Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
Are there any animals which have benefited from human dominance of the planet?	Dogs - or rather their wolf ancestors... In order to gain protection and a constant supply of food from the human communities at the time, the dog ancestors evolved to look less menacing (i.e. Increasingly cute), display loyalty and an offer of companionship.	[ "Scott's point in this chapter is that humans domesticated the planet more extensively than taming cattle and planting crops, and that this had deep consequences. He examines the changes that mankind has brought to its environment by being an artificial natural selection of sorts, to bring out plant types that are ...
why does it hurt to put a retainer in after not wearing it for a few days? do our teeth really shift that much in such a short period of time?	They certainly do. It doesn't take all that much shifting for them to hurt, though, since the retainer gives them very little wiggle room. I have personally broken a retainer after going for a week without wearing it.	[ "Most removable retainers are supplied with a retainer case for protection. During the first few days of retainer use, many people experience extra saliva in their mouth. This is natural and is due to the presence of a new object inside the mouth and consequent stimulation of the salivary glands. It may be difficul...
When you cook something to 'bring out the flavor' what exactly is going on?	[Caramelization](_URL_0_) and [Maillard reaction](_URL_1_), mostly.	[ "Traditionally, ' is stewed in a cauldron over an open fire or in a large pot on a stove, but it may also be prepared in an electric slow cooker. The contents should be stirred from time to time, to prevent scorching, which may impart a bitter taste to the entire batch. ' is considered best after it has been repeat...
how is it that if i put a gameboy game made for the original gameboy into a gameboy color, that the game is in full color?	The Game Boy Color was programmed to recognise certain high-profile Game Boy games and apply a specific palette to them. The original Game Boy only had 4 shades of grey, so the GBC cleverly maps each of the 4 shades to a different colour according to the type of object the graphic is. So, for example, the 4 shades in...	[ "When an older monochrome original Game Boy game cartridge (Type 1) is plugged-in, if certain combinations of the controls are held during startup (or if the game is recognized from a hard-coded list in the device's ROM), the games are colorized with one of the factory 12 false color palettes. In this mode, games c...
How would a continuous audio signal being sent from a ship travelling directly towards Earth at near light speed be perceived upon reception?	You are calling it an "audio signal" but then are saying it is flying through space and that it is propagating at light speed. So I am assuming what you mean is it is sending out some electromagnetic signal (like a radio wave) which then a tuner on Earth (Like and FM tuner) could construct into audio. In this scenari...	[ "In addition, lighthouses, buoys, and lightships along the coast of the United States in recent years increasingly had received navigation aids that used underwater bells to generate sounds which approaching ships could detect; by noting the bearing of each sound source, a ship's crew determine the position of its ...
How did Turkey keep out of WWII?	Well technically Turkey didn't. Through much of the war, Turkey was trading with both sides, and actually signed a non-Aggression pact with Germany just prior to Barbarossa, but relations deteriorated with the Axis, and Turkey declared war in February, 1945. Both sides were pretty much OK with Turkey's neutrality earl...	[ "Turkey was neutral during much of World War II, although in October 1939 Britain signed a treaty to protect Turkey should Germany attack it. Turkey maintained its neutrality by preventing German troops from crossing its borders into Syria or the USSR. During this time Turkey had lucrative trade relationships with ...
Do astronauts get sick in space/stop getting sick over a period of time?	Well you've pretty much answered your own question, eventually they would become immune to all present bacteria and viruses assuming that the people had good immune systems that completely removed the pathogen from their system. You do have to allow for mutations in the pathogens which could cause another infection. H...	[ "Most of the medical conditions that happen in space are not medical emergencies and can be treated on board. About 75% of all astronauts have taken medication during shuttle missions for conditions such as motion sickness, headache, sleeplessness, and back pain. Other common conditions include minor trauma, burns,...
What happened to the indigenous people of Newfoundland?	I'm not sure about the Tasmanian Aboriginals so unfortunately I can't really compare the two but I can talk about the Beothuks. I also want to say I don't have my history book that deals with early NL history so I am going off memory. The main contact with the Beothuks took place in Trinity Bay on the Avalon peninsul...	[ "By the time European contact with Newfoundland began in the early 16th century, the Beothuk were the only indigenous group living permanently on the island. Unlike other groups in the Northeastern area of the Americas, the Beothuk never established sustained trading relations with European settlers. Instead, their...
What are the stains in my glasses when I look at the computer screen through them with sunglasses?	Oh oh this is so exciting!!! This relates directly to my area of specialty! First of all: they are not stains, and they are not harmful to your sight. So light has a property known as [polarization.](_URL_0_) The following metaphor isn't perfect, but its good enough for now. The basic premise of it is this: You can t...	[ "Simple sheet or uncorrected molded glasses do not compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in the wavelengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses the red filter image can be blurry when viewing a close computer screen or printed image since the retinal focus differs from the cyan filtered image, which ...
Did the Roman Empire ever use propaganda? If so, how was it displayed/what would typically be featured?	One interesting way of communicating throughout the empire was via the images on coins. Fronts of coins would often display a dignified bust of the current (or putative) emperor, while the reverse would show a god or scene of Roman pride, with a slogan inscribed along the rim. One of the more propagandistic coins was...	[ "Another striking example of propaganda during ancient history is the last Roman civil wars (44-30 BC) during which Octavian and Mark Antony blamed each other for obscure and degrading origins, cruelty, cowardice, oratorical and literary incompetence, debaucheries, luxury, drunkenness and other slanders. This defam...
Why did Rome begin conquering outside of its city-state territory?	Ancient Rome's territorial growth only began after the expulsion of the last Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, in 509 BC. Tarquin campaigned against Rome all the way up to 496 BC, after which he died a year later. These battles, fought against Rome's Etruscan neighbors, also gave rise to the stories of Roman heroes, ...	[ "Conquered territories were incorporated into the growing Roman state in a number of ways: land confiscations, establishment of \"coloniae\", granting of full or partial Roman citizenship and military alliances with nominally independent states. The successful conquest of Italy gave Rome access to a manpower pool u...
Does time flow or is it a quantum?	I think your question is phrased poorly. What I assume you mean is "Is time discrete or continuous?" Whether it actually "flows" (progresses) is a separate issue. As I understand it, nearly all physicists think of time as continuous. One argument for this is that if time is just another dimension (like up-down, etc) t...	[ "Continuous-time quantum walks arise when one replaces the continuum spatial domain in the Schrödinger equation with a discrete set. That is, instead of having a quantum particle propagate in a continuum, one restricts the set of possible position states to the vertex set formula_1 of some graph formula_2 which can...
