question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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how hookworms can penetrate the skin to infect a human host? | If you're small enough, you can burrow *around* the neurons and get in undetected. Nerve cells are relatively large and have a "web" of sensory lobes. If you don't irritate enough of those lobes quickly enough, it won't signal.
Hookworm larve are so small that they can usually wriggle past the sensors without trippi... | [
"The hookworm parasite, found only in warm, moist climates where human feces contaminated with hookworm larvae has been left in places where it might come into contact with human skin, can burrow through a bare human foot (or any part of the body that comes into contact with it). However, as the parasite tends to o... |
if there is a correlation between more weight and heart disease why is it, seemingly, only considered detrimental if you increase your weight due to fat but considered healthy if you increase your weight due to muscle? | The correlation between heart disease and weight is specific to being fat and therefore weighing more not being very muscular and weighing more due to that. Also, it is relatively easy to gain 100 pound of fat as opposed to 100 pounds of muscles which is nearly impossible.
The stress on the heart isn't really due to w... | [
"Excessive gain in body weight contributes to the metabolic syndrome, which may include elevated fasting blood sugar (or glucose), resistance to the action of insulin, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol) or decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol), and elevated blood pressure. Although ob... |
why do drums sound so much louder through cars and walls, even if it is the same volume as the rest of the music? | Low frequency sound (such as drums/bass) is attenuated less by solid structure (or even plain old air) and thus can travel more efficiently (or further), making it sound louder through a barrier/at a distance.
Fun fact, elephants communicate over vast distances using very [low frequency sound for just this reason.](_... | [
"Several factors determine the sound a drum produces, including the type, shape and construction of the drum shell, the type of drum heads it has, and the tension of these drumheads. Different drum sounds have different uses in music. For example, the modern Tom-tom drum. A jazz drummer may want drums that are high... |
What exactly is the difference between nuclear fuel used for power generation vs bombs and why does fission cause only heat generation in one but an explosion in the other? | The differences are in the way they are designed, and the enrichment of the fuel.
Lets talk about bombs first. Nuclear bombs utilize very high enrichment fuel ( > 90%). Nuclear bombs are designed such that when they are assembled into a critical mass, the goal is for them to go prompt critical, then release as much en... | [
"By contrast, most chemical oxidation reactions (such as burning coal or TNT) release at most a few eV per event. So, nuclear fuel contains at least ten million times more usable energy per unit mass than does chemical fuel. The energy of nuclear fission is released as kinetic energy of the fission products and fra... |
Before cars were in invented, was "Horse-riding Under the Influence" a thing? | **Yes on all three counts.**
For an example, allow me to present you [with this short item](_URL_1_) from the April 30, 1887 issue of the *New York Times.*
> CHICAGO, April 29.--James Howard, a muscular young man, was sent out yesterday afternoon to break a young saddle horse for a Mr. Davis, of Wells-street. Howard... | [
"Before the popularity of automobiles increased, primarily in the United States of America, seeing someone riding in a horse-drawn buggy, or atop a horse on the roadway was fairly common. It was, in fact the primary form of transportation until automobiles took over in the early nineteen hundreds. Horses were the f... |
principal & interest (car loans) | It all goes toward interest. The only things rolled into most personal loans are principal and interest.
Technically, the bank applies your payments to the interest first and anything left over is applied toward your principal. This is why paying extra (if you can) is almost always a good idea; every extra dollar you ... | [
"A commercial and industrial loan (C&I loan) is a loan to a business rather than a loan to an individual consumer. These short-term loans may have an interest rate based on the LIBOR rate or prime rate and are secured by collateral owned by the business requesting the loan.\n",
"The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is a... |
how does not washing your hands cause more mold to grow on bread? | Bread is good food that bad stuff likes. Bad stuff is all over the place, including on your hands. The inside of the bread bag, and the bread, start out clean without any bad stuff. Washing your hands before opening and reaching into the bread bag reduces the amount of bad stuff that you leave behind in the bag. The mo... | [
"\"Penicillium\" moulds cause soft rot such as of apples, while \"Aspergillus\" moulds create patches on the surface of old bread, yoghurt and many other foods. Yeasts spoil sugary foods such as plums and jams, fermenting the sugars to alcohol. Scientific understanding of spoilage began in the 19th century with wor... |
Is there a biological/cognitive reason that people will ignore advice of experts? | you might want to look into the Kruger-Dunning effect, whereby ignorant people underestimate their ineptitude and lack the tools to realise how inept theyr are. | [
"Advice-taking and advice-giving are of interest to researchers in the disciplines of psychology, economics, judgment and decision-making, organizational behavior and human resources, and human communication, among others.\n",
"Advice from an advisor can be either solicited (the judge seeks out input) or unsolici... |
when and why did it become normal for the us to mock the french, considering that france is america's oldest ally? | It seems to have come from the fact they got invaded and occupied during WW2. A lot of the French military was out of the country and continued to fight against the Axis but France itself was forced to surrender.
It's a pretty unfair stereotype as nobody was really prepared for just how dangerous Germany was and the ... | [
"French–American relations refers to the diplomatic, social, economic and cultural relations between France and the United States since 1776. France was the first ally of the new United States. The 1778 treaty and military support proved decisive in the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary Wa... |
Does the body prioritize healing larger injuries first over smaller injuries like scrapes or cuts? | No. Your body can't tell.
The cells and tissues around your knee will detect the damage nearby and will start their healing process. The cells and tissues of the skin on your arm will do the same. To some extent they will affect each other, for example by both activating similar parts of the immune system, but that i... | [
"In recent years, advances have been made in accelerating healing of chronic wounds and ulcers. Chronic wounds produce fewer growth hormones than necessary for healing tissue, and healing may be accelerated by replacing or stimulating growth factors while controlling the formation of other substances that work agai... |
I have noticed that when alcohol is mixed into soda, the carbonation is retained longer than by soda alone, with more lacing/foam on the sides of the glass. Why is this? | It might just be observer bias but..,
There have been studies (which unfortunately are not free access unless you're in a university campus) which show that carbon dioxide is much more soluble in ethanol (drinking alcohol) than in water and in mixtures they form an intermediate solubility.
