question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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how does anyone know the long term effects of medication that's been invented in the last 20 years? | They have indications, but they don't "know know". But...consider a few things:
1. The "invention date" of a drug is really a very, very long time before the launch date. During that process there is a lot of testing that goes on and that testing produces data. Not 20 year data, but the _average_ amount of time to ... | [
"The use of synthetic pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals in medicine has revolutionized human health, allowing us to live longer lives. As a consequence, the average human adult is exposed to a large number of drugs over longer treatment periods throughout a lifetime. This unprecedented rise in pharmaceutical u... |
why does my wireless network connect status say 72.0mbps, yet when i do a speed test, it shows an average of 30mbps? | Your uplink to your ISP is 30 Mbps.
The link between your computer and your wireless router is 72. | [
"According to the Acceptable use policy of most providers where this limitation is in place, the speed is comparable to that of an old dial-up connection. However, there were numerous complaints by customers that the actual speed was lower. In response to these complaints, Telenet (cable internet provider) in Octob... |
What were the medieval legends about the roman empire? | Are you referring to Western Europe and how inhabitants of the Western European kingdoms viewed the Western Roman Empire before its collapse in 476AD, or are we talking about sentiments towards the Eastern Roman Empire/ Byzantine Empire in Western Europe? | [
"Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the story of Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf. They decided to bui... |
how come the human body performs poorly at repairing the spine when it's damaged ? | It has to do with how complicated the spinal cord is. There are just too many connections that all have to be made exactly as they were before in order to be repaired.
It's better to leave it severed than to attempt an improper repair. At last that's what our bodies think. | [
"Sometimes only the bony structures and/or ligaments are damaged, resulting in various kinds of fractures (broken bones and discs or dislocations) and an unstable spine. Though the area affected will probably need to be immobilized until healing results, the spinal cord is not affected.\n",
"Regeneration of the c... |
Why was medieval Europe and Asia so advanced while Native Americans, African tribes and Indigenous Australians were virtually stuck in the stone age for thousands of years? | 1) Tribes is a term that is not accepted by Africanists, as the [term has a problematic history](_URL_0_) and [gets applied so loosely that it carries no real meaning](_URL_1_)
2) Africans were not 'stuck in the stone age'. The Nok culture of Nigeria demonstrated iron-working by 500 BC, perhaps earlier. Iron working h... | [
"There has been attempt by scholars to connect European Late Antiquity to other areas in Eurasia. To an extent most centralized kingdoms within proximity to Steppe grasslands faced major challenges or in some cases complete destruction in the 5th–6th century in the case of nomadic invasions and political fragmentat... |
how can we still keep seeing proposed ridiculous laws pop up at the state level dealing with abortion. hasn’t the supreme court multiple times decided you can’t make it illegal to have an abortion? | It's politics as usual. You introduce or pass laws that gain you favor with your constituents or moneyed interests (or, arguably less likely, because you actually believe in the thing). In this case, you can write or vote for a law and say that you're "tough on abortion" or "tough on crime and drugs" or "free healthcar... | [
"BULLET::::- The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in \"Roe v. Wade\" that laws prohibiting abortion are unconstitutional. States are constitutionally allowed to place regulations on abortion which fall short of prohibition after the first trimester.\n",
"BULLET::::- An April 2006 Harris poll on \"Roe v. W... |
why do treasury bond yields have such a profound impact on the equity market? | Let's start things simple. Bonds are debt instruments, meaning every time you buy one somebody owes you the total money you gave them plus interest. That interest rate is set by the central bank.
So when you owed by someone lets say $100 and you will get paid 5% for it ($5) until the debt expires the value of your i... | [
"Research conducted by Fideres found evidence of systemic overpricing in the bond market. Bloomberg and Reuters reported on the study, which analyzed the pricing of corporate bonds for the period 2010-2015. It estimated that, due to the mis-pricing carried out by the banks, US corporations may have lost up “to $18 ... |
if heat causes things to expand, why does using the drier cause delicate's to shrink? | Cotton is made of cellulose which has long stranded fibers that curl up when dried quickly. As the water is forced out of the little "tubes" full of water dotted all over the surface, the water at the top evaporates first and the water more in the center pulls toward the top to fill the space. The process is reversible... | [
"As shrink fitting requires a uniform heating of the component to be expanded, it is best to try to use the lowest practical frequency when approaching heating for shrink fitting. Again the exception to this rule can be when removing parts from shafts.\n",
"BULLET::::- Rapid heating (or cooling) may cause uneven ... |
if all carbohydrates get broken down to their most simple form, sugar, why is it unhealthy to just eat tablespoons of sugar? | Most of the dangers come from the glycemic response to these various foods.
Pure sugar with nothing to slow the absorption rate will spike your blood sugar. This causes your pancreas to release Insulin to counteract that spike, which in turn reduces your blood sugar below normal levels, so your body releases glucose i... | [
"Carbohydrases are produced in the pancreas and salivary glands, breaking down polysaccharides. This is because complex sugars are often insoluble (such as starch), and therefore breaking them down will make it easier for the sugars to be absorbed into the blood, through the wall of the small intestine. A carbohydr... |
How do we know that our mathematics will translate all over the universe and not just our world? | Math is fine. It's like a board game, we invent the rules that we have to follow when we want to play it. Board games are not reliant on where you play it. Math is always the same everywhere because it is nothing more than an idea.
But many of the rules of math that we have invented have been fine tuned to approximate... | [
"Lakoff has also claimed that we should remain agnostic about whether math is somehow wrapped up with the very nature of the universe. Early in 2001 Lakoff told the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): \"Mathematics may or may not be out there in the world, but there's no way that we scientif... |
Instead of the universe expanding at an increasing rate which is accounted for with the term dark energy, could there be an outside force pulling the universe and as the galaxies get closer the pull gets stronger, causing them to speed up? | Yes. You can imagine that by chance we are just living in an underdense region, which would expand faster than the rest of the Universe.
The problem is that the expansion seems to be isotropic (=the same in all the directions). So it would mean we are almost at the center of this bubble. It's highly unlikely and cosmo... | [
"An explanation for why the expansion of the Universe is accelerating remains elusive. It is often attributed to \"dark energy\", an unknown form of energy that is hypothesized to permeate space. On a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (~ 7 × 10 g/cm) is much less than the density of ordinary... |
Any good source about the Seleucid Empire? | Well, there is a lot out there on the Seleucid Empire, though some aspects of the empire are better known and researched than others. The [Wikipedia article](_URL_5_) and the links found therein are a good start. The [Livius page](_URL_3_) is also good, especially if the follow the rabbit hole and click on any links th... | [
"The Antiochus Cylinder, which describes how Antiochus I (r. 281–261 BC) of the Seleucid Empire rebuilt the Ezida Temple in the city of Borsippa, is one of the last known documents written in Akkadian, separated from the previous Cyrus Cylinder by around 300 years. This cylinder also contains the last known example... |
why haven't other species on earth reached the same level of consciousness of humans? | Dolphins are completely self aware. we just don't care because we can't communicate with them but scientists are learning their language now and hopefully one day we'll be able to tell them all about the miracles of Jesus! | [
"Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990) viewed humans as a biological paradox. According to him, consciousness has become over-evolved in humans, thereby making us incapable of functioning normally like other animals: cognition gives us more than we can carry. Our frailness and insignificance in the cosmos are visible to ... |
in terms of weight and calories what is the difference between binge eating a food such as a tub of ice cream all at once and eating it incrementally? | There's none. If you have a strict diet but over the course of a month you eat one tub of ice cream, you will have gained as much weight at the end of the month even if you ate all the ice cream on the first day. Assuming you keep your diet otherwise exactly the same.
