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Why, when I wake up with the sun do I feel energized, but if I sleep another couple hours and wake up naturally I feel drowsy? | It may be a number of things:
When you wake up for the first time in the morning, you will have a [cortisol awakening response](_URL_1_) which pumps more cortisol through your body (40-75% more than normal) which increases blood sugar and aids in fat, protein and carb metabolism. That makes you feel good and full of e... | [
"Modern humans often find themselves desynchronized from their internal circadian clock, due to the requirements of work (especially night shifts), long-distance travel, and the influence of universal indoor lighting. Even if they have sleep debt, or feel sleepy, people can have difficulty staying asleep at the pea... |
how casinos opening in atlantic city destroyed atlantic city | Casinos are a very high profit industry. Some people like them, and other people avoid them. The people who like them spend their money in them, making them profitable, but not helping the other businesses. The people who avoid them don't spend money in AC, helping the other businesses.
The result is a town that on... | [
"The Atlantic Club Casino Hotel, formerly known as Golden Nugget, Bally's Grand, The Grand, Atlantic City Hilton and ACH, is a closed casino and hotel located at the southern end of the boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, owned and operated by Colony Capital. It was the city's first and only \"locals casino\". ... |
is there a way to induce hysterical strength (life-or-death adrenaline ) willfully? | Of you can convince yourself you're in grave danger you can activate the flight or fight system.
It's kinda hard to do but i think i can sometimes do it of i think about something that gets me worked up or scared. | [
"Hysterical strength is a display of extreme strength by humans, beyond what is believed to be normal, usually occurring when people are in life-and-death situations. Common anecdotal examples include parents lifting vehicles to rescue their children. The extra strength is commonly attributed to increased adrenalin... |
Most photos of Hitler today show him looking stern or angry. What photos of him were commonly used during the Third Reich? Did they portray him the same way? | I've seen videos of him looking happy and cracking jokes/laughing; heard he had a good sense of humour barring political or sexual jokes. He also put off marrying/announcing a relationship with Eva because he wished to appeal more to the German women by being a Bachelor rather than a taken man. I feel as though the Ger... | [
"Hitler was represented by several uniformed figures; one was a walking figure of Hitler reviewing troops or perhaps a Nazi unit with his right arm up in his unique bent-arm salute. There was also a seated Hitler to ride in one of Elastolin's magnificent staff cars (German children knew the Führer always sat up fro... |
Is heat generation using AC in anyway more efficient or easy than with DC? | The other comments seem to be missing the obvious. You are describing welding. Your estimates are for power volts and amps are all low (compared to typical welding power supplies), the materials aren't ideal, but the general idea is obviously sound.
What you're doing involves electric power at levels which will triv... | [
"Power supply (PSU) is made quieter through the use of higher efficiency (which reduces waste heat and need for airflow), quieter fans, more intelligent fan controllers (ones for which the correlation between temperature and fan speed is more complex than linear), more effective heat sinks, and designs that allow a... |
why is binary a more efficient system than decimal? | It's not more efficient. It's simpler for computers.
At their most basic level, modern computers are a large number (an unimaginably large number) of switches. Just like your light switches at home, these can be thought of as being in two states, either "on" or "off".
So because the simplest way to create the electro... | [
"A binary encoding is inherently less efficient for conversions to or from decimal-encoded data, such as strings (ASCII, Unicode, etc.) and BCD. A binary encoding is therefore best chosen only when the data are binary rather than decimal. IBM has published some unverified performance data.\n",
"The binary GCD alg... |
the us cellphone carrier market... | copy & paste from one of my other post with some minor changes.
mostly it's due to population density difference and the land mass it has to cover. tbh, not everything is a conspiracy.
> Total land area: (UK) 244,820 sq km. (US) 9,161,966 sq km, about 37 times bigger than UK.
> Population density: (UK) 257.23 pe... | [
"T-Mobile US provides wireless voice, messaging, and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T-Mobile, Metro by T-Mobile brands. The company operates the third largest wireless network in the U.S. market with over 65.5 million customers and annual revenues of $32 billio... |
How hard would it be for a low-income citizen in 1700 to go an watch an orchestra? | Alright, I can answer this since I know a bit about it:
What you have to keep in mind about Western Music is that, for most of its history it has been heavily influenced and patronized by the elite and wealthy (Church, nobility, and the *noveau riche* )
& #x200B;
Generally speaking, having large orchestras took a ... | [
"In the 1780s the elector cut back on the orchestra's budget and reduced the number of musicians from 95 to 55. The musicians complained about cutbacks in payment and reduced income. It is alleged that Cannabich himself had to live on one-third of his former stipend during the last years of his life, which forced t... |
how do springs work? | Do you mean water springs or metal springs? | [
"To understand how an iso-elastic system works, we must first understand how springs work. The tension (elastic force) in a spring is proportional to its extension according to Hooke's law. This means that if a weight is hung on a spring it will oscillate with simple harmonic motion. This is because when the weight... |
What would tourism (say, in the Mediterranean) be like in the 1950s? | Peter Throckmorton has a good deal to say about tourists in *Shipwrecks and archaeology; the unharvested sea.* He was a Mediterranean specialist. One of the problems he noted was that in the 1950's SCUBA technology was making its first big appearances in the civilian market. This meant that in the Mediterranean region ... | [
"To the peoples of Northern Europe the Mediterranean landscape represented an ideal that has to be admired, sketched, painted and visited. From the beginning of the nineteenth century on the Mediterranean landscape functioned as a promotional objective of the nascent tourist industry. The presence of celebrities an... |
Why do viruses have such complex antigen structures which follow distinct geometrical patterns? | There are many ways to answer your question. Here are a few of them:
1. Viruses that don't evade the immune system do not produce more of themselves, so their genetic line dies off.
2. Some viruses do indeed have very complex antigen structures. This is especially true of enveloped viruses, like HIV, where the key ... | [
"The virions of certain viruses sometimes exhibit pleomorphism, in the sense that their appearances can vary. However, this is not true pleomorphism, as individual virions are not changing shape, but being succeeded by virions with different shapes. One example is the bacterial viruses of the \"Plasmaviridae\" fami... |
Melatonin production is decreased by light. Is this frequency dependent? | Short answer: Yes, blue light in the hours prior to sleep onset seems to suppress melatonin production, delay sleep onset, and subsequently alters patterns of sleep during the night. [Supported by a recent study](_URL_0_) (the most comprehensive study on the topic to date). | [
"In 1978 Cohen et al. proposed that reduced production of the hormone melatonin might increase the risk of breast cancer and citing \"environmental lighting\" as a possible causal factor. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences conducted a study in ... |
why i eye squint | When you squint, you are limiting the amount of light entering your eye which allows you to focus on specific objects. | [
"Squinting is most often practiced by people who suffer from refractive errors of the eye who either do not have or are not using their glasses. Squinting helps momentarily improve their eyesight by slightly changing the shape of the eye to make it more round, which helps light properly reach the fovea. Squinting a... |
Why is von Manstein generally considered to be the best WW2 general? | Allow me to post a brief overview of Manstein's campaigns, they don't do them justice but detailing his entire campaigns really deserve their own post.