When did Turkey replace Chicken and Swan as the meat eaten on Christmas day?	Chicken and goose as common Christmas meats for ordinary people do not pre date turkey meat in this context. Turkey was introduced to Europe in the late Tudor period and filtered down through the classes over several centuries as the meat became cheaper thanks to intensive farming techniques. These same farming techniq...	[ "Turkey was eaten as such as early as the 16th century in England. Before the 20th century, pork ribs were the most common food for the North American holidays, as the animals were usually slaughtered in November. Turkeys were once so abundant in the wild that they were eaten throughout the year, the food considere...
why has yemen been target of drone strikes from usa and is it related with the current war right now?	Yemen has one of the most active and aggressive branches of al Qaeda which poses a major security threat to Saudi Arabia. They've also tried in the past to attack the US both through their own operations and by inspiring home grown terrorists. They control a decent amount of territory in Yemen as well. The current c...	[ "The U.S. launched a series of drone attacks in Yemen to curb a perceived growing terror threat due to political chaos in Yemen. Since December 2009, U.S. strikes in Yemen have been carried out by the U.S. military with intelligence support from the CIA. The drone strikes are protested by human-rights groups who sa...
What effect (if any) would microgravity have on human pregnancy?	In the order of your questions: Yes, Yes, Yes, and NO. Gravity is apparently an essential stimulus for various types of cell and organ development in vertebrates including the nervous system and brain. "Human pregnancy is counter indicated by NASA with microgravity listed as one of the factors. The reasons for this...	[ "Pseudopregnancy has been suggested for use in decreasing the risk of breast cancer in women, though this has not been assessed in clinical studies. Natural pregnancy before the age of 20 has been associated with a 50% lifetime reduction in the risk of breast cancer. Pseudopregnancy has been found to produce decrea...
My grandmother says that basically nobody in east germany wanted to merge with west germany in 1989, they just wanted a right to travel. Is this true?	No, that's not true, but there are understandable reasons why your grandmother might believe it. There are really two mistaken ideas in play here: that the East Germans did not want a reunification (they did), and that they only wanted the right to travel (they wanted much more than that). In fact, many people in East ...	[ "After the press conference, Schabowski sat down for a live interview with NBC's Tom Brokaw. When Brokaw asked him if it was indeed true that East Germans could now travel without having to go through a third country, Schabowski replied in broken English that East Germans were \"not further forced to leave GDR by t...
How did the Romans, or other ancient civilizations, view and handle people with Alzheimer's?	It was much less common in ancient Rome than it is currently due to a younger demographic and shorter life e expectancy, so it was not a significant problem. Typical onset age of Alzheimer's is later older than 65 and affects 2% of the population by age 80. The life expectancy of classical Rome was 28 years at birth ...	[ "The Romans also conquered the city of Alexandria, which was an important center for learning; its Great Library held countless volumes of ancient Greek medical information. The Romans adopted into their medical practices many of the practices and procedures they found in the Great Library.\n", "Cato the Elder de...
why do dull razors cut you more when you’re shaving?	When something is sharper it cuts smoother and easier. Imagine trying to cut something and the blade is dull, it won’t cut very well or hardly at all. Same principle applies to a razor blade. It cuts hair easier when the blade is sharp, but won’t hardly cut when it’s dull. A dull razor pulls and tugs on the facial hair...	[ "Cuts from shaving can bleed for about fifteen minutes. Shaving cuts can be caused by blade movement perpendicular to the blade's cutting axis or by regular / orthogonal shaving over prominent bumps on the skin (which the blade incises). As such, the presence of acne can make shaving cuts more likely, and extra car...
Can anybody help me understand time desynchronization for objects moving near the speed of light?	This gets asked a lot. You normally travel along your time axis -- if you just sit around, your location doesn't change, but the time displayed on your wristwatch advances. Meanwhile, your spatial axes are aligned with the spatial axes of the world -- i.e. the set of events that are happening right now are also h...	[ "Scenarios (c) and (d) can be analyzed by simple time dilation arguments. In (c), the receiver observes light from the source as being blueshifted by a factor of formula_45, and in (d), the light is redshifted. The only seeming complication is that the orbiting objects are in accelerated motion. However, if an iner...
What were the responsibilities of a sheriff in Plantagenet England?	The Sheriff, who was usually a prominent landowner in the county (15 are mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and only two do not own land) where he served, was an agent of the Crown with a wide-reaching set of responsibilities all effectively related to how central government interacts with its outer regions. The...	[ "The High Sheriff of Essex was an ancient sheriff title originating in the time of the Angles, not long after the invasion of the Kingdom of England, which was in existence for around a thousand years. On 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, the title of Sheriff of Essex was retitled...
Why when I'm driving do I lose my satellite radio signal for the brief instant that I go under a bridge but my FM radio is completely fine?	Satellite radio uses a much higher frequency signal (GHz vs FM's MHz) and as such has different properties than FM radio. For your specific question, the high frequency means that it doesn't penetrate buildings or structures very well and is more line-of-sight than FM.	[ "BULLET::::- Some digitally-tuned FM radios are unable to tune using 50 kHz or even 100 kHz increments. Therefore, when traveling abroad, stations that broadcast on certain frequencies using such increments may not be heard clearly. This problem will not affect reception on an analog-tuned radio.\n", "In analog r...
what causes food to stick to my pan, and what is the best way to prevent this (assuming i don't have non-stick, which i don't).	A lack of oil, overly cool pan, overly hot pan could all be reasons food sticks. To prevent food from sticking, slightly heating the pan, and making sure there is adequate oil/grease in it. All of this is dependent on what kind of pans you are using. If it is stainless steel, properly oiling before hand will help. Oth...	[ "With other types of pans, some oil or fat is required to prevent hot food from sticking to the pan's surface. Food does not have the same tendency to stick to a non-stick surface; pans can be used with less, or no, oil, and are easier to clean, as residues do not stick to the surface.\n", "According to writer To...
Is it possible to have conjoined triplets?	It would technically be possible yes though that would be a very complicated birth and even with recent technology would likely have an extremely low rate of survival for both mother and children. As to why only two were conjoined, pretty much luck, it's not like there is a set place where fetuses/embryos are in the wo...	[ "Two contradicting theories exist to explain the origins of conjoined twins. The more generally accepted theory is \"fission\", in which the fertilized egg splits partially. The other theory, no longer believed to be the basis of conjoined twinning, is fusion, in which a fertilized egg completely separates, but ste...
why people are so paranoid about being spied on through their web cam?	Because it actually happens, its not the government though, there are multiple spyware programs out there that, if they get on your pc, can access your webcam	[ "Camfecting, in the field of computer security, is the process of attempting to hack into a person's webcam and activate it without the webcam owner's permission. The remotely activated webcam can be used to watch anything within the webcam's field of vision, sometimes including the webcam owner themselves. Camfect...
