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how do chess grandmasters beat computer engines if the computer is able to calculate the best move possible in that situation based on an archive of all games that have been played?	> if the computer is able to calculate the best move possible in that situation based on an archive of all games that have been played? It isn't.	[ "Chess Engines Grand Tournament (CEGT) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other, with time controls of 40 moves in 120 minutes per player (40/120), and also 40/20 and 40/4, and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control. At the slowest time control (40/120)...
what happens to your heart during drowning?	Step 1 is the [mammalian dive reflex](_URL_0_). Your heart slows and your body does some neat tricks to reduce your need for oxygen. This is healthy and a good thing, and happens whenever you're underwater regardless of whether or not you're drowning. As you're holding your breath, though, your heart rate will incre...	[ "Generally, in the early stages of drowning a person holds their breath to prevent water from entering their lungs. When this is no longer possible a small amount of water entering the trachea causes a muscular spasm that seals the airway and prevents further passage of water. If the process is not interrupted, los...
how do planes flying on the same route avoid running into one another?	There are several layers to this answer, many of which have already been pointed out by others. - First of all, there are different types of airspace. In uncontrolled airspace, the pilots basically look out of the window to see and avoid each other. In many countries, there are facilities for air traffic control t...	[ "If two aircraft are not laterally separated, and are following tracks within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be following the same route and some form of longitudinal separation must exist.\n", "Direct routing occurs when one or both of the route segment endpoints are at a lat...
What are hdl/ldl blood tests actually measuring?	There are a couple of ways to measure lipoproteins of different classes in the blood. In the lab we just spin the plasma at very high speed which allows the different lipoproteins, i.e., hdl, ldl, vldl, and chylomicrons to separate from each other (due to the different densities they possess). We can then isolate them ...	[ "Because of the high cost of directly measuring HDL and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) protein particles, blood tests are commonly performed for the surrogate value, HDL-C, i.e. the cholesterol associated with ApoA-1/HDL particles. In healthy individuals, about 30% of blood cholesterol, along with other fats, is car...
How many bytes of storage could you fit on a piece of paper?	It all depends on how many zeros and ones and how small you can draw them if you're speaking of actual bits. If you're speaking of an image, It probably depends on the dpi capability of the printer.	[ "Main storage capacity was 1,024 36-bit words - just over 4k bytes. Secondary storage was provided by magnetic drums, each of 4,096 words - about 20k. Anything else was stored on magnetic tape mounted in the vertical drive, vacuum-sealed behind a glass door. Peripherals included punched tape readers, punched card r...
In Medieval Europe, What Did A Farmer's Work Day Look Like?	Hello, I wrote an answer [here](_URL_0_) that talked about the relative size and structure of English medieval farms in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The largest class of peasantry at the time of Domesday were villeins or 'villagers' - some 40% of the population - who were tenants responsible for on a very ro...	[ "While the two-field system was used by medieval farmers, there was also a different system that was being developed at the same time. Around each village in medieval Europe there were three fields that could be used to grow food. One part holds a spring crop, such as barley or oats, another part holds a winter cro...
Are there a set of wavelengths that can be combined to produce the entire EM spectrum?	Unfortunately, that's not quite how it works. RGB is used because those are the colors that the human eye can pick up. In this [trichromatic color space](_URL_0_), you're not REALLY making pure yellow light when you mix green and red - you're just making something that the human eye perceives as yellow. If you ran it t...	[ "The multiple wavelengths of a WDM-PON can be used to separate Optical Network Units (ONUs) into several virtual PONs co-existing on the same physical infrastructure. Alternatively the wavelengths can be used collectively through statistical multiplexing to provide efficient wavelength utilization and lower delays ...
Why were the casualties from battle so much higher in WW1 than from WW2?	Actually the battle intensity was bigger in WW2 than in WW1 but the "battles" of WW1 with their established time frames were just longer in general. Operation Zitadelle for instance had 220.000 casualties in mere 10 days while the Battle of Verdun, one of the most iconic battles of WW1, had about 800.000 casualties ove...	[ "Since World War II, there has been a decline in battle deaths and since the Cold War, there has been a decline in conflict. Between 1992 and 2005, violent conflict around the world dropped by 40 percent. In The Better Angels of Our Nature, Steven Pinker argues that this decline has not occurred over the past 60 ye...
What are the advantages of milling a metal object, instead of simply melting and casting?	For most metal, machining/milling is more precise. That's why many large, complicated, mass produced metallic objects (like car engine blocks) will have two different surface finishes: the precisely aligned surfaces (like cylinder tops where the head goes on) are often machined, while the in-between surfaces (like t...	[ "Metallic parts produced by casting are comparatively inexpensive, but are often subject to metallurgical flaws like porosity and microstructural defects. Friction stir processing can be used to introduce a wrought microstructure into a cast component and eliminate many of the defects. By vigorously stirring a cast...
Have any new forms of math been created in recent years?	So much. * [Alan Turing](_URL_4_) basically invented the math that is the groundwork for every computer ever. Also played a significant role in WWII as a code-breaker, where he constructed one of the first modern computers. * [Alexander Grothendieck](_URL_8_), arguably the most important mathematician of the 20th C...	[ "What is mathematics? What is it for? What are mathematicians doing nowadays? Wasn't it all finished long ago? How many new numbers can you invent anyway? Is today's mathematics just a matter of huge calculations, with the mathematician as a kind of zookeeper, making sure the precious computers are fed and watered?...
how do air bubbles in a needle kill you if you don't get them all out before injecting?	I think that's mostly a Hollywood invention. A large amount of air injected into a vein can kill you, but a little bit won't. Imagine my surprise when I was in the hospital and saw a few air bubbles go into my vein. I freaked out and thought I was going to die, but absolutely nothing happened.	[ "BULLET::::- Jet injectors. Jet injectors work by introducing substances into the body through a jet of high pressure gas as opposed to by a needle. Though these eliminate the needle, some people report that they cause more pain. Also, they are only helpful in a very limited number of situations involving needles; ...
once an addict always an addict. how/why is this so?	Keeps us honest, keeps us clean. Our brains arealways gonna be wired that way because the drugs changed the neurological pathways and chemical interactions we experience, so if we accept that, it's gonna be easier to avoid relapse.	[ "Addicts often believe that being in control of others is how to achieve success and happiness in life. People who follow this rule use it as a survival skill, having usually learned it in childhood. As long as they make the rules, no one can back them into a corner with their feelings.\n", "When a non-addict tak...