It might be that bubbles are... | [
"Alcohols such as ethanol are often used rather than water. Alcohols have low viscosity and surface tension, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference from the glass surface. Alcohols also have a much wider liquid temperature range, and won't break the vial a... |
Did Mart Luther King hate black culture and ebonics? | What podcast is this exactly? I'd like to listen to the context. | [
"During the early 1960s, he was a leader of the Albany Movement, demonstrating for civil rights such as desegregation of buses and public facilities, and for employment of blacks in businesses that they patronized. He led boycotts of places to achieve these goals. King was severely beaten by police and faced many t... |
how codecs interact with video players or other programs | Your player only uses the codecs that are needed to decode the audio/video. If your player gets a file and says "Ah, this file is encoded using H264 video and Mpeg 3 audio, it looks at the codecs registered and checks to see if one of them will handle one or both of those needs. If so, then the player plays using the... | [
"Special software can use the video stream from a webcam to assist or enhance a user's control of applications and games. Video features, including faces, shapes, models and colors can be observed and tracked to produce a corresponding form of control. For example, the position of a single light source can be track... |
Is there Arab historian who explains the history regarding creation of Israel and affairs of surrounding Arab nations? | Quick note: Most of those sources are not the only ones I use, and are not the only ones I have access to. They're really just ones I chose to quote from. I have books upon books from all over the spectrum. To answer your question, yes, there are Arab historians who write on the conflict. They tend to be further from t... | [
"Elie Rekhess (אלי רכס) (born 1945, Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli scholar of political history of the Arabs in Israel; Islamic resurgence in Israel; the West Bank and Gaza and Palestinian affairs. He serves as Crown Visiting Professor in Israel Studies at Northwestern University affiliated with the Department of His... |
What is considered the "point of no return" for the Byzantine empire? | While it was a progressive fall, there were a few moments that could be considered the 'point of no return'. But considering each of these is spread hundreds of years apart, it just goes to show the Byzantines died a very slow death.
First of all, the [Battle of Manzikert](_URL_1_) between the Seljuk Turks and the By... | [
"The end of the Byzantine Empire did not seem inevitable to contemporaries. As late as 1444, a mere nine years before the Fall of Constantinople, there were high hopes that the Turks would be driven out of Europe. The Byzantines that pinned their dreams of restoration on the West had hoped that they could reap the ... |
What happens in an aftershock of an earthquake? | In terms of the effect of an aftershock, it is exactly the same as the main shock or any other earthquake. That is to say, there is nothing about what we measure on a seismometer that distinguishes it from any other earthquake. An aftershock is an aftershock if it is smaller than the main shock and occurs within a spec... | [
"The \"Earthquake\" event is an 8.3 earthquake inside a soundstage, designed to make it look like a San Francisco subway station. They have a hot set; a hot set is a stage in which various props stay in use and cannot be moved. The attraction features a gimbal which allows it to shake the tram, a burning gasoline t... |
Do rainbows look different depending on the time of the day? | They are at different angles (they always circle the sun and the spot opposite it) and I suppose if the sun is lower in the sky so the atmosphere filters out more of the higher frequency light so it will be dimmer towards the blue side, but other than that time of day doesn't matter. The rainbow and double rainbow have... | [
"Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind the observer at a low altitude angle. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen wh... |
What was the hygiene and self-grooming habits of Ancient Egyptians like? | The *Tale of Sinuhe* provides a very helpful description of bathing and grooming in ancient Egypt. At this point in the story, Sinuhe, a high-ranking Egyptian official, has just returned to Egypt from self-imposed exile in Canaan, and the king has welcomed him with open arms. Translation from Lichtheim's *Ancient Egypt... | [
"The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene and appearance. Most bathed in the Nile and used a pasty soap made from animal fat and chalk. Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness; perfumes and aromatic ointments covered bad odors and soothed skin. Clothing was made from simple linen sheets that wer... |
Why do old fashioned projectors show 1 whole image? | The frames are simply images on a moving strip of film, but the image isn't projected continuously.
The projector has a [shutter](_URL_1_) and [intermittent mechanism](_URL_0_), so you don't actually see anything while the frames are transitioning. The actual process for the frame would be
1) Advance frame
2) Open S... | [
"An image dissector is a camera tube that creates an \"electron image\" of a scene from photocathode emissions (electrons) which pass through a scanning aperture to an anode, which serves as an electron detector. Among the first to design such a device were German inventors Max Dieckmann and Rudolf Hell, who had ti... |
why do the middle east and the indian subcontinent have such a high diversity for religions? | A better question is why does Europe and the Americas have a single dominant religion? Christians have been (historically) much less tolerant of minority religions. Up until modern times, the middle east and India were very tolerant of others. Minorities were certainly discriminated against, don't get me wrong, but ... | [
"India has a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious society living together. The subcontinent's long and diverse history has given it a unique eclectic culture. It is often associated with spirituality. Thanks to its history of both indigenous and foreign influences - like the ancient Indian religions (Bud... |
how hong kong could leave china? | War china will attack if they attempt to leave already stated they haven't ruled out forcing Taiwan to submit by force. | [
"BULLET::::- Practicality: Hong Kong is a territory surrounded by China and lacks natural resources. It currently relies on China in terms of food, water and electricity supplies and it is claimed that Hong Kong will not be able to be self-sufficient without China. The Beijing government's zero tolerance on any sec... |
what happens to a human inside a nuclear explosion? | If you are within the blast radius and unsheltered then you vaporize. It is an enormous amount of heat and pressure. To be fair this can happen with any sufficiently strong bomb, the danger of a nuclear explosion (other than size of the bomb) is the radiation that follows it. That is a much slower process.
But yes if ... | [
"Exposure may occur from nuclear fallout when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are compromised. During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to extensive contamination of food, land, and water. In th... |
is music in film/tv was actually made for it specifically? what process is followed for composing it? | The answer is: both. Many (maybe even most?) productions have original music composed for them. However, lots of shows/films also license specific pre-existing songs for their work if they want to include them. | [
"When creating the music for \"The X-Files\" film, Snow had a couple of months to write and to produce the music while he also created the music for the television show. The first film marked the first time the music for the franchise was composed and recorded with help from an orchestra. According to Snow, the rec... |
why do sports video games lag so much more than video games such as gta5 or first person shooters? | The term "lag" has a couple of meanings.
- Network (latency) Lag: This is the original meaning of the phrase. This is caused when it takes a long time for the client (your computer or console) to communicate with the server (the game service or host). Games usually lag here because either the main server is slow (if i... | [
"Lag due to network delay is in contrast often less of a problem. Though more common, the actual effects are generally smaller, and it is possible to compensate for these types of delays. Without any form of lag compensation, the clients will notice that the game responds only a short time after an action is perfor... |
What language did Victorian European rulers speak when together? | I'm not sure about which language was used all the time, but since you mentioned George, Wilhelm and Nickolas, I believe this is relevant:
Before the outbreak of WWI, Wilhelm of Germany and Nikolas of Russia sent eachother a series of very polite telegrams basically trying to talk eachother out of this whole war busin... | [
"As of the 2016 census, 27.8% of Victorians speak a language other than English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (3.2%), Italian (1.9%), Greek (1.9%), Vietnamese (1.7%), and Arabic (1.3%).\n",
"Prior to European colonisation, there were hundreds of Aboriginal languages, taught in a trad... |
What was pagan (500-600 AD) Arabic society like? Besides the incense and spice trade. | I like this question and want to add one. To what extent did pagan beliefs persist after Islam was spreading and what happened to those who resisted? | [
"A thriving community of Jewish tribes existed in pre-Islamic Arabia and included both sedentary and nomadic communities. Jews had migrated into Arabia from Roman times onwards. Arabian Jews spoke Arabic as well as Hebrew and Aramaic and had contact with Jewish religious centers in Babylonia and Palestine. The Yeme... |
how can pulling one smalle piece of skin out from beside the nail hurt for so long? | Think about all of the touching and feeling we do with our fingertips- you can sense hot and cold, pick up a tiny pin or gently touch a baby bird- we have extensive nerve endings in our finger tips.