How much iron is in the human body?	Men have more iron than women, and a large number of people are iron deficient- its the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. The average total body iron is about [3.8g in men and 2.3g](_URL_1_) in women. In industrialized nations, its closer to [4-5g](_URL_0_). The body uses iron remarkably well, and onl...	[ "Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men). Of this, about is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood (around 0.5 mg of iron per mL of blood), and most of the re...
why is it so hard to reverse-engineer something? shouldn't it be simple to just copy the parts exactly?	No. Let's say you try and reverse engineer an iPhone. You need to know what each component is made of, this is NOT easy at all and requires some fairly high level analytical skills. You also need to know how each component talks to each other. An iPhone isn't just the solid stuff, and then OS installed; there is f...	[ "A rewrite in computer programming is the act or result of re-implementing a large portion of existing functionality without re-use of its source code or writing inscription. When the rewrite is not using existing code at all, it is common to speak of a rewrite from scratch.\n", "There are many reasons for perfor...
If the universe was scaled down to the point that the Milky was the size of a baseball, how far away would the Andromeda Galaxy be?	Fun Question. So, The Milky way is about 100,000 light years in diameter. Andromeda is about 2.5 million light years away. So, Andromeda is about 25 time farther away than the milkyway is wide. A baseball is 7.3cm in diameter. 7.3cm * 25 = 1.825 meters or about 6 feet. Space is big. Edit: misplaced a decimal. And Ag...	[ "It lies next to the Local Supercluster, which contains our galaxy the Milky Way. Its center is 96 megaparsecs away and the void is 112 megaparsecs in diameter across its narrowest width. Its volume is very approximately 600 billion times that of the Milky Way. See volumes of similar orders of magnitude.\n", "The...
food poisoning, what is going on in my body?	It's mainly caused by bacteria that builds up in undercooked, improperly stored, or rotting food. It is your bodies reaction to Gastroenteritis means irritation and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract which include your throat and intestines. There are different types but it is your body trying to purge itself o...	[ "This suggests food poisoning, but of an incredibly rare type that the doctors have never seen before. The men do not have the main symptoms of food poisoning: diarrhoea and vomiting. Also, the incubation period is too short for the most common bacterial poisonings. They also suspect recreational drugs, but the men...
Why were German soldiers and officers in WWII so well dressed compared to their Allied counter parts?	Can you expand this question, as in, upon what evidence do you assert that there was a qualitative difference between the dress standards of the Germans vs the Allies? I wasnt aware there was one.	[ "In Germany the Nazi regime retained uniforms with many traditional features from Imperial Germany for its army uniforms, such as field grey cloth, marching boots (a taller version for officers), collar litzen (braiding) and breeches (for officers and NCOs); German Panzer (tank) troops had a special combat uniform ...
When did the concept of basic training come about in the military? Like the whole sergeant screaming in your face thing.	The 'sergeant screaming in your face' type of basic training largely emerged after the Second World War. S.L.A. Marshall's research during and after the Second World War found that 75 to 80 percent of riflemen did not fire their weapons at an exposed enemy. "When [he] was sent to the Korean War to make the same kind...	[ "Basic Training in the United States Army is the initial training for new military personnel typified by intense physical activity, psychological stress and the development of social cohesion. The United States Army Center for Initial Military Training (USACIMT) was created by in 2009 under the U.S. Army Training a...
how are we able to touch fingertips from each hand together with our eyes closed?	You do have sensory input though, through your sense of proprioception. Proprioception is the sense of the relative position of your body parts and strength of effort being used in movement. This information is sent to your brain from proprioceptors in skeletal striated muscles, tendons, and joints.	[ "\"Intention to touch\": A nonverbal communication haptic code or cue is the intention behind it. Reaching your hand across the table to a somewhat unknown person is used as a way to show readiness to touch.\n", "Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body, and are the richest source of...
Would holding your pee help delay dehydration?	No, The epithelium of the bladder, (the "urothelium"), is relatively impermeable to water and solute. This is necessary to maintain the concentration gradient between the urine and blood and thus prevent the leakage of water, solute, or nitrogenous waste from the urine back into the blood. The urothelium is special ...	[ "PEEP is a pressure that an exhalation has to bypass, in effect causing alveoli to remain open and not fully deflate. This mechanism for maintaining inflated alveoli helps increase partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, and an increase in PEEP increases the PaO.\n", "Treatment is supportive and based upon ...
When explorers or conqestdors just claimed land that they found why didn't they claim the all the land they knew about	This is a question that relates to the development of public international law. When the european exploration started in earnest, Spain and Portugal (the first europeans to do so) divided the world between them. They signed - with papal support - the Treaty of Tordesillas. This was later contested by other european po...	[ "A controversy that has occupied scholars for more than a century concerns whether Cabral's discovery was by chance or intentional. If the latter, that would mean that the Portuguese had at least some hint that a land existed to the west. The matter was first raised by Emperor Pedro II in 1854 during a session of t...
How fast do bacteria travel?	This question isn’t exactly clear, the speed of bacteria is dependent on several factors to including type, surroundings, energy, etc. but if you’re wondering how bacteria usually get around, most unicellular organisms have a flagella, which is like a whip like tail to help them swim. Of course the primary function of ...	[ "Other microorganisms use gliding motility, with some for example the apicomplexans able to travel at fast rates between 1–10 μm/s. In contrast the \"Myxococcus xanthus\" bacteria glide at a rate of 5 μm/min.\n", "The rotational speed of flagella varies in response to the intensity of the proton motive force, the...
How do particles collide and bounce off on the quantum level?	In my opinion, it would be more correct to say that in quantum physics, position and momentum are not part of the state of a system anymore. Instead, it is entirely defined by its wave function, from which you can calculate a particle's space-time position and 4-momentum for any given point of its worldline. The wave f...	[ "Particle accelerators and colliders produce collisions (interactions) of particles (like the electron or the proton). In the terminology of the quantum state, the colliding particles form the \"Initial State\". In the collision, particles can be annihilated or/and exchanged, producing possibly different sets of pa...
Nuclear bombs were described in science fiction prior to WW2. How far back can the concept of atomic fission weapons be dated?	Nuclear fission was discovered in 1938. The previous concepts of "atomic bombs" were not fission-based. Rather, they tended to be based (per H.G. Wells) on the idea of induced radioactivity. That is, the idea that you could release the energy from radioactive materials all at once, rather than waiting for it to decay. ...	[ "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-ba...
why do streaming players buffer at different speeds even on the same internet connection?	A lot of variables can change the speed in which a player buffers—even on the same internet connection. Even though you may be on the same connection, the speed at which a web site is able to serve you content can be different, the file size can be different, and/or the code used to serve up the buffer is different (so...	[ "BULLET::::- Multiple Simultaneous Streams: Network utilizes multiple mediums simultaneously enabling multiple streams to exceed the maximum throughput of a single medium. Where dual link aggregation is supported (typically between gigabit Ethernet wired connections), simultaneous streaming can be even faster, e.g....
how come the adhesive on tape doesn't wear off when it's rolled around the dispensing circle, but it does after you've stuck it to anything else?	The smooth side of the tape is prepared so that the adhesive doesn't bond well to it. If you've made stuff out of duct tape, you'll know this intuitively; to get your things to hold together, you have to use sticky-sticky joints.	[ "The tape can be used to repair tears in paper, or to attach pieces of paper or cardboard together for modelling. On fragile paper surfaces the tape can only be used once, as removing it will either tear the paper or remove the top layer of rough cardboard; on smooth painted surfaces it can generally be removed wit...
why do humans sometimes crave bad food (taco bell, for example) instead of higher quality, better tasting alternatives (real mexican food)?	It's about what's in Taco Bell, most importantly, the sugars. Taco Bell usually has stuff in fluffy, floury tortillas, plus the rice and other additives. They are absolutely FILLED with carbohydrates, which your body breaks down into sugars, which your body turns into fuel like the squishy mush engine you are as a hoom...	[ "Though Americanized Mexican food is still widely popular, more traditional Mexican dishes have also grown in popularity in the United States. With the emergence of more and more Mexican restaurants, taco stands (taquerias), and taco trucks, many Americans are coming to appreciate Mexican cuisine in its original, l...