Is there any research into the idea that a recurring flood motif throughout cultures might relate to birth, or, more specifically, a collective unconscious remembrance of birth?	r/AskAnthropology or r/askSocialScience may be more suited to this question.	[ "On several occasions throughout history dreams have been credited for causing very important events. This includes problem-solving, decision-making, and apparent precognition while dreaming. These phenomena have been interpreted in various ways.\n", "The Dreaming is at once both the ancient time of creation and ...
In the context of Astronomy, we often hear that space contains gases and dust. What is space dust and what is it made of?	There are different kinds of space dust. Within the solar system, the dust tends to made of similar stuff as planets: iron and silicon oxides. In interstellar space, it tends to be made of organic molecules (hydrocarbons) and ice. The grains in the solar system tend to be a few microns in size. [Here's a picture of one...	[ "Space is known for its vast emptiness; however, there is an enormous amount of dust in space, whether it be on comets, moons, planets, or nebulae. The Herschel Space Observatory provided scientist with data about how celestial bodies formed in space, while also making new discoveries pertaining to dust in space. D...
how bad it is for me to not thoroughly chew my food?	It isn't bad and not even remotely related. Chewing helps the digestive system process food more efficiently but you probably won't notice it even if you don't chew at all (just don't do that too often). Stinky farts have more to do with the food you eat, and the bacteria in your intestines. Those bacteria help you wi...	[ "Eating hard foods (e.g., crisps) can damage the lining of the mouth. Some people cause damage inside their mouths themselves, either through an absentminded habit or as a type of deliberate self-harm (factitious ulceration). Examples include biting the cheek, tongue, or lips, or rubbing a fingernail, pen, or tooth...
destruction of the second temple?	Ritual animal sacrifice ended since it required the Temple. This was, more or less, replaced by a series of prayers called the "Amidah" which extoll numerous virtues and traits of G-d. The importance of the Levites and Cohanim (priestly tribe and high priests) diminished since the temple was gone. The pronunciation...	[ "From the destruction of the Second Temple, which (according to \"Seder Olam\") occurred at the end of the last week of a Sabbatical year, to the suppression of the Bar Kochba revolt (or the destruction of Bethar) is given as a period of 52 years. But the text here is very confused and has given rise to various eme...
why do state governments pay hospitals?	Reimbursement to hospitals from Medicaid comes directly from the government to the hospitals.	[ "Nonprofit hospitals do not pay federal income or state and local property taxes, and in return they benefit the community. The various exemptions given to non-profit hospitals get scrutinized by policymakers, with the argument being whether they provide community benefits that justify forgone government tax revenu...
Is the United States flag still on the moon ?	Yes, but the dyes have been bleached away by UV from the sun since there's no atmosphere to attenuate it. Since there's no atmosphere, there's also nothing to blow it over except impact and there haven't been any recently near the site.	[ "Some Americans anticipated possible controversy over planting the United States flag on the Moon, since the Outer Space Treaty prohibited territorial claims to any extraterrestrial body. Since it was made clear the United States had no intention of making a territorial claim to the Moon, no serious controversy mat...
how can bugs that can't eat survive as a species	The adult mayflies don't eat, but their pupal and larval stages do. So they eat while the grow, then they develop into adults and just mate, lay eggs and die.	[ "Carnivorous insects survive by eating other living animals, be it through hunting, sucking blood, or as an internal parasite. These insects fall into three basic categories: predators, parasites, and parasitoids. Predatory insects are typically larger as their survival is dependent upon their ability to hunt, kill...
how do mri machines work?	Really oversimplified explanation: 1. suspend body in really strong magnetic field, forces water molecules to line themselves up in specific direction 2. at same time, zap water molecules in body with a radio wave, causes them to wiggle against magnetic field direction 3. wiggling water molecules give off their own ra...	[ "MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. The radio signals are collected by small a...
what causes the testes to produce more sperm? how does the body know not to produce more when they are full?	So, a lot of guys have this idea that there is a finite amount of room in your testes and that your body can only produce a limited amount of sperm. In truth, your body is almost always producing sperm. While yes there is a finite amount of room in your testes for sperm to be created, in practice it is near impossible...	[ "Sperm are produced in the male sex gland or testicle. From there they travel through tubes (efferent tubules), exit the testes and enter a “storage site” or epididymis. The epididymis is a single, , tightly coiled, small tube, within which sperm mature to the point where they can move, swim and fertilize eggs. Tes...
Is there any trace of DNA still found in fossil fuels?	Crude oil comes with traces of [biomarkers](_URL_1_), simple molecules that appear to have once been part of living things. These are often [mildly interesting](_URL_2_), but to my knowledge DNA from source is far too fragile to survive. DNA doesn't tolerate heat or acid; it definitely would not survive being distille...	[ "In 1994, Woodward announced to have extracted and typed DNA from an 80-million-year-old Cretaceous dinosaur bone, but S. Blair Hedges and other ancient DNA experts demonstrated that Woodward had really sequenced human DNA.\n", "The first fossil fragments were found in 1993 by David W. Krause of New York's Stony ...
Is Machiavelli’s The Prince actually a satire?	I'm not sure any historian has actually thought that for several decades. The most recent published historian that I can find who put forward that idea is Garrett Mattingly, who argued it in an article called "Machiavelli's "Prince": Political Science or Political Satire?" in 1958. Also in 1958, Ian Johnston put forwar...	[ "Due to the treatise's controversial analysis on politics, the Catholic Church banned \"The Prince\", putting it on the \"Index Librorum Prohibitorum\". Humanists also viewed the book negatively, including Erasmus of Rotterdam. As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought...
Why were wooden shields used by knights and the like? Why not iron shields? Wouldn't they be better and far more protective?	Especially for a shield, which must be held up in front of a soldier by the arm at all times, weight is a serious issue meaning that a good shield typically needs to be made either very small or out of very lightweight materials. During the later middle ages the iron [buckler](_URL_0_) started to gain popularity as it ...	[ "The shield was the most common means of defence. The sagas specifically mention linden wood for shield construction, although finds from graves show mostly other timbers, such as fir, alder and poplar. These timbers are not very dense and are light in the hand. They are also not inclined to split, unlike oak. Also...
what happen between half-life and half-life 2 ?	There's a lot of good information about this that can be gleaned by examining Dr. Vance's office at Black Mesa East during HL2. Basically, the resonance cascade of HL1 got the attention of the Combine, who invaded earth shortly after Freeman was put in stasis. They defeated all of earth's military forces in 7 hours (he...	[ "A half-life usually describes the decay of discrete entities, such as radioactive atoms. In that case, it does not work to use the definition that states \"half-life is the time required for exactly half of the entities to decay\". For example, if there is just one radioactive atom, and its half-life is one second...