These abundant nerve endings are why injuries in the same area are so painful.
Be aware that picking at hangnails is... | [
"Trauma to the nail can cause the nail plate to be torn from the nail bed. Unlike other types of avulsion, when a nail is lost, it is not typically reattached. Following the loss of the nail, the nail bed forms a germinal layer which hardens as the cells acquire keratin and becomes a new nail. Until this layer has ... |
obama's fiscal record | There isn't an unbiased article. Determining how good Obama's fiscal record is requires determining what counts as a fiscal record and what counts as *his* fiscal record; both of those are political questions with no unbiased answer. | [
"In terms of the budget legacy passed to his successor President Obama, CBO forecast in January 2009 that the deficit that year would be $1.2 trillion, assuming the continuation of Bush policies. From a policy perspective, the long-term deficit legacy depended significantly on whether the Bush tax cuts were allowed... |
fans blowing cold air. | This is a pretty common question, though you did a good job phrasing it. Try using the search function first next time. I personally think that the best answers are in [this thread](_URL_0_), just make sure you scroll past my comment because I was being overly simple. | [
"A fan heater, also called a blow heater, is a heater that works by using a fan to pass air over a heat source (e.g. a heating element). This heats up the air, which then leaves the heater, warming up the surrounding room. They can heat an enclosed space such as a room faster than a heater without fan, but, like an... |
Did the American Civil War have any impact on European military theory? | Not to discourage other responses, but [this thread](_URL_1_) discusses whether Europeans were brought over to help command American troops, and [this thread](_URL_0_) discusses what, if any, impact the war had on military leadership in WWI. | [
"In comparison with traditional historical analysis of 20th-century European conflicts, the utility of the \"civil war\" concept has not been demonstrated. , the construct of a continental European \"civil war\" in the period has not yet completely explained the geographic coverage, the multiple causes of the subse... |
Why don't we have Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors? | [Here is an answer](_URL_0_) from our resident Molten Salt Reactor expert!
EDIT: I've attached their response here. Please follow the link above and upvote ZeroCool1 for their effort!
----
**ZeroCool1**
First of all, I suggest everyone read this: [_URL_1_](_URL_1_)
Four problems with the MSR
-Uses ultra expensive ... | [
"In contrast to uranium, naturally occurring thorium is effectively mononuclidic and contains no fissile isotopes; fissile material, generally , or plutonium, must be added to achieve criticality. This, along with the high sintering temperature necessary to make thorium-dioxide fuel, complicates fuel fabrication. O... |
Do tree rings always correspond to a year? | Forest ecology PhD student here. Only tree species found in temperate regions with extreme annual fluctuations in climate have rings that reliably correspond to a year. This is because trees grow rapidly in warm weather and very little in cold. Tropical species largely do not have rings at all due to the relatively con... | [
"Direct reading of tree ring chronologies is a complex science, for several reasons. First, contrary to the single-ring-per-year paradigm, alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid-summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. In addition, particular tree-species may present \"m... |
How were various countries able to stay neutral during WWII? | What? Sweden did not send troops.
All neutral countries that were invaded were invaded by the Germans (Norway only narrowly though, as the Allied invasion force already was on its way when the Germans invaded) because the Germans had strategic aims that required them to invade said countries.
Let's go through the min... | [
"During World War II, the neutral powers took no official side, hoping to avoid attack. However, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland all helped the Allies by supplying \"voluntary\" brigades to the United Kingdom, while Spain avoided the Allies in favor of the Axis. Ireland generally favoured the Allied side, as with... |
How is it the chain across Constantinople's harbour was so effective? | The chain was anchored to specially designed towers on both sides of the horn the [tower of Christ](_URL_0_) was the anchor point on the northern shore during the siege of 1453, I've never seen a direct reference to the other anchor point so I do not know what that one was (not to be confused with the older tower on th... | [
"The first harbour to be built in Constantinople's area during the time when it was the city-state of Byzantium lay on the Golden Horn, at the entrance of the Bosporus, in the angle formed by the sea and the end of Byzantium's walls, corresponding with the future Byzantine quarter named \"\"ta Eugeniou\"\" () after... |
why is it that drinking ice cold water doesn’t feel like as much of a shock than if you were to pour ice cold water over your head? | Mouth is inside of your body and more desensitized to temperature extremes. For example, you may be able to drink a hot coffee that would feel too hot to put your hand in.
Also, your head and feet are responsible for regulating the majority of your body temperature. This is why you can become quickly overheated in a ... | [
"Cold shock response is the physiological response of organisms to sudden cold, especially cold water, and is a common cause of death from immersion in very cold water, such as by falling through thin ice. The immediate shock of the cold causes involuntary inhalation, which if underwater can result in drowning. The... |
why do we think media coverage of mass shootings encourage more mass shootings, but violent movies and video games have no effect or even discourage it? | The theory is that a person would do something terrible, knowing that even though they will die, they will always be remembered, because the news will make them famous.