How widespread were the concepts of the seven deadly sins and the seven heavenly virtues during the Middle Ages?	Lists of the virtues and vices were the basis of medieval moral instruction in the later Middle Ages. The idea of virtues countering specific vices, too, was a bedrock principle of teaching. You see the prominence of vices-and-virtues right from the real beginning of widespread ecclesiastical attention to instruction...	[ "A list of seven virtues that oppose the seven deadly sins appeared later in an epic poem titled \"Psychomachia\", or \"Battle/Contest of the Soul\". Written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, a Christian governor who died around 410 AD, it entails the battle between good virtues and evil vices. The enormous popularit...
Is there any evidence to suggest that children who were married/taken as "lovers" in previous centuries suffered from similar psychological damage as contemporary victims of pedophilia and sexual abuse?	As I understand it, explicit concern over the psychological (as opposed to physical) impact of child abuse/sexual abuse is a 20th century development; we have some great history of psych flairs who would be able to tell you more about that. However, this is an interesting question because OP has specifically asked ab...	[ "Studies have shown that the psychological damage is particularly severe when sexual assault is committed by parents against children due to the incestuous nature of the assault. Incest between a child or adolescent and a related adult has been identified as the most widespread form of child sexual abuse with a hug...
why does frying food create bubbles?	The oil used in frying is hotter than the boiling point of water. So when food touches it, the water contained in the food quickly boils, creating bubbles.	[ "The effervescence, when the powder dissolves as it is stirred into water, is due to the reaction of the citric and tartaric acids with sodium bicarbonate, forming carbon dioxide gas. These weak organic \"fruit\" acids also provide the sharp taste. The addition of stabiliser and saponaceaous foaming agent extends t...
how do password managers know your password without actually knowing your password?	Every single answer here is incorrect. They all explain how websites store passwords, not password managers. PASSWORD MANAGERS DO NOT HASH PASSWORDS. If they did, you will never be able to retrieve the passwords that you store in there. Instead, what they do is encrypt passwords to be stored with your master passw...	[ "A password manager is a software application that helps a user store and organize passwords. Password managers usually store passwords encrypted, requiring the user to create a master password; a single, ideally very strong password which grants the user access to their entire password database from top to bottom....
How do we get the first distance of a celestial object without having an other one?	Once you know the radius of earth's orbit around the sun, you can calculate the distance to the nearest stars by taking measurements 6 months apart and doing some simple trigonometery. It's called stellar parallax if you want to look up more about the method.	[ "In non-Euclidean space, such as our expanding universe, the angular diameter distance is only one of several definitions of distance, so that there can be different \"distances\" to the same object. See Distance measures (cosmology).\n", "Various distance definitions are possible between objects. For example, be...
why does it seem like different parts of certain songs only come out of one headphone instead of both? e.g. "mr. brightside by the killers	because different parts of certain songs do only come out of one headphone, by design. if you switch your audio to mono instead of stereo, they will come out of both.	[ "It has a 3.5mm TRS connector socket for standard headphones, and takes a TRRS connector (like the iPhone) for stereo headsets. The phone can also be operated in this manner, however loose connections can cause it to randomly stop, skip to another song, or even beep very loudly and redial without permission, even w...
- why is the process of cooling products down so much slower than heating them up?	The speed of heat transfer is proportional to the difference in temperature between two objects, which means how long it takes to heat or cool something is (non-linearly) proportional to how large a temperature difference you can make between the desired temperature and the heat source/sink you're using. (It's also af...	[ "This cooling technology not only strongly improves the product quality, but also increases the shelf life of product and at the same time it reduces the cooling costs compared to the conventional cooling method available.\n", "Cooling of components can be achieved by air or liquid cooling. Liquid cooling seems t...
Can someone explain the physics behind powders forming mounds?	It's called the Angle of Repose. When a granular material is poured out, there is a decreasing gradient of likelihood that any given grain falls in the exact center, so you get more grains in the middle, a little less a little further away, and just a few away some distance. Thus, you get a pile with a peak. A cone. Th...	[ "The mounds are mostly sand, currently interpreted as \"sand volcanoes\". These features are caused when fluidised sand \"de-waters\" and the fluid bubbles up through the sand, pushing the sediment up into a cone shape. Sand volcanoes are common in the Devonian fossil record in UK, and in seismically active areas o...
How do kidney stones cause testicular pain?	You have correctly guessed that referred pain to the scrotum travels along the illioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves. A third somatic nerve that refers pain to the scrotum is the posterior scrotal nerve. There are many other disease that can cause referred pain to the scrotum.	[ "The hallmark of a stone that obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis is excruciating, intermittent pain that radiates from the flank to the groin or to the inner thigh. This pain, known as renal colic, is often described as one of the strongest pain sensations known. Renal colic caused by kidney stones is commonly ac...
how does the nba draft work?	The draft exists in the interest of competitive balance. The NBA wants all 30 of its teams to offer a product to fans worth selling, and that can't happen if incoming players are free to sign contracts with whichever team they want. The good players would be more likely to sign with teams that are already good, or team...	[ "In the first round of the NBA draft, each team has up to five minutes to decide which player they would like to select. The team can also propose a trade with another team before making their selection. The NBA commissioner will announce the selection and the player, wearing a basketball cap sporting the team's lo...
How were people of different ethnicity treated in the Soviet Union?	This is a really big question for several reasons but primarily because when talking about something like how peoples of various ethnic backgrounds were perceived and treated in a nation-state like the Soviet Union, one has to take into consideration something called intersectionalism. You'll see this word floating aro...	[ "Members of various ethnicities participated in the legislative bodies of Soviet Union. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the Soviet...
how are spaceships able to land on the moon if it is constantly moving?	There is a cool game called Kerbal Space Program. [Here is a guide how to land on a Moon](_URL_0_) Reality is pretty similar.	[ "To get to the Moon, a spacecraft must first leave Earth's gravity well; currently, the only practical means is a rocket. Unlike airborne vehicles such as balloons and jets, a rocket can continue accelerating in the vacuum outside the atmosphere.\n", "For spacecraft missions where large changes in the direction o...
how do isps expect to retain their costumers without offering a neutral network?	In the vast majority of areas there is only a single high speed internet supplier, usually the cable tv provider. They can do whatever they want. In my are I can get cable tv high speed internet or a barely functional dsl from Frontier. Das it.	[ "ORA represents customers of both wireline and wireless carriers on communications policy issues with particular focus on affordability, consumer protection, and service quality. ORA also works to ensure that all customers have equal access to broadband services at reasonable costs. ORA advocates on customers behal...