Do we have any indication of what early peasant music sounded like?	Could you provide some examples of the recordings you heard, and narrow your question to a specific time period and place?	[ "While folk music did not disappear during this time, relatively little of the early Polish music is known. Musical instruments, commonly homemade (e.g., fiddles, lyres, lutes, zithers, and horns) were used. The Gregorian chorales and monodic music appeared in Polish churches and monasteries at the end of the 11th ...
Why is balancing a rotating object easier than balancing a still object?	Angular momentum! Spinning things have a property called angular momentum. Similar to inertial momentum (where an object in motion tends to stay in motion), angular momentum causes the spinning object to tend to remain spinning in the same direction with the same velocity! The same property is what keeps a top on end...	[ "The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the centre...
how is it uk's exit polls were so accurate when exit polls in other countries, like usa, are often wildly off?	They didn't know it would be so close, but the exit polls are the only indicator they have available at that point, so they work with what they have. News reporting is not generally known for being overly cautious about the possibility of statistical errors. Exit polls in the UK are about as accurate as in other coun...	[ "Like all opinion polls, exit polls by nature do include a margin of error. A famous example of exit poll error occurred in the 1992 UK General Election, when two exit polls predicted a hung parliament. The actual vote revealed that Conservative Party Government under John Major held their position, though with a s...
Would 100 degree steam really burn you worse than 100 degree water?	[This question was asked elsewhere](_URL_0_). The answers given come down to the heat of vaporization. Basically, it takes a lot of energy for water to change phase from liquid to gas. Conversely, changing from gas to liquid gives off a significant amount of energy. When your body absorbs the energy (has to go somewher...	[ "Another consideration is safety. High pressure, superheated steam can be extremely dangerous if it unintentionally escapes. To give the reader some perspective, the steam plants used in many U.S. Navy destroyers built during World War II operated at pressure and superheat. In the event of a major rupture of the sy...
Would the accretion disc produced by two neutron stars merging into a black hole be composed entirely of neutrons?	Not entirely - neutron stars aren't completely neutrons, and may have a "crust" that contains some protons & electrons too. When you're ripping them apart, they're going to go through some interesting nuclear reactions and some of the neutrons will turn into a proton plus electron through a process called beta deca...	[ "Binary systems containing neutron stars often emit X-rays, which are emitted by hot gas as it falls towards the surface of the neutron star. The source of the gas is the companion star, the outer layers of which can be stripped off by the gravitational force of the neutron star if the two stars are sufficiently cl...
what would actually happen to a small child if they drank alcohol beverages often(one glass of wine each day, for example)?	One glass might be a lot for a small child, depending on how small. But I grew up allowed to drink a small amount with dinner and usually did, and I'm fine. There's [much evidence](_URL_0_) that drinking in moderation with the family below the legal age leads to less alcohol abuse in teen years, college, adulthood.	[ "BULLET::::- United Kingdom: Children aged under 15 should never be given alcohol, even in small quantities. Children aged 15–17 should not be given alcohol on more than one day a week — and then only under supervision from carers or parents.\n", "Evidence showed that there was a high amount of alcohol consumptio...
What was the difference in the beliefs of Luther and Calvin?	Luther and Calvin's views are both Protestant, in that they differ from the Roman Catholic Church's orthodoxy. Their views are different and started movements that still have an impact on theology today. They most prominently differed theologically in regards to how Salvation was received. The traditional Roman ...	[ "Calvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. Calvinists differ from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things. As declared in the Westminster and Second Helvetic confessions, the core doctrines ...
why and how does smoking cigarettes kill you?	Some people live longer (or shorter) lives due to their genetic makeup. But here's the thing...smoking has been shown overwhelmingly to decrease the years someone will live cancer-free across the spectrum of that genetic makeup. In other words, if you would have lived for 90 years before getting cancer without smokin...	[ "The harm from smoking comes from the many toxic chemicals in the natural tobacco leaf and those formed in smoke from burning tobacco. People keep smoking because the nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive. About half of smokers die from a smoking-related cause. Smoking harms...
When did the Japanese and Chinese first learned about the New World? Did they have any interest in colonizing so far away?	I wrote a comment to the similar question before: _URL_0_ It was extremely unlikely that any Eastern Asians like Japanese (including Ainu people) and Chinese that had known the 'New World' before Columbus, much less shown any interest in it. As for the latter's interest in the wider world, it is also useful to che...	[ "The Chinese reached North America during the time of Spanish colonial rule over the Philippines (1565–1815), during which they had established themselves as fishermen, sailors, and merchants on Spanish galleons that sailed between the Philippines and Mexican ports (Manila galleons). California belonged to Mexico u...
Was Trial By Combat an actual thing in Medieval Europe? If so, how did really work and how was it regarded?	I can't comment on it's frequency unfortunately because I haven't studied it in great depth but there is a very interesting account of one in Froissart's Chronicles (1322-1400) that is ample proof that it did exist. In Froissart's account (you can read it in the Penguin edited edition if you want, I can get the page ...	[ "Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right. In essence, it was a judicially sancti...
simple radiation. alpha, beta, gamma and x-ray. please eli5	To start off here, first you need to split these into two categories, the first of which is electromagnetic waves and particles. X-rays and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves, meaning that they are essentially forms of light, but with a frequency much higher than that of the light that we can see, so essentially they...	[ "A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β decay and β decay, which produce electrons and positrons respectively.\n...
How does oscillation between the types of neutrino work?	The basic phenomenon appears in lots of quantum systems and is known as 'Rabi oscillation'. Here's how it works: In general, the time-evolution of a quantum state is something complicated. It is simple, though, for eigenstates of energy (the Hamiltonian operator). The way in which those states evolve is simply by a ch...	[ "Neutrino oscillation arises from mixing between the flavor and mass eigenstates of neutrinos. That is, the three neutrino states that interact with the charged leptons in weak interactions are each a different superposition of the three (propagating) neutrino states of definite mass. Neutrinos are emitted and abso...
why don't my balls get twisted up in my scrotum?	The testicles aren't just hanging there attached to veins. They're attached to fairly solid "stalks" that are bundles of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles. Each testicle is also attached to the scrotum itself. That combination means that they're pretty firmly held in place. The danger isn't of them wrapping around ...	[ "The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the testicles. It also contains numerous nerves and blood vessels. During times of lower temperatures, the Cremaster muscle contracts and pulls the scrotum closer to the body, while the Dartos muscle gives it a wrinkled appear...
musical keys - wtf? why, for example, should 'lick my love pump' sound 'sad' just because it's written in d minor?	A great question! And one that we can't answer definitively. There are some theories, the main one being that the same theory behind minor keys is used in our voices when we use sad speech. The order of and "distance" between the notes in our speech patterns when giving bad news or even taunting others is the same a...	[ "The song is in the key of A major, with a main chord progression of E - Bm - Fm. It has been noted by fans that the syncopated piano arpeggio that gives the song its signature sound bears a similarity to a syncopated arpeggio that is repeated several times in Alex De Grassi's 1981 instrumental \"Clockwork\".\n", ...
