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train · 226k rows

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If you are drawing straws as a group of 6 when is the optimal time to draw?	You should be able to see this intuitively. It makes no difference to anyone's chances if everyone draws and shows everyone what they got one at a time, versus everyone draws and conceals what they drew until the last straw is drawn, then shows everyone. From there, it makes no difference to anyone's chances if every...	[ "Drawing straws is a selection method, or a form of sortition, that is used by a group to choose one member of the group to perform a task after none has volunteered for it. The same practice can be used also to choose one of several volunteers, should an agreement not be reached. It is a form of the practice of dr...
why does leukemia cause leukocytosis?	I'm not sure I am understanding your question. Leukemia is essentially uncontrolled cellular reproduction - so you'd expect to find lots of the cell type that is being produced. There are many different types of leukemias affecting many (all?) of the different WBC cell lines. Please rephrase.	[ "The mechanism in which hyperleukocytosis / leukostasis manifests and disrupts homeostasis is greatly associated with leukemia's but there are multiple other factors that may cause leukocytosis. Major types of leukocytosis and their mechanisms depend on the types of Leukemia that cause them. White blood cell levels...
why are there musical one-hit wonders?	Being creative is a strange thing. Sometimes you just make something that is far better or cliques way better than anything you've ever made before, and its extremely hard to replicate that idea. Especially in music, where its sortof the luck of the draw what people latch onto, its very easy to make a huge song while t...	[ "The rock musical has seen a resurgence in the late 1990s and the 2000s, with shows by composers like Elton John (\"Aida\", 1998), as well as a number of successful jukebox musicals with rock scores. Recent major original rock musical productions include \"Spring Awakening\" (2007), \"Passing Strange\" and \"Bloody...
What are the qualifiers required to call yourself A Historian™️?	There are no - to my knowledge at least - professional accreditations related to being a 'historian' so anyone can claim to be one if they want to. How far that claim is taken seriously will depend entirely on the audience. In the case of someone like Dan Carlin, I have no doubt that many of his fans would happily agre...	[ "Personal historians have been described as comprising \"journalists, psychotherapists, social workers, nurses, videographers, gerontologists, and people from other helping or writing professions\", as \"retired teachers, journalists, genealogists, and therapists...\" and as \"social workers, journalists and others...
what does actual love feel like?	I think it feels different for different people. But on our good days it feels like coming home. No matter what day I’m having, the best part of it is knowing that I get to come home and tell my love all about it. It’s consistent love, support, and warmth. Even on the days when he pisses me off, I know he’s my best fri...	[ "This can help explain why no love can feel quite the same as that \"first\". These \"firsts\" can generate sensations so new and unfamiliar that the experience feels almost unreal. Besides emotional engagement, these experiences also have a heavy dose of novelty. Novelty simply driving up dopamine and norepinephri...
why is milk said to be a good source of protein when it contains only about 3,5 %?	Advertising. While we're at it, it's [not a spectacular source of calcium, either](_URL_0_) [PDF ALERT] Before anyone asks how it can be advertising when there are so many different dairy distributors, "Got Milk?" was meant to advertise the entire concept of milk (and therefore the entire industry) to encourage co...	[ "Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals. Because it is produced as a food source for the young, all of its contents provide benefits for growth. The principal requirements are energy (lipids, lactose,...
how come the south was democratic in lincoln's time but republican now?	The Civil Rights Act and Nixon's Southern strategy in 1968. A Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act signing away the racist white south, and Nixon promised to battle the liberal supreme court and took the South from the Democrats. It has been that way ever since but likely not really due to race rel...	[ "The division between Northern and Southern Democrats helped the Republicans win a plurality in the House in the elections of 1858. While campaigning for a Republican congressional candidate in New York, Republican Senator William Seward described the party struggle between Republicans and Democrats as part of a la...
Does sitting in front of a computer screen for too long have any negative affects on one's skin?	The main danger would be not getting the light from any other source. The body needs sunlight for Vitamin D and you aren't getting that from sitting in front of a screen	[ "Another medical issue caused by the use of computers is back and posture problems. These problems relate to musculoskeletal disorders caused by the need for the user to be crouched and hunched towards the monitors and computer components due to the design and positioning of these particular computer peripherals. T...
Why doesn't table salt, or any other ionic salt for that matter, fuse together when in contact with other pieces of itself?	Mainly two things: 1) Surface defects, your salt crystals are not perfectly flat and thus not perfectly aligned at the molecular level. 2) There's air, water and other molecules adsorbed to the surfaces of your crystals that are in the way.	[ "Soluble ionic compounds like salt can easily be dissolved to provide electrolyte solutions. This is a simple way to control the concentration and ionic strength. The concentration of solutes affects many colligative properties, including increasing the osmotic pressure, and causing freezing-point depression and bo...
Ancient Romans' rooms had very little furniture, carpet, etc., even if they were wealthy. When did the "modern" furniture-filled household become common?	The Industrial Revolution certainly increased the amount of furniture and knick-knacks that ordinary people could afford to have, but it's important to remember that museum room reconstructions (even ones from more modern periods, such as those seen in historic houses in the United States) often owe a lot to the aesthe...	[ "In contrast to the ancient civilisations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, we have comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century. Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce. It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted through...
What causes us to see "static" that seems to have no relation to the visual stimuli that is actually present when getting up too fast or rubbing our eyes?	I think you're asking about phosphenes. A Wiki summary: > The most common phosphenes are pressure phosphenes, caused by rubbing the closed eyes. They have been known since antiquity, and described by the Greeks. The pressure mechanically stimulates the cells of the retina. Experiences include a darkening of the v...	[ "If the frequency of the pulse-width modulation is too low or the user is very sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eye-strain, similar to the flicker of CRT displays. This can be tested by a user simply by waving a hand or object in front of the screen. If the object appears to have sharply defined ...
Is it possible to detect microbial life forms on an extra solar planet? Can microbial life on Earth be detected from space?	No. If we have good telescopes we can maybe determine what the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet is composed of, and from that hazard a guess as to why the atmosphere has that composition. But there's no way to observe bacterial life directly without actually sampling it.	[ "The majority of the species isolated are not well understood or characterized and cannot be cultured in labs, and are known only from DNA fragments obtained with swabs. On a contaminated planet, it might be difficult to distinguish the DNA of extraterrestrial life from the DNA of life brought to the planet by the ...