How do the center of planets/stars behave?	Your intuition would be correct. The [shell theorem](_URL_0_) says that gravity from a hollow sphere of material will behave as follows: To someone inside of it, the gravity will cancel out. To someone outside of it, the gravity behaves in the same was as it would if all of the mass was concentrated at the center of th...	[ "In both Hipparchian and Ptolemaic systems, the planets are assumed to move in a small circle called an \"epicycle\", which in turn moves along a larger circle called a \"deferent\". Both circles rotate clockwise and are roughly parallel to the plane of the Sun's orbit (ecliptic). Despite the fact that the system i...
how do headphones produce more than one sound at once?	> If there's only 1 vibrating surface inside your headphones, why can I hear all the different notes in a chord, or guitar and bass at the same time? If there's only one vibrating surface inside your ear (your eardrum), why can you hear all the different notes in a chord, or guitar and bass at the same time? The...	[ "Equal-loudness curves derived using headphones are valid only for the special case of what is called \"side-presentation\", which is not how we normally hear. Real-life sounds arrive as planar wavefronts, if from a reasonably distant source. If the source of sound is directly in front of the listener, then both ea...
What was Africa's influence if any, on ancient Japanese and Chinese culture?	Well, here's a slice of something I read not too long ago. Not a huge influence but: Yasuke (c. 1556-?) was a black (African) retainer who for a short time was in the service of the Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga. The name "Yasuke" (彌介) was given to him after he took service with Nobunaga; his original name is not reco...	[ "There are traces of Chinese activity in Africa dating back as far back as the Tang dynasty. Chinese porcelain has been found along the coasts of Egypt in North Africa. Chinese coins, dated 9th century, have been discovered in Kenya, Zanzibar, and Somalia. The Song dynasty established maritime trade with the Ajuran...
Why were women treated leniently by the British Justice system during the early modern period? (1500-1800)	Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England by Frank McLynn has a chapter on women that addresses this. In short, for capital crimes other than murder, women were reprieved from execution much more than men. Also, women were more likely to have charges lowered and less likely to be sent for transportation than...	[ "The changes in the society with diminished women's rights can very well be attributed to the influence of colonialism which saw much segregation between men and women, promoting what the British saw as separating women's and men's roles in the society before the World Wars. Maldivians who were mainly educated in t...
I was told that many nursery rhymes were originally told by peasants to mask a message about politics or events so they wouldn't get in trouble. Any truth to this?	I will restrict my answer to my known field which is Germany. I am sure there are countless nursery rhymes over countless cultures and times that could be discussed. What is more likely is that they were not masked, but that the rhymes were often co-opted by people with political leanings. In Germany it was very comm...	[ "Many nursery rhymes have been argued to have hidden meanings and origins. John Bellenden Ker (1765?–1842), for example, wrote four volumes arguing that English nursery rhymes were actually written in 'Low Saxon', a hypothetical early form of Dutch. He then 'translated' them back into English, revealing in particul...
where do protons and electrons come from?	Primitive particles created out of the energy released at the Big Bang. By about one second after that event, it's believed most of the protons we have today were already formed.	[ "A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol or , with a positive electric charge of +1\"e\" elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as \"nucleons\".\n", "Protons and neutrons, collec...
What is the difference in gravity between the lowest and highest points on earth, and would it be noticeable to the average human?	The radius of the Earth is about 6400 km. The highest point on Earth is at an altitude of nearly 9km (Mt. Everest). The lowest point on Earth on dry land is about .4km below sea level, next to the Dead Sea; the lowest point covered by water is the Marianas Trench, nearly 11km below sea level. [Figures from [here](_UR...	[ "Normal heights are thus dependent upon the reference ellipsoid chosen. The Soviet Union and many other Eastern European countries have chosen a height system based on normal heights, determined by geodetic precise levelling. Normal gravity values are easy to compute and \"hypothesis-free\", i.e., one does not have...
Can nuclear power still be achievable without uranium?	Your options for a fissile fuel in a reactor are basically either uranium (233 or 235) or plutonium (239 or 241). > (meaning a potential nuclear meltdown that won't spread radiation)? The fact that a reactor meltdown can release large amounts of radiation has nothing to do with the fact that the fuel is uranium. F...	[ "The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy (2 joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal.\n", " Uranium for nuclear power is mined and e...
would deep sea caves have normal air pressure so that humans could live in them or would they have the same pressure as the water at the depth?	They have the same pressure as the water. If it were less, the water would flood in (squeezing the air) until it equalized. FYI, people can breathe pressurized air. But health problems can occur.	[ "Gas pressure increases with depth, rising 1 bar () every 10 meters to over 1,000 bar at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Diving becomes more dangerous as depth increases, and deep diving presents many hazards. All surface-breathing animals are subject to decompression sickness, including aquatic mammals and free-...
Do dogs really love their owners, or are they just really good at getting us to feed them?	Super subjective question and I’m no dog behavioralist, so this is speculative. Dogs are pack animals, the same as us. Love is a very strong emotion, and one of its primary functions is to bond members of a group together. Although we may experience more nuanced and complex versions of emotions, I believe that they are...	[ "They are pack dogs, so owners should either spend a lot of time with them or get a second dog or a cat. They have a happy and confident personality, which can sometimes manifest itself as disobedience, but they are great companions.\n", "Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to h...
Is it theoretically possible to create a 4d graphic engine with a 3d display?	We don't render 3d graphics on a 2d display. We abuse various optical illusions that human eyes suffer from in order to make specific patterns of 2d graphics look 3d. Since our minds don't try to make things look 4d, there are no optical illusions that make things look 4d, so there's no way to do this.	[ "There is also a separate 2D graphics engine, which can operate independently from the 3D one. Examples of 2D engine features include lights, shadows, shaders, tile sets, parallax scrolling, polygons, animations, physics and particles. It is also possible to mix 2D and 3D using a 'viewport node'.\n", "With this m...
why are centimetres used regularly but centilitres aren't?	I would say it's because of convention. ml are used most commonly and people are used to using that rather than cl. The academic and scientific community decide this. It's just to make things easier for people to understand what you are doing. Also, some formulas require use of specific units and ml is probably one of ...	[ "The units gram and centimetre remain useful \"as prefixed units\" within the SI system, especially for instructional physics and chemistry experiments, where they match the small scale of table-top setups. However, where derived units are needed, the SI ones are generally used and taught instead of the CGS ones to...