In the String Theory, what exactly causes all of the different Strings to vibrate continuously?	Once a string is formed, it must be in some configuration/some state. Any such state can be written as the sum of various vibrational states, so once the string exists, associated vibrational modes exist,	[ "A stretched string can vibrate in different modes, or harmonics, and when a piano hammer strikes a string it excites multiple harmonics at the same time. The first harmonic (or fundamental frequency) is usually the loudest, and determines the pitch that is perceived. In theory the higher harmonics (also called ove...
Why was William Sherman’s middle name Tecumseh?	Because his parents picked it? All joking aside, there's a precedence for people to name their kids after famous and powerful people. The Tecumseh that's most famous in the US is the Shawnee "Prophet" who tried to build a native american nation in the North East US (supported by the British). Through the early 180...	[ "Sherman's unusual given name has always attracted considerable attention. Sherman reported that his middle name came from his father having \"caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees, 'Tecumseh\". Since an account in a 1932 biography about Sherman, it has often been reported that, as an infant, Sherman w...
How does an atom's energy remain constant?	e=mc^2 is only true for the case where the momentum is zero. The full equation is E^2 =m^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2 Furthermore, heat describes the randomized motion of a collection of particles. You can't really talk about the temperature of a single particle. There are other forms of energy for a single atom, though, such a...	[ "In atoms with a single electron the energy of an orbital is determined exclusively by the principle quantum number n. The n=1 orbital has the lowest possible energy in the atom. For large n, the energy increases so much that the electron can easily escape from the atom. In single electron atoms, all energy levels ...
Is there any credible evidence that plants in the nightshade family (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes) are bad for you?	I wonder what they mean by "bad for you." Millions of people have lived their entire lives, sometimes for generations, with potatoes as their major source of calories. Clearly they are edible and capable of supporting human life, and thus not bad for you in the same way that nightshade is (well actually potato berri...	[ "Nightshade family plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers should not be grown and consumed as microgreens, since nightshade plant sprouts are poisonous. Nightshade plant sprouts contain toxic alkaloids such as solanine and tropanes, which can cause adverse symptoms in the digestive and nervous sy...
Would the average 1950's American high schooler be taught about the trail of tears?	First, the actual Trail of Tears itself has been well-covered in other answers, like the responses here from /u/Snapshot52 and /u/Spellca: _URL_3_ I'm writing this simply looking at the 1950s. I must also give the caveat that what I can refer to are textbooks, but that does not necessarily represent a full picture of...	[ "The environment in the school in the 1950s was described in the novel \"Going All The Way\" by Shortridge High alumnus Dan Wakefield (published in 1970 and adapted to film in 1997). In 1957, a \"Time Magazine\" article named Shortridge High as one of the top 38 high schools in the United States. At the same time, ...
Were there European mercenaries fighting for African states and kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa?	Yes, simply put European mercenaries were repeatedly found or reported fighting for African societies, of that there is little doubt. Take the Almohad polity of the region northwest of the Atlas Mountains in present-day Algeria. By the late 16th century, the Portuguese had been removed from their port towns in the are...	[ "Native black warriors were employed in Africa by the Portuguese colonial rulers since the 16th century. Portugal had employed regular native troops (\"companhias indigenas\") in its colonial army since the early 19th century. After 1961, with the beginning of the colonial wars in its overseas territories, Portugal...
Can you harness energy from sound?	A microphone is a device that does just that. As animea mentioned though, sound waves generally do not carry much energy.	[ "In physics, sound energy is a form of energy. Sound is a mechanical wave and as such consists physically in oscillatory elastic compression and in oscillatory displacement of a fluid. Therefore, the medium acts as storage for both potential and kinetic energy.\n", "Wave power is the capture of energy of wind wav...
how do psychics "read" people?	it's basically just bullshit, called "cold reading". the premise is, you make your statement so vague, that they apply to nearly every person. if you use a medium, like tarot cards, the cards only act as a medium for the bullshit, like if you pick a lover card, they just start saying random things about your love lif...	[ "A psychic reading is a specific attempt to discern information through the use of heightened perceptive abilities; or natural extensions of the basic human senses of sight, sound, touch, taste and instinct. These natural extensions are claimed to be clairvoyance (vision), clairsentience (feeling), claircognisance ...
Do the gravity waves disprove modified Newtonian dynamics?	MOND by itself is nonrelativistic and you cannot use it to discuss relativistic gravitational phenomena. I'm fairly sure most reasonable relativistic extensions of MOND (bimetric, TeVeS) do predict gravitational waves. Bimetric iirc predicts the same weak field sector of GR; while TeVeS has GWs but they have slightly d...	[ "The Modified Newtonian dynamics or MOND hypothesis proposed that the force of gravity deviates from the traditional Newtonian value to a very different force law at very low accelerations on the order of 10 m/s. Given the low accelerations placed on the spacecraft while in the outer Solar System, MOND may be in ef...
when people say that the pressure deep underwater would crush a human, how would that go down exactly?	Archimedes principle: pressure is evenly distributed in a fluid. So what hat means is tiny ball scenario, you would be crushed from all sides. That being said, I don’t think the pressure is high enough to literally crush you into a tiny ball, it would just be too high for your lungs to open and breath. Either the nitr...	[ "This is not of practical importance, because the body is mostly composed of barely compressible materials such as water. People often wonder whether scuba divers feel their body being crushed by the pressure, but divers would have to reach depths of thousands of feet before their flesh began to suffer significant ...
if muslims do not believe jesus died on the cross, what exactly happened to the man?	I'm not sure what their stance is on the crucifixion. I'm an atheist and while I dunno that it's 100% proven, it seems reasonable to think that Jesus was indeed crucified - we know the man existed, that there was a semi-uprising in Judea around that time, and crucifixion was a common execution method. Not believing he ...	[ "Most Muslims believe that he was neither killed nor crucified, but that God made it appear so to his enemies. With the noteworthy exception of Ahmadi Muslims who believe that Jesus was indeed put on the cross, survived the crucifixion and was not lifted bodily to the heaven, majority of Muslims believe that Jesus ...
with fight or flight, is there an effective way to overcome the freeze response?	Training. Specifically, what is known as "stress inoculation." This is why new recruits in the military have to complete tasks while being yelled at and generally messed with by their instructors- a crude imitation of the stress of combat. It's why high quality police training involves responding to crises amidst all...	[ "The fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) was expanded to include all aversive/punishment stimuli, conditioned and unconditioned. Similarly, the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) was expanded to include all appetitive/reward stimuli. The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) was defined as a conflict system activated wh...
