of light?	No. A common misconception is that you just add velocities to get a resultant velocity, which is why you think that your scenario would unfold this way. [The actual way to add velocities](_URL_1_) will give you, more or less, the same velocity you would get just by adding them in an every day scenario (e.g, rowing a ...	[ "According to simple emission theory, light thrown off by an object should move at a speed of formula_1 with respect to the emitting object. If there are no complicating dragging effects, the light would then be expected to move at this same speed until it eventually reached an observer. For an object moving direct...
what is the differences between a bill getting pulled in congress versus it going to a vote and failing?	In other words, what future consequences does pulling a bill have, rather than if it had failed to get a majority of votes.	[ "If a majority of the members who are present and voting in each house vote against a bill, it fails passage. If the majority vote in favor of the bill, its approval is recorded as passing. If amendments are adopted, the bill is sent to the Enrolling and Engrossing Department of that house for engrossment. Engrossm...
During the oxidation of a metal tool, what makes certain areas rust faster than others?	Areas with a rough surface finish will rust more quickly than those with a smooth finish. A scratch or pit can cause localized corrosion due to certain products being unable to escape the area like they could on a smooth surface.	[ "The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen. The iron is the reducing agent (gives up electrons) while the oxygen is the oxidising agent (gains electrons). The rate of corrosion is affected by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated...
The first bicycles seem to have been eccentricities to be enjoyed by the rich. When was their potential for cheap, reliable transportation recognised, and when and how did they proliferate among the general population?	Bicycles really started to become popular during the athletics boom of the late nineteenth century. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the middle classes (and to some extent the working classes as well) tended to acquire more and more machine-made goods and participate in more activities that didn't focus on produ...	[ "buggies for local travel expanded, along with stage lines and railroads for longer trips. In cities and towns, horse-drawn railed vehicles gave carriage to poor workers and the lower middle class. The upper middle class used buggies, as did farmers, while the rich had the more elegant 4-wheel carriages for local u...
are you a criminal if you deliberately choose not to prevent someone from committing suicide?	I'd say it depends on whether the country you are in has a [good samaritan law.](_URL_0_)	[ "Again, if suicide is not illegal, then no one can stop another person from killing themselves. Binding noted that in reality, the majority of people who prevent a suicide attempt are not usually prosecuted and that most people who are prevented from killing themselves do not make a second attempt. He was of the op...
why do we "shush" people to try to quiet them?	The "S" sound is very high frequency, so is easier to place in three dimensional space. The purpose of "Shush" is to draw attention to your face, so that you can convey to the noisy person your displeasure in their conduct (via the means of a stern gaze). The need for a high frequency sound is so that you can do this ...	[ "Compulsive talking can drive people away, which in turn can leave that person with no social support. Interrupting, another act that is associated with talkaholics, can signal to other people a lack of respect.\n", "Shunning can be the act of social rejection, or emotional distance. In a religious context, shunn...
Is it possible that the speed of light has been decreasing over time? The decrease of c within our margin of error (measurement precision) over the last 100 years?	Models in which the speed of light varies have been considered. Albrecht, Magueijo, and others, for example, have constructed cosmological models in which the sped of light was once much, much faster; see [this](_URL_0_) from Wikipedia, and [this](_URL_1_) from Discover. Magueijo has written a non-technical account...	[ "During the mid-19th century, measurements of aether wind effects of first order, i.e. effects proportional to \"v\"/\"c\" (\"v\" being Earth's velocity, \"c\" the speed of light) were thought to be possible, but no direct measurement of the speed of light was possible with the accuracy required. For instance, the ...