"Sickle Stroke"- arguably his most famous work, and possibly his greatest contribution to the German war effort. His revised plan for the invasion of France called for... | [
"Manstein disparaged other German generals, portraying them as incompetent. Manstein took the credit for German victories and blamed Hitler and his fellow generals for every defeat. His arch-enemy was General Franz Halder; according to Manstein, although Halder understood that Hitler's leadership was defective, he ... |
How involved were women in European Communist Parties in the 1920s? | In my answer I will be concentrating on the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in the 1920s; hope that is OK and what you were looking for.
CPGB was the largest Communist Party in Britain, and existed from 1920 to 1990. Women’s involvement in CPGB appeared to be understudied for some time, and I believe that the... | [
"Communists began to recognize the importance of women during the Second Republic, and started to actively seek female members to broader their female based in 1932. To this further this goal, the first Communist women's organization, Committee of Women against War and Fascism in Spain, was created as a way of tryi... |
How was a Officer's rank determined in the Confederate Army at the start of the Civil War? | There was no formal, universal process for determining rank in the Confederate army. It could be assigned in several ways, and most of these were also common to the Union army.
1) Election. Volunteer regiments (which the vast majority of civil war regiments were) often elected their officers from the Colonel on do... | [
"As of September 18, 1862, when lieutenant generals were authorized, the Confederate Army had four grades of general officers; they were (in order of increasing rank) brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general. As officers were appointed to the various grades of general by Jefferson Davis (an... |
[Physics] Can you fuse elementary particles and their antiparticles together, and what happens if you do? | Particles and their antiparticles can sometimes form bound states, such as [positronium](_URL_1_) and [quarkonium](_URL_0_).
They can also annihilate to photons, or potentially other particles. For example, an important process in QED is
e^(+) + e^(-) - > μ^(+) + μ^(-).
In the process, an electron and positron anni... | [
"If a particle and antiparticle are in the appropriate quantum states, then they can annihilate each other and produce other particles. Reactions such as + → + (the two-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair) are an example. The single-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair, + → , cannot ... |
why are subreddits like r/shoplifting and r/stealing allowed? | Freedom of speech, coupled to both the fact that "thought crime" (i.e thinking about stealing) aren't easily punishable and the fact that every thing you say on the internet is satyre and shouldn't be taken literally. | [
"Shoplifting tools are illegal in many jurisdictions, and can, in any case, serve as evidence against the perpetrators. Hence, informed shoplifters, although they decrease their risk of being caught by the EAS, expose themselves to much greater judicial risks if they get caught with tools, booster bags, or while tr... |
Does HIV cancel out any allergies a person may have? | HIV does not really cause the immune system to fail completely. The immune system is extremely complex and has several different arms that are all necessary but not sufficient to protect us. HIV actually affects a relatively specific part of the immune system.
Allergy is a relatively nonspecific term. Allergies that c... | [
"Although the idea that exposure to certain infections may decrease the risk of allergy is not new, Strachan was one of the first to formally propose it, in an article published in the \"British Medical Journal\" in 1989. This article proposed to explain the observation that hay fever and eczema, both allergic dise... |
why is the european union often accused of being undemocratic? | Because many of the decisions are made by EU commissioners who are appointed, with many never having stood for any kind of elected office before. Other decisions are made by votes of MEPs who are elected. However on some votes a country may veto a decision, such as France vetoing the decision of MEPs not to move the pa... | [
"A similar attempt at governmental collusion to limit the use of jurisdictional arbitrage for tax avoidance is the policy of tax harmonization. The membership of European governments in the European Union resulted in a collection of nations with a limited set of common legal structures (Four Freedoms) which has res... |
why do dogs roll around in things that smell weird? | Your dog is trying to mask his scent. This makes it easier to sneak up on prey and surprise it so he wouldn't have to chase it down. | [
"Dogs, as with all mammals, have natural odors. Natural dog odor can be unpleasant to dog owners especially when dogs are kept inside the home, as some people are not used to being exposed to the natural odor of a non-human species living in proximity to them. Dogs may also develop unnatural odors as a result of sk... |
the idea of space as a vacuum. | It is called that because space has nearly no atmosphere and extremely low pressure. Liquids and gasses always will flow from an area of high pressure to areas with lower pressure while no other forces hold them in place, this is how a vacuum works, by creating a low pressure system that pulls air from higher pressure... | [
"In modern terms, the concept of \"vacuum\" is not the same as \"empty space\": Space is filled with the quantized fields that make up the universe. Vacuum is simply the lowest \"possible\" energy state of these fields.\n",
"The word “Vacuum” is originated from the Latin word “vacua”, which is translated to the w... |
Tuesday Trivia | History’s Greatest Nobodies II: Military Edition | Sgt. 'Stubby' was a highly decorated soldier of the American 102nd Infantry Division who fought during World War I. As part of the 26th Division, his unit was one of the first committed to the front, fighting in over a dozen battles with distinction, and wounded twice, once from shrapnel, and once from a gas attack. Du... | [
"BULLET::::- Nelson, James Carl. \"The Remains of Company D: A story of the great war\". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2009. plus Webcast Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on 29 October 2009\n",
"The General (1964–1998) was a bi-monthly periodical devoted to supporting Avalon Hill's line of wargam... |
Why can't we remember everything we see? | The brain stores information into several types of memory.
Short term, long term, and sensory.
Sensory information stays for about half a second at most.
Short term memories don't last long, and the brain can only juggle so many at a time.
Only a small number of sensory memories become short term, and a small numbe... | [
"Human beings are blessed with having an intelligent and complex mind, which allows us to remember our past, be able to optimize the present, and plan for the future. Remembering involves a complex interaction between the current environment, what one expects to remember, and what is retained from the past. The mec... |
How does HIV resistance work? Is it similar to antibiotic resistance? | It works exactly the same way antibiotic resistance works. The only difference is that HIV is a virus. The overaching idea is that there are lots of these copies of viruses floating around. The lifespan of any single virus is pretty short but the turnover is pretty quick allowing many generations and chances for small ... | [
"Antibiotic resistance is acquired through conjugation, a method of bacterial reproduction. Conjugation permits a sharing of DNA allowing the bacterium to learn about various antibiotics through exposure and this information is passed down through replication between bacteria. \n",
"Antibiotic resistance is a sub... |
how is it that something conceptual can make you feel something physical? ie: butterflies at something romantic, or feeling sick at the realisation of a mistake. | The short answer is, the same way thinking to move your arm causes something physical to happen: your arm moving.