What is the difference between cosmological inflation and expansion of the universe?	They're the same thing and they're different. Both involve the scale factor of the metric changing over time. But the mechanism of inflation is presumed to be different from the mechanism of expansion, because none of our models for expansion suggest that inflation should occur. Which simply means we need to add more t...	[ "Cosmic inflation is a faster-than-light expansion of space just after the Big Bang. It explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. It is believed quantum vacuum fluctuations caused by zero-point energy arising in the microscopic inflationary period, later became magnified to a cosmic size, beco...
Were there ever extended periods where Chinese/East Asian civilization was more advanced than than the Middle East/Greece/West?	"Advanced" is a subjective term. Can you clarify what you mean?	[ "Like the Ancient Greeks and Romans and their profound influence on Europe and the Western World, China already possessed an advanced civilization nearly 1500+ years before its neighbors (c. 2000 BC) and through various Chinese dynasties has exerted cultural, economic, technological, political, and military influen...
a maths matrix	A matrix is just a rectangular grid of numbers. They're useful because matrices can be used to represent a certain class of functions known as "linear transformations". When you do this, certain properties of the function can be determined from properties of the matrix.	[ "In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other data. In physics, a matrix model is a particular kind of physical theory whose mathematical formulation involves the notion of a matrix in an important way. A matrix model describes the behavior of a set of matrices within the framework of quantum...
Are some languages actually "faster" than others or is it just an impression?	Great article addressing just this question: _URL_0_ ["A tradeoff is operating between a syllable-based average information density and the rate of transmission of syllables," the researchers wrote. "A dense language will make use of fewer speech chunks than a sparser language for a given amount of semantic informatio...	[ "In the absence of reliable evidence to support it, it seems that the widespread view that some languages are spoken more rapidly than others is an illusion. This illusion may well be related to other factors such as differences of rhythm and pausing. In another study, an analysis of speech rate and perception in r...
why do we care so much about finding water on other planets, when other forms of life could have evolved to not need water?	Life could exist out there that doesn't need water. However, most of the life we know of does. We're already looking for a needle in a haystack, if we expand the search to life that doesn't need water then we don't even know what the needle looks like anymore. Edit; apparently some stuff doesn't use water according t...	[ "Janice Bishop, a Mars specialist from the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence Institute also told the BBC that: \"All life forms as we know it require liquid water so if we can actually find periods of time or places on the planet where there was standing water then the chance of life having formed increase ...
why do combustion engines hum instead of sounding like a high rate of fire machine gun?	The more cylinders you have firing, the smoother the sound. Take the muffler off of an old lawnmower and listen	[ "In a normal spark-ignition engine, the air-fuel mixture is heated as a result of being compressed and is then triggered by the spark plug to burn rapidly. During this combustion process, if the unburnt portion of the fuel in the combustion chamber is heated (or compressed) too much, pockets of unburnt fuel may sel...
What makes "epic" music epic, and how does it affect us in the way it does?	As for the chills, there was a post recently that linked to [this](_URL_0_) article on 'musical frisson'. [This](_URL_1_) is the Reddit post.	[ "The music of Epica is aggressive, bombastic and excessive with some songs being \"epic, grand and majestic\" and others \"more subdued and introspective.\" The band is also known to have progressive tendencies while a gothic atmosphere and sentimentality is also present in their music.\n", "In the philosophy of ...
How Would an Oxygen Rich Environment (Such as Earth in the Jurassic Period) Effect Long Term Human Evolution?	I'm not an expert, but the human system has developed to live with smaller amounts of oxygen and too much oxygen can cause serious issues. However, assuming we can make it past that, we could grow much larger. We could become several feet taller and our skeletal structure would become more dense. If that were the case,...	[ "Second, the increased oxygen concentrations provided a new opportunity for biological diversification, as well as tremendous changes in the nature of chemical interactions between rocks, sand, clay, and other geological substrates and the Earth's air, oceans, and other surface waters. Despite the natural recycling...
Did a part of Austria become a part of Chzechoslovakia in 1918?	This depends somewhat on how you define "Austria". Before 1918, more or less all of Czechoslovakia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, although this state was often referred to simply as "Austria". When that empire collapsed in 1918, the new state of Czechoslovakia was created from the old imperial territory, spec...	[ "In 1772-1774, the Austrian Empire annexed Galicia (see Austrian Partition, as part of the late-18th century Partitions of Poland) and especially the formerly Moldavian Voivodeship of Bukovina (see Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca; today a part of the Ukraine), which at the time held the largest area contiguously settled b...
Why does a video from a 3 trillion frames per second camera not flicker?	That video isn't actually captured at 1 trillion frames per second. It's actually taking the recording of several passes and mixing them together so we can see what it would look like recorded at 1 trillion fps	[ "Flicker is necessary for a movie projector to block the light as the film is moved from one frame to the next. The standard framerate of 24 fps produces very obvious flicker, so even very early movie projectors added additional vanes to the rotating shutter to block light even when the film was not moving. Most co...
how do snowbanks not just completely melt when the temperature is above freezing?	Snow banks are more dense, the thermal mass is greater requiring a higher temperature to melt or a longer duration than the surrounding snow. best guess anyways.	[ "Ice pellets form when a layer of above-freezing air is located between above the ground, with sub-freezing air both above and below it. This causes the partial or complete melting of any snowflakes falling through the warm layer. As they fall back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface, they re-freeze i...
Do we know what Nazi Germany planed to do with their smaller allies like Romania after the war?	[Here's a very well researched map of Nazi war aims.](_URL_0_) It has all the sources in the description. But to summarise: * Hitler intended to annex Slovakia and Hungary. They were formerly part of the Austrian Empire and it made Hitler see them as "rightfully German". * He had no plans towards conquering of Roman...	[ "On 20 August 1944 the Soviets invaded Romania. Following a brief period of confusion, Romania changed sides and, once more allied with the Soviet Union, turned against its German occupiers. Although by now possessing less than 200 operational aircraft, the FARR joined in the attack on German forces. Despite chaoti...
natural selection and human future	> No such selection exists nowadays Sure it does, the selection pressures are just very different from what they used to be. Selection pressures could be generally weaker and they may not be selecting for things that we consider "better", but as long as there is any correlation whatsoever between a person's genes an...	[ "It is sometimes valuable to distinguish between naturally occurring selection, natural selection, and selection that is a manifestation of choices made by humans, artificial selection. This distinction is rather diffuse. Natural selection is nevertheless the dominant part of selection.\n", "BULLET::::- 1.) Natur...