What is the functional difference between an Induction phone charger and an Induction cooktop?	With phone chargers there is a digital control loop which also talks back to the charger and requests power. Wireless charging can go in both directions like with the Galaxy 10 it can charge other devices by sending power. Your regular cooking pan cannot transmit power to other devices since it's just a one way "stupi...	[ "Induction cooking has good electrical coupling between the pan and the coil and is thus quite efficient, which means it puts less waste heat into the kitchen, can be quickly turned on and off, and has safety advantages compared to gas stoves. Cooktops are also usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself does...
why does the age of consent tend to increase in more modern societies and vice versa?	The age of consent is 15 in sweden and 18 in Somalia. It is too simple to think of it as just being a factor of how modern a country is. Views on sex in general, the rights of young people, the role of marriage in society, the influence of religion can all play a part, but the topic is pretty complex.	[ "Contemporary arguments for lowering the age of consent in the United Kingdom do not necessarily comprise values like individual freedom or children's rights. Specifically, they tend to focus on a pragmatic analysis of a new situation, including puberty at earlier ages, a higher proportion of young people sexually ...
how do you teach a deafblind person to a good level of education? (think helen keller level of education)	I'd recommend reading about Helen Keller. Basically it involves lots of patience and repetition. In a way, it's like listening to someone speak a language until you start to pick up on what they're saying. In the case of Helen Keller, she learned through letters being drawn on her palm. It took a long time, but eventua...	[ "In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special e...
When and why did dancing stop being about set pieces and more about 'freestyling'?	Take my answer with a grain of salt - I've studied dance for the majority of my life but have only a few dedicated classes worth of dance history. Please correct any inaccuracies or over-generalizations. Knowing codified/courtly dances was a signifier of high class, or royalty depending on the time period/place. In t...	[ "When the dance first appeared in the early 19th century, it was considered a scandalous dance, similar to how rock and roll was perceived in the 1950s. In the mid-19th century it was thought to be extremely immoral by respectable society. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the cancan was viewed as much more...
Calculating ancestors paradox?	That is assuming all people have unique parentage. You are forgetting that family trees intertwine. 40 generations ago a family could have a second child. After 15 generations those distant cousin so are eligible to become your grandparent. Think on the European royalty only with more diversity.	[ "The grandfather paradox encompasses any change to the past, and it's presented in many variations. Physicist John Garrison et al. give a variation of the paradox of an electronic circuit which sends a signal through a time machine to shut itself off, and receives the signal before it sends it. An equivalent parado...
what's the point of studying art?	There have been a lot of different art styles around the world throughout history. Studying art holistically can lead to a new understanding of art and can even result in insights into other areas of study like human cognition and psychology.	[ "In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes. Studies are often used to understand the problems involved in rendering subjects and to plan the elements to be used in finished works, such as light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can...
why is email treated differently than snail mail when it comes to privacy?	Because there are specific laws written for how paper mail is to be handled, mainly because the post office is run by the government and it was already bound in part during it's creation by the constitution (4th Amendment, unless they have a good reason to look at your mail, the government can't). Private corporations...	[ "Email privacy is a broad topic dealing with issues of unauthorized access and inspection of electronic mail. This unauthorized access can happen while an email is in transit, as well as when it is stored on email servers or on a user computer. In countries with a constitutional guarantee of the secrecy of correspo...
Total energy is finite, universe is expanding: does everything have decreasing energy over time?	[Q & A](_URL_0_) about energy from Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	[ "There is no clear way to define the total energy in the universe using the most widely accepted theory of gravity, general relativity. Therefore, it remains controversial whether the total energy is conserved in an expanding universe. For instance, each photon that travels through intergalactic space loses energy ...
Why might UTIs (urinary tract infections) have a drastic affect on mental health? What is the link?	I must strongly disagree with most of the comments in this thread. Generally the idea that UTI can affect mentation and cause altered mental status comes from the geriatric literature, where infection is one of the many causes of AMS, delirium, or encephalopathy, three words which are synonyms and mean “disordered thin...	[ "Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often due to \"E. coli\" entering the urethra and colonizing. The host’s immune system will release protamines and other antimicrobials to combat the infection, but OmpT easily degrades the cationic protamine peptides, thus enhancing the risk of infection. There is a genetic lin...