if the universe if infinitely big, then are there infinite versions of everyone doing the same thing at the same time?	Well, also, at this point, the scientific consensus is that the universe is not infinitely big. Actually, at the point of becoming infinite, the word "big" loses all meaning. It is still accepted that the universe might theoretically be infinite. At that point, yes, it's possible that what you describe is accurate. ...	[ "Because of the fundamental nonsimultaneity of universal structuring, a single, simultaneous, static model of Universe is inherently both nonexistent and conceptually impossible as well as unnecessary. Ergo, Universe does not have a shape. Do not waste your time, as man has been doing for ages, trying to think of a...
in nascar or other car races, why doesn't everyone go the same max speed and finish in the same position that they started in?	Drag. When you are directly behind another car, the wind isn't hitting the front of your car as hard as the car in front of you. Your engine doesn't have to work as hard, and because of this you can race up behind a car and perhaps overtake them, But then you have to deal with the drag yourself.	[ "The major exception applies in the United States, mainly in NASCAR and INDYCAR, where races must go at the next full lap after halfway. A race is considered \"official\" if it has completed half the scheduled distance plus one additional lap. For instance, the Indianapolis 500 (200 laps) must complete 101 laps to ...
Why were so many UN and US prisoners killed by China and North Korea during the Korean War?	Look at the Korean War in two parts - pre-China and post-China. Pre-China, the North Koreans were quite vicious. They did execute prisoners that had been captured and bound. They were fighting a war that was both fast and political. The speed meant that they weren't ready to house prisoners, so they had no other choic...	[ "UN troops, particularly South Korean, were also accused of killing or attempting to kill captured KPA soldiers. South Korean civilians, some of whom were leftist or communist sympathizers, were known to have been systematically imprisoned or killed in the Bodo League massacres, some of which have taken place durin...
why wouldn't papa john always have 51% of stock issued to him.	Because there is no special privilege given to the founder of a company that is publicly traded. He’s a shareholder like everyone else. Or are you asking why he allowed other people to buy shares in his company? Money. Shares are sold to raise money to invest in the business.	[ "He was investigated by the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) in 1999–2000 regarding allegations that he had used insider information to sell $20 million in Corel shares at $8/share shortly before the company posted disappointing results. The two sides settled the case in 2003, with Cowpland agreeing to pay $575,...
why do christians focus so much on the homosexuality part of leviticus but nothing else; i.e. shell fish, tattoos, not shaving...	Christian here. The simple answer is because its an easy one to pick on and christians don't really understand the references to homosexuality that are made in the bible. (TLDR;) First of all, this is not an all encompassing truth. As with extremists of other topics, it is always the outspoken and somewhat crazy o...	[ "The Bible refers to homosexuality numerous times in both the Old Testament and New Testament (including by Jesus). Every place it is mentioned it is referred to in a negative light. The teaching from the Scriptures are clearly against homosexual behavior of any kind.\n", "Christian objections to homosexual behav...
Some questions on the nature of the stellar and interstellar environment.	The front of the bow shock is whichever direction the interstellar wind is coming from, not whichever direction the Sun is traveling. If the Sun is traveling one direction around the galaxy, and the background interstellar material is traveling in the same direction but faster, then the bow shock's leading edge will be...	[ "Galactic habitable-zone theory has been criticized due to an inability to quantify accurately the factors making a region of a galaxy favorable for the emergence of life. In addition, computer simulations suggest that stars may change their orbits around the galactic center significantly, therefore challenging at ...
How were empires such as Byzantium and the Ottomans able to field armies in the tens of thousands (or even 100,000) while western armies a fraction that size had issues with starvation? What were the respective logistical networks like?	I can't really speak to Byzantine armies, but I can tell you a fair bit about Ottoman armies. First of all, it's important to remember that the vast majority of Ottoman armies weren't professional soldiers. They weren't even part-time soldiers. Most of them were mounted irregulars of some sort (usually classified as ...	[ "The Ottomans possessed a distinct superiority in logistical organization over their European rivals, who were typically forced to resort to \"ad hoc\" solutions or even outright plunder in order to keep their armies in good supply. State centralization allowed the Ottomans to maintain a sophisticated system of way...
What was life on the Soviet Homefront like during the course of World War 2?	Hey, can't answer all your questions but since I am working around the Siege of Leningrad I can answer a few that I have encounterd in my research: About the evacuation of civilians from the frontlines it seems people where reluctant to do that, because of bad treatment in the destination regions or because they had n...	[ "The post-war period was characterized by the extreme difficulties arising from the need of housing and feeding the occupation forces as well as the refugees, while simultaneously state and private property was carried to the Soviet Union.\n", "The city of Leningrad endured more suffering and hardships than any o...
Any books on the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Gentry?	Hey OP! I just wanted to drop a line here - I've noticed that you've asked this question quite a number of times and unfortunately you've had no luck here so far. Is there anything the mod team might be able to do to assist? It's rough that AskHistorians hasn't been able to help so far and if there's anything we coul...	[ "Bosnian Croat literature consists of works written in the Croatian language by authors who originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is considered part of Croatian literature. It consists of pre-Ottoman literature (first written monuments, texts of Bogomils, diplomatic and law documents, manuscripts on tombstone...
how do astronauts deal with swallowing, going to the bathroom and other functions when there is no gravity?	Humans can swallow against gravity through muscle contractions called peristalsis, and waste elimination in EVA suits is accomplished with diapers. As simple as that sounds that's all it is.	[ "When humans travel into space, weightlessness causes fluids to distribute uniformly around their bodies. Their kidneys detect the fluid movement and a physiological reaction causes the humans to need to relieve themselves within two hours of departure from Earth. As a result, the space toilet has been the first de...
Why do you think women are basically nonexistent in history textbooks?	There are a number of reasons for the general underrepresentation of women in these textbooks. Women’s and gender history are often specialized fields within the historical discipline. Some textbook authors have real trouble incorporating this knowledge into their surveys of world or national history. Many textbook aut...	[ "In part three of the \"Essay\" the history of women's education is briefly outlines, and women who have achieved excellence are named, including Aspasia, Arete and Margaret Cavendish. Makin acknowledges that women have little financial or political power, thus she argues they need to derive power from persuasion. ...
What are the holes in leaves (in trees/shrubs) usually caused by?	Most of them pre-butterfly lifeforms (wurms), thems that munch leaves, have a tendency to eat at night and hide during the day, cos dem flappy bird thingies find them scrumptious. Sometimes, dem flappy bird things, they get up real early and catch dem wurms, and da humans, sometimes dey says: Da early bird catches da ...	[ "They are formed either by the long term presence and growth of tree roots or when a large tree is blown over or has its stump pulled out which tears out a quantity of soil along with the roots. The resultant hole will often slowly fill with organic material and can be identified during archaeological fieldwork.\n"...
besides strong mental game, what's the science behind people breaking bricks and other tough materials during martial art shows?	It depends. Sometimes it is a performance trick, and there's really nothing much behind it other than circus trickery. At other times, it comes about as a slow process of 'conditioning' the hand whereby the bones and connective tissues become stronger, as opposed to just roughening up the skin. This combined with tend...	[ "Fight Science is a television program shown on the National Geographic Channel in which scientists and martial arts masters work together to analyze the world's fighting techniques, to compare the disciplines and to find out which one has the strongest hits, kicks and deadliest weapons. The show also tries to prov...