Qing Dynasty Reading List Question	For a general overview of modern Chinese history I personally liked The search for modern China by Spence, it covers Chinese history in a fairly well from 1800-1990.	[ "Qingjie () or Qing () was a legendary leader of the Ji () clan, which eventually established the Zhou dynasty in ancient China. He is sometimes credited as a duke of Zhou or with founding the city of Bin.\n", "Three Qing Dynasty novels are collectively known as the \"Romance of Di Qing\" and are attributed to Li...
is plastic bad or is our waste management system?	Plastics greatest advantage is that it does really degrade or break down, even over long periods of time. This is also it's big problem. It doesn't dregrade or break down. It just sits there in trasheaps. There's nothing we can really do to get rid of it once we make the stuff. So it's its usefulness that ma...	[ "BULLET::::- Waste landfill costs: if plastics represent a significant percentage of waste in a particular region, manufacturing plastics with bio-degradable properties may be more profitable and ecologically friendly than merely disposing of a non-degradable plastic. By using degradable polymers, costs due to wast...
If medical science continues to advance, theoretically, how long could humans live?	> This was probably due to better nutrition and modern medical advances. Arguably, most of the increase in life expectancy is due to better public health practices rather than medical advances. In the early 20th century, many diseases were on the decline as a result of safer drinking water and better sanitation pract...	[ "BULLET::::- By 2022, medical technology will be more than a thousand times more advanced than it is today, and the \"tipping point\" of human life expectancy will have been reached, with every new year of research guaranteeing at least one more year of life expectancy. Kurzweil also states that 3–4 months of life ...
how do the different ‘happy’ chemicals in your brain work?	This isn't something that has a clear cut answer, as the true effect if the different neurotransmitters aren't simple or entirely observable. Every study of them, in the end, involves the question of "well now how do you FEEL?" which is so incredibly subjective. And you can over produce them in the sense that there SHO...	[ "BULLET::::- Happiness is primarily controlled by the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the body. Both are monoamine neurotransmitters that act on different sites in the body. Serotonin acts on receptors in the gastrointestinal tract while dopamine acts on receptors in the brain, while both performing similar fun...
Is it possible for an egg cell to experience nondisjunction of every chromosome, and if so, would it lead to a virgin birth?	Even if you did have a cell undergo meiosis and experience non-disjunction of every chromosome (46,XX), it would still never experience the signal to undergo mitosis that occurs upon fertilization. If it was fertilized, it would have too many chromosomes. A virgin birth in this manner would not work. Along these lines,...	[ "If the chromosome pairs fail to separate properly during cell division, the egg or sperm may end up with a second copy of one of the chromosomes. (\"See\" non-disjunction.) If such a gamete results in fertilization and an embryo, the resulting embryo may also have an entire copy of the extra chromosome.\n", "A h...
What if you cut the Planck length in half? Does physics break down at that point?	The Planck length is not a universal pixel size or some kind of minimum length scale, it's just a really small length constructed from physical constants, that is roughly the length-scale at which quantum gravity effects are relevant. Depending on how you phrase your question (it is currently equivalent to "what if you...	[ "In theoretical physics, cutoff is an arbitrary maximal or minimal value of energy, momentum, or length, used in order that objects with larger or smaller values than these physical quantities are ignored in some calculation. It is usually represented within a particular energy or length scale, such as Planck units...
why can’t natural gas be used on location for home generation electricity and heat?	We can and do. I have been at a home that used NG for heat, and had an NG backup generator in case grid power failed.	[ "Residential and commercial buildings located in rural and remote areas do not often use natural gas forced hot air systems. This is due to the financial impracticality of running natural gas lines many miles past areas of relative dense habitation. Usually these rural and remote buildings use oil heat or propane, ...
how does amazon prime's free shipping actually work? with its popularity, are they losing money? how does it affect ups/usps?	The thing about being a Prime member is that you're inclined to always purchase from Amazon. They make up any difference on volume of sales.	[ "In June 2012, Amazon began the installation of a $52 million investment in cooling its warehouses around the country, a major cost for the company equivalent to 8.2 percent of Amazon's 2011 total earnings. Experts speculated Amazon made such a massive investment either to dampen negative publicity over worker cond...
Was the Revolutionary War really as "civilized" as the movies portray	While you wait for more targeted answers, you might be interested in some threads from the FAQ section on "[Line Formations aka Linear/Napoleonic Tactics](_URL_7_)": [American Revolutionary War](_URL_19_) * [American Revolution: When the red coats intially saw the hiding tactics of the americans, was it seen as ...	[ "A Canadian historian has evaluated twelve Hollywood films featuring the American Revolution from 1939–2002. She compares the fictional versus the scholarly components of popular entertainment as they impact the treatment of heroes and villains, Patriots and Loyalists, social structure and social conflicts. She com...
Why can USB/ethernet/etc. cables only be a certain length?	I work directly high speed cables at my job, specifically analyzing their performance. There is a parameter called [insertion loss](_URL_0_) that essentially measures how much the magnitude of your signal degrades as it travels down the cable. That's a bit of a hand-wavy explanation, but it'll work for here. The pri...	[ "The intention of USB is to make sure any standard-compliant cable can be used to connect any two compatible devices, and the connection will work, without question. To this end, the USB standard limits the maximum length of any compliant (and thus logo-bearing) USB cable (to about 15 feet), and up to this length, ...
would a "plasma rifle" have recoil?	Plasma still has mass, and must be accelerated, so yes, we can presume that a weapon that shoots plasma at a target will have recoil. Newton's 3rd law and all that. As for how much? No way to know without design specifications like what is the chemical and physical makeup of the shot, what is the acceleration profile ...	[ "A plasma cannon (also called an electrothermal accelerator) is an experimental projectile weapon, which accelerates a projectile by means of a plasma discharge between electrodes at the rear of the barrel, generating a rapid increase in pressure. It functions similarly to other type of firearm, except that it uses...
how do we know what emotion to name our feelings?	You’re right with the learned part! A lot of it is from modelling parents/older siblings etc... however humans (regardless of race, age, gender and so on) have 5 innate facial expressions (happiness, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear [recognise these from anywhere?]which are linked to emotions—which implies they are al...	[ "\"The standard definition for emotion is defined as a \"\"Natural instinctive state of mind deriving from ones circumstances, mood, or relationships with others\". Emotion , William James describes emotions as \" corporeal reverberations such as surprise, curiosity, rapture, fear, anger, lust, greed and the like-\...
why can police officers arrest you for walking home drunk instead of driving? isn't that a really big catch 22?	They won't arrest you for walking but if you're causing a disturbance or just acting like a drunk idiot they will and they should write you a ticket.	[ "If the officer has sufficient probable cause that the suspect has been driving under the influence of alcohol, they will make the arrest, handcuff the suspect and transport them to the police station. En route, the officer may advise them of their legal implied consent obligation to submit to an evidentiary chemic...