How did humans figure out that salt was good on food? Did they just grind up different rocks on their food until they found one that tasted good?	You may want to post this in /r/askanthropology since your question pertains to behaviors that date back to prehistory.	[ "Salt is essential to the health of humans and other animals, and it is one of the five basic taste sensations. Salt is used in many cuisines around the world, and it is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. T...
it is so easy to reconnect a torn wire, any person with some duct tape can do it. how come it’s so difficult and often impossible to fix/reconnect a torn nerve?	A nerve isn't a solid or stranded piece of metal with some insulation where simply twisting two broken ends together will do.	[ "A break in the wire is repaired by tying the ends together and trimming. When such a repair is made to an existing recording, a jump in the sound results during playback, but because of the high speed of the wire the loss of an inch due to tying and trimming is trivial and might pass unnoticed. Unfortunately, if t...
What (if any) progress is being made on exploring if electrons and quarks have component parts or are truly elementary particles?	The progress is that any possible substructure is getting pushed to smaller and smaller lengthscales by experiments, from the Large Hadron Collider and others. For example, [this analysis](_URL_0_), which can probably (or has been?) improved upon with newer data. Another quantity of interest is the electron electric di...	[ "The background to the discovery of the was both theoretical and experimental. In the 1960s, the first quark models of elementary particle physics were proposed, which said that protons, neutrons and all other baryons, and also all mesons, are made from three kinds of fractionally-charged particles, the \"quarks\",...
Say we were able to create a hole through the centre of the earth.	[This video should have your answer](_URL_0_)	[ "BULLET::::- Although it is often suggested that Jules Verne used the idea of a partially hollow Earth in his 1864 novel, \"A Journey to the Centre of the Earth\", his characters actually descend only 87 miles beneath the surface where they find an underground sea occupying a cavern roughly the size of Europe. Ther...
how much turbulence can a plane take before there is a critical failure somewhere	Airframe loading is generally measured in g's, 1.0g is the force exerted by gravity. The world's most popular commercial airline, the 737, has g limits of +2.5g and -1.0g. This figure is worst case, at full load with a belly full of passengers, cargo, and fuel. To prove that figure, Boeing loads up the wings to 1...	[ "The Investigation Board appointed to determine the cause of the crash reported that the accident was most likely caused by a combination of factors. Evidence from a reconstructed flight showed that with an increase in speed for a few seconds, the rate of climb of the aircraft will decrease; with a lack of visual r...
Is there any evidence of diseases that existed in the past, but aren't around today (eradicated naturally, not through vaccinations)?	I wish I could give you more details about this, but there are a few diseases that historians have no been able to identify. Some of these are because of vague symptoms in records, but some of these may truly be diseases that are no longer present in humans (and possibly not in animal reservoirs either). Some may also ...	[ "Naturally, medical and veterinary sciences have attempted to exterminate parasites and pathogens living in humans and in domesticated animals. In the case of a few highly host-specific pathogens, this means the extinction of the entire pathogen species. Throughout human history, however, only one species, the smal...
How did the original pharoahs, kings and emperors of ancient civilizations establish their power/become chosen for their role?	Each civilisation has different reasons for their particular monarch being on the throne. Since I only really know about them, I'll talk about the Spartans. This is coming from a Classics course, so I really hope someone more qualified could expand. Unlike most other monarchies I can think of, the Spartans had two kin...	[ "The rulers of these two dynasties saw themselves as the legitimate successors on the throne of Upper and Lower Egypt. They used traditional titles and displayed their royalty in building work, although that pales when compared to activity at the height of the New Kingdom. A remarkable achievement of these kings wa...
why is heating for homes standard but cooling isn't?	That depends on the climate you live in. Where I live both are standard on homes. In places where it never gets very hot then there's no point in installing an AC unit on a house, and the same goes for heating systems on homes in year-round not climates.	[ "For example, during cooling season, a programmable thermostat used in a home may be set to allow the temperature in the house to rise during the workday when no one will be at home. It may then be set to turn on the air conditioning before the arrival of occupants, allowing the house to be cool upon the arrival of...