Movies and video games don't make regular people famous, unless it's a documentary. | [
"Studies of mass shootings have, likewise, provided no evidence for links with violent video games. A 2002 report from the US Secret Service found that school shooters appeared to consume relatively low levels of violent media. Some criminologists have specifically referred to claims linking violent video games to ... |
why is heathrow's expansion such a controversial issue? | I think this video series ([part one](_URL_0_) and [part two](_URL_1_)) will answer your question! The guy is entertaining too. He starts with the history of London's airports and goes into potential future plans, including talk about how Heathrow compares to other 'hub' airports around Europe. | [
"There are a number of proposals for expanding airport capacity for London including expansion of London Heathrow Airport and expansion of Gatwick Airport. The principal argument in favour of airport expansion is to support economic growth in the UK by providing an international hub for air-transport links to fast-... |
Did Lawyers from the Middle Ages existed in places such as England, France and HRE? | So law. It is a fundamental feature of the modern world in so many ways. Particularly in the western world we have an idea of "The Law" as a somewhat rigid and omnipresent substratum to society. We have an expectation that the law will be applied equally to members of society, even if in practice this is never the c... | [
"In Western Europe, the legal profession went into decline during the Dark Ages, re-emerging during the 12th and 13th centuries in the form of experts on canon law. The profession started to be regulated and to extend its reach to civil as well as ecclesiastical law.\n",
"In New York City at first, legal practiti... |
what happens to the civilians of a town or city during a foreign invasion? | It's illegal under the Geneva Conventions to kill civilians unless they are combatants. Most will seek refuge somewhere else, but the invading army usually tries to make the transfer of power as quickly as possible. The less disruptive the war is to their daily lives the less likely they are to revolt. | [
"Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population: execution of local inhabitants, whether known to be guerrillas or not, or destruction (usually by burning) of homes and other structures.\n",
"U.S. attacks into the countryside often included scorched earth campaigns ... |
Is there any evidence that the "Carrots improve night vision" story was taken seriously by the Luftwaffe? | The story about carrots, in particular connected with "Cat's Eyes" Cunningham, was more aimed at a domestic audience that as a serious disinformation campaign. The World Carrot Museum has [some correspondence from the RAF museum] (_URL_0_):
> "Whether or not the Ministry of Food were responsible for the original sto... | [
"The provitamin A beta-carotene from carrots does not actually help people to see in the dark unless they suffer from vitamin A deficiency. This myth was propaganda used by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War to explain why their pilots had improved success during night air battles, but was actually use... |
why batteries placed next to each other need to have their ends swapped. | When using multiple batteries, you're generally going to use them in series (with the positive terminal of one battery connected to the negative terminal of the next battery), rather than in parallel.
Having batteries in series adds their voltages together, whereas having them in parallel allows for more current draw ... | [
"Most modern hot-swap methods use a specialized connector with staggered pins, so that certain pins are certain to be connected before others. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground. The other pin... |
serotonin is the hormone what makes us happy, so why aren't we just injecting it into our body/taking it as tablets to get out of misery on command? | Hormones like serotonin are like ingredients in a recipe. You need them to be in the right balance for a dish to work.
Imagine serotonin as sugar, if used sparingly, you would enjoy it as a glaze or sauce in your entrees and finish your meal with a sweeter dessert. If you dumped a container of sugar on every dish of y... | [
"In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions ... |
Did Native Americans ever come across washed-up junk and artifacts from across the ocean? | This subject has always really intrigued me. There was an American "treasure hunter" by the name of [Robert Marx who claimed to have found a Roman shipwreck off Rio de Janeiro](_URL_0_) back in the early 1980's. The alleged wreck contained dozens of amphorae, many of which were salvaged by Marx and other local divers. ... | [
"More recently, a 1996 archeological study by the College of William and Mary revealed Native American artifacts dating back to the 15th century. More than 10,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly pottery sherds of the \"wrapped-cord type\" common among local indigenous people. While the ancient village site is prot... |
Do flowers produce pollen when they're not planted, i.e. if they're in water in a vase? | All species of angiosperms (flowering plants) have reproductive capabilities, and therefore have pollen. This is true of all cut flowers, as well. If the flower is present, the plant is ready for reproduction. The thing is, there are a wide variety of mechanisms for plants to reproduce. Many angiosperms are anemophilic... | [
"In \"Caltha palustris\" up to two hundred seeds may be produced by each flower. When the follicles open, they form a \"splash cup\". When a raindrop hits one at the right angle, the walls are shaped such that the seeds are expelled. The seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they ... |
Has the human gestation period always been approx. 9 months through history? | It depends on how far back you want to go. Compared to ~~mammals~~ other primates, human gestation time is ~~considerably shorter~~ roughly comparable, but our young are born more immature than our counterparts. One theory for there's trade off between hip changes due to humans walking upward with the size of human sku... | [
"Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human pregnancy. This is close to the average number of days between the \"first missed\" menstrual period and birth, unlike Naegele's rule which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the \"last\" menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that midwives ... |
why does comcast give out great offers to those who do not use their service/ left them; but does not give benefit to those staying with them? | You essentially answered the question. If you are with Comcast, paying Comcast, they have no reason to give you anything. What could they get from it? They instead use resources to try to get new customers and win back old ones, as those represent new sources of income. | [
"The network is accessible free for everybody who wants to use it. This is possible because there are no expenses of any importance, as the volunteers who build and maintain the network do not receive any payment for their contribution and the materials needed were donated. \n",
"Comcast occasionally lobbies agai... |
Why does SiO2 form a giant covalent structure, while CO2 forms a non-polar linear molecule? | Because it's in the next period, silicon has larger and more diffuse valence orbitals. The overlap between its p orbitals and those of the oxygen atom is less than in carbon, and so it forms a weaker pi (double) bond. The lower energy state for it then is to form four single bonds to oxygen atoms, and create this netwo... | [
"Nucleophilic addition reactions of nucleophiles with electrophilic double or triple bond (π bonds) create a new carbon center with two additional single, or σ, bonds. Addition of a nucleophile to carbon–heteroatom double or triple bonds such as C=O or -C≡N show great variety. These types of bonds are polar (have a... |
can animals be left or right side preferred (or similar)? or due to their frequent and more relied upon mouths or beaks, are they typically ambidextrous? | “Sidedness has been found in all vertebrate groups in which it’s been studied—horses, cats, rodents, reptiles, different fish species, to name a few—just to different extents,” says Ruth Byrne, a biologist from the University of Vienna, Austria.
Behavioral Lateralization is quite common in nature. Many frogs are r... | [
"It is normal for essentially symmetric animals to show some measure of asymmetry. Usually in humans the left brain is structured differently to the right; the heart is positioned towards the left; and the right hand functions better than the left hand. The scale-eating cichlid \"Perissodus microlepis\" develops le... |
If you released a globe of a carbonated liquid in a weightless environment, would the bubbles stay inside it? | Maybe [this](_URL_0_) will help. Basically there is no buoyancy so bubbles have no reason to go anywhere in particular. When you get enough bubbles (end of the video) they might push each other to the surface and pop. | [
"A floating object will seek the highest point of the membrane and thus will find its way to either the center or the edge. A similar argument explains why bubbles on surfaces attract each other: a single bubble raises the liquid level locally causing other bubbles in the area to be attracted to it. Dense objects, ... |
why is sexism regularly upvoted to the front page, while racism is prohibited and looked down upon? what's the difference? | This is such a terrible question for this subreddit. Do you really want someone to explain this to you like you're five or do you just want to argue about sexism? | [
"Ending this second-generation gender bias is hard because men and women alike do not realize discrimination is taking place, or deny that it is occurring. Because this problem is over-looked so frequently, it is not recognized as a major problem in many workplaces. One example of a solution could be as easy as usi... |
Are there solar systems of stars, where a supermassive star has a group of smaller stars revolving around it? | Even large stars don't have ridiculous masses, so all of the stars end up orbiting each other, so it won't be quite like a solar system with one in the middle. One of the largest and heaviest stars is UY Scuti, its about 1,700x as large as the sun, but only about 32x heavier so if you put it and the the sun in a syste... | [
"A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. A large number of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a \"star cluster\" or \"galaxy\", although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems. Star systems are not to be confused with pl... |
what exactly is the process of leather tanning? why is it necessary? | Tanning is a process that alters the protein structure of the skin using specific acids. It makes the material tougher and less susceptible to decomposing. That’s why we can have leather products without it rotting like regular skin. | [
"Tanning is the process that converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material that can putrefy wh... |
how do you count beats and bars? | Think of it as mathematics - the time signature tells you how many of what notes you can have in a bar. For instance, a 4/4 signature means this section or piece of music should have 4 quarter notes in a bar, whereas a 6/8 signature means 6 eighth notes in a bar.