Is it possible for Astronomical objects to be moving so fast/far away from our point of view, that we cannot see or detect them?	It's not possible for them to be "moving" fast enough, per se, but it is possible for the space between two points to be expanding sufficiently fast that the distance between those two points is increasing faster than light can travel from one to the other, thus making it impossible to see/detect one of the points if...	[ "Since light is deflected in a gravitational field, it is possible for the light of a distant object to reach an observer along two or more paths. For instance, light of a very distant object such as a quasar can pass along one side of a massive galaxy and be deflected slightly so as to reach an observer on Earth, ...
Is there historical context for this quote by Napoleon?	I did a check through a few Napoleon biographies and couldn't find any specific mention of this quote, but I actually do think Napoleon said it, or could have said it. So Napoleon's philosophy of warfare was all about the decisive battle. Napoleon didn't want to spend months/years chasing little armies around with la...	[ "There is reason to doubt that Napoleon ever used it. No contemporaneous French newspaper mentions that he did. The phrase was first used in an offensive sense by the French revolutionary Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac on June 11, 1794 in a speech to the National Convention: “Let Pitt then boast of his victory to his n...
From the POV of a holocaust denier what was the purpose of faking the holocaust?	Hello. We have had to remove your thread, as we do not allow questions or answers that revolve around taking on the POV of those committing rape, genocide, murder or other crimes. However, you may be interested in [this post](_URL_0_) by /u/commiespaceinvader and [this](_URL_1_) post by /u/CrossyNZ.	[ "A myth holds that Jews went passively \"like sheep to the slaughter\" during the Holocaust, which is considered by many writers, including Emil Fackenheim, to be a form of victim blaming. Secondary antisemitism is a type of antisemitism caused by non-Jewish Europeans' attempts to shift blame for the Holocaust onto...
What happened to the Algerian French (French people living in Algeria) after the Algerian war of independence?	When it became apparent that France was going to leave Algeria, the "Pieds-Noirs" (Europeans living in Algeria) left as well. And these were not small numbers, we are talking about well over 1 million people leaving that nascent country in less than a year. This was arguably one of the great migration movements of the ...	[ "At the end of Algerian War, upon independence in 1962, 900,000 European-Algerians (\"\") fled to France within a few months in fear of the FLN's revenge. The French government was totally unprepared for the vast number of refugees, which caused turmoil in France. The majority of Algerian Muslims who had worked for...
What is the fastest speed two objects can travel in a vacuum by gravitational attraction?	The maximum speed they would attain depends on how far apart they start, so it depends on the size of your hypothetical universe. Since stars have mass, they could not reach the speed of light, but they could get close (as in over 99% of the speed of light) if they started off far enough apart. So lets assume your uni...	[ "The fastest possible speed at which energy or information can travel, according to special relativity, is the speed of light in a vacuum \"c\" = metres per second (approximately or ). Matter cannot quite reach the speed of light, as this would require an infinite amount of energy. In relativity physics, the concep...
why aren't products like 5-hour energy evaluated by the fda?	If a product claims to address a medical condition, it is classified as a drug, and must undergo intensive FDA before it can be marketed, and even then might require a prescription. So what these products are doing it making it explicitly clear they are not drugs, so the FDA doesn't come after them. Food and suppleme...	[ "Their findings resulted in the FDA taking a closer look at the safety of energy drinks. Labdoor evaluated Alex Jones's supplements, stating \"the science behind many of their claimed ingredients are questionable.\" Some 2015 tests of supplement products conducted by a third-party laboratory, which was organized by...
Can human urine contain enough ammonia to react with chlorine and form toxic gas?	From Wikipedia: > Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with the remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration urea 9.3 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds. > Subsequent to elimi...	[ "The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, and then enters the urea cycle to be either incorporat...
How do sound waves expand in air?	> As far as i know in order for waves to exist the medium has to have particles that are connected to eachother. Define "connected". Just because gas molecules aren't "connected" in the sense of a crystal lattice in some kind of solid or some other inter-molecular bond doesn't mean that they don't interact. The...	[ "Since sound waves are produced by a vibrating body, the vibrating object moves in one direction and compresses the air directly in front of it. As the vibrating object moves in the opposite direction, the pressure on the air is lessened so that an expansion, or rarefaction, of air molecules occurs. One compression...
how does eating lots of sodium make us bloat and what happens to our body if we lack salt?	Eating a lot of sodium makes us bloat because it triggers reabsorption of water in the kidneys. The body likes to maintain certain concentrations of different salts (concentration meaning: amount of salt per volume of water), so if we have a high amount of salt, our body will retain water because it needs to maintain a...	[ "Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute. Excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, in children and adults. Such health effects of salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health assoc...
Why does Homer's Odyssey and Iliad counts as historical source?	While you're waiting for further answers, you might be interested in a previous answer by /u/iphikrates to the question: [Why do some historians completely dismiss the Iliad and Homeric epics as having any historical basis?](_URL_0_)	[ "The Homeric Question concerns the doubts and consequent debate over the identity of Homer, the authorship of the \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\", and their historicity (especially concerning the \"Iliad\"). The subject has its roots in classical antiquity and the scholarship of the Hellenistic period, but has flourished...
I've heard several Muslims claim that they landed in North America 500 years before Columbus...what is that basis of that claim?	Hi, there was a similar [question](_URL_2_) the other day: The top answer is links to other previous questions and answers which cover what you want to know > Hi there -- some of these older answers may be of interest to you, in particular the top one from u/400-rabbits: > _URL_0_ > _URL_3_ > _URL_1_	[ "Sezgin has argued that Muslim seafarers had reached the Americas by 1420, citing as evidence the inscription on a map and the fact that the high longitudinal precision of early maps of the Americas would not have been attainable using Western navigational technology.\n", "In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from...
Should children drink cow's milk?	I wanted to address one statement you made. > Clearly drinking mother's milk is [almost] essential, but it seems odd that cow's milk would be an absolute dependency. The first milk that comes from a mother after giving birth is called colostrum. This colostrum contains antibodies from the mother that can be passed ...	[ "Milk from cows, goats, or sheep is another common food allergen, and many sufferers are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese. A small portion of children with a milk allergy, roughly 10%, have a reaction to beef. Beef contains a small amount of protein that is also present in cow's milk.\n", "In...