The problem is most people don't keep their diet o... | [
"Sugar-sweetened beverages raise concern because they are calorie-dense and yet produce low satiety. There exists a strong correlation between the consumption of liquid calories and total energy intake. Individuals do not tend to decrease solid calories in compensation for increased liquid calories. For example, if... |
What did the Europeans trade for African Slaves. I know Africans traded Slaves before Europeans. African Kings would use Slaves as currency. ? | Concerning the Europeans' payments to the African slave traders, the slave ships usually departed for Africa with a rather varied array of trade goods. Prices differed by region and time period and there was always some small concern that they wouldn't have on board what the African traders wanted. Obviously, back then... | [
"There was a very small market for African slaves as domestic workers in Europe, and as workers on the sugar plantations of the Mediterranean. The Portuguese found they could make considerable amounts of gold transporting slaves from one trading post to another, along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Muslim merchants ... |
how much data can fit in a qr code? | Around 2,953 bytes or 7,089 numbers or 4,296 Letters but that is an extremely big one at 177 pixels by 177 pixels. It would be easier to use a web address and download the content at that point. | [
"The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the datatype (\"mode\", or input character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. 4 × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version... |
Did people know Hitler only had one testicle during WWII? Or was the song "Hitler Has Only Got One Ball" just a coincidence? | I don t think it is even true about the testicle. In italy everybody used to say mussolini only had one ball so this is just a little bit to much of a coincidence. Is there any convincing source over this monoball thing? | [
"The possibility that Adolf Hitler had only one testicle has been a fringe subject among historians and academics researching the German leader. The rumour may be an urban myth, possibly originating from the contemporary British military song \"Hitler Has Only Got One Ball\". Nevertheless, research, eyewitness test... |
why didn't canada fully adopt the metric system in the construction industry like european and oceanic countries? | Changing standards is not as easy for every industry. Some Canadian industries are doing a lot of trade with the US side and it only creates a lot of issues if one were to change standard. And it takes time to redo everything. Even the European construction industry have not switched completely away from imperial units... | [
"Metrication in Canada began in 1970 and while Canada has converted to the metric system for many purposes, there is still significant use of non-metric units and standards in many sectors of the Canadian economy. This is mainly due to historical ties with the United Kingdom (before metrication), the traditional us... |
Do hybrid cars (such as a Toyota Prius) have larger carbon footprints than conventional cars, due to the pollution caused during production? | Short answer: No.
Long answer: Hybrids have a marginally higher pollution and energy cost to produce, but the difference is made up very early on in the car's lifetime (around 10,000 km, if you crunch the numbers in the following source), and the lifetime numbers favour hybrids. The [UCLA](_URL_1_) found that hybrids... | [
"Several reports have found that hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars generate more carbon emissions during their production than current conventional vehicles. Study of electric car production in Malaysia estimated a compact electric car production release 5,791 kg per unit against conve... |
How would large scale fires be stopped in ancient cities? Did Rome, for example, have firefighters? | My knowledge on this is very slight, but there is a tangential reference in [Strabo's Geography (5.3.7)](_URL_0_) about how Augustus was particularly concerned by Rome's susceptibility to mass fires and so organised a group of freedmen who would help protect against this. Augustus also set limits on how tall buildings ... | [
"Ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action. They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no men... |
Is there a school of thought that combines psychological analysis with historical studies? | Psychohistory (I think Asimov nicked the idea for his Foundation series) is what you're looking for. It had its heyday during the 1960s/70s but died out pretty much by the 1980s as it was essentially speculative fluff. It surfaces now and then (cf Heiko Obermann's shouting at Richard Marius' biography of Luther) but ... | [
"There is also a French school of institutional analysis influenced by the Durkheimian analysis of social institutions, and the anthropological school of thought established by Marcel Mauss. This approach to institutional analysis is also influenced by thinkers such as Cornelius Castoriadis and Michel Foucault. The... |
Did the Byzantine Empire continue to use Legions, if they stopped, when and why? | Diocletion began to phase out the legion system well before the Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire was a standalone state. Instead of one massive, infantry-driven army, he split it into *limitanei* (frontier garrisoned soldiers) units and *comititenses* (legion-ish mobile line soldiers) units. He also put an increas... | [
"In later Byzantine usage, the term came to refer exclusively to the professional, standing troops, garrisoned in and around the capital of Constantinople. Most of them traced their origins to the Imperial guard units of the later Roman Empire. By the 7th century, these had declined to little more than parade troop... |
Mass-energy equivalence, Why doesn't everything have infinite mass? | 1. It increases the mass of the whole system, not the individual object. The mass isn't infinite because the potential energy isn't infinite.
2. Relativistic kinetic energy is calculated based on the rest mass of the object. This is also one of the reasons why we got rid of the idea of relativistic mass, which states... | [
"Mass–energy equivalence arose originally from special relativity as a paradox described by Henri Poincaré. Einstein proposed it on 21 November 1905, in the paper \"Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?\", one of his \"Annus Mirabilis (Miraculous Year) papers\". Einstein was the first to propos... |
how do theoretical physicists find solutions to the biggest and smallest answers to the universe using math alone? | They don't.
They have centuries of observations to draw upon, they are trying to find math that is consistent with those observations. Sometimes that math takes them beyond what can be shown with experiments, but by no means are they using math alone. | [
"Of the above, \"Solutions of the Principal Questions\" is the most important work. It is a large octavo of 560 pages, enriched with four thousand solutions on nearly all subjects of mathematical interest and of various degrees of difficulty.\n",
"In some circumstances, there may exist additional requirements: on... |
How does distilled water expire? | The expiry date is a social thing, not anything physical to do with the water. A date is stamped on the label and when that date is reached and passed the object is said to be expired. It doesn't mean that anything has happened to the water.