how does inputting a shutdown command on a computer physically move components to turn it off?	Telling a computer to shutdown invokes a series of preconfigured steps, much like your bedtime routine, that go through and orderly shutdown active processes, write anything outstanding to disk, tidy up all additional processes that aren't responding correctly (like a parent sternly telling their kids "I told you once...	[ "The user is instructed to power on and power off all peripherals in proper order to avoid corrupting data or potentially damaging hardware components. The manuals for the TRS-80 advise turning on the monitor first, then any peripherals attached to the E/I (if multiple disk drives are attached, the last drive on th...
why are pregnant women restricted from roller coasters, hot tubs, flights, etc?	Something tells me that subjecting a fragile developing fetus to large gravitational forces isn't a great idea. Nor is the general large increase in blood pressure.	[ "Age and size restrictions were often enforced. Children under 6 years old were refused entry, and children over 6 years old were refused entry without an accompanying adult. Pregnant women and the infirm were also discouraged from boarding this ride. Hats and wigs were also prohibited, and due to an incident where...
if the body replaces it's cells so often that most of the cells you have aren't the ones you had 20 years ago, why do people like the man in the burn victim ama keep their injuries forever?	It's a myth that you replace all your cells after so-and-so many years. The most important cells in your body — neurons and osteocytes — stay with you for life. But getting back to the question, the reason why scars don't usually disappear is because the skin that was lost gets replaced by a different kind of tissue...	[ "When a cell is damaged the body will try to repair or replace the cell to continue normal functions. If a cell dies the body will remove it and replace it with another functioning cell, or fill the gap with connective tissue to provide structural support for the remaining cells. The motto of the repair process is ...
Why didn't any of China's dynasties attempted to or successfully conquered 'Korea'?	They did, [Empress Wu Zetian](_URL_1_) of the Tang dynasty was one of the first to have actually annexed Korea. Besides this we have to remember that for most of Korean history Korea (or the different Korean states) were considered vassals of China and payed tribute to them. many other times they did take over large ...	[ "The Korean kingdoms had traditionally become client states of China under nominal tributary status. As western colonial and trade expansion into Asia occurred, it exposed the weakness of China due to centuries of isolation, and led Japan to modernize and nurture its own colonial designs, but many of the skirmishes...
how do you get a haircut?	> Am I looking for a barber, stylist, salon? Any of those, depends on your taste. A barber shop tends to be more masculine, older, ethnic, and simple. A stylist/salon tends to have more skill, but tend to be more feminine, fashion-forward, and overly-complicated. > Since I just want my hair shortened, does it ma...	[ "The haircut is usually done with electric clippers utilizing the clipper over comb technique, though it can also be cut shears over comb or freehand with a clipper. Some barbers utilize large combs designed for cutting flattops. Others use wide rotary clipper blades specifically designed for freehand cutting the t...
why does the packaging on chicken say to use it within 48 hours but the expiration date is beyond that and will be sitting in the store for more than 48 hours?	The expiration date is the date it can sit on the grocery shelves. It starts warming up once you remove it from those shelves and bring it home. Who knows if it'll sit in your car for an hour, or if your fridge temp is set higher than normal. So they basically do a catch-all "use/freeze within 48 hours" warning. Fo...	[ "Most expiration dates are used as guidelines based on normal and expected handling and exposure to temperature. Use prior to the expiration date does not guarantee the safety of a food or drug, and a product is not necessarily dangerous or ineffective after the expiration date. According to the United States Depar...
Why do cows have multiple stomachs whereas horses do not, even though they both rely on eating and breaking down cellulose?	Perissodactyls, or odd-toed ungulates (horses, tapirs), developed during a time--about 55mya (million years ago)--when broad leafed trees, herbs and some grasses had supplanted the conifers and ferns from an earlier era. They were very successful animals and enjoyed about 25 million years as dominant land herbivores. ...	[ "Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a \"hindgut fermenter.\" Horses have only one stomach, as do humans. However, unlike humans, they also need to digest plant fiber (largely cellulose) that comes from grass or hay. Ruminants like cattle are foregut fermenters, and digest fiber in plant matter by...
how do anti-inflammatory pills work? and what makes them different to painkillers?	Painkillers typically work by interrupting the signals between neurons and the brain that signal pain. Anti-inflammatory typically prevent the body's natural inflammation functions from working, such as binding and neutralizing hormones like histamine.	[ "Oral and topical pain killers are effective to treat the pain caused by otitis media. Oral agents include ibuprofen, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and opiates. Evidence for the combination over single agents is lacking. Topical agents shown to be effective include antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops. Decongestants ...
Why did Calabria move?	I just did some investigation and apparently the Byzantine Empire combined Apulia, Bruttium and Calabria into a single province which they called Calabria. The Byzantine Empire then lost control of most of this province, leaving only Bruttium under byzantine control. They still continued to call their province Calabria...	[ "The music of Calabria is part of the Italian musical tradition. Like other regions in southern Italy, Calabria for many centuries was an integral part of the kingdom of Naples, and, as with other regions, the musical life tended to be overshadowed by the important activities in the capital city to the north—the co...
My grandfather gave me a set of Native American Arrowheads. I would like to share them with my class, but I know nothing about them. Help!	To get you started, I can say that they generally seem legit and could definitely be from the Ohio Valley (but since point styles tend to cover rather large multi-state areas, getting more specific than that is out of my league). I do question the large piece, which seems more like a stone that broke off in vaguely "to...	[ "About 175 arrowheads that were found on the western side of the Yadkin River at Cooleemee Plantation were classified by Dr. Joffre L. Coe of the University of North Carolina, and Dr. James Bingham, former President of the North Carolina Archaeological Society. The arrowheads which were from different peoples and o...
how in the fruit did the spelling for "bologna" and "colonel" come about?	Bologna is a city in Italy where they are famous for their bologna sausage (which differs depending on where it gets made around the world). Baloney is just a re-spelling based on how people were saying the word. Colonel is what happens when word usage between language gets confused and English decides to make it wor...	[ "The usual pronunciations of \"tomato\" are (usual in American English) and (usual in British English). The word's dual pronunciations were immortalized in Ira and George Gershwin's 1937 song \"Let's Call the Whole Thing Off\" (\"You like and I like / You like and I like \") and have become a symbol for nitpicking ...