Was the existence of the 'underground railroad' common knowledge? Was there a difference in awareness of it between the north and the south? How did it work?	From the 1840s on, yes. While abolitionist white people had been helping black people escape the South for some time, the term "underground railroad" for this loose, informal network of people willing to help didn't exist until about that time. The main reason for that, of course, is that railroads were only being buil...	[ "To some the Underground Railroad is thought to be just that, a series of underground railroads that were built to hide and transport former slaves that were seeking to escape from the southern areas of the United States. In actuality it was a web of hidden, interconnected, man-made paths that were shrouded by fore...
why is female toplessness considered nudity, when male toplessness is pretty much acceptable?	There is a documentary on reddit somewhere that shows a man undergoing a sex operation to become a woman. I think the video was hosted on youtube. The video shows the surgeon making the female breasts. At a apparently random point during the operation youtube censors the, now, female nipple. It's the same nipple! This...	[ "The word \"topless\" may carry sexual or exhibitionist connotations. Because of this, advocates of women's legal right to uncover their breasts wherever men may go bare-chested have adopted the alternative term \"topfree\", which is not perceived to have these connotations.\n", "In Australia, indecent exposure l...
Besides being the tallest mountain on earth, is Everest also the highest topological point?	If I understand what you're asking correctly, [Mauna Kea](_URL_0_) is actually the tallest mountain. Everest is the highest mountain (elevation above sea level), but Mauna Kea is the tallest (base to peak).	[ "The South Summit of Mount Everest in the Himalayas is the second-highest peak on Earth, and is a subsidiary peak to the primary peak of Mount Everest. Although its elevation above sea level of is higher than the second-highest mountain on Earth, K2 (whose summit is above sea level), it is only considered a separat...
Is it possible to design a supersonic aircraft which doesn't produce sonic boom?	Not really no, if air is pushed to try to go faster than its speed of sound, then it will create a sonic boom and it's pretty much inevitable that a aircraft interacts with the atmosphere it is in accelerating some of the air to the speed of the vehicle (and slightly above since it must make way for the vehicle)this is...	[ "The annoyance of a sonic boom can be avoided by waiting until the aircraft is at high altitude over water before reaching supersonic speeds; this was the technique used by Concorde. However, it precludes supersonic flight over populated areas. Supersonic aircraft have poor lift/drag ratios at subsonic speeds as co...
if making images larger decreases quality, why doesn’t the same go for sound?	Increasing pixels is by definition increasing quality. Making an image larger by increasing the size of the pixels is what decreases the perceived quality. And sound is nothing at all like an image, at least in terms of loudness. More decibels just means more amplitude (strength) on the wave. The rest of it stays the ...	[ "For this reason, home cinema enthusiasts who invest in larger, higher quality screens often complain about the amount of edge enhancement present in commercially produced DVD videos, claiming that such edge enhancement is optimized for playback on smaller, poorer quality television screens, but the loss of detail ...
how does google buy and renew domains for their main site?	It looks like Google uses _URL_0_ as their domain registrar. MarkMonitor is a "brand protection" oriented domain registration service. And, I'm pretty sure, they write a check.	[ "Some programmers who create scraper sites may purchase a recently expired domain name to reuse its SEO power in Google. Whole businesses focus on understanding all expired domains and utilising them for their historical ranking ability exist. Doing so will allow SEOs to utilize the already-established backlinks to...
Why is our current understanding of gravity unable to explain the rotational speed of galaxies without adding unseen mass (via dark matter) to the equation?	An orbit is a balance between an object's inertia carrying it outward and gravity pulling it in. If an object is moving fast enough, its inertia will carry it outwards fast enough that the cumulative effect of its parent body's gravity will never be enough to pull it back in. This speed is the escape velocity, and it c...	[ "Two major conundrums have arisen in astrophysics and cosmology in recent times, both dealing with the laws of gravity. The first was the realization that there aren't enough visible stars or gas inside galaxies to account for their high rate of rotation. The theory of dark matter was created to explain this phenom...
google chrome is dropping support for webkit and adding support for blink. what does this mean and how will it affect me?	WebKit and Blink are rendering engines. They are responsible for interpreting the HTML code of a website (which describes its layout and content), and transforming it into the page you see in front of you. Google have decided to "fork" WebKit (take the existing stuff, but branch off in a new direction) and have named ...	[ "Google originally used WebKit for its Chrome browser but eventually forked it to create the Blink engine. All Chromium-based browsers use Blink, as do applications built with CEF, Electron, or any other framework that embeds Chromium.\n", "On April 3, 2013, Google announced that it would produce a fork of WebKit...