However, water can go off, usually by growing micro-organisms. It can do t... | [
"Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities in the original water that do not boil below or near the boiling point of water remain in the original container. Thus, distilled water is one type of purified water.\n",
"Distilled water i... |
Can someone with a background in neurology take a look at this? | Yes, that's nothing new. We've known for YEARS that depression has nothing to do with a serotonin deficiency. The current theories suggest that serotonin may improve symptoms of depression by improving the health/functions of certain neurons. But the idea that serotonin is deficient in persons with depression (aka, ... | [
"Neuroheuristics defines a scientific paradigm aimed to develop strategies that can be enabled to understand brain and mind following subsequent problems emerging from transdisciplinary studies including philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, pharmacology, physics, artificial intelligence, engineering, computer scie... |
why doesn't type ii diabetes curb weight gain? | You are right that it can cause weight loss. In fact, unexplained weight loss is one of the first signs of undiagnosed diabetes. This happens because of the mechanism you described, but also because diabetics urinate out sugar. But it also stops cells from getting enough energy, which makes people hungrier so they eat ... | [
"Both significant weight loss and weight gain can cause FHA through insulin. Significant weight loss, as in eating disorders and chronic malnutrition, is characterized by low insulin levels. Significant weight gain can lead to obesity and insulin resistance, which mimics low insulin levels via functional hypoinsuli... |
Would it be possible to simulate the entire universe, all its laws, and its characteristics, with a quantum computer? | We don't even know if the universe is finite. If it is infinite then the answer to your question is no, as we cannot simulate a world with infinate size.
In the case that the universe is finite, to build a computer to simulate all of it would require as much state as can phisically be contained within the current univ... | [
"Some scholars conjecture that a quantum mechanical system which somehow uses an infinite superposition of states could compute a non-computable function. This is not possible using the standard qubit-model quantum computer, because it is proven that a regular quantum computer is PSPACE-reducible (a quantum compute... |
If a males testicles are removed before puberty occurs does the male grow to be the size they would have been if the testicles were still there? | I can't quite say much with regards to humans, but as an owner of ferrets one of the interesting facts about them is all ferrets in, at least in Canada, legally must be Spayed/Neutered.
This has interesting side effects, as the operation is done when the ferret is very young. One effect that has been documented well i... | [
"In females, the vagina remains sealed until follicles appear in the ovaries. In males, they lack a scrotum, but the testes and glands that associate with the testes become enlarged, which increases their weight. The fact that males lack a scrotum and the female's vagina is sealed, makes it difficult to determine t... |
what does serotonin do exactly and how does it work? | Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression. Serotonin is an important chemical and neurotransmitter in the human body. It is believed to help regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function.
Here’s a definition. | [
"Serotonin functions as a neurotransmitter in the nervous systems of most animals. For example, in the roundworm \"Caenorhabditis elegans\", which feeds on bacteria, serotonin is released as a signal in response to positive events, such as finding a new source of food or in male animals finding a female with which ... |
How long do germs "live" to pose a health threat? Suppose I get some toilet-water splash-back, will the germs that might be on the floor live for a really long time? | It depends on the organism. Most die relatively quickly. It can range from minutes up to centuries for spores. | [
"Clothes, towels, bedding, combs, and brushes, which came in contact with the infested individual, can be disinfected either by leaving them outside for at least two days or by washing them at 60 °C (140 degrees F) for 30 minutes. This is because adult lice can survive only one to two days without a blood meal and ... |
If female babies are born, on average, with 2,000,000 eggs, then why do they go through menopause. Dont they only excrete one egg a month after puberty? | Because women lose many more eggs than the ones they release during ovulation. Roughly 11,000 eggs die every month before to puberty. A women will only have a few hundred thousand eggs remaining by the time she reaches her mid teens, and from that point on, roughly 1,000 egg die each month without ever making through t... | [
"Females typically give birth to 2 young, sometimes 1 or 3. The gestation period is on average 133 days. The female typically reaches sexual maturity by 2 years of age. Because of competition between males based upon size males usually reach reproductive age later than females. After birth, the mother leaves the yo... |
why smoking cigarettes is bad for you? | Cigarette smoke contains many poisons that damage your lungs (which are crucial for breathing) and other important body parts | [
"The harm from smoking comes from the many toxic chemicals in the natural tobacco leaf and those formed in smoke from burning tobacco. People keep smoking because the nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive. About half of smokers die from a smoking-related cause. Smoking harms... |
how people can be spiritual and not religious. | It's like being able to believe in something bigger than yourself, without all the crazy garbage that comes along with it. A belief in 'god' without necessarily believing in a burning bush or walking on water, being spiritual is having a general faith without having all the craziness about the religion dictated and sho... | [
"BULLET::::- First, religious people including religious intellectuals (Moslem, Christian or Jewish) are living faithfully in their private lives, believe in God and in the other world, and follow religious styles in their moralities and are people of prayer, following God and religious rites.\n",
"Those who spea... |
starting from where you are, travelling in a straight line in the universe at the speed of light for 13 billion years, and then doing a 180 to go back to the point you started, would you get there in 13 billion years and would it be the same spot you left from? | No, because space itself is expanding, so the distance you covered in the first 13 billion years would be smaller than what becomes of the same distance over the second 13 billion years. | [
"This distance is the time (in years) that it took light to reach the observer from the object multiplied by the speed of light. For instance, the radius of the observable universe in this distance measure becomes the age of the universe multiplied by the speed of light (1 light year/year) i.e. 13.8 billion light y... |
how do people manage to hack scores on iphone game leaderboards? | Depends on how the leader-board is implemented. Varies case by case. Generally going to be an oversight in programming by the game devs that allows arbitrary scores to be reported, or a flaw in the game that allows for points to be gained when they shouldn't be. | [
"The leaderboard system takes advantage of the hack and slash style of play. As the player kills more enemies without being hit, the player's score multiplier increases, resulting in higher overall scores. Higher difficulty settings also increases the points earned.\n",
"In each level, the player plays the disemb... |
why does cheese 'sweat'? | The 'sweat' is actually oils from the cheese.
Think of the cheese like a sponge holding in water. When its freezing, the water stays in the sponge. When it thaws, the water starts leaking out.
Oil has a different boiling and freezing temperature than water. When you keep cheese in the refrigerator, the oils stays ... | [
"Salt has roles in cheese besides adding a salty flavor. It preserves cheese from spoiling, draws moisture from the curd, and firms cheese's texture in an interaction with its proteins. Some cheeses are salted from the outside with dry salt or brine washes. Most cheeses have the salt mixed directly into the curds.\... |
Can someone explain why big bang theory is not an explanation of the creation of the universe but rather only the expansion | It is not the goal of science to explain creation. Science wants to explain observable phenomena. We observe expansion, the Big Bang theory explains that. It is not like some scientist sit down on a Monday morning and decide that they should try to explain where everything came from.
Some people do hypothesize about p... | [
"\"The Big Bang as the origin of the universe:\" One of the common misconceptions about the Big Bang model is that it fully explains the origin of the universe. However, the Big Bang model does not describe how energy, time, and space was caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an... |
what is radioactive fallout and why is it so dangerous? | In a nuclear explosion or fire involving nuclear materials, radioactive particles gets thrown into the atmosphere and the fallout is when the radioactive particles fall back to earth.