Did the average roman soldier's training comprise of any sort of weights regime?	They used extra heavy swords and shields during training, and were exercised extensively. It's similar to baseball players putting weights on their bats before they get to the plate so the bat feels light and responsive. As for "weightlifting" as we think of it, I'm not sure. There were lead weights used by the civilia...	[ "The Roman soldier underwent especially rigorous training throughout his military career; discipline was the base of the army's success, and the soldiers were relentlessly and constantly trained with weapons and especially with drill—forced marches with full load and in tight formation were frequent. As discipline ...
why is specific heat an intensive property?	Intensive properties are ones that don't change with the size of the sample. Since specific heat gives a value per unit weight, it doesn't change with the amount of material you have.	[ "Specific heat is an \"intensive\" property of a substance, an intrinsic characteristic that does not depend on the size or shape of the amount in consideration. (The qualifier \"specific\" in front of an extensive property often indicates an intensive property derived from it.)\n", "An intensive property is a bu...
Can we predict the evolution of currently living species?	The short answer is 'no,' we can't predict evolution for any given population or species. Two of the four forces of evolution - mutation and genetic drift - are inherently random, and it's impossible to know the outcome of those processes at any given point. The longer answer is that while you can't be 'predictive' ...	[ "Many factors can determine the evolution of an organism's life history, especially the unpredictability of the environment. A very unpredictable environment—one in which resources, hazards, and competitors may fluctuate rapidly—selects for organisms that produce more offspring earlier in their lives, because it is...
Question about near speed of light travel	I find the way you've asked the question to be very confusing — that's not a criticism, but a confession. Are you asking about coordinate time in the Earthbound frame, or proper time? The proper time between two events is a function of the trajectory that connects those events, and the trajectory is a function of prop...	[ "Manned travel at a speed not close to the speed of light, would require either that we overcome our own mortality with technologies like radical life extension or traveling with a generation ship. If traveling at a speed closer to the speed of light, time dilation would allow intergalactic travel in a timespan of ...
Is there any truth to the claim that Earth is losing it's magnetic field?	Well, the magnetic field will dissipate, but this will be on the time-scale of billions of years in the future. The reason why this is, is because the magnetic field is created by the flow of current, induced inside the outer liquid core of Earth (which is comprised of Iron and Nickel). As the Earth cools off and radio...	[ "Gregg Braden (born June 28, 1954) is an American author of Consciousness literature, who wrote about the 2012 phenomenon and became noted for his claim that the magnetic polarity of the earth was about to reverse. Braden argued that the change in the earth's magnetic field might have effects on human DNA. He has a...
why can't we create synthetic animal products?	On mobile so please forgive formatting: When it comes to the goose down, leather and horseshoe crab blood whilst we are capable of understanding all the biological steps and requirements to synthesise them, we are not capable of recreating those conditions accurately within a laboratory setup. Horseshoe crab blood i...	[ "The FDA has also been criticized for giving permission for cloned animals to be sold as food without any special labelling, although \"cloned products may not reach the U.S. market for years.\" and \"Authorities lack the authority to require labeling of products from cloned animals.\"\n", "Genetically modified a...
How did humans spread across continents?	During the end of the last glacial period (~13,000-10,000 years ago), sea levels were lower, and the [Bering Strait](_URL_1_) which nowadays separates Russia and Alaska wasn't submerged. Rather it formed a land bridge, known as [Berengia](_URL_2_). It is believed that a small group of humans survived the journey acro...	[ "Modern humans spread rapidly from Africa into the frost-free zones of Europe and Asia around 60,000 years ago. The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent ice age, when temperate regions of today were extremely inhospitable. Yet, humans had colonized ne...
AskScience: What are the pros and cons of Ceramic vs. Metallic Knives?	So I have both and I like both. I am not a chef or anything but I'll tell you my experience. Ceramics are harder than metals. This allows you to make them extremely sharp. Almost scary sharp. I have a ceramic paring knife and it falls through veggies. I love using it especially when I have to slice something extremely...	[ "BULLET::::- Ceramic knives are very hard, made from sintered zirconium dioxide, and retain their sharp edge for a long time. They are light in weight, do not impart any taste to food and do not corrode. Suitable for slicing fruit, vegetables and boneless meat. Ceramic knives are best used as a specialist kitchen u...
[Biology] What is the reason behind increased human height in Europe in the last 150 years?	I asked a Dutch friend why he and his countrymen are so tall. He said it is from drinking milk, where the Netherlands ranks 3rd (he said 1st) in milk consumption. This would be another good question: is there a positive correlation between per capita milk consumption and average male height.	[ "Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Average (male) height in a nation is correlated with protein quality. Nations that consume more protein in th...
My dog and cat grow extra hair. A bear hibernates. Do humans go through any physiological changes during winter?	I remember reading about brown fat cells a while ago. [wikipedia](_URL_1_) [article on brown fat cells, seems to be mostly about influence on weight but also mentions that it seems to be related to the amount of light (winter/summer)](_URL_0_) I found these 2 links on google, I don't have any personal expertise on t...	[ "Adrenal disease is usually detected during the spring or fall, as it affects the hormones that make the fur grow. When affected ferrets shed their winter coat, the fur does not grow back. The hair loss pattern is usually very specific for adrenal disease. It begins at the base of the tail and then continues up the...
how browser finds website what we type in address bar? or how email recipient is found almost immediately. is there some central database of websites or emails?	There's two halves to the answer: DNS and BGP. DNS (Domain Name System) is the internet equivalent to a phone book: given a domain name (the likes of www._URL_0_, _URL_1_), it gives you an IP address that you should connect to to talk to that service. You obviously can't find your DNS server via a domain name, so you ...	[ "The browser stores a list of user verified email addresses (certificates issued by the identity providers), and demonstrates the user's ownership of the addresses to the website using cryptographic proof.\n", "Some browsers address bars can be used to detect web feeds that can be used to subscribe to pages. The ...
Why do people put meat on black eyes?	This is a practice that is no longer used or advised, due to health concerns over uncooked meat touching one of your most vulnerable sensory organs. It originally started when the coldest thing we had was what was in our iceboxes(literally, a box made of wood or ceramic that housed a large block of ice to keep foodstu...	[ "An anecdotal remedy for a black eye consists of applying raw meat to the eye area. Research has yet to find any evidence of this treatment being effective. Likely the raw meat was used when ice packs were not yet commercially available and meat was stored in iceboxes instead of in a protective gas, while cold but ...