Tuesday Trivia \| Fascinating Family History	Traditionally, when a Jewish child is deathly ill, the family might change the child's name so that the Angel of Death will be confused and unable to find him. My father's father's uncle's was sick on the crossing from Europe to America in the 1880s. So the family changed his name. Bearing in mind that Russian Jews i...	[ "The family's origins come from the early 20th century when they were considered stalwarts in industries like textiles, mining, printing, movie production, steel, equity markets, etc. An iconic figure in the family was Govindram Seksaria, who was formally called The Cotton King of the world. The New York Cotton Exc...
how do songwriter and musicians ensure that their new creations are unique and not a ripoff?	If you write the lyrics they will likely be original - it's hard to "forget" that you heard a full poem somewhere before. Melodies are a bit harder. You're unlikely to reproduce one that's exactly the same, but it might be very similar to something you've heard before but aren't actively thinking about. I don't know t...	[ "Roach told the Cairns Post performing the songs of \"Creation\" helps him remember the impact his music has had. “I think you realise (the songs) have actually grown through the years. I haven’t performed them for a little while, so they are quite fresh and new for me again. I think I interpret them in a different...
How do blood/plasma recipients not get serious viral infections?	They can, and do. During the eighties, there were scandals across US and Europe where blood recipients where given blood from HIV+ donors, contracting the disease and dying. This often happened to haemophiliacs as they need donations quite regularly, upping the chances of getting a contaminated one. The scandal was t...	[ "Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucous membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. However, kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmiss...
Why is the moon completely gray? If it got ripped from earth by some collision, shouldn't it have more color to it?	It's not exactly the same color. Even with a light telescope you can see the grayish highlands and the darker "mares" or "seas". But yes, you're right that it looks sort of like different shades of gray. The reason is that most of the rocks are that color. Much of the moon is covered with regolith, which is basically ...	[ "The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth's orbit, somewhat brighter than it does from the Earth's surface, and colored pure white, due to the lack of atmospheric scattering and absorption.\n", "The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunli...
why is everyone mad at the us government over the nsa scandal, but not the companies like google and facebook, verizon, etc. for allowing the government to use their information? especially when companies such as these, especially google, usually promote internet freedom and privacy?	It is absolutely also a problem if Google or Facebook or any other corporation is intruding on our privacy. It just tends to be a lower-order problem compared to the government doing it because Google doesn't have nearly as many resources as the Federal government does, nor does Google's snooping have any implicati...	[ "According to Sputnik News, the NSA spying scandal created a need for a cyberspace hidden from the prying eyes of \"American spooks\". However, anyone using US-based web services like Google, Facebook or Yahoo will still remain under surveillance of the NSA.\n", "In 2014 the Director of GCHQ authored an article i...
why do car windows get covered in ice and not the body panels?	I think that more of the reason is because metal is more conductive for heat meaning that it heats up much faster than if the same amount of sun energy is aimed at the windows. Much of the energy focused at the windows will pass through it without ever converting into heat where as most energy that hits the panels will...	[ "Competition cars may have lightweight windows, or the windows may be completely removed, as auto glass adds significant weight and detrimentally alters weight distribution. Plastic windows are much more vulnerable to scratches, which reduce service life.\n", "Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ...
what are lasik and lasek surgeries?	They are subtly different surgeries to correct for irregular vision - the difference lies in the execution of the surgery and techniques used, but the overall goal to correct vision is the same. Some people that might not be good candidates for LASIK might inquire about LASEK though, because of the differences of the ...	[ "LASEK and PRK are two different procedures. While both procedures interact with the epithelium atop the cornea, the PRK procedure removes this entirely, while LASEK brushes the material away for the procedure, before being placed back for healing after laser surgery. The procedure can be used to treat astigmatism,...

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