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Glowing metals from the photoelectric effect?	My guess is that the textbook is trying to say that both effects are related to the quantization of light. The blackbody catastrophe was averted by quantizing the photon (in other words by postulating that photons are physical particles), and the photoelectric effect can most simply be explained by the quantization of...	[ "In the photoelectric effect, it was observed that shining a light on certain metals would lead to an electric current in a circuit. Presumably, the light was knocking electrons out of the metal, causing current to flow. However, using the case of potassium as an example, it was also observed that while a dim blue ...
What caused the Kingdom of the Lombards to go from being stable to being conquered in a short span of time?	You might be thinking of the Ostrogoths and the first Kingdom of Italy. The Lombards are the gold standard of not having their shit together, but not all of it was their fault. Although the Ostrogoths had been given lands in Pannonia in exchange for the defense of the upper Danube, the eastern emperor Zeno came to th...	[ "The Lombard kingdom was overthrown in 774 by Charlemagne and his Frankish armies, becoming a prized part of the Carolingian Empire. The affirmation of large landownership from the eighth/ninth centuries accelerated the process of land reclamation and intensified land use, transforming the landscape of the Po Valle...
how do blind people determine their sexual preferences?	There's the voice, gendered patterns of behaviour, and the possibly instinctive knowledge that you don't enjoy taking it up the backside.	[ "One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found t...
How dark/bright is our full moon compared to other moons in the solar system?	Compared to other moons in our solar system, our Luna is much larger than average. [Here](_URL_0_) is a pretty good reference for moon data. Using size as the metric, Titan would be the brightest if it were transplanted to Earth orbit. As to reflectivity of each moon, that could change the results of your query. But, y...	[ "However, the low light levels at such a great distance from the sun ensure that the moons appear very dim; the brightest, Ariel, would shine only at magnitude −7.4, more than 100 times dimmer than the moon as seen from Earth. Meanwhile, the outer large moon Oberon would be only as bright as magnitude −4.9, about t...
Human languages evolve and change over time. Is there any indication that the same is true of animal languages?	The only other animal that has been demonstrated to show the ability to vocalize complex and novel concepts vocally is the crow. We don't know anything about the languages (or even if you could call it a language) and dialects of crows, how complex they are, what kind of syntax they use (if they even have a syntax), w...	[ "There are many competing theories of how language might have evolved, if indeed it is an evolutionary adaptation. They stem from the belief that language development could result from an adaptation, an exaptation, or a by-product. Genetics also influence the study of the evolution of language. It has been speculat...
how big would all excess co2 be if removed? how hard would it be to remove this stuff?	Since CO2 is normally a gas, which can occupy various volumes depending on what pressure and temperature it's at. Or even condensed into a solid such as dry ice. A football field is an example of surface area. As another poster said, human release of CO2 into the atmosphere is 33 gigatons in terms of weight. It's a f...	[ "A more significant limitation comes from plasma damage to low-k materials. The extent of damage is typically 20 nm thick, but can also go up to about 100 nm. The damage sensitivity is expected to get worse as the low-k materials become more porous. For comparison, the atomic radius of an unconstrained silicon is 0...
Why does water from a glass jug in the fridge always seem colder than water from a plastic jug in the same fridge?	Have you done blind taste tests?	[ "Metal water bottles can be heavier than their plastic counterparts and readily transfer temperature of contents to external surfaces, which makes them unsuitable for use with unusually hot or cold liquids. Double-walled stainless steel bottles are insulated to keep cold liquids cold and hot liquids hot, without th...