Is there a calender for other planets? Like a set point where we consider that planet's day, month, or year to begin?	First some important terminology. There are a few different kinds of days and years in use. The difference between them is what the rotation or revolving is in relation to. A sidereal year or a sidereal day is measured in relation to far away stars. You can also think of this as you being above the solar system and st...	[ "For example, Venus's year (sidereal period) is 225 days, and Earth's is 365 days. Thus Venus's synodic period, which gives the time between two subsequent eastern (or western) greatest elongations, is 584 days.\n", "As already mentioned, there is some choice in the length of the tropical year depending on the po...
why are milk and egg prices so low right now?	Not sure if "right now" is particularly interesting time for prices. But if you're wondering, prices in grocery stores for milk specifically are generally kept very low. Large grocery stores often heavily compete on the price of milk with each other, as its a consumer staple and having the cheapest milk around draws ...	[ "It was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk...
why don't engines like hot air?	Hot air is less dense than cool air is, so for a given volume and pressure, there's less air in a hot charge than in a cool one - and because the range of air:fuel ratios at which fuel vapor burns well is fairly narrow, less air means you can use less fuel, which means less power can be developed.	[ "While it is true that higher intake temperatures for internal combustion engines will ingest air of lower density, this only holds correct for static, unchanging air pressure. i.e. on a hot day, an engine will intake less oxygen per engine cycle than it would on a cold day. However, the heating of the air, while i...
what is the difference between melody and rhythm?	Rhythm is the duration and placement of notes within a certain amount of time. Melody is specific notes, set to a rhythm. Think of “Mary Had a Little Lamb”. If you play it with claps instead of words, that’s the rhythm. If you sing it, you just added the melody.	[ "In the performance arts, rhythm is the timing of events on a human scale; of musical sounds and silences that occur over time, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken language and poetry. In some performing arts, such as hip hop music, the rhythmic delivery of the lyrics is one of the most important elemen...
why are some countries like india and china so dirty despite having the wealth not to be? is it a phase?	It's a byproduct of two main factors, their large population density in major cities, which results in trash and sewage and such, and their rapid industrialization. Developing countries, as they industrialize, build a bunch of factories that are now essentially pumping contaminants and crap into the air	[ "As a developing nation, China has relatively low sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards for its agricultural goods. Corruption in the government, such as the bribery of the former head of the State Food and Drug Administration Zheng Xiaoyu, has also complicated China's regulation difficulties. Excessive pestic...
how can netflix put all kinds of cool tv shows online for less than $10/month with no commercials when cable companies charge people $75/month or more and you do have to watch commercials?	Netflix may well get more expensive, as they signed their first round of content contracts early on, when no one expected Netflix to boom. Those contracts were comparatively cheap. ([Here's a graph of how their content costs are rising fast.](_URL_1_)) They are somewhat protected now by their large number of subscriber...	[ "Networks traditionally allocate a portion of commercial time during their programs (usually totaling between five and 6½ minutes per hour, depending on the length of the program being aired, sometimes less during sporting events) to their local affiliates, which allow the local stations to generate revenue. In the...
How environmentally resilient is Ebola?	The answers given here are not correct. See this AMA for the answer: _URL_0_	[ "Another critical weakness of the concept is related to environmental resilience. According to Van Den Bergh, resilience can be considered as a global, structural stability concept, based on the idea that multiple, locally stable ecosystems can exist. Sustainability can thus be directly related to resilience. With ...
How feasible is a FULLY bionic eye?	It's feasible from the tech we have now but would require a lot of designing and engineering. The two main issues are hooking up to the optic nerve in such a way as to reliably send signals to the brain, and then sending the correct signals. We can already hook up to individual neurons for and stimulate them reliab...	[ "BULLET::::- Scientists at California's Stanford University invent a working bionic eye powered only by focused light. Though currently a prototype, the device could eventually restore the sight of millions of people suffering from eye diseases such as macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. (BBC)\n", "To ...
what are real dangers of sophisticated ai and why do scientists warn us it could pose a risk for the future of mankind?	Case 1: Too much trust: Computer programs are terrible at context and there are a lot of edge cases in real life. A self-driving car might not consider someone parachuting down from the skies. Sounds absurd, but humans would obviously stop their cars and give the parachuter plenty of room. A self-driving car might not ...	[ "The most realistic risks about the dangers of artificial intelligence are basic mistakes, breakdowns and cyberattacks, Thomas Dietterich, an expert in the field says – more so than machines that become super powerful, run amok and try to destroy the human race.\n", "It should be noted that most proponents of tak...
why we shouldn't look at welding flashes?	The real-life flashes are so bright (including ultraviolet radiation) that they can literally burn the retina (the nerves in your eye). Recordings of them are not capable of reproducing that brightness, so they're safe to watch.	[ "As with its infrared and ultraviolet radiation dangers, welding creates an intense brightness in the visible light spectrum, which may cause temporary flash blindness. Some sources state that there is no minimum safe distance for exposure to these radiation emissions without adequate eye protection.\n", "Welding...
if there was life on a planet the size of the sun, would those life forms be proportionally bigger than life on earth? how and why?	A sun-sized planet would be immensely hot, and have an absolutely crushing force of gravity at the surface. If any life at all existed there I would expect it to be very small. Those aren't exactly good conditions for the evolution of complex lifeforms.	[ "Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life usually remains simple bacteria. Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved...
why i feel sick after eating 'rich', fatty or sickly sweet foods?	Ultimately, any food you consumed is intended for use as fuel by your body. Fats are not easily converted into fuel and requires more energy to breakdown into readily available fuel(hence why we store it for later use). This process takes more of your "total energy" and makes you feel groggy, nauseous etc since the ...	[ "Taste can have a sensory impact other than curbing hunger. Sugar is a mind-altering substance that can trigger a serotonin-release and produce a craving for sweet things such as comfort foods. Comfort foods typically have a high-carbohydrate and sugar content. The extrasensory effect of food can cause it to feel l...
jewish beliefs.	Jews believe in God and the first five books of Moses. They don't believe that Jesus was the son of God or the Messiah. Jews are still waiting for their Messiah. There are 613 commandments in the bible ranging from "Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy" to "don't mix two kinds of fabric together in your clothing"...	[ "Judaism is a universalist religion due to the belief that one God created the entire universe. A further distinction has to be made however. Judaism teaches that Jews (defined as either the biological descendants of Jacob \"Israel\", the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham or someone who converted) have a specifi...
what causes a daily rise and fall in ground water levels?	Not a scientist. But I worked on rain garden and community education. I bet if your watershed is large enough it could be water accumulated from a storm days ago that has slowly made its way to you. What's the terrain like?	[ "Rapid changes in the groundwater level along a slope can also trigger landslides. This is often the case where a slope is adjacent to a water body or a river. When the water level adjacent to the slope falls rapidly the groundwater level frequently cannot dissipate quickly enough, leaving an artificially high wate...