The Ottomans were remarkably tolerant of Judaism and Christianity, but how did they treat Zoroastrianism and Shia Islam?	I would be very surprised if a significant number of Zoroastrians were ever under Ottoman rule. I can't recall this ever being discussed in any of the works I've read, nor can I think of where they would have resided. Do you have reason to think otherwise or were you assuming? I would also question whether Ottoman tol...	[ "Hardly any Zoroastrian family was able to avoid conversion to Islam when employed by the Abbasids. Because of their harshness towards unbelievers, and due to their lavish patronage of Persian Muslims, the Abbasids proved to be deadly foes of Zoroastrianism.\n", "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patri...
how does gambling in cs:go work? how does _url_0_ facilitate this? how do you "place your bets" if you are playing on a console? how does the money get transferred to the winner after a victory?	Gambling is usually done with in game weapon skins. Valve allows you to buy, sell, and trade skins between friends or on the community market. The way gambling works is a user will buy or earn skins, gamble them, and if they win, they get some amount of skins that the losers bet, and if they lose, their skins are gon...	[ "After inserting money (or a bar-coded paper ticket with credit) into the machine, play begins by placing a bet of one or more credits and pressing the \"deal\" button. The player is then given 5 cards (like five-card draw) and has the opportunity to discard one or more of them in exchange for new ones drawn from t...
Avogadro's Hypothesis?!	Your question shows why Avagadro's hypothesis is so remarkable. It's kind of surprising that totally different gases should have this property. The first thing to remember is that a gas is mostly space. An overwhelming amount of space. So the size of the molecule has very little (it's not quite nothing, as Avogadro's ...	[ "Avogadro's hypothesis (as it was known originally) was formulated in the same spirit of earlier empirical gas laws like Boyle's law (1662), Charles's law (1787) and Gay-Lussac's law (1808). The hypothesis was first published by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811, and reconciled Dalton atomic theory with the \"incompatible\" ...
Where can I find explanations of species' taxonomy?	[Botanical Latin](_URL_0_) is my first go-to reference for explanations of Latin epithets. One way of thinking about scientific names is that Genus is generally considered a noun and species an adjective. For example Ulmus alata, or winged elm has the specific epithet of alata, which is derived from the Latin word ...	[ "Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages (sometimes called \"alpha taxonomy\") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms. Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named. Taxonom...
what happens to the physical money when doing international transfers?	In the most simplistic terms. Your bank in the US will have a contract in place with a transferring bank in the US. They will do an electronic transfer to the Transferring US Bank. The transferring bank in the US with agree a transfer with a Transferring Bank in Germany and the Transferring bank in Germany will do a tr...	[ "Unlike the exchange transaction which mutually benefits all the parties involved in it, the transfer payment consists of a donor and a recipient, with the donor giving up something of value without receiving anything in return. Transfers can be made both between individuals and entities, such as private companies ...
Is there something inedible that is high in nutritional value, other than the fact that it's toxic?	The first thing that comes to mind is pure [Ricin](_URL_0_). Being a protein, you could very easily digest it into its component amino acids. If it weren't for the fact that it shuts off your ribosomes and kills every cell it gets its hands on in unsettlingly small doses.	[ "Common toxic foods include avocado and guacamole, substances containing caffeine (such as tea and coffee), fruit pits and apple seeds (which contain amounts of cyanide), persimmons, onions (prolonged exposure can lead to a blood condition called hemolytic anemia), mushrooms (cause digestion problems and can induce...
Why did my glass beaker holding tap water erupt in the microwave when it was removed?	What happened to you there was a phenomenon called [superheating](_URL_1_). This means that the temperature of the water in your beaker exceeded the normal boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (~100 °C), yet the water did not boil. The reason for this is a bit complex: In order for the water to boil, the [...	[ "At the moment when the water reached its highest possible point in the glass pipe, visitors could witness an interesting physical phenomenon for about a minute. The air pressure above the water had lowered dramatically. Therefore, the evaporation of the water happened so vigorously that the water started to boil s...
What is the scientific definition of temperature?	Temperature is defined by: 1/T = (∂S/∂E)_V,N_. That means that the inverse temperature is equal to the partial derivative of the entropy with respect to the energy, with the volume and number of particles left constant. In other words, it's how much the entropy changes when you change the energy a little bit, leav...	[ "Temperature is one of the principal quantities in the study of thermodynamics. Formerly, the magnitude of the kelvin was defined in thermodynamic terms, but now, as mentioned above, it is defined in terms of kinetic theory.\n", "The thermodynamic definition of temperature, due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, ref...
the definition of a tax	Proportional tax is a fixed rate for everyone. A progressive tax increases your tax rate as you make more money. A regressive tax decreases your tax rate as you make more money.	[ "A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (for example, tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a subnational entity. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may b...
why is the term "austerity" seemingly never used in the us?	Because our budget is so far from austere it would be absurd and they might be mocked. Both major parties support spending that is hundreds of billions of dollars beyond the amount we collect in taxes.	[ "\"Austerity\" was the most searched-for word of 2010. Interest in the word reached its highest point around May 1, the day the Greek government announced a series of austerity measures, but its popularity remained strong throughout the year. Peter Sokolowski, Merriam-Webster editor-at-large, said: \"\"Austerity\" ...
if astronauts on orbit around earth experience 0g because they are technically falling back to earth, would they still be experiencing 0g when flying through deep space or would they be in total 0 gravity?	There is no 'true zero gravity'. Zero G and zero gravity are the same thing. Astronauts in orbit are in free fall around the planet, and so experience zero gravity. If an astronaut was to travel to, say, Mars, they would essentially be in free fall _towards Mars_. The effect is the same.	[ "It is unclear if changes due to spaceflight increase the risk of intervertebral disc damage since there is evidence that many of the injured astronauts have previously had multiple exposures to excessive G-forces as high-performance jet pilots (6-20 G's) or to vibrational forces as helicopter pilots.\n", "During...