Your brain is connected to your body by nerves and also produces hormones. When you're in love or very excited, the brain triggers the production of hormones that, as a side effect, make you feel butterfli... | [
"Apart from what we think a feeling \"is\", Hochschild asserts in , we have ideas about what it \"should be\". We say, \"You should be thrilled at winning the prize\" or \"you must be furious at what he did.\" We evaluate the fit between feeling and context in light of what she calls \"feeling rules,\" which are th... |
how does this sculpture work? | It works by being a lightweight net that is physically attached to different tethering spots by line that is difficult to see.
It is made of bits of mylar (the silver balloon stuff) attached to a big net.
_URL_1_
_URL_0_ | [
"Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble), clay, metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or ; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or ... |
linear (in)dependence in linear algebra | Linear independence of a set of vectors essentially means that you cannot create one by adding the others.
As a simple example, the "unit vectors," or the vectors that correspond to the 3 coordinate directions, are [1,0,0], [0,1,0], and [0,0,1]. These three vectors themselves are linearly independent since I cannot ad... | [
"For the purposes of linear cryptanalysis, a linear equation expresses the equality of two expressions which consist of binary variables combined with the exclusive-or (XOR) operation. For example, the following equation, from a hypothetical cipher, states the XOR sum of the first and third plaintext bits (as in a ... |
Roman fleet problems with storms? | The common explanation given for the destruction of the Roman navy is inextricably linked to the reason for its success, the use of the Corvus.
Prior to the Punic wars, Rome had a relatively small navy, focusing primarily on land based forces as Rome had only recently subdued Magna Graecia in the south of the Italic p... | [
"Despite the Roman victories at sea, the Roman Republic lost countless ships and crews during the war, due to both storms and battles. On at least two occasions (255 and 253 BC), whole fleets were destroyed in bad weather; the disaster off Camarina in 255 BC counted 270 ships and 119,280 men lost, the greatest sing... |
How did life in the Soviet Union change after Joseph Stalins Death? | (OK, here's primary and secondary sources)
**Brief answer:**
Life didn't change noticeably for average citizen for ~5 years.
**Detailed:**
Death of Stalin was felt by many millions as personal tragedy. People cried - literally for hours. When the burial ceremony was held, so many were trying to attend (~2 millions... | [
"Stalin died in 1953, and the Soviet Union went through \"De-Stalinisation\" under the new leader Nikita Khrushchev, though his attempts to improve the lives of ordinary citizens were often ineffective. Khrushchev ruled through the years of the Cold War. Leonid Brezhnev was appointed leader in 1964. Brezhnev govern... |
If you let a chess-computer play itself repeatedly, will it play the same game over and over? | Most chess engines early game is decided by either an opening book (which is like a play book of strong opening moves) or by the time allocated for each move. Even if you have the same two chess engines play against each other you will rarely see an identical game. This can be from customizing the parameters of the sea... | [
"Given that the endgame contains fewer possible moves than the opening (\"fuseki\") or middle game, one might suppose that it is easier to play, and thus that a computer should be able to easily tackle it. In chess, computer programs perform worse in chess endgames because the ideas are long-term, unless the number... |
how do apps such as hq trivia earn profit from giving away money everyday? where are they getting this money from? | They don't make ANY money... yet. HQ is run by the same people that founded Vine. They're burning through venture capital money right now in an attempt to get as many users as possible. This is similar to the business model used by Venmo, by the way.
Once they have a ton of users, they'll figure out a way to make mone... | [
"The net worth of the company is estimated to be $100 million. As a privately owned and funded company, iBario receives majority of its funding from advertisements. The company runs their own advertising network, RevenueHits, which serves advertisements to the users on the iBario sites. Aside from RevenueHits, iBar... |
What is the rate of formation for Uranium 235 in relation to Uranium 238 and how do we know? | The ratio of production of U-235 to U-238 in supernovae is roughly 1.65:1, however, this isn't relevant to radiometric dating.
Radiometric dating works through processes that cause elemental separation which then makes it possible to measure the amount of time since that separation occurred. In the case of Uranium dat... | [
"Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutron is about 504.81 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn. At thermal energy levels, about 5 of 6 neutron absorptions result in fission ... |
what exactly is happening to our bodies when we’re laying in the sun and feel it’s heat? | The nerves in our skin that detect warmth are called thermoreceptors (we have separate ones for hot and cold). The infrared radiation from the sun is heat. It makes our skin warm. The thermoreceptors in our skin send signals to our brain that say "it's warm" so our brain interprets that sensation as warmth. | [
"The burning heat is usually limited to the soles of the feet, but may extend up to the ankles or lower legs of some patients. The burning can sometimes be accompanied by feelings of 'pins and needles' or tingling in these regions. Nighttime is when almost all sufferers of this syndrome report the heat symptoms bei... |
Would sound waves propagate through any arbitrary amount of gas in the vacuum of space? | I don’t think this would be possible, because the pressure difference outside compared to inside your lungs would be so massive that you would never have enough time to scream before you lose your breath. If it were possible, I think the gas would disperse almost instantly, so they would not be able to hear you. | [
"Inspired by Copernican cosmology and the idea of vast, endless, empty space where light could propagate, bodies could move about unhindered, and sound cannot be detected, von Guericke set about replicating this phenomena on Earth. Von Guericke first started investigating the concept of a vacuum through the use of ... |
; what is the mbti personality test, and does it hold any significant scientific validity? | It holds absolutely 0 scientific validity, yet everyone still refers to it for some reason. It was not developed using any kind of scientific study, it was just how one woman viewed people. | [
"Self-assessed personality tests or observer ratings are always exploited as the ground truth for testing and validating the performance of artificial intelligence algorithms for the automatic prediction of personality types. There is a wide variety of personality tests, such as the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBT... |
Is a toroidal star possible? | No. Gravity pulls the mass of the star together in all directions equally coalescing into a spheroid. Fusion causes it to expand to equilibrium.
To conjure up a universe where torodial bodies were the norm or even possible would require weaker gravity and cotradictions that are boggling my mind. Hypothetically I can i... | [
"Toroidal machines can be axially symmetric, like the tokamak and the reversed field pinch (RFP), or asymmetric, like the stellarator. The additional degree of freedom gained by giving up toroidal symmetry might ultimately be usable to produce better confinement, but the cost is complexity in the engineering, the t... |
What was the night sky like 4 billion years ago? | Good question. I don't have a full answer to your question, but I have some facts that will help work towards one.