Has time altered the way people report the holocaust?	Your actual question "Has time altered the way people report the holocaust?" is quite interesting and someone may come along to answer it. I just want to note that this: > all the gas in the camps was never used to kill people, just pests. It said that during the years we've romanticized the war so much that we're n...	[ "Contrary to the opinion that there was no serious scholarship about the Holocaust before the early 1960s, the CDJC had been active going back to the 1940s and 50s, although their efforts were little noted even by historians and were almost totally unknown to the public. The Eichmann trial in 1961 changed all that,...
why does the military use the word "click" when referring to distance? how far is it, and where did it come from?	Also, they spell it Klick (just using K for kilometer)	[ "Another posited origin is a phrase used by Australian soldiers serving in France, and considered a joking reference used between Australian infantry and American troops. It was based on the Yankee \"raspberry\" also called a \"razoo\", a blurt or mouth-sound made to sound like a fart.\n", "It is believed to come...
why is the paint i put on the thing i'm painting still wet, but the paint i got on my shirt already dry?	Your shirt is made of fabric, which absorbs moisture pretty well - better than your average wall or whatever. So when the paint hits your shirt, your shirt fairly quickly absorbs the liquid content, which is small enough that it's almost unnoticeable. The pigments and solids of the paint stay on the outside of the fa...	[ "He soon notices that the paint is spreading, and when he removes his shirt it jumps onto his skin. When he attempts to rub it off, it flows back on. He then attempts to use various chemicals to remove it, using every solvent he can find and even some of his precious rocket fuel. None of these work, so he tries a s...
- how to play blackjack?	Anything 10 or higher in the deck = 10 Aces can be either 11 or 1 Any other cards are face value (what you see is what you get) If you get A + (facecard) you have "black jack" and automatically win unless the house has the same - and that's a push so you either put all that jackpot into the next hand or you get your...	[ "Blackjack is the American variant of a globally popular banking game known as Twenty-One, whose relatives include Pontoon and Vingt-et-Un. It is a comparing card game between one or more players and a dealer, where each player in turn competes against the dealer. Players do not compete against each other. It is pl...
if you only had one gallon of gas left in your car, what would be the best way to get the furthest distance?	Your car will have an optimal speed for traveling the greatest distance per unit of gas, you would do your best to maintain as close to that speed as possible until you were out of gas. The manufactures know this speed, through internal testing and math, but its pretty irrelevant to a consumer so there is no need to t...	[ "On August 3, the DoT reported from a sample of 120,000 rebate applications already processed, that \"the average gas mileage of cars being bought was 28.3 miles per gallon, for SUVs 21.9 miles per gallon, and for trucks, 16.3 miles per gallon, all significantly higher than required to get a rebate\". Senator Susan...
what happens in our brains when we realize we've driven miles/minutes and don't even remember consciously driving them?	This happens when your subconscious mind starts handling processes that you normally control consciously. Normally, you're paying attention to the road and staying alert. When you're an experienced driver, you can pass the task of staying between the lines to your subconscious, and stop being alert for hazards. Because...	[ "The areas of the brain that have decreased activation during a moment of multitasking are areas of spatial processing and spatial attention. Because of this, it is important for drivers to focus on only the task at hand, driving. Even though driving becomes a primary cognitive function, when drivers are distracted...
why do/how can "zero/low calorie sweeteners" have sugar, specifically dextrose, in them, if they are supposed to be sugar substitutes?	Most say no or low sugar because they generalize glucose as sugar and other forms not. Also glucose is harder to metabolize than say sucrose, dextrose, fructose, lactose etc. So technically they aren't wrong but also not right. No sugar substitutes tend to use saccharin instead of a "-ose"	[ "A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a zero-calorie or low-calorie sweetener. Artificial sweeteners may be derived through manufacturing of plant extracts or processed by chemical ...
how wells work, and why well water is safe to drink	In a lot of places, the soil is saturated with water up to a certain level (elevation). If you dig a hole through this layer, that water will drain into the hole (the well) in a way that looks something like this: _URL_0_ You can't just sink a hole anywhere. It depends on the depth to the water level (water table) in ...	[ "A water well is a mechanism for bringing groundwater to the surface by drilling or digging and bringing it up to the surface with a pump or by hand using buckets or similar devices. The first historical instance of water wells was in the 52nd century BC in modern-day Austria. Today, wells are used all over the wor...
how a company like netflix works?	They purchase DVDs to rent out by mail, and license shows and movies to stream out. Subscribers pay a monthly fee for streaming and maybe DVD rental. Netflix uses this money to pay for the license fees for the streaming, and to purchase new DVDs.	[ "The company's primary business is it's subscription-based platform, which offers a library of live comedy specials (including those filmed and edited by the in-house production team), live recording tickets and discounts. It has been referred to as the \"Netflix of UK stand-up Comedy\". \n", "Netflix, Inc. () is...
how does pantone influence fashion and design? what gives them the authority to choose the color palette for the season?	They don't choose the colors fashion designers will pick, but they do provide a consistent point of reference on a given color. Instead of "light blue" I can tell you I want Blue #123 and it will be exactly what I wanted. Certain colors trend more popular for given seasons, they can compile those as a sort of guide ac...	[ "The style combines curves with straight lines to create a design that balances masculine and feminine attributes, aiming to create a comfortable and relaxing style. A lack of ornamentation and decoration with minimal accessories keeps the focus on the simplicity and sophistication of the design. Color palettes are...
How does the brain isolate a sound and focus on just a specific sound?	This is a central question in a lot of areas of hearing research, especially related to how we can comprehend speech in noisy environments (see the [Cocktail party effect](_URL_2_) for some background). At a basic level, this problem involves a couple steps. First is the task of separating the mixture of sounds that ...	[ "The auditory system also works in tandem with the neural system so that the listener is capable of spatially locating the direction from which a sound source originated. This is known as the Haas or Precedence effect and is possible due to the nature of having two ears, or auditory receptors. The difference in tim...
German Army in the 1920s - Training of the Officer Cadre	In July 1919 a certain Hans von Seeckt, already having been Chief of Staff for the Ottoman army in 1918, became the last Chief of Staff for the German Imperial army. After the general staff became illegal according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, October 1. 1919, von Seeckt was the first to become chief of th...	[ "Following the war, all German formations were analyzed by U.S. Army intelligence through interrogations of German officers. Ludwig Graf von Ingelheim assessed the 65th Division's performance as such in 1947:\n", "Many German officers served in the battalion. The first commander was Major Maximillian Bayer, who b...