Just in case it wasn't clear, notes have values, so 2 q... | [
"In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of time corresponding to a specific number of beats in which each beat is represented by a particular note value and the boundaries of the bar are indicated by vertical bar lines. Dividing music into bars provides regular reference points to pinpoint locations w... |
What is the defining difference between moons and planets when in a Co-orbital configuration? | There's no strict definition, but one of the more popular ones is whether the barycentre (centre of mass) falls above or below the surface of the larger object. Said differently, whether the two bodies orbit a point within the planet or a point in the space between them. | [
"Most regular moons (natural satellites following relatively close and prograde orbits with small orbital inclination and eccentricity) in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. The only known exception is Satur... |
I'm an heir to the throne/lands/titles in Medieval Europe, but I've been in exile for 10 years presumed dead. How would I attempt to prove my lineage? | I'll give you the closest example I can think of from Norwegian (and norse) history, though the person I'll be talking about, Olav II / Olav den Hellige, was not presumed dead and had not been in exile for 10 years.
Olav den Hellige (Olav the Holy) had for many years worked to unite Norway and change the religion in N... | [
"In 1057, the childless king of England, Edmund Ironside's half-brother Edward the Confessor, who had only recently become aware that his nephew was still alive, summoned Edward back to England with his family to take up his place at court as heir to the throne. The returning exile died in uncertain circumstances s... |
the coming cavendish banana extinction | First: they are not going extinct. That is an embellishment. However, they are in trouble.
It is called "Panama Disease," and it is caused by a hearty fungus that cannot be treated, spreads rapidly, and can lay dormant in soil. Even soil on a boot can transmit it to a new area. In the 1950's and 1960's it destroyed th... | [
"While in no danger of outright extinction, the most common edible banana cultivar Cavendish (extremely popular in Europe and the Americas) could become unviable for large-scale cultivation in the next 10–20 years. Its predecessor 'Gros Michel', discovered in the 1820s, suffered this fate. Like almost all bananas, ... |
When you boil water to make it safe to drink, is it the act of boiling or the temperature that makes it safe? | The high temperature is what kills the bacteria (such as bacteria that will make us sick) in the water, making it safe to drink. So boiling at higher elevations may not get the temperature high enough to kill the bacteria. | [
"BULLET::::1. Boiling: Bringing water to its boiling point (about 100 °C or 212 F at sea level), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestine related diseases, but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. For human health, complete sterilization of water is not req... |
how does a pharmaceutical company come up with new drugs? do they just try various chemicals on animals until something shows promise, or is there an approach that's more "targeted" than that? |
There are generally 2 main methods of drug discovery. In the first, you figure out a way to test new chemicals in a chemical method (like does compound X kill bacteria at very loe concentrations and not kill human cells at all). There is a large amount of testing done, and then it is moved to an animal model (usual... | [
"The organisation launched a second campaign in April 2015 to stop animal experiments involving recreational drugs including cocaine, ecstasy and nicotine at universities including Cambridge and Cardiff. The Animal Justice Project claimed it was \"an injustice that the UK Government continues to plough money into a... |
Can all mathematical operations be chalked up as complex systems of addition operations? | No!
As an example of a valid mathematical operation that can't be chalked up as a complex system of addition consider the operation the takes a number between 1 and 26 and returns the letter whose place in the alphabet corresponds to that number.
As another example. Consider the operation that take an positive inte... | [
"Algebraic operations work in the same way as arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation. and are applied to algebraic variables and terms. Multiplication symbols are usually omitted, and implied when there is no space between two variables or terms, or when a ... |
how do they “freeze off fat”? | A device is applied directly to the fat deposit and intense cold is used to kill the fat cells. The dead fat cells are processed like other body wastes and pass out through the digestive tract. Note that this is not the same way that fat is processed when you exercise. | [
"The company developed a medical device to remove fat using a process called cryolipolysis, which it branded as \"CoolSculpting\". The device works by pulling a piece of flesh between two paddles, which cool it to below freezing and hold the temperature there for a half hour or so. Afterwards the flesh is frozen an... |
Overall, would it be more efficient to compost all eligible paper waste than to recycle it? | > I would also think that composting paper waste would produce useful or profitable soil.
Not profitable, only marginally useful. Paper is extremely low in plant nutrients, it is basically cellulose. While fungi break down paper, they need an external source of nitrogen and phosphrous, which are two of the three p... | [
"There are a number of ways to reduce waste in sustainable living. Two methods to reduce paper waste are canceling junk mail like credit card and insurance offers and direct mail marketing and changing monthly paper statements to paperless emails. Junk mail alone accounted for 1.72 million tons of landfill waste in... |
how does a law on paper become enforced? | People are employed to make sure others are complying with relevant laws. These people are known as law enforcement. | [
"The responsibility before the law rests only on the responsible publisher of a newspaper and only on the author of a book, with secondary rules only for such cases as books with an anonymous or an unknown author. It is not possible to take legal action against i.e. reporters, sources, distributors or printers beca... |
what causes that horrible screeching feedback sound when a microphone gets too close to a speaker? | It's an audio loop. A tiny sound from the microphone comes out of the speaker just a bit louder and gets picked up by the microphone, which sends it back to the speaker. | [
"In audio systems, if a microphone is placed close to a loudspeaker, parasitic oscillations may occur. This is caused by positive feedback, from amplifier's output to loudspeaker to sound waves, and back via the microphone to the amplifier input. See Audio feedback.\n",
"Acoustic feedback is the most widespread o... |
how do trees know which way is up? | 1) Geotropism, They feel the pull of gravity and send shoots the other way while their roots grow towards the pull of gravity.
2) Phototropism, The tree senses sunlight and grows towards it. There's a fascinating system in plants where a specific hormone is produced in the presence of direct sunlight that causes plant... | [
"BULLET::::2. Identifying the tree as movement. The movement includes the flow of the juices through the veins of the tree, the breathing of the leaves, the roots sucking the water, the never-ending activities between the tree and earth and air, and the growth of the tree.\n",
"When the tree is about 1 to 1.5 met... |
Why aren't savoury pies a thing in America. | I can't really give a good "why" answer to this, but I can give a "when" answer. In the early Federal period in United States, common cookery as fundamentally similar to the English foods of the late 18th and very earliest 19th century -- savory pies, lots of pottages, breads, and meats are mostly roasted or boiled.