Bear in mind the [early atmosphere](_URL_3_) was very different to the current one:
> "The early atmosphere was probably mostly carbon dioxide, with little or no oxygen. There were smaller proportions o... | [
"In a series of lectures in the United States, the philosopher George Santayana used the appearance of the night sky as an example of what is attractive to the human mind: an intricacy delicately poised between unfathomable complexity and uninteresting simplicity. Because of the absence of light pollution in antiqu... |
What makes incest so instinctively repellent to humans? | Out of curiosity, do you have any reason to believe that it is instinctively repulsive vs. being something that is now a cultural norm? I don't mean this as in support of incest, just as a question since I know that incest was sometimes seen historically (typically with royalty, from what I remember).
Otherwise, as a ... | [
"Another school argues that the incest prohibition is a cultural construct which arises as a side effect of a general human preference for group exogamy, which arises because intermarriage between groups construct valuable alliances that improve the ability for both groups to thrive. According to this view, the inc... |
why are violent crimes more present in states or cities with tough gun control laws? | You may have cause and effect backward. It makes sense to me that states with more gun crime would have more public support for gun control laws. | [
"In 1993, Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun-involved crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U.S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates. Similarly, a 1997 study found tha... |
Why are the planets logarithmically spaced? | This is called the [Titius-Bode law](_URL_0_) and was basically an empirical fluke for the first few planets that didn't hold when they discovered more. [e.g. your curve with a line through the inner planets](_URL_1_).
However, now we know of many more planetary systems, so there's been analyses of whether these types... | [
"The calculation of ephemerides also requires a consideration of the effects of general relativity. In particular, time intervals measured on Earth's surface (terrestrial time, TT) are not constant when compared to the motions of the planets: the terrestrial second (TT) appears to be longer during the Northern Hemi... |
When do historians get a clear separation/distinction between Jews and Christians? | The distinction emerged in the later half of the first century and was more or less complete by the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 136. Internally, Paul's emphasis on Gentile converts not being required to adopt Jewish customs held significant weight and eventually became the dominant view within the movement. /u/True... | [
"Rabbi Michael J. Cook believes that both contemporary Jews and contemporary Christians need to reexamine the history of early Christianity, and the transformation of Christianity from a Jewish sect consisting of followers of a Jewish Jesus, to a separate religion often dependent on the tolerance of Rome while pros... |
with most countries so far in debt, how does china have all this money to loan other countries like the u.s. and u.k. | That's not how sovereign debt works.
Sovereign debt exists as bonds. A country offers bonds on the market, and other countries buy them as investments. A bond is basically a contract between the bond issuer (usually a government) and the bond holder (whoever buys it) that says "The issuer agrees to pay the holder the ... | [
"The foreign debt of China, by June 2015, stood at around 1.68 trillion, according to data from the country's State Administration of Foreign Exchange as quoted by the State Council. The figure excludes the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau. Chinese foreign debt denominated in the U.S. dollar wa... |
What was the financial situation for the US government in the 1880s? | Here's a link to the paper and excel spreadsheet with my debt research
_URL_0_
According to the CBO, with some work by me, the federal government was $21.6 million in debt which was just over 10% of GDP at the time. | [
"In 1857 federal revenues suffered from the lowered rates of the Tariff of 1857 and decreased economic activity due to the Panic of 1857. At the same time outlays increased with the expensive Utah War. The government resorted to several issues of Treasury Notes from 1857 to 1860.\n",
"The post-war economy had exp... |
Why do only gas giants seem to have rings? | The Roche limit of a body is the radius at which any orbiting bodies will break apart rather than clump together (due to the gravitational influence of the parent body being greater than the gravity of the smaller body). The Roche limit exists for all bodies, so theoretically any body could support rings. However, the ... | [
"A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Gas giants are sometimes known as failed stars because they contain the same basic elements as a star. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System. The term \"gas giant\" was originally synonymous with \"giant planet\", but in the ... |
why do unused tabs drain cpu power | They may be unused, but they’re probably running a bunch of JavaScript crap on the page. Things like banner ads rotations or animations. All those burn cpu cycles whether the page is the focus or not. | [
"In Windows 2000 and later the threads in the System Idle Process are also used to implement CPU power saving. The exact power saving scheme depends on the operating system version and on the hardware and firmware capabilities of the system in question. For instance, on x86 processors under Windows 2000, the idle t... |
How is it possible to isolate a single atom of an element and hold it stationary? How is it done? | The thing that was the most remarkable about the picture you're citing is not that it was an image of a single atom but that it was an image of a single atom captured with a store bought camera. [It took an exposure of 30 seconds to capture the faint signal but it was a single image and not a composition](_URL_2_).
Im... | [
"To handle a molecule containing one or more cycles, one must first expand it into a tree (called a hierarchical digraph) by traversing bonds in all possible paths starting at the stereocenter. When the traversal encounters an atom through which the current path has already passed, a ghost atom is generated in orde... |
currently, what are the two sides of the net neutrality debates? | This is a bit complex and hard to put in ELI5 terms.
(a) many people who consume content online believe that all the content they consume should be treated the same by the ISP, whose role is limited to just *transporting* things that the consumer are asking for from the source to the consumer.
(b) a lot of ISPs use '... | [
"In comparison to the United States, the debate concerning Net Neutrality is one that has not received much attention in the United Kingdom. The officials merely refer to such a concept as an open internet, as net neutrality is a term used originally in American politics. While it does seem to be a non-issue in the... |
the volatility of gas prices | The reason the price of gas is so volatile is that there is no ONE reason that the price fluctuates; oil is a globally traded commodity that is used for pretty much ever facet of life. I'll try and list them, but I'll probably leave something out.
First, and probably the most important, is the global nature of the oil... | [
"The price of natural gas varies greatly depending on location and type of consumer. In 2007, a price of $7 per 1000 cubic feet () was typical in the United States. The typical caloric value of natural gas is roughly 1,000 BTU per cubic foot, depending on gas composition. This corresponds to around $7 per million B... |
Why aren't Technetium and Promethium naturally occurring? | Note that both isotopes do occur in nature. For example, we can see [technetium in stars](_URL_1_).