It's dangerous because it is airborne (breathing in radioactive material is very hazardous) and is nearly impossible to contain. | [
"This radioactive dust, usually consisting of fission products mixed with bystanding atoms that are neutron activated by exposure, is a highly dangerous kind of radioactive contamination. The main radiation hazard from fallout is due to short-lived radionuclides external to the body. While most of the particles car... |
What happens if an electron on the "outermost orbit" of an atom absorbs energy (dunno if this is physics or chemistry) ? | Strictly speaking, there is no highest bound orbital. But the level density becomes very high at high excitation energy, and the energies of bound orbitals are bounded above. If you give an electron enough energy, it will just transition into a continuum state, where it is no longer bound the the atom. In simple terms,... | [
"An electron loses energy by jumping instantaneously from its original orbit to a lower orbit; the extra energy is emitted in the form of a photon. Conversely, an electron that absorbs a photon gains energy, hence it jumps to an orbit that is farther from the nucleus.\n",
"Additionally, an electron always tends t... |
kugelblitz & event horizon | An event horizon is a boundary in space across which two things can't affect each other.
Here's a room with a chair and a lamp. The lamp's controlled by a switch on the other side of the door, outside the room. I want you to go into the room and sit down, and when you see the light come on, I want you to say the word ... | [
"In theoretical physics, a kugelblitz (German: \"ball lightning\") is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped: according to general relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy, if enough radiation is aimed into a region, the concen... |
will watching porn in the uk be illegal or just harder to access? | Come to Scotland, we're voting on independence soon and can't wait to tell Cameron to fuck off. | [
"The possession of pornographic images for private use has traditionally not been an offence in the UK. This means that UK citizens have been able to access content on sites overseas without breaking any laws, except for child pornography. However, adult pornography that falls under the Government's classification ... |
what is the difference between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and depression | I guess you removed and posted your question again, so I'll re-post my original reply:
A lot of the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia do share similarities with depression (e.g. social withdrawal, loss of motivation and interest in activities, etc.) and many people with schizophrenia may be found to have depression.
... | [
"Schizophrenia is often described in terms of positive and negative (or deficit) symptoms. \"Positive symptoms\" are those that most people do not normally experience, but are present in people with schizophrenia. They can include delusions, disordered thoughts and speech, and tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory a... |
why are there weight classes for boxing? i understand people at lower sizes face disadvantages, but isn't intervening in this comparable to having height classes for basketball or swimming events? | If you've ever fought/wrestled/weight lifted in competition, you'd realize VERY quickly that a weight advantage is almost insurmountable.
Weight is muscle. It's power. It's strength. It's inertia. Taking on someone more powerful than you are is an incredible task. Taking on someone nearly the same size makes for a fai... | [
"In mixed martial arts, taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking, because of their increased range. Shorter fighters on the other hand, tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch. Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively. Thei... |
What's the smallest a communications satellite can be? | Depends on what you mean by communications. I know someone who has done work with [CubeSats](_URL_0_) which are 10cmx10cmx10cm. They were running Android and broadcast on amature radio frequencies.
If you're thinking about something for transferring thousands of overseas phone calls, you're going to need something... | [
"The 3 tonne satellite will provide digital broadcasting, telephone, and broadband internet access to users in Europe, South America, Africa and the Middle East through its 36 Ku-band, and 70 C-band transponders after parking over 1 degree west longitude.\n",
"Small satellites can use conventional radio systems i... |
Why can my eyes adjust fairly quickly when I go from a dark place to a light one, but take a long time to adjust when I do the reverse? | It's the photoreceptor portion of dark adaptation. The receptors (cones and rods) in your eye generate a photopigment which increases sensitivity to light in dim conditions, but these pigments are decomposed in bright light. It takes ~7 minutes for cones to reach maximum sensitivity and up to an hour for the rods. For ... | [
"The retina has a static contrast ratio of around 100:1 (about 6.5 f-stops). As soon as the eye moves rapidly to acquire a target (saccades), it re-adjusts its exposure by adjusting the iris, which adjusts the size of the pupil. Initial dark adaptation takes place in approximately four seconds of profound, uninterr... |
Do particles on a spinning disk experience time dilation? | Yes. This was tested when they flew two atomic clocks in opposite directions around the Earth, and is important for calculating positions using GPS satellites. | [
"The rotation period is uncertain, estimated at 14.7h. The light curve possibly exhibits some faster fluctuations as well, which are hypothesized to be produced by blobs of matter in the accretion disk.\n",
"A spinning/rolling disk ultimately comes to rest quite abruptly, the final stage of motion being accompani... |
why we can't have surgery when the blood pressure is high? and also isn't it possible to decrease the pressure by draining some blood? | Having high blood pressure increases the risk of a cardiovascular event happening during surgery. The anaesthetist will judge how comfortable she is with managing that risk, if the risk is judged too high then surgery will be postponed.
As to lowering blood pressure through bleeding, the cardiovascular system is set ... | [
"In the hospital, the blood pressure can be artificially increased in order to increase CPP, increase perfusion, oxygenate tissues, remove wastes, and thereby lessen swelling. Since hypertension is the body's way of forcing blood into the brain, medical professionals do not normally interfere with it when it is fou... |
How did the kings/Queens of England 'lose' their powers? | I can chime in concerning the Stuart Crown, which ruled over Britain during the 17th century. During this period, the monarch not only lost certain powers and privileges, but was periodically abolished altogether. It is an incredibly complex period, and subject to much revision, in which political, religious, economic ... | [
"Royal powers were finally removed by the Bill of Rights 1689. The Bill of Rights also removed the ability of the Crown to dispense with (ignore) legislation and statutes. Such a right had culminated in the Declaration of Indulgence of 1687, which had ushered in the Glorious Revolution. That led the Earl of Shaftes... |
why do so many low-quality youtube videos loop over from the beginning midway through the video? | To pad the runtime and try to make more revenue. Longer videos = more money. 10 min YouTube videos make the most per ad click for the time they are. Short videos don’t make as much.
Longer videos make more money than shorter videos, given they have the same number of subscribers and views.
Solved! | [
"Videos with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube suggests interlaced videos be deinterlaced before uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning. YouTube's statistics shows that interlaced videos are still being uploaded to YouT... |
can someone really o.d. from potassium, and if so, how much would someone have to have to cause negative side effects? | The LD50 (the dose that'll kill 50% of people) for potassium is 2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight. For a 80kg person, that is 200 grams.
A banana contains around 0.8 grams of potassium. If a 80kg person were to eat 250 bananas, they'd have a 50% chance of dying.