... | [
"During the broadcast, Ryan's pie was identified as a key lime pie. However, it was made with ordinary limes rather than key limes, and thus was not a key lime pie. Moreover, the pies described as American-style were actually tarts. American pies are baked in a smooth, slant sides pie pan, not the fluted tart pans ... |
why are house in america built so hollow with drywall and light wood, whereas homes in other countries like india, houses tend to be built with cement and brick? which is stronger? | In states like California, the wooden homes can withstand earthquakes (and is cheaper than the other earthquake code approved material, steel reinforced concrete) because they're flexible and can bend a bit.
So what homes are made of is going to depend on where you are.
Are you on Long Island in New York? The houses... | [
"Wooden homes have always been popular in North America, due to the large quantity of timber available in North America. In the United States, several companies including Sears Catalog Homes began offering mail-order kit homes between 1902 and 1910. In the United Kingdom, more than 156,000 prefabricated homes were ... |
what caused the iconic old dial up internet tone from the 90s? did someone design that sound digitally or is that some sort of analog tone generated from hardware? | If you've ever gotten a call from a fax machine, it'll sound familiar.
That's the actual audio being send through the phone lines, being used to encode the data that on each end, gets turned back into a digital signal. | [
"In the late 1970s, telephone engineers were attempting to create technology with sufficient performance to enable digital touch-tone dialing. Existing digital signal processing solutions required over a hundred chips and consumed significant amounts of power. Intel responded to this potential market by introducing... |
What brought an end to the Christian on Christian violence in Europe that started with the reformation | Basically, an unmatched glut of violence brought an end to the (explicitly) internecine violence. Something to consider is that Christian-on-Christian violence did not begin with the Reformation—the Albigensian Crusade of the early 13th century and the Hussite Wars of the 15th are examples of serious military exercises... | [
"The Reformation led to a long period of warfare and communal violence between Catholic and Protestant factions, leading to massacres and forced suppression of the alternative views by the dominant faction in much of Europe.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Christian Reformation of the 16th century CE was an attempt to insti... |
why is it that when you go for a run you don't feel hungry for ages afterwards? even if you were hungry prior to exercise. | It is a process your body undergoes called vascular shunting. While you are running, you release adrenaline, which causes your body to 'focus' on its aerobic processes. Digestion is quite energy intensive so blood that would go to digesting food, is diverted to other places of greater need, e.g legs to break down lacti... | [
"\"\"We are having a particularly hungry period and [I] can quite truthfully say that our mouths water, and that we 'slaver' as dogs do before meals. Some of us find it advisable to rise slowly after lying down, as due to malnutrition, any rapid movement is apt to cause dizziness or even a black-out ... one morning... |
How was the U.S. army supplied when it traveled through U.S. territories or wilderness in the days before railroads? | I don't know about Jacksons travels, but during the Indian Campaigns they would often have supplies sent from large forts with established supply routes.
These wagon trains were often protected by the Calvary and Regular Army, in order to keep the Native Americans and bandits from stealing supplies. This is also the wa... | [
"The depot was used by the Army to store and distribute supplies for all military posts in Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Texas during the Indian War period. A six-month supply of clothing, food, ammunition, and other goods was stored at the depot at all times. Supplies were brought from California by ocean ... |
Why did Scottish Highlander settlers in North Carolina stay loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution? | Hi u/Kintpuash-of-Kush! In case you're still interesting in knowing more about this topic, I'm going to link a question I recently answered: ["Can historians link the American Revolution to the battle of Culloden?"](_URL_0_) , where I discuss the loyalty of the Scottish colonists and their motivations. Here are some hi... | [
"During the American Revolution, many Highland regiments were raised in Scotland, and rarely one of them was formed that did not consist of a MacLean or a Maclaine. The period of colonization before the Revolution saw many Maclaines and MacLeans settle in the sandhills of eastern North Carolina, and these settlers ... |
all the steps a washing machine uses to wash clothes | Let's not get carried away with the different rotations, even though they are chosen to agitate the clothes depending on their durability and wear profiles.
Most cycles vary the heat applied. This matters. The temperature is usually governed by either drawing already heated water, or cold water that must be heated. In... | [
"A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a home appliance used to wash laundry. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses) or ultrasonic cleaners. The user adds laundry... |
schizophrenia | The best I can do is a description from my best bud's younger brother who is schizophrenic:
"You know how when you're dreaming, and stuff seems perfectly normal, but it's actually wacked out shit like whispering doorknobs and smoke that tastes like ink, and strawberry chickens, and all the books want you to read them... | [
"Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior, strange speech, and a decreased ability to understand reality. Other symptoms may include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices that do not exist, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation.... |
i get that computers perform calculations in binary using transistors for ones and zeros. but, how does it translate from my keystrokes, to calculations, to visible things on my screen? | Okay so your issue is a disconnect between 1/0 on a processor level and high level stuff like videogames and the internet?
I'll try to break down how software in general works, though this is really hard to do in a really easy to understand fashion. I hope I'm given some leeway by the experts for some oversimplificati... | [
"Even when designers used a binary system, they still had many odd ideas. Some used sign-magnitude arithmetic (-1 = 10001), or ones' complement (-1 = 11110), rather than modern two's complement arithmetic (-1 = 11111). Most computers used six-bit character sets because they adequately encoded Hollerith punched card... |
Mardi Gras: How did the bared breasts for beads tradition get started? | This tradition is newer than you might think, probably dating to the 1970s.
New Orleans's Mardi Gras celebrations centered on the French Quarter, the city's historic district, in the early twentieth century. The area had become unfashionable, as the wealthy old families moved out to get away from the immigrants moving... | [
"Beads used on Mardis Gras (known as Shrove Tuesday in some regions) are gold, purple and green, with these three colors containing the Christian symbolism of power, justice and faith, respectively. Traditionally, Mardis Gras beads were manufactured in Japan and Czech Republic, although many are now imported from m... |
What was the atmosphere like in 1945 Berlin? | If you want a good visual representation of post-war 1945 Berlin - and, just as well, if you can understand German - check out the film *Die Mörder sind unter uns* (The Murderers are Among Us). Cool flick, had to watch it for my German History through Film class. It was actually filmed in 1946 amongst the ruins of Be... | [
"The historical backdrop of the air disaster was the intensifying clash over the future of Berlin and Germany. At the end of World War II, the Allied Powers agreed to divide and occupy Germany, including the capital Berlin. Through a series of agreements it was decided to divide Germany and Berlin into four sectors... |
why, in the english language, is it incorrect to say "me, my dad, and my sister" and correct to say "my dad, my sister, and i"? | It isn't incorrect to say "me, my dad, and my sister" when you're all the objects of a sentence.