You are essentially correct about radioactive decay. All isotopes of both elements have half-lives which are too short for them to last long in nature. As for your last part of the question, it is an excellent, one. I'... | [
"Technetium (Tc) is the first of the two elements lighter than bismuth that have no stable isotopes; the other such element is promethium. It is primarily artificial, with only trace quantities existing in nature produced by spontaneous fission (there are an estimated grams of Tc per gram of pitchblende) or neutron... |
Cats & Dogs have many nipples. What creatures have the most nipples. Why? | From _URL_0_:
"The number of nipples varies from 2 (in most primates) to 18 (in pigs)."
"The nipples and glands can occur anywhere along the two milk lines, two nearly parallel lines along the ventral aspect of the body. In general most mammals develop mammary glands in pairs along these lines, with a number approxim... | [
"Male mammals typically have rudimentary mammary glands and nipples, with a few exceptions: male mice do not have nipples, and male horses lack nipples and mammary glands. The male Dayak fruit bat has lactating mammary glands. Male lactation occurs infrequently in some species.\n",
"In mammals, a nipple (also cal... |
how do we not get sick from using manure as fertilizer? | There's two filters on manure before it typically gets into mass-produced food.
One is the fact that they use "rotted" manure which is essentially a rest that causes a further breakdown of the plants and animals that the manure's source ate. Often this rotting process takes place at very high temperatures because the ... | [
"Using manure as a fertilizer risks contaminating food with animal gut bacteria, including pathogenic strains of E. coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating organic food. To combat this risk, USDA organic standards require that manure must be sterilized through high temperature thermophilic composting. If ... |
How much caffeine will it take too be lethal? | The lethality of chemicals is often reported as the LD50.
> An acute LD50 is a statistically derived amount of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of the animals when given by a specified route as a single dose and the animals observed for a specified time period.
[[1]](_URL_1_)
This is often t... | [
"Caffeine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult, are much higher than the typical dose of under 500 milligrams per day. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what \"bean\" (seed) is used and... |
Can viral vectors used in gene therapy replicate, or do they just deliver their payloads and die? | Viral replication in cells typically isn't very good for those cells, so it is not desirable for viruses to be replication-competent for in vivo use. As such, usually the 'transfer' plasmid that has the genetic information you want to deliver is [separate from](_URL_0_) the 'packaging' and 'envelope' plasmids. Since vi... | [
"While viral vectors can be used to insert DNA into almost any organism it is especially relevant for its potential in treating human disease. Although primarily still at trial stages, there has been some successes using gene therapy to replace defective genes. This is most evident in curing patients with severe co... |
what determines nationality? why and when did the idea that our nationality is determined by where we are born start and is it internationally recognized? | That depends on each country's Constitution. There are, basically, two kinds of nationality criteria: *jus sanguinis* and *jus solium*. The *jus sanguinis* (right of the blood) criterion is often adopted by countries which experienced exodus in the past (from the "old world" to the "new world"), basically, european cou... | [
"Generally, international practice is that nationality is established at birth by a child's place of birth (jus soli) or bloodline (jus sanguinis). When new states are established, typically citizenship is extended to all those who were born in the territory of the new state or who were lawfully resident in that te... |
what's wrong with the big pharmaceutical industry? | I was a clinical scientist in big pharma for years. I ran phase III human trials. It takes on average, testing of 100,000 new compounds to bring one to market. Of those 100,000, only 13 will make it to toxicology testing. 12 will fail. The expense is mind-boggling for all of this. On top of the drug development, ... | [
"The lack of research into diseases that affect most of the world’s poor population is known as the 10-90 gap and it occurs because pharmaceutical companies rarely make a profit when developing drugs for these diseases. Although some countries have created legislation to encourage development of essential but comme... |
Why don't wireless chargers interfere with sensitive electronics like processors, sensors, and radios? | Wireless chargers work by passing alternating current through a coil to create an oscillating magnetic field. This is similar to how a radio transmission antenna works, but the charging coil is specifically designed to be an *inefficient* antenna. In particular, an efficient antenna usually needs to be on the order of ... | [
"Wireless systems, on the other hand, often use battery-powered transmitters which are easier to install and have less expensive start-up costs, but may reduce the reliability of the system if the batteries are not maintained. Depending on distance and construction materials, one or more wireless repeaters may be r... |
What do people really think of General Sherman? | My reading has all indicated that Sherman's campaign did indeed inflict a great deal of damage to the South's economic infrastructure, but nevertheless dealt relatively gently with the civilian population. There are supposed to have been very few rapes and very few murders. Can't recall which books dealt specifically w... | [
"Sherman's greatest contribution to the war, the strategy of total warfare—endorsed by General Grant and President Lincoln—has been the subject of controversy. Sherman himself downplayed his role in conducting total war, often saying that he was simply carrying out orders as best he could in order to fulfill his pa... |
did slaves get days off? | Frederick Douglass records in his account that on some plantations slaves were not forced to work around Christmas. He felt that this was a sort of safety valve used by the slave owners to release built up tension. Nothing altruistic about it. I highly doubt it was a practice employed by all owners, but some slaves app... | [
"Article II of the Code Noir of 1724 required owners to provide their slaves with religious education in the state religion, Roman Catholicism. Sunday was to be a day of rest for slaves. On days off, slaves were expected to feed and take care of themselves. During the 1740s economic crisis in the colony, owners had... |
electrical current and grounding | Birds have higher resistance than the cable they are sitting on, so electrons take the easier path.
If the bird had one leg between the cable and the ground, it becomes the easiest path for electrons to move and thus the bird becomes cooked. | [
"Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that provides a low-impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment (high voltage spikes). The terms and are used synonymously in this section; is more common in North American English, and is more c... |
Is inter-species bonding limited to almost exclusively mammals? | The species in question are all social species. That's what makes the big difference. If a species isn't social it won't have deep instincts to interact with its own species, let alone having that transfer over to other species.
Also, regarding the bird example, it is more common than you think. In the wild [many bir... | [
"Additionally, EPC has been shown in monogamous mammals, such as the white-handed gibbon. A study of one group found 88% in-pair copulation and 12% extra-pair copulation. However, there is much variability in rates of EPP in mammals. One study found that this disparity in EPP is better predicted by the differing so... |
if rockets use controlled explosions to propel forward, why can’t we use a nuclear reaction to launch/fly our rockets? | _URL_0_
I think this is the wikipedia article you're looking for.
There have been plenty of tests for a variety of nuclear propulsion drives. There are essentially three types.
Nuclear Electric - You have a small reactor or nuclear battery and use the electricity generated from it to power some form of propulsion th... | [
"At any point during these phases, the rocket is extremely vulnerable to explosions. If the rocket is successfully attacked by an enemy team it will explode, burning all the fuel and all the Multiwinians inside, and resetting the rocket to its starting point.\n",
"On launch the rocket engine's first chamber devel... |
why do americans drink alcohol through a brown paper bag? | In most of the US, it is illegal to drink alcohol in public.