However, the body naturally excretes potassium. ... | [
"Hyperkalemia is the most serious adverse reaction to potassium. Hyperkalemia occurs when potassium builds up faster than the kidneys can remove it. It is most common in individuals with renal failure. Symptoms of hyperkalemia may include tingling of the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and temporary paralysis. T... |
why ftl implies backward time travel | it is a sci-fi show cliche for one thing... in theory, the faster you go, the slower time goes for you and it approaches zero as you get closer to the speed of light. So, based on that logic, if you go faster than the speed of light, you go into negative time. Supposedly, matter can't go faster than the speed of ligh... | [
"Backwards time travel would allow for causal loops involving events, information, people or objects whose histories form a closed loop, and thus seem to \"come from nowhere.\" The notion of objects or information which are \"self-existing\" in this way is often viewed as paradoxical, with several authors referring... |
How did my juice become carbonated? I'm afraid to drink it now. | The heat in the shop frermented the sugar, its probably alcoholic too.
| [
"Mike Gilbert, founder of The Switch, initially developed a theory about ‘carbonated juices.’ Gilbert claimed to drink orange juice to compensate for the lost nutrients at work. He claimed that orange juice was too bland, therefore he experimented and added carbonated water. He soon teamed up with the visionary Bil... |
why does it seem that a typical blade of grass lives for years? | Plants aren't alive in the same way as you or I. When a person or animal dies, it's usually because something stops working, usually the heart. Plants don't have organs though, at least, not in the sense that we understand them. That, coupled with the fact that they have extreme regenerative abilities (you can chop of ... | [
"The grass spreads primarily via its rhizome. It has been noted to grow in length per day. The stems and rhizomes also produce tillers. The rhizome can endure drying and flooding. Dry or wet conditions may reduce the number of shoots produced by the rhizome, but they do not kill it. The rhizome can disperse when pa... |
would i be using more data setting up a hotspot and browsing reddit on my computer than just browsing reddit on my phone? | For the site itself there might be a tiny difference, if any..
But if you're browsing on a Reddit app made for your phone then you're likely to save data as it's going to be optimised for mobile.
Also, if you tether to the phone then who's to know what other requests are being sent out automatically (in the backgroun... | [
"Users are recommended to regularly backup their data using both a Memory Stick — for photos and contacts — and using the software MyPhoneExplorer to back up text messages, calendar appointments and other data to a PC.\n",
"all of the Internet behavior that occurs on the computer on which you install the applicat... |
I've heard a lot of conflicting anecdotes and studies on the connection between violent video games and aggression, what do we KNOW? | There are two large meta-analysis by Anderson et al done in 2001, and then again in 2010 as a follow-up.
"Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review."
Anderson C.A. (2010)
The result abstract reads:
**The evidence strongly sugges... | [
"A summation of past research on video game violence finds that video games have little to no effect on aggression (Anderson, 2004; Ferguson, 2007 & Spencer, 2009). Again, this supports the idea that although it is a popular opinion to link school shooters to being violent video gamers, this misconception is often ... |
why can nfl players "walk away" from contracts? | Players who hold out pay a fine for each week they miss, the fine is a set rate and isn't chump change, so generally only the star players can afford it. They also of course do not get paid for any missed time.
| [
"Several NFL players signed contracts, or in some cases, future contracts with teams in the World Football League. In the case of a future contract, this was when a player entering the final years of a contract with an NFL team would sign a contract with a WFL team that goes into effect the moment the player's obli... |
I was told that a sword purchased in the medieval era would cost the equivalent of a million pounds in today's money, is this true? | No, not unless it was jewel encrusted and basically ceremonial. According to [this website]
(_URL_1_) a basic peasant's sword was 6 pence in 1340. Using an [inflation calculator](_URL_0_), the range it could be worth is pretty impressive but on the very highest end, you still get £910 - a far cry from a million. Mo... | [
"The sword was eventually sold in 2007/8, for a reported price of EUR 1.6 million, by the autonomous community of Castile and León and the Cabinet of Commerce and Industry of Burgos, and since then has been on display in the Museum of Burgos alongside other presumed relics of El Cid.\n",
"By 1915, a penny was wor... |
how do endangered species who successfully reproduce in zoos / captivity help the population in the wild? | Zoos have special training programs for baby animals. They have the animals forge/hunt for food in a bit of a simulated habitat before releasing them to the wild. For species that tend to live in groups, the zoos often locate nearby groups to release the baby animals near. This allows the animals an extra chance to lea... | [
"Modern zoos and aquariums often are \"gene banks\" for endangered species. In some cases, species which have become extinct in the wild and have been bred in zoos are eventually returned to the wild. Examples include the black-footed ferret, California condor, Przewalski's horse, red wolf, Micronesian kingfisher (... |
Can the human body function without saturated fats in the diet? | Yes. Small amounts of saturated fats are important for cell membrane structure. However, your body can make saturated fats from scratch via fatty acid synthase.
But, you should still consume some fats for a healthy diet. Dietary fat keeps you fuller for longer. The healthiest sources of dietary fats are plant or fish... | [
"Dietary consumption of fatty acids has effects on human health. Studies have found that replacing saturated fats with \"cis\" unsaturated fats in the diet reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. For example, a 2015 systematic review of randomized control trials by the Cochrane Library concluded: \"Lifestyle advice... |
how does throttling netflix (or any data for that matter) benefit verizon? | Many ISPs don't like Netflix because the way the internet works is that, by example, you and I both have a network. We both want to communicate with servers beyond our network boundaries, and so we agree to pass each others network traffic through our own networks. This is called peering. ISPs don't charge one another ... | [
"Bandwidth throttling is a tactic that allows information and telecommunication companies to regulate network traffic and control network congestion. This type of measure is viewed as a limitation on users’ upload and download speeds (rates) of content. Comcast, one of the major ISPs, conducted bandwidth throttling... |
the difference between a restricted and unrestricted free agent in the nhl. | A unrestricted free agent can sign with whoever he wants. The team he used to play for has no special rights as compared to any other team in the league.