For example:
"This house belongs to me, my dad, and my sister." is more correct than "This house belongs to my dad, my sister, and I". You wouldn't say "This house belongs to I".
However, it is even *more* correct to sa... | [
"However, in the first sentence, \"whom I already knew\" refers only to the mother; in the second, it refers to both parents; and in the third, as in the English sentence, it could refer either only to the mother, or to both parents.\n",
"In \"Me/We\" the father of a family speaks about his family in a monologue ... |
Can anyone explain "spooky action at a distance" to me? | Edit: The following is a basic experiment that demonstrates entanglement going beyond classical plausibility and apparently necessitating some kind of spooky action at a distance. To be clear, there is of course more to entanglement than this and some aspects are glossed over.
Lets take a basic entanglement experiment... | [
"BULLET::::- Motion parallax – When an observer moves, the apparent relative motion of several stationary objects against a background gives hints about their relative distance. If information about the direction and velocity of movement is known, motion parallax can provide absolute depth information. This effect ... |
Which Communist government that rose up in Europe after WW2 was the most "successful" or was popular with the people for the longest? | It might be my personal or professional bias, but I'd say Yugoslavia. There are few things that can back up that assertion. First, Yugoslav communist party was not installed by the Soviets, but came to power through successful national liberation struggle. While first post-war elections at the end of 1945 were not demo... | [
"The immediate post-1945 period may have been the historical high point for the popularity of communist ideology. The burdens the Red Army and the Soviet Union endured had earned it massive respect which, had it been fully exploited by Joseph Stalin, had a good chance of resulting in a communist Europe. Communist p... |
the controversy over the ending of mass effect 3 | This is the main reason why people are upset. **Fair warning thar be spoilers ahead.**
.
.
.
In a series like Mass Effect, the choices you made in previous installments are emphasized because they affect the outcome of the events in newer games. In Mass Effect 2, characters mention missions and outcomes from Mass ... | [
"The ending of \"Mass Effect\" 3 was poorly received by fans, who felt that it did not meet expectations. Critics noted that the ending rendered character choices inconsequential; a general lack of closure; lore contradictions and plot holes; character and narrative inconsistencies; the absence of a final boss batt... |
in monopoly why does it feel like people hit certain places more than others? | Because that is in fact what's happening. How far you move in Monopoly is determined by rolling dice, and rolling dice do not evenly distribute every possible number. For example, by rolling two die, you cannot ever move 1 space, and there is only one way for you to move 2 spaces, but there are 5 ways for you to move 6... | [
"\"Wired\" magazine believes \"Monopoly\" is a poorly designed game. Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains, \"Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust. It's a very negative experience. It's all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money.\"\n",
"Gameplay ... |
vowel sounds | Great question! And you chose two great sounds to play with!
What I'd like you to do is pay attention to your tongue. Can you feel it in your mouth? How would you describe your tongue while making an "Ah" sounds (as in father or palm)? Low? Back? Down? Now try "eeeee" (as in fleece) and tell me how you would describ... | [
"Exact pronunciation of the vowel sound of depends also on the succeeding sound due to allophony in Slavic languages. Before a soft consonant it is , the near-open front unrounded vowel – like in 'bat'. If a hard consonant follows , or none, then the result is an open vowel, usually [] – like in French 'la'.\n",
... |
If the Crab Nebula is 6,523 light years away, how can scientist know it was a supernova that created it only 1,000 years ago? Would we need another 5,523 years for the light to reach us to even know it happened? | It blew up (6,523 + 1,000) years ago.
1,000 years ago when Chinese astronomers observed it, they observed it as it blew up 6,523 from before then.
When we look at the Crab Nebula now we are looking at images 1,000 years after the super nova that have taken 6,523 light years to get here. | [
"Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the ... |
why do some new books look like the publisher cut the pages with a weed whacker before gluing and binding them, and shipping them out to stores? | It's an aesthetic choice by the publisher. The cut pages are more pleasant to handle and evoke older printing techniques where we didn't have the ability to precisely cut paper.
It's just a style thing.
**Edit:** There is some really great info in the replies to my comment which expand on what I said. Very much worth... | [
"If the replacement is made before publication, the book can exist in two states (i.e. with and without the new leaf). If after sale, from a new leaf supplied by the binder to the purchaser, it is termed an \"alternative issue\".\n",
"POD books are rarely if ever available on such terms because for the publishing... |
in HBO Rome Lucius Vorenus takes over something called the aventine collegium then all the gangs in the City have to treat him as their leader. what is the aventine collegium? | As far as I am aware there is no such thing as a *collegium Aventinum*. The moniker does not seem to make much sense. *Collegia*, the voluntary citizen associations (as Bendlin calls them) of the Roman world, frequently had a territorial aspect, but not one such as this. Our information for *collegia* is rather scant, ... | [
"Giorgio De Stefano (; born 27 November 1948) is an Italian criminal and a member of the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, a Mafia-type criminal organisation in Calabria. He belongs to the De Stefano 'ndrina, based in the Archi neighbourhood in the city of Reggio Calabria, and is a cousin of the historical boss Paolo De Ste... |
Do trans people's brains actually resemble the brains of their experienced gender? Where does transexuality come from? | I posted [this article](_URL_2_) that was published late last year in a similar thread yesterday. It's a case report of a male with psychosis-induced gender dysphoria. They treated with antipsychotics and resolved the GD.