It is, however, common, especially among the poor and homeless with drinking problems. The police have better things to do than arrest them, and hassling them doesn't to much to solve the problem.
So there is under of an unwritten agreement between law e... | [
"From 1900 until about 1950, \"paper bag parties\" are said to have taken place in neighborhoods of major American cities with a high concentration of African Americans. Many churches, fraternities, and nightclubs used the \"brown paper bag\" principle as a test for entrance. People at these organizations would tak... |
If electromagnetic fields propagate in "a wavelike manner" - what are they moving through? | This way of thinking was the basis for the [Luminiferous aether](_URL_0_) hypothesis, which is no longer fashionable. The article does a better job of explaining it than I ever will. | [
"In addition, and are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation, and are in phase with each other. A sinusoidal plane wave is one special solution of these equations. Maxwell's equations explain how these waves can physically propagate through space. The changing magnetic field creates a ... |
How did Romans or Greeks view the erotic--eg, the mosaics in Pompeii, Priapus statuary or Catullus? Was it discussed in everyday conversation or was it seen as illicit? | This is a rather broad question which will, unfortunately, have a very broad answer.
In 'short', the Roman and Greek social systems of thought conceived of the erotic very differently than we do. The mosaics in Pompeii weren't pornographic to the Roman mind, neither was statuary of Priapus, Catullus on the other hand.... | [
"When large-scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality and endeavored to hide them away fr... |
are photos of nude underaged girls in mainstream movies considered child pornography? | The short answer appears to be "Not if it has artistic value".
The Supreme Court has not ruled on this issue in relation to *child* pornography, but for normal (heh) pornography this is the general rule. So yes you can show the breasts of a 15 year old in your Romeo and Juliet movie IF the scene is necessary and art... | [
"In 2014, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts found that certain photos of nude children, culled from ethnographic and nudist publications, were not lascivious exhibitions and hence were not pornographic; the court ordered dropping of charges against a prisoner who had been found in possession of the photos... |
how can i stay anonymous on the internet? | Do not use services such as Google, Facebook, Tinder, Snapchat, Twitter etc.
Make use of a VPN and use the TOR network for browsing the internet. Making sure that you have adjusted the settings so you aren't leaving breadcrumbs after you've finished.
| [
"The following examples are systems that allow a user to remain anonymous when accessing the web, and by extension the use of which better ensures the protection of their personally identifiable information.\n",
"Though Internet anonymity can provide a harmful environment through which people can hurt others, ano... |
why is a baby not nine months old when its born? | Because there is not a concrete date of conception that can be confirmed. Some infants are born later than 9 months of development, and some are born earlier. So we calculate age from a concrete date and time which is the birth. | [
"It has been observed that the first born is often raised with more attention than the following child or children, which causes the first born child to develop certain characteristics. This is because a couple, which decides to have their first child, is inexperienced and new to raising a child which causes them t... |
why is it that you never notice a person (mostly kids) aging when you see them regularly, but when you look back at old photos/videos, you only then realize how much they've grown? | Day to day things are stored in short term memory. The mundane gets replace a lot. Long term memory is stored elsewhere in the brain. Looking at an old photograph will bring those memories to the short term part of the brain where then the shock process occurs.
Other forms of this happen when you get older, move a lo... | [
"It has been found that even though memory usually declines with age, elderly people tend to remember more positive memories than negative or even neutral ones. As we grow older, we focus more on positive things and start to develop the skill of emotion regulation which is \"monitoring, evaluating, altering and gat... |
why when i drop something in the car does it not fly back? | Inertia. The object (and the air in the car) is already going as fast as the car, so when you drop it, it just goes straight down (from your perspective, since you are moving with the car too) - When you drop it outside the car, the air outside is sitting still and the air resistance slows the object down so it appear... | [
"Crashes may be caused by loss of control, particularly on curves and inaccurate landings after a jump (even when no stunts are attempted, cars tend to twist out of control while aloft.) Crashes may also result from different objects found on the tracks, including other cars; in two sequences, hazards are encounter... |
When did the practice of collecting childrens teeth begin in North America? | This is a very old tradition and North America inherited it, with modifications, based on a European prototype. This [this article](_URL_0_) for example. There are also some excellent articles dealing with this topic in Peter Narváez, ed., The Good People: New Fairylore Essays (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1997).... | [
"By the end of the 19th century, American children worked in large numbers in mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks and peddlers.\n",
"Louise Marie Zibold Reiss (February 23, 1920 – January 1, 2011) was an American physician who coordina... |
if theirs a burglar in you're home and you're forced to hide in closet, why can't you text 911 for help? | [Because that system isn't fully rolled out yet](_URL_0_)
New stuff cost money, particularily when it needs to be implemented with existing systems without having issues. Emergency services usually have pretty tight budgets, too. | [
"Distraction burglary is a form of burglary where the offender(s) trick or dupe the occupant or distract them, allowing co-offender(s) to gain access and commit burglary. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to distraction burglary.\n",
"Robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if the... |
why don’t humans have a thick fur like most other mammals? | Our hunter gatherer ancestors hunted by chasing animals down in marathon runs until the animals died of heat exhaustion / regular exhaustion. In our base survival skills, endurance running is our animal specialty. Virtually no other land predator on earth comes close. In natural selection terms, fur does not optimize t... | [
"Beavers, muskrats, otters, and capybara have fur, one of the defining mammalian features, that is long, oily, and waterproof in order to trap air to provide insulation. In contrast, other aquatic mammals, such as dolphins, manatees, seals, and hippopotamuses, have lost their fur in favor of a thick and dense epide... |
why does australia use australian dollars and not australian pounds? | Australia originally used Australian pounds (divided into 20 shillings, and 1 shilling into 12 pence).
When Australia decided to switch to a decimal currency, it was decided to adopt a new name. Suggested names included: the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the Quid, the dinkum and... | [
"Before independence, Australian coins were used in Kiribati (then called the Gilbert Islands) from 1966 until 1979. Previous to Australia's introduction of the dollar, the Australian pound was chiefly used throughout the islands, though Gilbert and Ellice Islands banknotes issued in the 1940s were also in use and ... |
what is the difference between an atom and a chemical element? | Atoms and elements are one and the same.
Atoms and molecular elements are not the same.
Some elements come in pairs, they don't normally exist as a single atom, examples hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. Some other elements come in a single atom presentation when in gaseous form.