A restricted free agent on the other hand, if another team makes an offer to him (called an "offer sheet,") his current team has a window of time to respond to the o... | [
"A restricted free agent is a type of free agent in the National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL), or National Basketball Association (NBA). Such players have special restrictions on the terms under which they can retain or change employment status with their athletic club teams.\n",
"Unrestric... |
why cars only have 6 gears while bikes have 21? | Because gears in a car's transmission take up way more space than gears on a bike, gears on a bike are actual gears that are different sizes while gears in a car's automatic or manual transmission are far more complex and each "gear" is comprised of several gears that convert the engine's power into power that can be u... | [
"One variation is to have a 29\" front wheel and a 26\" rear wheel (commonly called a \"96er\"). Using the smaller rear wheel allows shorter and quicker handling frames, more options for rear suspension designs and lighter bicycle weight. Another variation is to have a 26\" front wheel with a 29\" rear wheel (commo... |
[Medicine] Realistically, how deadly is tuberculosis if it is treated properly? | It depends. If you have a drug-resistant strain of tuberculosis, very. If you have an immune system disorder (such as AIDS), very. If you are otherwise frail (perhaps due to age), very. But if you are healthy, TB is detected early, it's a strain that still responds to drugs, and you are able to follow a treatment regim... | [
"In those infected, there is a 5–10% chance that latent TB infection will progress into active tuberculosis disease. If proper treatment is not given in case of active disease, then death rate is about 50%.\n",
"Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide, killing approximately 1.6 million pe... |
How accurate is Gilbert Beckett's comic history of Rome? | Considering that Beckett was not a Classicist and was writing when Classics as an academic study was still in its infancy, I wouldn't expect very much accuracy from it. I haven't read it personally, but 1852 is well before pretty much all of the fundamental scholarship on Roman history. Hell, it's two years before the ... | [
"The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet is a narrative poem, first published in 1562 by Arthur Brooke, which was the key source for William Shakespeare’s \"Romeo and Juliet\". Brooke is reported to have translated it from an Italian novella by Matteo Bandello; by another theory, it is mainly derived from a Fre... |
how come acid containers does not disintegrate when in contact with its super acidic contents? | Acids can't dissolve everything, they can only react with chemicals susceptible to chemical attack by that acid.
So while they'd have no trouble disintegrating a container made of steel or cheap polyethylene, highly chemically resistant materials like glass or polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) can shrug off most acids. | [
"The addition of an acid to a mixture of an organic base and acid will result in the acid remaining uncharged, while the base will be protonated to form a salt. If the organic acid, such as a carboxylic acid, is sufficiently strong, its self-ionization can be suppressed by the added acid.\n",
"In its properties h... |
Did Islamic leaders throughout history have a disincentive to convert non-Muslims due to the value of Jizya? | > consciously avoided the pursuit of conversion (past the earlier period of Islamic growth)
Actually it's kind of the other way around, unless you mean earliest period of expansion inside Arabia itself. Not only did the early conquest period outside of Arabia not feature mass or forced conversion, it was not actuall... | [
"Traditionally, most Muslims throughout history have held the view that declaring the testimony of faith is sufficient in becoming a Muslim. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not agree with this. He held the view that an individual who believed that there could be intercessors with God was actually performing shirk. This was ... |
why does my phone screen look multicoloured when the screen is on if i look at a reflection of it? | This has to do with the polarization of the screen. This fillers out specific waves of lights and then you add another mirror to that filtering (because mirrors don't reflect perfectly EVER) and you got yourself these cool colors | [
"BULLET::::3. Display screen on a mobile phone has limited real estate. Splitting the screen into Picture-in-Picture (in order to display both sending and received video streams) significantly degrades the Video Call user experience on a mobile phone (Video Call with Picture-in-Picture is effective in corporate app... |
When you hold an item (such as your finger) close to your face and focus on an object in the distance, why does light seem to "bend" around the item close to your face? | I observe the same thing when looking through a small hole. In my case, I see this effect if I look through the hole in my blinds that the string goes through (not between the slats, I mean the oval-shaped hole with the string through it.) Looking through the hole has a magnifying effect on the screen of the window b... | [
"When each eye has its own image of objects, it becomes impossible to align images outside of Panum's fusional area with an image inside the area. This happens when one has to point to a distant object with one's finger. When one looks at one's fingertip, it is single but there are two images of the distant object.... |
How important were stirrups to mounted warfare? What, other than stirrups, could have led to the rise of shock cavalry? | I'm not an expert in this area but I'll provide you with some of my own knowledge on the subject.
There was enough use of shock cavalry use so I'll just pick one of your examples and expand on it. Alexander's Companion cavalry are regarded as some of the most effective cavalry the west had seen or would see for a very... | [
"A theory known as The Great Stirrup Controversy argues that the advantages in warfare that stemmed from use of the stirrup led to the birth of feudalism itself. Other scholars, however, dispute this assertion, suggesting that stirrups provided little advantage in shock warfare, being useful primarily for allowing ... |
gods in hinduism | Just thought I'd add to the already insightful comments.
"Gods" isn't the same kind of term as other religions. As some others have said, there isn't a central system of belief or dogma. Many Hindus, by definition, are atheists. They don't believe in a "God" which is a living entity as such, but more as a tool or conc... | [
"Hinduism is a complex of various belief systems that sees many gods and goddesses as being representative of and/or emanative from a single source, Brahman, understood either as a formless, infinite, impersonal monad in the Advaita tradition or as a dual god in the form of Lakshmi-Vishnu, Radha-Krishna, Shiva-Shak... |
How widespread was the belief that a reunited Germany in 1990 would attempt to seek hegemony again? | Charles David Powell was a key foreign policy advisor to British PM Margaret Thatcher. He wrote a letter to the private secretary to the Foreign Secretary Stephen Wall detailing a conversation between Margaret Thatcher and French President Mitterrand
From the letter it is clear that both Thatcher and Mitterrand were w... | [
"During reunification, the two states discussed the possibility of drafting a new common constitution followed by a plebiscite, as envisioned in Art. 146 (1990), but this path was ultimately not taken. Instead the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic decided to keep the Basic Law with only... |
time it takes to save something onto the hard-drive vs deleting it | When you store a file you do have to write all the data that in content to the disk and update the file table with a file name, what blocks on the drive the file is stored at, and some other information.
When you delete a file you do not touch the data but just update the file table and remove the file from it and say... | [
"Conventional methods for deleting data permanently from a storage device involve overwriting its whole content with zeros, ones or other patterns – a process which can take a significant amount of time, depending on the capacity and the type of the medium. Cryptography offers a way of making the erasure almost ins... |
how is the internet connected? | I'll take a shot at this.
Let's first think of the network you have set up at home. You have your router which is hooked up to the internet. You probably also have a few computers and maybe even a tablet hooked up to the router. All of those devices get an IP from the router so that they can "converse" if you will. If... | [
"The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a \"network of networks\" that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global sco... |
why is imitation crab meat in everything instead of real crab meat? | Purely because of the cost. If it tastes *similar* and can be had for 1/10th the price, most people are ok with imitation crab. | [
"Crab meat or crabmeat is the meat found within a crab. It is used in many cuisines across the world, prized for its soft, delicate and sweet taste. Crab meat is low in fat and contains around per serving. Brown crab (\"Cancer pagurus\"), blue crabs (\"Callinectes sapidus\"), blue swimming crabs (\"Portunus pelagic... |
[Middle Ages] When did different classes of people wake up and go to sleep? | Pre Industrial revolution people had an entirely different sleep schedule than modern people. Most people had 2 sleep periods broken up by an awake period in the middle of the night. A typical schedule would involve sleeping for 4 hours or so, waking up for an hour and a half to two hours, and then sleeping again for a... | [
"Historian A. Roger Ekirch thinks that the traditional pattern of \"segmented sleep,\" as it is called, began to disappear among the urban upper class in Europe in the late 17th century and the change spread over the next 200 years; by the 1920s \"the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely from our s... |
Without behavioural cues, are birds with little or no sexual dimorphism able to distinguish a male from a female? | I would attribute it to them knowing the tiny differences and being extremely sensitive to them. Remember their eyesight is key, so being able to resolve minute details that you aren't keen to is on their list of advantages they have.