Meta: Is there any intention of publishing a book of the best questions and answers?	AskHistorians currently has no plans for book publication. The reddit medium doesn't translate well to print, and would in any event involve considerably complex rights issues, requiring permissions from both those who asked and answered the question. Readers would probably be better off reading some of the books in ou...	[ "Brief Answers to the Big Questions is a popular-science book written by physicist Stephen Hawking, and published by Hodder & Stoughton (Hardcover) and Bantam Books (Paperback) on 16 October 2018. The book examines some of the universe greatest mysteries, and promotes the view that science is very important in help...
the harlem globetrotters	They do not play basketball, they perform and exhibit skills associated with playing basketball. The performance is usually framed in the context of a competition. It is no different than professional wrestling, a demonstration. The demonstration is more impressive if it seems to lead to a "win" so the scripted game is...	[ "The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Over the years, they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 124 countries and territories. The team's signature song is Brother Bones' whistled version of \"Sweet Georgia Brow...
What were the circumstances that led to conservative President Reagan walking around Red Square in Moscow, wearing a red tie, and happily shaking hands with "civilians"? (picture inside)	This photo was taken during the Moscow Summit of 1988: _URL_0_. Reagan made this visit at the beginning of the end of the Cold War, about a year after his "Tear down this wall!" speech and two years after the Reykjavík Summit with Gorbachev. So he had already met with Gorbachev and discussed bringing the Cold War to an...	[ "BULLET::::- June 11 – President Reagan visits West Berlin for three hours, calling on the Soviet Union to move toward a freer society. Demonstrators number the thousands, holding signs calling the president a fascist, imploring him to return home, and calling for his assassination, the protest continuing even afte...
why are cases of statutory rape treated differently when the victim is male and the perpetrator is female as compared to a female victim and a male perpetrator?	Because all rape is treated differently when the victim is male. There is an assumption within society that men always want sex and that assumption makes many believe that men cannot be the victims of rape. This belief is so pervasive that some countries codify it in law. The UK requires a victim of rape to have been...	[ "There are some other laws refer to ‘male assaults female’ which creates further gender inequalities. The Accident Compensation Act 2001 allows victims of certain crimes the ability to make claims for compensation for mental injury. Male assault female is one of those crimes. The Criminal Investigations (Bodily Sam...
How was Botswana able to avoid the political instability and/or authoritarianism that other post-colonial African states suffered from?	A few reasons come to mind (and I'll direct you to Tlou's History of Botswana although I'm not sure he's quite as forthright about it). Politically, Botswana was a protectorate, not a true colony; it was based on artificially-drawn boundaries, but the consent came from an actual leadership, one headed by the Ngwato ...	[ "In the 1980s, relations between Botswana and South Africa were strained. Anti-apartheid groups like the African National Congress (ANC) used Botswana and other countries in Southern Africa as refuge. The ANC set up bases in Gaborone that issued crash courses for guerilla attacks; under the guise of weekend tourist...
why isn't libertarianism well received in politics?	Libertarianism (in the right-wing North American sense) has often been compatible with the Republican Party (US) or the larger right wing parties in Canada (the modern Conservative Party is a merger between the old Progressive Conservatives and the Alliance Party, who were actually the Official Opposition for a while b...	[ "Critics such as Corey Robin describe libertarianism as fundamentally a reactionary conservative ideology united with more traditional conservative thought and goals by a desire to enforce hierarchical power and social relations, arguing as follows: Conservatism, then, is not a commitment to limited government and ...
how is it possible to hold your breath longer underwater than on land?	You are correct. [Mammalian Diving Reflex](_URL_0_). Basically, when our ears are immersed in water, our heart rate automatically slows down, slowing oxygen usage and allowing us to survive longer underwater. Related, this is why splashing cold water in the face of someone panicking calms them down. Slapping them doe...	[ "Scuba divers are often taught never to hold their breath underwater, as in some circumstances this can result in lung overpressure injury. In reality, this is only a risk during ascent, as that is the only time that a fixed amount of air will expand in the lungs, and even then, only if the airways are closed. A re...
why do phone games uses multiple in-game currencies? sometimes a more valuable currency is used to encourage you to spend real money but are there other reasons?	"Sometimes a more valuable currency is used to encourage you to spend real money but are there other reasons?" Nope, you got it right there.	[ "Many games also have their own internal currency to facilitate in-game trade. Proper balance of an in-game economy becomes extremely important if it is desired to have an exchange rate linkage between the internal currency and a real world\n", "These intersections with real economies remain controversial. Market...
Does the Earth rotate one time less around its axis than there are days in a year?	[Pretty much](_URL_0_). That's a good question! One sidereal day is 0.99726957 mean solar days, which if you multiply by 365.25 gets you 364.25.	[ "The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is ± . Multiplying by (180°/π radians) × (86,400 seconds/day) yields , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requir...
how would a constant radio transmission be received from an object moving away in space?	There wouldn't be "gaps", as you put it - but you're not far off. Communication usually takes the form of radio waves, and what happens is the waves get stretched out - the wavelength goes up, and the frequency goes down. This is known as "red-shifting", because white light gets slightly redder when it gets stretched ...	[ "On October 10, 2003, the mission's science team announced the results of tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, performed by using radio waves transmitted from the \"Cassini\" space probe. The radio scientists measured a frequency shift in the radio waves to and from the spacecraft, as those pass...
do the religious people who spontaneously start speaking in tongues believe they are using language, or do they know they're just making up gibberish?	The formal term for speaking in tongues is Glossolalia. Among religions that use glossolalia, the official explanation goes both ways. 1) Some people believe it's a miraculous effect, caused by being "filled with the holy spirit. Opinions vary over whether it's gibberish, a kind of divine language, or real human lan...	[ "BULLET::::- Sign for unbelievers (). Some assume that tongues are \"a sign for unbelievers that they might believe\", and so advocate it as a means of evangelism. Others point out that Paul quotes Isaiah to show that \"when God speaks to people in language they cannot understand, it is quite evidently a sign of Go...
What would a universe be like if it had two dimensions of time?	[This is the canonical reference on the topic](_URL_0_) which is surprisingly readable. It has a section on higher time dimensions. > Needless to say, many aspects of the world would nonetheless appear quite diﬀerent. For instance, a rederivation of relativistic mechanics for this more general case shows that energy ...	[ "The Universe appears to be a smooth spacetime continuum consisting of three spatial dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension (an event in the spacetime of the physical Universe can therefore be identified by a set of four coordinates: (\"x\", \"y\", \"z\", \"t\") ). On the average, space is observed to be very...
Evolution, I understand some of it...but where exactly do monkeys come into play?	Think about it this way- We share a common ancestor with monkeys in the same way you share a common ancestor with your hypothetical (or real) sibling. Did you descend from your sister? No. Same idea here. The common ancestor of monkeys and humans was neither a modern monkey nor a human. Both monkeys and humans evol...	[ "Apes emerged within \"monkeys\" as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so \"Old World monkey\" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or...

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