Main difference is if you had a cloud of m... | [
"A chemical element is a species of atom having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or \"Z\"). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so the element oxygen consists of all atoms which have 8 protons.\n",
"A chemical element is a pure substance which is compo... |
store brands | I met a farmer once. He grew and processed tomatoes. He'd get an order from Del Monte for say, canned diced tomatoes, and fill it. His remaining crop was processed and sold as store brands. He said it was the exact same stuff inside the cans. | [
"A Food Marketing Institute study found that store brands account for an average of 14.5 percent of in store sales with some stores projecting they will soon reach as high as 20 percent of all sales. Store branding is a mature industry; consequently, some store brands have been able to position themselves as premiu... |
Why aren't vertical axis wind turbines being used on a large scale? | A good home for this question would be /r/AskScienceDiscussion. | [
"Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of the supporting tower. Downwind machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can also be allowed to bend, which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resist... |
Was the Russian railway system pre-WW1 really expanding at such a rapid pace as to threaten a potential German victory in war? | The german war plan (Schlieffenplan) was dependent on Germany defeating France fast and then turning towards Russia. Therefore, the speed at which the russian Army could mobilise and be brought to bear did matter in the pre-war planning. France did grant extensive credits to Russia before the war with the stipulation t... | [
"The Russian reforms cut mobilisation time by half compared with 1906 and French loans were spent on railway building; German military intelligence thought that a programme due to begin in 1912 would lead to of new track by 1922. Modern, mobile artillery, a purge of older, inefficient officers and a revision of the... |
why do food regulations require pork and chicken to be fully cooked to kill bacteria in the meat? whereas beef can be consumed half-cooked. how do we know the same harmful bacteria in pork and chicken isn't also in beef? | All meats can have e coli on them, but e coli can only live on the surfaces, it can't penetrate into the meat. Cooking on the outside kills e coli. You can also cut away surfaces to get a clean part, hence why people can eat raw beef like steak tartar.
Chicken can have salmonella, which can exists anywhere in the chic... | [
"Food safety of ground meat issues occur because of the possibility of bacterial contamination. Undercooked hamburgers contaminated with were responsible for four deaths and the illness of hundreds of people in the U.S. in 1993. Ground beef must be cooked to 72 °C (160 °F) to ensure all bacterial contamination—whet... |
why do some people pay to get their taxes done, while others do it themselves for free? | There are so many ins and outs of the tax code that it is often difficult to know if you qualify for certain savings or which forms you need. For me, when I file in have to use multiple additional forms and it all gets confusing.
If you have a basic return it is pretty simple to do yourself with pencil and paper, but ... | [
"For example, the state requires payment for its services in the form of taxes whether or not people desire such services. Since an individual’s money is his property, the confiscation of money in the form of taxes is an attack on property. Military conscription is likewise an attack on a person’s primordial proper... |
how do the opsin proteins we have in our eyes convert light into an electrochemical signal? | I'll attempt to translate this to layman's terms bit by bit, since I think that's what you're asking for.
**Opsin proteins:** As you may know, "proteins" are the various tiny machines that, working together, are the fundamental mechanism that makes us alive. The different tasks that are required for life are reflect... | [
"Opsin proteins covalently bind to a vitamin A-based retinaldehyde chromophore through a Schiff base linkage to a lysine residue in the seventh transmembrane alpha helix. In vertebrates, the chromophore is either 11-\"cis\"-retinal (A1) or 11-\"cis\"-3,4-didehydroretinal (A2) and is found in the retinal binding poc... |
Two hypothetical questions about "replacement" Voyager probes.. | I can answer the latter question. More or less the same distance. They're coasting through space now. They'll only stop when they collide with something. Total distance isn't really a function of fuel. | [
"Of the major spacecraft, \"Voyager 1\", \"Voyager 2\", and \"New Horizons\" are still functioning and are regularly contacted by radio communication, while \"Pioneer 10\" and \"Pioneer 11\" are now derelict. In addition to these spacecraft, some third stages and de-spin weights are leaving the Solar System, assumi... |
could nitrogen in scuba tanks be replaced with an inert gas like argon to prevent nitrogen narcosis? | It can be, and is, replaced with helium for deep dives. People use either trimix (replace some of the N2 with He) or heliox (replace all of the N2 with He) to reduce the effects of nitrogen narcosis. Trimix is cheaper, so people use it when they can. [You can't go arbitrarily deep, though, because helium gives you tr... | [
"Nitrogen (N) is a diatomic gas and the main component of air, the cheapest and most common breathing gas used for diving. It causes nitrogen narcosis in the diver, so its use is limited to shallower dives. Nitrogen can cause decompression sickness.\n",
"In an effort to reduce the decompression problems resulting... |
British morale during WWI | /u/NMW writes about British propaganda [here](_URL_0_). See also the comments of /u/RenoXD [here](_URL_1_) (soldiers' motivation, mutinies) and [here](_URL_2_) (effect of gas masks on morale). | [
"The Morale Operations Branch gained a great deal of its early sources of information through its liaison relationship with the British Political Warfare Executive. This relationship was to continue for the duration of the war, and would vary in intensity given the particular inclinations of various officers involv... |
how do employers in the us employ illegal aliens without any legal ramifications? | They haven't been caught yet but if or when they do there will be ramifications. | [
"BULLET::::- Does the Arizona law, which \"imposes sanctions on employers who hire unauthorized aliens is invalid under a federal statute\", the Immigration Reform and Control Act, which has a provision to \"preempt any State or local law imposing civil or criminal sanctions... upon those who employ, or recruit or ... |
In American Football bringing an extra defenceman to go after the Quarterback is referred to as the Blitz. Does this terminology relate to the German Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) in WW2 or does it pre-date WW2? | **It comes from World War II,** but it didn't have the connotation it has today. Instead, it was used in the more general sense of a rapid attack against which defense is futile or of little effect.