Even without that, animals are generally very acute at recognizing members of their ... | [
"Bird species often demonstrate intersexual selection, perhaps because - due to their lightweight body structures - fights between males may be ineffective or impractical. Therefore, male birds commonly use the following methods to try to seduce the females:\n",
"A third type of male was first described in 2006; ... |
Why were blacks in Spanish and Portuguese colonies (especially Brazil) able to preserve their religion better than blacks in English Colonies? | The difference is that the Spanish and Portuguese were Roman Catholic. Roman Catholicism has always lent itself well to religious syncretism. Catholicism itself consciously employed syncretic techniques throughout its early history in an effort to win converts.
Catholicism, with its panoply of saints, its rituals and ... | [
"In the period before independence, Spanish America and Brazil were more important economically than the small English colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. The English colonies of the mid-Atlantic, New England, and Canada had a temperate climate, no major indigenous populations whose labor could be expl... |
why do banks not allow more than a 4 digit pin ? | i'm assuming you're talking about your ATM (debit) card PIN, right? actually a 4 digit PIN is very safe.
* first of all, a thief has to PHYSICALLY steal your card which in itself is a somewhat hard task.
* then guess your 4 digit PIN in 3 tries WITH a security camera pointed DIRECTLY at your face.
* additionally, the... | [
"The international standard for financial services PIN management, ISO 9564-1, allows for PINs from four up to twelve digits, but recommends that for usability reasons the card issuer not assign a PIN longer than six digits. The inventor of the ATM, John Shepherd-Barron, had at first envisioned a six-digit numeric ... |
how come asphalt sometimes looks blurry or distorted from a distance? | Heat coming from the asphalt distorts your vision. Same concept as desert mirages. | [
"A Reflective crack is a type of failure in asphalt pavement, one of the most popular road surface types. Asphalt pavement is impacted by traffic and thermal loading. Due to loading, cracks can appear on pavement surface that can reduce the Pavement Condition Index(PCI) dramatically. \n",
"Asphalt overlays are so... |
Why do eunuchs have a longer life expectancy than women? | I'll let someone with expertise in the field address the mechanistic part of your question, but I just wanted to note this:
> The historical record is not good enough to determine if eunuchs tend to outlive normal healthy men, but some sad records suggest that they do. A number of years ago castration of men in insti... | [
"Eunuchs were the only males outside the royal family allowed to stay inside the palace overnight. Court records going back to 1392 indicate that the average lifespan of eunuchs was 70.0 ± 1.76 years, which was 14.4–19.1 years longer than the lifespan of non-castrated men of similar socio-economic status.\n",
"A ... |
Would it be possible to create a material that only lets heat pass through it one way? | Have you read about [Maxwell's demon](_URL_0_)?
That idea aside, I'm not quite sure how your proposed structure works. You have one layer that absorbs some level of heat, and a next layer that is harder to excite, and so forth. At the end of the day though, you have one energy barrier, largely defined by the "least ex... | [
"It should be possible to produce materials which combine both ferroelectric and metallic properties simultaneously, at room temperature. According to research published in 2018 in \"Nature Communications\", scientists were able to produce a \"two-dimensional\" sheet of material which was both \"ferroelectric\" (ha... |
how do companies like coca cola, pepsi, google keep a lid on their trade secrets with such an enormous amount of people involved | Usually it’s not really a secret. It’s more the risk of litigation if some uses a patented process/formula that prevents the use. | [
"Gooch's work in dealing with anonymous companies led to changes in legislation that allowed for the proper identification of company owners. As a result, two-thirds of worldwide oil, gas, and mining revenues are covered by transparency laws. In 2010, the US passed the Dodd – Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer P... |
Is the greek language of antiquity and the one used in modern Greece the same? Could Aristote engage in a conversation with modern clubbers on the island of Mykonos? | hi! you may be interested in this similar question
* [How similar is the modern Greek language with the Greek spoken in the Classical Period? Would they be able to understand each other?](_URL_0_) - featuring /u/Ireallydidnotdoit
if you have follow-up questions on this post, ask them here & mention the user's usern... | [
"The discussion on the Greek language question began at the end of the 18th century. Because western Europeans were familiar with, and valued, the ancient Greek language, Eugenios Voulgaris, along with Lambros Photiadis, Stephanos Commitas (1770–1832) and Neophytos Doukas, proposed that the modern Greek language sh... |
Is water required to form granite and other felsic rocks? | Felsic means a rock that has a high silicate content. On Earth we find felsic rocks in the crust since silica differentiated out towards the Earth's surface. When rocks are poor in silicates they are known as "mafic", and rocks from deeper in the Earth (i.e. the mantle) are generally mafic. Granite is a felsic igneous ... | [
"Granites \"are undoubtedly the result of extreme fractionation of mantle-derived parental basaltic magma, but it is also possible to derive granite magmas from the melting of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of various compositions in orogenic belts (also called S-type granites).\" Two questions that implica... |
how come i can remember every single embarrassing moment of my childhood but manage to forget someones name right after they tell me? | Embarrassing moments make an impression worthy of remembering. People's names, however, are usually last on the impression making list, unless your name is Sir Dick Phok. | [
"To usefully remember something, people must later recognize that they've seen it before and correctly remember the context in which it was seen. With age, the ability to discriminate between new and previous events starts to fail, and errors in recalling experiences become more common. Larry Jacoby of New York Uni... |
How does the Mauna Loa Observatory manage to get accurate representative CO2 readings for Earth's atmosphere when it's in such a close proximity to multiple volcanoes? | To start with, it's important to realize why a place like Mauna Loa is a good spot to try to measure CO2 trends in the first place. As a gas that is emitted in large quantities by various human sources (e.g. cars) and is drawn down by plants at different times during the day, you want to try to measure global CO2 somep... | [
"NIWA holds the longest continuous record of atmospheric CO concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere, measured at Baring Head, near Wellington, since the 1970s. Along with equivalent measurements from the Northern Hemisphere, taken at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, these records are used to model the effects of ... |
we say that only some planets can sustain life due to the “goldilocks zone” (distance from the sun). how are we sure that’s the only thing that can sustain life? isn’t there the possibility of life in a form we don’t yet understand? | Totally. But we have no idea what "other life" would look like. We could be staring it right in the face and we might have no idea that we could call it "life." So until we have compelling evidence that some other form of life can exist, it's best to limit our search to "Earth-like" life, because at least then we ac... | [
"Thus, while there is reason to suspect that the four \"life elements\" ought to be readily available elsewhere, a habitable system probably also requires a supply of long-term orbiting bodies to seed inner planets. Without comets there is a possibility that life as we know it would not exist on Earth.\n",
"Beyon... |