Does the earth's atmosphere rotate in sync with the rotation of the earth? If so, are the two somehow connected? What keeps them from turning independently?	The atmosphere rotates with the earth due to frictional effects in the [planetary boundary layer.](_URL_0_) At the top of the atmosphere where it thins out into space, there are no surfaces to rub against and thus no frictional force. Therefore the only net force acting on the atmosphere is at the earth's surface and...	[ "As the Earth turns around its axis, everything attached to it, including the atmosphere, turns with it (imperceptibly to our senses). An object that is moving without being dragged along with the surface rotation or atmosphere such as an object in ballistic flight or an independent air mass within the atmosphere, ...
how much is the pope's power controlled by others (as in checks and balances), is he like the president of the church?	Papal authority has been debated many times in the past, and the answer still isn't quite clear. In the most recent Church council, the Second Vatican Council of 1962-1965, the supremacy and infallibility of the pope was confirmed, but also added that the college of bishops have the power to control the church, as lon...	[ "At present, the Pope makes use of this right only in certain defined circumstances. The bishop's power is further restricted at times to confirming an election or postulation; or to approving candidates presented by one who enjoys the right of presentation by privilege, custom, or prescription.\n", "The Pope is ...
Was the sky different colors through its history?	The wavelengths of light involved in [Rayleigh scattering](_URL_0_) (the process that makes the sky appear blue) are independent of the composition of the atmosphere. The Rayleigh scattering factor is inversely proportional to the wavelength; in other words, shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) are preferentially scat...	[ "The colours red and white were used by the bishops of Sion, in the form of a vertically divided red-and-white war flag, from ca. 1220 (they are also retained in the municipal coat of arms of Sion). The addition of stars dates to the early 16th century, but the stars did not at first represent individual communes, ...
R/AskHistorians, were there any songs that soldiers sung during times of war that truly frightened or significantly impacted the other side?	I know that someone else mentioned the Haka, but they didn't add any context to it. So, imagine that you are some English troops - the pride of England in your hands. You have been tasked to re-enforce troops engaged in a heavily fortified Maori position. It's a misty day, as is common in the Northern Island of New...	[ "The song became very popular after the 1914 Battle of Langemarck during World War I, when, supposedly, several German regiments, consisting mostly of students no older than 20, attacked the British lines on the Western front singing the song, suffering heavy casualties. They are buried in the Langemark German war ...
Do monkey teeth rot as badly as a humans teeth do?	There is no difference in the composition of human and monkey teeth. Unlike humans however, monkeys generally do not eat much raw sugar or starch. Here is a study where they examined the teeth of 10 dead chimpanzees and only case of caries was observed: _URL_0_ Obviously if monkeys would eat the same sugar- and grain...	[ "The adductor muscle of the jaw appears to have attached to the quadrate instead of the supratemporal fenestra. Both this and the other mastication muscles were likely weak, and \"Nigersaurus\" is estimated to have had one of the weakest bites of the sauropods. In addition, the small, nearly parallel nature of the ...
if someone makes a will, how can people challenge it and be given what was willed to someone else?	Ok in ELI5 terms: + Sometimes it isn't legal to distribute assets/money the way it is willed For example, in most countries if a person dies and has underage children, the law says that a certain % goes to the children, no matter what the will says. There may be a marital agreement, saying that the wife of the dead...	[ "`To each of you God has prescribed a Law [Sharia] and a Way. If God would have willed, He would have made you a single people. But God's purpose is to test you in what he has given each of you, so strive in the pursuit of virtue, and know that you will all return to God [in the Hereafter], and He will resolve all ...
Has there been any attempt of genetically modifying trees to yield wood with better material properties?	To create a "superwood" would take an incredible amount of modification. obviously some woods (i.e hardwoods) are stronger than others (i.e. softwoods), but think of wood almost like human tissue. The consistency is dependent on the biology of the plant, its necessities, and how it grows. It's very possibly to enginee...	[ "BULLET::::- Kube, P.D, \"Genetic Improvement of Wood Properties of Eucalyptus nitens - Breeding to improve solid wood and pulp properties.\". Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Tasmania. April 2005\n", "Through this feat of molecular re-engineering ...
what makes things spicy, why does it hurt, and how do people build up an immunity?	capsaicin, the oil in a hot pepper, affects receptors in your system in a way that makes them think the are being burnt. It hurts because your body really believes it is being burned & in extreme cases even swells and inflames as it it had been burnt. People build up an immunity by increasing the the levels of caps...	[ "Certain food additives and flavorings can cause allergic reactions around and in the mouth, around the anus and vulva as food allergens pass out of the body, or cause a widespread rash on the skin. Allergens such as nickel, Balsam of Peru, parabens, sodium benzoate, or cinnamic aldehyde may worsen or cause skin ra...
the origination of the porn suffix to subreddits.	> why it sticks heh. Also, it comes from the idea that porn is images or videos of things that make you aroused or turns you on basically. So if you go to /r/foodporn , you will see images of food that is pleasurable to look at, it makes you salivate, etc.	[ "URW was involved in a 1995 lawsuit with Monotype Corporation for cloning its fonts and naming them with a name starting with the same three letters. As typeface shapes themselves cannot be copyrighted in the United States, the lawsuit centered on trademark infringement. A US court decided that Monotype's trademark...
Is there a way to determine the amount of photons that the sun radiates every second?	> what is the amount of those photons that we receive here on earth? A star radiates its photons in every direction almost equally. A simple way of calculating this is just to take how much of the sky as seen from the Sun is covered by Earth. It happens to be about 0.00000005% > Also, how come that the light from o...	[ "Approximately 20% of SOLRAD's data transmissions contained X-ray measurements, sufficient to establish the Sun's normal X-ray radiation levels (in the 2–8 Å range of detection) during times of inactivity: less than 6x10 Joules/cm/sec. When X-ray output was observed strongly in excess of this baseline, it was usual...
does anybody knows the difference between bachelor of art and bachelor of science?	There's no generally-agreed-upon difference. Some universities that offer both have slightly different requirements, but many schools offer only one or the other for historical reasons, and as a practical matter, graduate schools and most employers treat them identically. I have a Bachelor of Arts in physics; an acqu...	[ "The Bachelor of Arts degrees (B.A., A.B.; also known as \"Artium Baccalaureus\") along with the Bachelor of Science degrees are the most common undergraduate degrees given. Originally, in the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, all undergraduate degrees were in the faculty of arts, hence the name of the ...