What was the curriculum like in segregated public schools? Was there any freedom to deviate from white schools to have a more accurate or nuanced view of US history or civil rights?	This is a great question! The answer, like so many things in American education is basically: it depends. First, a some quick background about your question. During the colonial era, an educated man was one with a classical education. This meant, generally speaking, an intimate familiarity with Greek and/or Latin, som...	[ "Ten years after the US Supreme Court ruled in \"Brown II (1955)\" for school racial integration with \"all deliberate speed,\" many school districts in states with school segregation gave their students the right to choose between white and black schools, independently of their race. In practice, most schools rema...
Is there a standard way to represent DNA in a computer (e.g. 1 codon per byte)?	Strings. (No, they're not memory-efficient, but you don't have to write custom functions for reading/writing to them.)	[ "Four-byte identifiers are useful because they can be made up of four human-readable characters with mnemonic qualities, while still fitting in the four-byte memory space typically allocated for integers in 32-bit systems (although endian issues may make them less readable). Thus, the codes can be used efficiently ...
I work for the Kingston Historical Society in Ontario, Canada. This artifact was donated to us. What is it?	Definitely a scale as HistGeek1 said. And it looks very much like [this E Whitfield hanging beam scale](_URL_3_). I found a few other examples of similar scales: [Scale 1](_URL_1_) [Scale 2](_URL_0_) [Scale 3](_URL_2_) The descriptions suggest that these scales were used largely for tobacco and/or cotton. I don'...	[ "The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a major museum for world culture and natural history. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art consists of more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. T...
why do people say they will treat bombs as a terrorist attack until proven otherwise? isn't a bombing in nature an act of terrorism regardless of who did it?	Generally speaking, terrorism refers to violence with ideological motivations: political, religious, etc. Although bomb attacks usually are ideological in nature, they don't by definition have to be. Someone can commit a bombing for non-ideological reasons (maybe the bomb is an attempt to murder someone with whom the...	[ "Many activities treated as bomb threats do not explicitly state an intent to set off an explosive; nevertheless, they convey through context or action that a threat is being made. Some actions may indicate an intent to bomb, such as parking a truck outside an abortion clinic, after a similar bombing made by the sa...
Why do people say there is a connection between music and mathematics?	Music is structure with soul, and math is the study of structure! ... but music is felt so intuitively that it can seem a bit far-fetched to say that it's really deeply connected to something academic like mathematics. But really, even in a musicologically "simple" piece like a folk song with just the basic I-IV-V ch...	[ "Music theorists sometimes use mathematics to understand music, and although music has no axiomatic foundation in modern mathematics, mathematics is \"the basis of sound\" and sound itself \"in its musical aspects... exhibits a remarkable array of number properties\", simply because nature itself \"is amazingly mat...
Dear AskHistorians I am really interested in Urbanization can you lead me to books or articles that can give me more insight into what leads to urbanization, what are the results of urbanization and anything else on the topic of Urbanization?	Well, if you haven't read Jane Jacobs, that's a must.	[ "Zukin's research and publications focus on cities, how they change and why, culture (especially consumer culture) and real estate markets, particularly in New York City. Her books trace how cities have been reshaped through deindustrialization, gentrification, and immigration. She also writes about the rise of the...
Which one provides more energy? Protein or Carbohydrate?	Both protein and carbohydrates have about the same available energy density, 4 kCal/g, but protein metabolism tends to be slower because the body holds onto amino acids for its own protein synthesis and only breaks them down as an energy source when other sources are low. Different amino acids are introduced into the ...	[ "Carbohydrates, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are energy storing molecules. The simplest one of carbohydrates is glucose, CHO, is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate, which supplies cells with energy.\n", "Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in organisms for meta...
My parents are convinced that they need to start drinking ionized water because they say it balances your pH. Is there any science behind the benefits of drinking ionized water or high pH water?	It's nonsense. See this post from a little while ago _URL_0_ It certainly won't increase the pH of you're body. The pH of your body is tightly controlled to be at the optimum pH for all your enzymes. Even if it did somehow raise your pH it wouldn't be good for you. In fact if it's raised enough you will die.	[ "There is no empirical evidence to support these claims, nor the claims that drinking ionized water will have a noticeable effect on the body. Drinking ionized water or alkaline water does not alter the body's pH due to acid-base homeostasis. Additionally, many have inaccurately claimed that the process of electrol...
how do wasps build nests?	Queen chews on the wood, mixing it with saliva, turning it into paper like pulp. Once she chooses a location, helper drones arrange pulp into hexagonal tubes.	[ "These wasps build their nests in hollowed branches or in other natural cavities, often reusing the nests of other species. Then they line the inside with grass fragments or other plant fibers (hence the name of 'Grass-carrying wasps').\n", "Mason wasps create nests with mud, constructing one or more separate cha...
If the Higgs' Boson is proven to be a particle/field that gives a particle mass, does mass then become a vector quanitity?	> And if mass does become a vector quantity, do we have to re-work everything? You should have known that the answer to that question would definitely be no. The Higgs model was created to explain what we observe, including that mass is a scalar quantity. Any theory that explains mass must include within itself the ...	[ "It is worth noting that the Higgs field does not \"create\" mass out of nothing (which would violate the law of conservation of energy), nor is the Higgs field responsible for the mass of all particles. For example, approximately 99% of the mass of baryons (composite particles such as the proton and neutron), is d...
What is this?	Yes, shelled cephalopods. Predatory mollusks similar to the nautilus. The picture that you showed is of a fossil ammonite. These particular ones are among the most abundant fossils on Earth. Many (like the one in the picture) are found in metamorphosed calcite, e.g. marble, and are often used for interior decorating a...	[ "Made of layered felt. This piece is a large, white sphere that is meant to represent the world. The pieces composition is meant to represent the world falling apart. This can be seen through the way the land masses begin to fall south and jumble together.\n", "The focal point of the square is a sculpture by Engl...
What to study to show an "in depth knowledge of" modern China. x-post r/china	"The Search for Modern China" by Jonathan Spence is the classic text for an intro to modern chinese history.	[ "The journal publishes summarized descriptions of excavations across China, but more recently research articles have also been included. Following cultural heritage laws, the work of foreigners on China must first be published in Chinese, and so \"Kaogu\" is also the main repository of data on international joint r...
the blind spot while driving motor vehicles	Just have a friend walk around your car and notice that they will leave your peripheral vision before they appear in any of the mirrors. The exact size and shape of the blind spot depends on the size, shape, and positioning of your mirror.	[ "The vehicle blind spot is an area outside the vehicle which cannot be seen by the driver from the driver's seat. Each person will have a different blind spot, and cannot see other cars within that area. To reduce the occurrence of crashes related to blind spots, numerous companies have developed technologies that ...