In this context, it shows up as much in basketball and other sports as much as football. The Dec. 6, 1940 issue of the *... | [
"The \"quarterback throwback\" screen, where the quarterback will pitch to a running back or throw a short pass to a wide receiver, and run the opposite direction, with releasing linemen in front of him. The running back or wideout will then lateral, or \"throw it back\" to the quarterback, with offensive linemen l... |
Did vikings have "shipyards" or centralized locations dedicated to building multiple ships? | Unfortunately, we really don't know much about the tradition of Norse and northern European shipbuilding during this time period (and this is where I'm going to be pedantic and say that "Viking" was an activity, not a noun, though language is fast changing this). The Gokstad and Oseberg ships have been the basis for mu... | [
"The Viking Ship Museum has a long tradition of Viking ship reconstructions and boat building and also collects boats of interest from all over Scandinavia. The boat collection at the museum now comprise more than 40 vessels and the associated ship building yard is constantly building new ships by original methods ... |
I want to know more about the Pinkerton detectives. Were there many private security agencies like them when they were prominent? What could and couldn’t they do legally, and what’s changed since then? What caused them to fall out of the spotlight, considering they company still exists? | I [answered](_URL_1_) a similar question a while back, and I hope my answer will help. Let me summarize: While pursuing wanted criminals was certainly profitable in the first few decades after the start of the Pinkertons in the 1860s, the gradual building up of federal and local law enforcement in the West reduced the ... | [
"Pinkerton, founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, is a private security guard and detective agency established in the United States by Scotsman Allan Pinkerton in 1850 and currently a subsidiary of Securitas AB. Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-ele... |
why do we salivate and gulp when we are nervous or put on the spot? | When you're in fight or flight response and your sympathetic nervous system is activated. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system actually shuts down saliva production, digestion and other rest and digest functions so you can use all your available energy to fight or run away. Some people think the nervous swallow... | [
"In general, gleeking occurs when an accumulation of saliva in the sublingual gland is propelled out in a stream when the gland is compressed by the tongue. The stream of saliva is released in the general direction of the front of the mouth. If the mouth is open the jet may project several feet.\n",
"Gleeking may... |
power usage by smartphones is progressively growing, but battery capacity stays relatively same. why? | Circuits in the phone follow Moore's Law (transistors double every ~18 months). The more transistors a phone has, the more power it uses. Moore's law says that number keeps increasing at an exponential rate. Even with good efficiency technology, that means power usage grows very fast.
Battery technology is a more l... | [
"By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.\n",
"Increases in clock frequency have grown more... |
Why do fluorescent bulbs take time to achieve full luminosity? | CFL bulbs have to heat up. Depending on the bulb, there is some substance called amalgam that has to boil off before the bulb reaches peak luminosity.
_URL_0_ | [
"Standard fluorescent tubes are the common light bars you find in commercial ceilings. Fluorescent lighting has more color temperatures available which are more suited to aquariums than those of incandescent bulbs. They are also more efficient than incandescent lighting, averaging between 90 and 95 lumens per watt.... |
Are there any theories as to how Spartacus became a Slave then a gladiator? | We know almost nothing about Spartacus before his revolt.
Plutarch's Crassus:
> The first of these was Spartacus, a Thracian of Nomadic stock, possessed not only of great courage and strength, but also in sagacity and culture superior to his fortune, and more Hellenic than Thracian.
Appian (a little later than Pluta... | [
"Spartacus ( \"\"; ; c. 111–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Little is known about Spartacus beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical... |
how to solve inequalities in algebra. | 640 - x > 2x + 40
600 > 3x
200 > x
Simply add and subtract like terms. | [
"Systems of inequalities can be written in terms of matrices \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", etc., and the conditions for existence of solutions can be written as complicated expressions in terms of these matrices. The solution for two polynomial inequalities in two variables tells us whether two conic section regions overlap... |
What is the source of animosity between Christians and Catholics specifically in Korea? | Since when are Catholics not considered Christians? I'm particularly surprised that OP as a Catholic doesn't include himself with the Christians... | [
"Christianity was linked even more with the patriotic cause when some Christians refused to participate in worship of the Japanese Emperor, which was required by law in the 1930s. Although this refusal was motivated by theological rather than political convictions, the consequent imprisonment of many Christians str... |
How precise are geologic maps? | As a geologist, I'll take a stab at this question.
The resolution *can be* very very high in certain circumstances (e.g. water table level determination by soundings to determine a 3-d map within maybe a couple meters?) but the real answer to your question is that it depends on what's "down there". [This Link](_URL... | [
"A geological survey map typically superimposes the surveyed extent and boundaries of geological units on a topographic map, together with information at points (such as measurements of orientation of bedding planes) and lines (such as the intersection of faults with the land surface). The maps and reports created ... |
How did hunting come to be such an important part of medieval aristocratic life? | For your average medieval person living in an area that logistically allowed for it, hunting game (even in the form of poaching) was a way to get by. It was a way to supplement your regular diet, and if you did it right it was free. (If you did it wrong, you were in a lot of trouble.) But for medieval noblemen and wome... | [
"Hunting began as a crucial component of hunter-gatherer societies, being an important source of food. The domestication of animals and the development of agriculture lessened the need for hunts, with food being more readily available. Hunting became a sport for those of the high social classes. In most parts of me... |
Can the human nervous system detect the signal spike associated with an incoming cell phone call? | Im also curious about this. I've always assumed this feeling is a product of the hindsight bias; we probably get that 'feeling' a call is about to come much more often than there is actually a call, but assign more weight to the feeling that actually does occur directly before the phone begins to ring. A more scientifi... | [
"The neuronal signal comprises a stream of short electrical pulses of about 100 millivolt amplitude and about 1 to 2 millisecond duration (Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002) Chapter 1). The individual pulses are action potentials or spikes and the chain of pulses is called spike train. The action potential does not... |
how does one prove that data (such as text messages) recovered forensically is actually the data it is purported to be? | Like all evidence, any recovered electronics would follow a chain of custody - a legal document which records the sequence of custody of the piece of evidence. So long as the chain of custody is intact and the people on the chain are trustworthy, the evidence should be considered secure. | [
"The term \"data recovery\" is also used in the context of forensic applications or espionage, where data which have been encrypted or hidden, rather than damaged, are recovered. Sometimes data present in the computer gets encrypted or hidden due to reasons like virus attack which can only be recovered by some comp... |
Why was the American Intervention in Vietnam such a failure in comparison to British Anti-Communist action in Malaya? | This is a classical question of counterinsurgency. In modern understanding, the Malayan emergency is seen as the textbook success of a counterinsurgency operation while Vietnam is seen as a textbook failure.
For this, we have to understand the factors that came into play for the British. You have to study it within th... | [
"British action and policy in defeating the Malayan counter-insurgency became a paradigm for future struggles with insurgents, including the U.S. war in Vietnam. Critics have stated that the Malayan emergency was much simpler to combat than many insurgencies and that the impact of hearts and minds programs has ofte... |
Why don't astronauts die from Radiation after a trip to space? (Going to the moon/mars/spacestation) | They do experience the effects of radiation, it just isn't normally intense enough to kill them. For example, many (most?) of the Apollo astronauts have cataracts. NASA was always worried about anomalous events like solar flares, which would have caused severe problems; they were just lucky.
[Here](_URL_1_) is an inte... | [
"Since astronauts are spending more time in outer space, they are receiving more exposure to ionizing radiation, a stream of particles that, when passing through a body, has enough energy to cause the atoms and molecules within that substance to become an ion. By directly or indirectly ionizing and thus damaging th... |
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