what is computing power? what do people mean when they say "your phone has twice the computing power nasa had to send man to the moon"?	"Computing power" generally means the number of operations a computer is able to perform per second. Of course, this depends on what kind of operations we're talking about, so a commonly used measure is called FLOPS - Floating Point Operations Per Second, i.e. the number of calculations (such as multiplication of divis...	[ "BULLET::::- Volunteer computing can provide researchers with computing power that is not achievable any other way. Approximately 10 petaflops of computing power are available from volunteer computing networks.\n", "For comparison, the Mars Science Laboratory's power system is composed of a Multi-Mission Radioiso...
why do cars tick when they're hot after stopping?	My understanding is that it is the hot parts on the car expand and contract based on how hot they are. So as the parts cool and shrink a bit they move ever so slightly and make a small noise. Alot of the time it tends to come from the exhaust system as it changes temperature the quickly and is made of fairly thin met...	[ "Passengers cars were the size of buses, with a row of seats down either side. Even though the trains ran at a comparatively slow speed, passengers slid down the seats because the train's link and pin system of coupling cars caused jerks on starting and stopping. In the engines, water hoses could freeze in the wint...
Can someone explain what made the "Tyrants of Syracuse" tyrants? Were these tyrants originally Greek/Roman/Punic or was this a completely independent culture?	"Tyrant", or rather tyrannos, was a Greek word for any absolute ruler whose power was obtained by gift, usurpation, or popular revolution. That is to say, the difference between a king (basileus) and a tyrant is that a king's power is inherited; a tyrant's power is obtained. Otherwise, both words refer to an autocr...	[ "Citizens of the empire were circumspect in identifying tyrants. \"...Cicero's head and hands [were] cut off and nailed to the rostrum of the Senate to remind everyone of the perils of speaking out against tyranny.\" There has since been a tendency to discuss tyranny in the abstract while limiting examples of tyran...
how does fps change from 30-60+ create weird bugs in games?	I can't speak to this game specifically, but a common reason for things to get weird with changes in framerate comes from the way games generally handle time tracking. You've probably heard of 'ticks' - a 'tick' with respect to a game is 1 unit of time as far as the game is concerned. Exactly how long that unit of tim...	[ "It is clear that a fast response time and high refresh rate is desired in order to display smooth motion. A framerate of 60 frames per second (FPS) is generally the minimum acceptable framerate in a video game for enthusiasts, with some enthusiasts preferring 144 FPS or even 165 FPS, to match the refresh rate of t...
How was food sweetened before the discovery of sugar and the Americas?	Sugarcane is not native to the Americas, and sugar (crystallized sugar) was not discovered in the Americas. Sugarcane is native to South and Southeast Asia. About the 8th century AD, it was discovered in India how to turn sugarcane juice into crystallized sugar. Sugar spread from India east to China and West to th...	[ "When sugar was introduced by the first European traders, it changed the eating habits of coastal First Nations people as it was a unique taste to them and it later became a treasured ingredient. It was mixed with Indian ice cream but it was said that too much would ruin the flavour.\n", "The arrival of Europeans...
how does immune response work? does my body have a database of which antibodies it can send out how does it know what infection to fight?	Yes. Your immune system keeps a "database" of [Memory B cells](_URL_0_) in your lymph nodes, where each B cell remembers how to make one specific type of antibody. If you get an infection, your immune system cells exchange chemical messages [in a complicated network](_URL_1_) and, if there are any memory cells that hav...	[ "An adaptive immune response is specific to the antigen that stimulated it (called the immunogen). However, many naturally occurring apparent antigens are actually a mixture of macromolecules (for example, from pathogens, toxins, proteins, or pollen) comprising several epitopes. Contact with a complex antigen such ...
How are biosynthetic pathways with a known end product determined?	It can be a really long, painstaking process that takes many years. The two biggest tools at our disposal are biochemistry and genetics. Biochemical assays would start by first isolating the compound and seeing what it looks like to allow us to take some educated guesses (huh, that looks like a nucleotide or could be t...	[ "The biosynthetic route is based on the alkylation of the amino acid tryptophan with dimethylallyl diphosphate (isoprene derived from 3\"R\"-mevalonic acid) giving 4-dimethylallyl--tryptophan which is \"N\"-methylated with \"S\"-adenosyl--methionine. Oxidative ring closure followed by decarboxylation, reduction, cy...
why does jupiter have 67 moons when we only have one?	Earth's moon is pretty big by moon standards, which would prevent the formation of other moons in orbit. Debris and stuff that could aggregate into a moon gets pulled to earth or the existing moon instead. Really, Earth is kind of weird planet wise. Most planets have more than one moon.	[ "Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons, such as Io, Europa, Ganymede and Titan, which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun. This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet. T...
why is the frost on my car on a cold morning usually worse on 1 side of the car? and specifically on only 1 side view mirror?	One side of your car is either warmer or subject to more humidity than the other. This can happen for any number of reasons. The most common is the icy side being turned to the west or north, away from the Sun. The second-most common is there being something on the non-icy side that gives off heat, such as a wall.	[ "For several reasons, the ice-rich clifts (scarps) are suspected to be ground ice instead of thin, temporary frost. Their blue color stays even after seasonal frost, indicated by blue color, has disappeared from the surroundings and from higher, colder locations. Also, Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) measu...
What is the longest an electrical outage can be without causing everything to turn off and need to start up again?	So it depends on two things: the kind of current the device is using, and how the power supply is made. Any device working on Alternating Current has a low tolerance for interruption, in the exception of heating coils. This is because an attribute of this kind of power is frequency, or voltage reversal over time. If th...	[ "Electrical short circuit - Electrical short circuit or overload accompanied by fire or explosion which results in the stoppage of the plant involved for more than 24 hours or which has the potential to cause death.\n", "The cause of the outages—which was undetermined for five days—appeared to be the company's de...
startups and the stages of raising money	A startup is simply a recently formed company. To get a company off the ground, it usually needs capital to operate and grow. As a startup grows, it requires varying amounts of capital to expand. As it grows larger, it may need more capital than it currently generates. For example, you have a startup which you just...	[ "Startups have several options for funding. Revenue-based financing lenders can help startup companies by providing non-dilutive growth capital in exchange for a percentage of monthly revenue. Venture capital firms and angel investors may help startup companies begin operations, exchanging seed money for an equity ...
for any offroaders out there, how exactly do locking differentials work, or lockers for short.	there are basically 3 types of traction aid: Limited slip (aka Positraction) Locker (ie Detroit) and spool (aka Lincoln locker) The limited slip usually uses clutches and transfers power from a spinning tire to a non-spinning tire. There is at least one clutchless limited slip that I'm aware of. These are good for fro...	[ "Limited-slip differentials are considered a compromise between a standard differential and a locking differential because they operate more smoothly, and they do direct some extra torque to the wheel with the most traction compared to a standard differential, but they are not capable of 100% lockup.\n", "A locki...

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