Can a plants' growth really be affected by different types of music? | Well plants have no way to hear anything, so it is really in the vibrations caused by playing the music that may affect the growth rate. This is a common science experiment in 5th grade or so, which is ironic because we really still don't have any real answer. Some are leaning towards classical and slower or calmer mus... | [
"In the past, macroscopic observations on plants lead to basic understandings of how plants respond to their environments and grow. While these investigations could somewhat correlate cause and effect as a plant develops, they could not truly explain the mechanisms at work without inspection at the molecular level.... |
why swinging the hands in the right way can make one run faster/more comfortably? | When you run, your pelvis is twisting as you move each leg. This causes each step to go slightly off-center from your running direction - when your right leg goes forward, it twists your pelvis to the left, causing a change in your angular momentum, thus a change in your direction. In order to maintain your course and ... | [
"\"Arm to the right\" has the advantage that it is more visible to any traffic likely to be affected, for example vehicles in the next lane to the right or also intending to turn right. It is also easier to teach to children: \"point in the direction you are going to turn.\"\n",
"Also, it is not uncommon that peo... |
How does helium affect instruments? | Instruments that vibrate a column of gas (woodwinds, brass) would be affected. Those that have fixed tuning (anything with valves; closed-cavity percussion such as kettle drums) would produce out-of-tune higher pitch and be basically unplayable. Those that have variable tuning (for example, slide trombone) could still ... | [
"The use of helium reduces the distorting effects of temperature variations in the space between lenses in some telescopes, due to its extremely low index of refraction. This method is especially used in solar telescopes where a vacuum tight telescope tube would be too heavy.\n",
"In June 2008, Tajmar reported a ... |
I would like to know more about Mongolia in the 1300s, I've got a few questions! | I can answer some of the questions:
1. Marco Polo is set at the time of Kubelai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. By this time the Mongols had already conquered large swathes of China and the Mongol nobility had integrated a lot of the fashions and practices of Chinese nobility (the Mongols didn't really have a nobility... | [
"Mongolia under Qing rule was the rule of the Qing dynasty of China over the Mongolian steppe, including the Outer Mongolian 4 aimags and Inner Mongolian 6 leagues from the 17th century to the end of the dynasty. \"Mongolia\" here is understood in the broader historical sense (see Greater Mongolia and Mongolian Pla... |
why some large displacement engines (eg 5.7l hemi) don't produce nearly as much power and torque as many other smaller engines in production vehicles? | It's cheaper to just make engines with more displacement. The equation for horsepower is directly related to RPMs, so smaller engines need more RPMs to get more power. More RPMs needs lighter, strong parts. Car companies have to maximize intake and exhaust and spend more time designing the chambers for efficiency and p... | [
"The 1.8-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) generates , and with the added power of the electric motor, total horsepower is (previously 110 hp). The larger engine displacement allows for increased torque, reducing engine speeds (rpm), which increases fuel economy at highway speeds. With an ... |
from the moment my town picks it up, what happens to the soda can, glass bottle and stack of papers i’ve recycled? | It also depends on how contaminated the lot is. A lot of items are not recycled and are incinerated or sent directly to landfill because there are either unrecyclable items mixed in with the lots (like polystyrene) or they are simply too dirty. This is the case for a lot of plastic items.
It isn't economical for a rec... | [
"Such containers may also be placed in a Blue box or blue bin for curbside recycling, however the customer will not receive a refund for the deposit in this case; municipalities collect the deposit for bulk return of alcohol beverage containers to the Ontario Deposit Return Program. The ODRP claims that mixed, brok... |
Voyager I is travelling at ~61000 km/h away from the Sun. While the Sun is travelling at ~72000 km/h. Is Voyager I's speed relative to the Sun? | What did your source for the 61,000 km/h say? It should say what the velocity is relative to. When dealing with space craft, always pay attention to what any velocities are relative to, if it isn't obvious from the context, otherwise the velocities don't really mean much.
Anyway, Voyager 1 has a Sun relative velocity ... | [
"\"Voyager 1\" reached a distance of 135 AU from the Sun on May 18, 2016. By September 5, 2017, that had increased to about 139.64 AU from the Sun, or just over 19 light-hours, and at that time \"Voyager 2\" was 115.32 AU from the Sun.\n",
"In March 2012, \"Voyager 1\" was over 17.9 billion km from the Sun and tr... |
how does family guy, robot chicken, and other shows like them get away with using other people's copyrighted characters in sketches without being sued? | Fair use.
Making a parody of something else isn't illegal. | [
"The animators must also be aware of the contracts laws and labour laws prevalent in the jurisdiction to which the animation studio is subject to. There have been numerous legal battles fought over the copyright of famous franchises, such as \"Kung Fu Panda\" and SpongeBob SquarePants. This has come about as a resu... |
Why does angular velocity and angular momentum follow the 'right hand rule' for direction? | > I watched one video and some guy said it's just a convention we decided on.
It is indeed a convention. Angular momentum is what is called a pseudo-vector which means they do not change direction under coordinate inversions,
* x → x' = -x
* y → y' = -y
* z → z' = -z
True-blue vectors, also called polar-vectors, ch... | [
"The right-hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity. If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes.\n",
"An angular displacement i... |
is there any real difference between the fruit drawer and the vegetable drawer in my refrigerator? | The rule of thumb is to put things that rot in a drawer with low humidity (fruit drawer).
And to put things that wilt in a drawer with high humidity (veggie drawer).
The difference is the amount of air/moisture that can leave the drawers though gaps in the assembly. The fruit drawer will have bigger gaps (and theref... | [
"A crisper drawer (also known as a crisper) is a compartment located within a refrigerator designed to prolong the freshness of stored produce. Crisper drawers have a different level of humidity from the rest of the refrigerator, optimizing freshness in fruits and vegetables. They can be adjusted to both prevent th... |
What effects would the most commonly used antipsychotics have on someone not suffering from Psychosis? | One effect that is well documented even in people with psychosis is drug induced Parkinson's disease. For example, Abilify is a partial agonist for the dopamine receptor 2, so it blocks normal activation of that receptor by normal levels of dopamine in the brain. In Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic neurons are gra... | [
"Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and ga... |
what's the difference between centrifical and centrifugal force? which is the "fake" one? | Neither one is "fake" however one is "*fictitious*". But fictitious doesn't mean "not real."
The centrifugal force is the fictitious one.
When you have circular motion, there must be a force pointing inwards, since the object is always accelerating towards the center of the circle. That is the centri**petal** force, ... | [
"it is a natural extension of standard terminology (although there is no standard terminology for this case) to call this term the \"centrifugal force\". Applying this terminology to the example of a tube in a centrifuge, if the tube is far enough from the center of rotation, |X| = \"R\" ≫ |x|, all the matter in th... |
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