The full paper is fascinating. The man was given constant brain scans during treatment. They link... | [
"Cantor has written that transsexuality is a phenomenon of the brain, stating that MRI research has verified the Blanchard theory of there being two different kinds of male-to-female transsexuals. One of these types (called \"homosexual transsexuals\") have brains like gay men, which are mostly male with some featu... |
Should genocide before modern times be considered genocide? Isn't that presentism? | How we label certain social, political, or cultural phenomena matters a great deal; labeling gives meaning and understanding, and it also gives power. We can see this very clearly in my area of expertise—terrorism—where almost all state definitions of the subject do not consider any terroristic acts committed by state... | [
"It has also been argued that genocide has occurred during the modern era with the ongoing destruction of the Jivaro, Yanomami and other tribes. Over 80 indigenous tribes disappeared between 1900 and 1957, and of a population of over one million during this period 80% had been killed through deculturalization, dise... |
Genetic Predisposition to types of music/culture? | Well, it is true that people are genetically predisposed to prefer certain types of music, according to [this study of twins.](_URL_0_)
I am highly dubious that this can explain why East Asians like East Asian music. There is simply not very much genetic variation between human populations. The variation within pop... | [
"Many studies on the cognitive and biological origins of music are centered on the question of what defines music. Can birdsong, the song structure of humpback whales, a Thai elephant orchestra, or the interlocking duets of Gibbons be considered music? This is now generally seen as a pitfall. In trying to answer th... |
Could I get mitochondrial cancer? | Uncontrolled mitochondrial proliferation can and does occur. It is not cancer as mentioned below, because it only affects specific cells and those cells do not replicate. Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers is depicted in the first examples on this page:
_URL_0_
Also, disease states that result in [overexpressi... | [
"Cancer can result from disruption of normal morphogenesis, including both tumor formation and tumor metastasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in increased cancer risk due to disturbed morphogen signaling.\n",
"Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial... |
With so many history books on the market, what are some ways an amateur historian can distinguish between which ones are credible or not? | Your best bet would be first to make sure that the book comes from an academic publisher (Oxford, Cambridge, Yale, or any other university press, along with other non-university academic publishers like Palgrave MacMillman and Routledge). Looking only for academic presses can be limiting, though. There are many, many g... | [
"Sometimes provenance can be as simple as a photograph of the item with its original owner. Simple yet definitive documentation such as that can increase its value by an order of magnitude, but only if the owner was of high renown. Many items that were sold at auction have gone far past their estimates because of a... |
What are the main differences between Byzantium and Western Europe? | Especially in the later Byzantine period, this question simply cannot be answered without reference to Greek Orthodox Christianity. After the official split in 1054, most of the following four centuries were rife with abortive attempts to piece the church back together.
Even as Constantinople was on the brink of destr... | [
"As the only stable long-term state in Europe during the Middle Ages, Byzantium isolated Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East. Constantly under attack, it distanced Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. From a different perspective, since the 7th century, ... |
does math exist in nature like other sciences such as chemistry and biology? | Your question presumes that chemistry and biology "exist in nature". They don't.
Chemistry and biology and the other sciences are our human method for understanding nature. They are basically just are math applied to a specific area. For example, chemistry is just the shape, charge, etc of molecules, described in num... | [
"The mathematical sciences are a group of areas of study that includes, in addition to mathematics, those academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.\n",
"The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not alwa... |
Why are Greeks not predominantly Muslim today considering how long they were ruled by the Ottoman Empire? | The simple answer is that the Republic of Turkey and the Kingdom of Greece decided in 1923 to proceed to a mutual ethnic cleansing through the Laussane Treaty which 1,5 million Greek Christians were expelled from Turkey and 0,5million Muslim Turks from Greece. This explains why Greece _today_ is fully Christian with th... | [
"As a rule, the Ottomans did not require the Greeks to become Muslims, although many did so on a superficial level in order to avert the socioeconomic hardships of Ottoman rule or because of the alleged corruption of the Greek clergy. The regions of Greece which had the largest concentrations of Ottoman Greek Musli... |
why do timers tell you to turn past a certain time and then back to the time you want? | Some dials, especially on older machine are not fully aligned and/or loose, such that you you may not be completely turning the dial to the required time. For instance, turning it to 20 may in fact only put it at 16 if it's loose. (the first bit of the turn would be only tightening the handle back up). By turning furth... | [
"The main function of a timer is to keep an output on for a specific length of time. A good example of this is a garage light, where you want power to be cut off after 2 minutes so as to give someone time to go into the house. The three different types of timers that are commonly used are a Delay-OFF, a Delay-ON, a... |
why do coal, iron and other minerals always form in seams rather than being evenly distributed throughout the rock? | For coal, the explanation is fairly simple: coal is compressed organic matter (wood and ferns, really), and it can only form where, in the past, there were large areas of forest which a) lasted for a long time, b) had the right climate conditions to preserve the wood (this usually means swamps, which are cold and wet a... | [
"Because coal usually exists in multiple geologically stratified seams, miners can often repeat the blasting process to mine over a dozen seams on a single mountain, increasing the mine depth each time. This can result in a vertical descent of hundreds of extra feet into the earth.\n",
"Most seamounts are built b... |
Were Gauls, Picts, Goths, Lombards, all tribes/nations considered to be barbarians to Greeks and Romans, really unorganized rabbles in battler like is claimed? | Claimed by whom? Ancient writers? Modern pop culture? The Gauls certainly were not, and pretty much no writer who actually knew anything about them described them as such. Caesar praises various Gallic armies for their discipline and order--the wildness and disorder of the Britons is brought up as a contrast with the G... | [
"Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of \"barbarians\" on the Roman frontier: weather and crops, population pressure, a \"primeval urge\" to push into the Mediterranean or the \"domino effect\" of the Huns falling upon the Goths who, in turn, pushed other Germanic tribes before them. ... |
the suspension of uk parliament my prime minister boris johnson has been ruled unlawful by the supreme court. what’s going to happen now? | According to the Supreme Justice ruling, the advice given to the Queen, and therefore the order that was given based on said advice are null and void, and did not take effect. The Royal Commissioners, when they walked into the houses of Lords and Commons with the orders from the Queen, were effectively carrying blank p... | [
"In May 2019, she ordered former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson to appear in court to face allegations that he lied to the public during the 2016 Brexit referendum campaign.\n",
"In Ball v Johnson, Marcus J. Ball brought a crowdfunded case against the MP and Vote Leave chair... |
u.s. treasury designates china as a currency manipulator —- what it mean? how does it mean regular americans, or other countries? | In simple terms - the Chinese are using policies that make their currency "weaker" than it should be. This makes their exports cheaper to the outside world while making imports more expensive on a relative scale. In other words, Chinese companies have an easy time selling to the US while US companies find it hard to ... | [
"Most of China's foreign-exchange reserves are held in U.S. dollar-denominated financial assets such as U.S. Treasury securities. Since 2008, when it overtook Japan in this respect, China is the largest foreign owner of U.S. Treasury securities, accounting for about 22 percent of all U.S. Treasuries held by non-Ame... |
when making security questions for password recovery, why don't they let you write your own question? wouldn't that be significantly safer? | Not really.
Imagine your average user - their password is probably "12345" or "password," and they probably have the same password everywhere.
Now, imagine if that guy could write his own question. "What is 123?" Or "MY PASSWORD IS PASSWORD?"
There is very little the site could do to protect people from simply givin... | [
"BULLET::::- Similarly, demanding that users never write down their passwords may be unrealistic and lead users to choose weak ones (or cause a lot of inconvenience when users forget their password). An alternative is to suggest keeping written passwords in a secure place, such as a safe or an encrypted master file... |
What are some of the consequences of human skull elongation? | Please everyone: If you make a top level comment, do not make jokes and make sure to cite your material. No more alien jokes please, they will just get deleted as soon as they are made. | [
"If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then premature fusion of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. There are two possible deformities that can be caused by the premature closure of the coronal suture: \n",
"The cranial malformations are the most apparent effects of acrocephalosynda... |
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