Could a nuclear reactor operate in space?	Yes. Many, many spacecraft and rovers have used RTGs. They are nuclear but not technically nuclear reactors because they use passive decay heat instead of sustaining a chain reaction. The United States demonstrated an ultra-compact nuclear reactor with the [SNAP program](_URL_0_). The Soviet Union also launched sever...	[ "Feasible current, or near-term fission reactor designs can generate up to 2.2 kW per kilogram of reactor mass. Without any payload, such a reactor could drive a photon rocket at nearly 10 m/s² (10\"g\"; see \"g\"-force). This could perhaps provide interplanetary spaceflight capability from Earth orbit. Nuclear fus...
how come we don't spend more research or exposure investigating ufos?	A true UFO does not mean aliens. You can bet yer ass the US investigates what other country is illegally using our airspace. Otherwise, there's a good chance that it was a government craft being tested, so of course it isn't investigated.	[ "Almost no scientific papers about UFOs have been published in peer-reviewed journals. There was, in the past, some debate in the scientific community about whether any scientific investigation into UFO sightings is warranted with the general conclusion being that the phenomenon was not worthy of serious investigat...
reality doesn't exist until we can measure it	The most common interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - the Copenhagen Interpretation - states, that the wave function of a system only collapses into a defined state when it is being measured. Before that, the wavefunction is a in a superposition of classically mutually exclusive states. To understand what this means, ...	[ "Realism in physics (especially quantum mechanics) is the claim that the world is in some sense mind-independent: that even if the results of a possible measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer (contrary to the \"consciousness causes colla...
why can't we just breed tiny fish babies en masse and dump them in the ocean to solve overfishing?	Everything you say is reasonable until you get to the "Assuming that someone is willing to pay for all this." It would be expensive for the government or whatever organization did that and with the cost passed along to the consumer, prices of fish would put people off from buying them. "Have marine authorities enfo...	[ "The fishing down the food web is something that occurs when overfishing arises. Once all larger fish are caught, the fisherman will start to fish the smaller individuals, which would lead to more fish needing to be caught to keep up with demand. This decreases fish populations, as well as genetic diversity of the ...
[Physics] Why doesn't a superconducting wire gain infinite current?	Ohm's law V=RI doesn't always hold. It fails in many situations; one of these is superconductors. The basic idea of Ohm's law is that electrons scatter randomly with the conductor. (More precisely, exactly what feature of the conductor and what kind of scattering depends on the temperature). In a superconductor quant...	[ "In a perfect conductor with no resistance (a superconductor), surface eddy currents exactly cancel the field inside the conductor, so no magnetic field penetrates the conductor. Since no energy is lost in resistance, eddy currents created when a magnet is brought near the conductor persist even after the magnet is...
Why did Mongolia achieve independence so easily whereas other independence movements in China (Tibet, East Turkestan, Outer Mongolia) have failed?	Minor correction in your title: Outer Mongolia is Mongolia. Inner Mongolia is the province in China.	[ "After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the Republic of China was established and Mongolia declared its independence after more than 200 years of Qing dynasty rule. During this period, the Beiyang government as the successor to the Qing claimed Mongolia as Chinese territory, but lacked any stable control over ...
why do we have both cities and counties? what purpose does this serve?	Counties are political subdivisions of a state. The are there to provide varying degrees of local governance within the state. Cities are governmental entities where people in a certain area want additional services, and form a government to do that. There are things that cities do that counties don't. Everyone is in...	[ "Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, which may or may not be the county seat. Some of the world's larger cities culturally, if not officially, span several counties, and those crossing state or provincial boundaries have much in common culturally as well, but are rarely incorporated withi...
why can't necrosis kill tumors?	My first thought is: killing cancer cells isn't a problem - killing them while keeping normal cells intact is the real challenge.	[ "The vast majority of the tumors of the heart have a benign course and are not directly fatal. However, even the benign tumors of the heart can be lethal due to either direct extension into the electrical conduction system of the heart (causing complete heart block or a fatal dysrhythmia), or due to emboli from the...
how much influence do large banks have on government laws, and why?	Anyone with large amounts of money can have influence. You can't specifically say "Vote for this law and I'll give you a bunch of money" but you can make large contributions to the politicians campaign funds or let them know that after their political career is done that they have a really good chance of having a high...	[ "As described by Gresham's Law, soon bad money from state banks drove out the new, good money; the government imposed a 10% tax on state bank bills, forcing most banks to convert to national banks. By 1865, there were already 1,500 national banks. In 1870, 1,638 national banks stood against only 325 state banks. Th...
does the infrastructure difference between downtown and the suburbs change weather patterns in the area?	Absolutely. Alot of urban and downtown infrastructure generates alot of heat. NYC literally has underground steam pipes pumping hot steam around. Blacktop roads also contribute to heat patterns, and of course dense urban roads cause more contributing than sparse rural roads. And not to mention the cars on those road...	[ "Several factors influence the urban climate, including city size, the morphology of the city, land-use configuration, and the geographic setting (such as relief, elevation, and regional climate). Some of the differences between urban and rural climates include air quality, wind patterns, and changes in rainfall pa...
Why is Cornwall considered a different cultural group than the English? And what historical roots does this division have?	Cornwall is viewed as one of the rare Celtic holdouts on the Atlantic fringe, resisting assimilation more or less successfully. In fact, it was late to be recognized by the International Celtic Congress because the Cornish language had sunk to an extinct or nearly extinct status by the before the twentieth century. Sti...	[ "The culture of Cornwall () forms part of the culture of the United Kingdom, but has distinct customs, traditions and peculiarities. Cornwall has many strong local traditions. After many years of decline, Cornish culture has undergone a strong revival, and many groups exist to promote Cornwall's culture and languag...
why do we have such a hard time quitting smal unnecessary habbits, like biting nails or cracking our knuckels?	their small so you tend not to notice yourself doing it most of the time and it's more of an impulse.	[ "Cribbing is often used in the repair of heavy equipment or farm equipment. Subassemblies that have been disconnected are supported by cribbing until reassembly. In such work, cribbing is often safer than jack stands because it is less likely to tip over. And if the metal parts bite into the wood, this helps to kee...
"The claim that life expectancy in ancient times was only 30 is only true if you include infant mortality." How true is this statement?	There are no comprehensive demographic records from the ancient world. Much information has been lost, but also the kind of information we want was never kept. What we can glean from census data, city and army sizes, literary anecdotes, tombstone inscriptions, and skeletal remains, is not enough to get at a reliable pi...	[ "Another critical factor for such an estimate is the question of pre-modern infant mortality rates; these figures are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records. Haub (1995) estimates that around 40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday. Haub a...

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