"Mini Ice Age" Megathread — Ask your questions here!	How credible is this, that is, is there a consensus agreeing with this among_ solar scientists?	[ "\"Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure\" is a live arena ice show that combines ice skating, aerial arts, puppetry and film, and tells a new story based on the first three \"Ice Age\" films. The plot begins with baby mammoth Peaches being kidnapped by an evil hawk-like creature called Shadow. Her father Manny sets of...
external validity vs internal validity in terms of scientific method	When you do a experiment, your experiment is usually encompassed but a much larger problem it seeks to address. In other words, you're hoping that your experiment can generalize to a bigger picture. An externally valid experiment does a good job generalizing to the bigger picture you claim it to. Within an experiment,...	[ "Internal validity is the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study. It is one of the most important properties of scientific studies, and is an important concept in reasoning about evidence more generally. Internal validity is determined b...
if omega 3 dha is essential for brain function and i don't have it in diet, how come my brain is still working?	From memory, my understanding isn't so much that we don't get enough Omega-3, but that the balance between Omega-3 and Omega-6. Both are fairly common in many foods, so we generally tend to get enough of each for our body's needs, but most people's diet contains a far higher proportion of O6 than is healthy, meani...	[ "Recent clinical and laboratory research by neurosurgeon Julian Bailes, M.D., and his colleagues from West Virginia University, has resulted in papers showing that dietary supplementation with omega-3 DHA offers protection against the biochemical brain damage that occurs after a traumatic injury. Rats given DHA pri...
why can't you do a square root of a negative number?	Actually, you can, but the concept is often too advanced to teach when you're first learning about square roots. It helps to have a knowledge of algebra under your belt first. The square root of a negative number is something called an imaginary number. If you want to learn about the basics, [read *A Visual, Intuiti...	[ "No square root can be taken of a negative number within the system of real numbers, because squares of all real numbers are non-negative. The lack of real square roots for the negative numbers can be used to expand the real number system to the complex numbers, by postulating the imaginary unit , which is one of t...
what is the difference between engineering and design?	Engineering is about function, and as such is a subset of design. Aesthetics are also part of design, but don't constitute engineering.	[ "In engineering, design is a component of the engineering process. Many overlapping methods and processes can be seen when comparing Product design, Industrial design and Engineering. The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as: \"\"To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent,\"\" and \"\"To formulate a plan\...
I know about Koko the Gorilla lying to his handlers and saying his kitten tore the sink off of the wall, but do animals (in the wild or in captivity) ever lie to each other in similar ways?	Yes! [Certain birds](_URL_1_) have alarm calls for predators. This is great for the group--if one bird sees a leopard on the ground, he will sound the alarm and the group will flee. However, with significant frequency, a bird will sound the alarm when no threat is noted. Why? To scatter the other birds, making it mu...	[ "Koko: A Talking Gorilla () is a 1978 documentary directed by Barbet Schroeder that focuses on Francine Patterson and her work with Koko, the gorilla Patterson claims to have taught to communicate with humans using symbols taken from American Sign Language. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at ...
why is it so easy to see in windows at night but not during the day?	Light from inside makes it easier to see when its dark outside, this is because of our focus ability in our retnas.	[ "People usually use nightlights for the sense of security which having a light on provides, or to relieve fear of the dark, especially in young children. Nightlights are also useful to the general public by revealing the general layout of a room without requiring a major light to be switched on, for avoiding trippi...
how do nuclear explosion tests affect the atmosphere?	When a Nuclear Explosion occurs on or near the ground, a massive amount of dust is thrown up into the sky, moreover, this is dust that recently underwent a nuclear explosion. The Dust itself blocks out sunlight, which can lead to a temporary Nuclear Winter if enough explosions happen at once, due to high-altitude dust...	[ "BULLET::::- Atmospheric testing designates explosions that take place in the atmosphere. Generally these have occurred as devices detonated on towers, balloons, barges, islands, or dropped from airplanes, and also those only buried far enough to intentionally create a surface-breaking crater. The United States, th...
what makes villain songs sound sinister and evil? why does certain music evoke specific emotions in our mind?	To put it simply, western music typically falls into two categories, Major scale (happy) and Minor scale (sad or dark etc). The scale depends on what notes are used and vice versa. So "villian" music is typically written in minor. This combined with social norms and possibly some neurological or evolutionary reactions ...	[ "Simon Frith (2004, p. 17-9) argues that, \"'bad music' is a necessary concept for musical pleasure, for musical aesthetics.\" He distinguishes two common kinds of bad music: the Worst Records Ever Made type, which include \"Tracks which are clearly incompetent musically; made by singers who can't sing, players who...
what is a metabolic rate and how do i find out mine?	The Basal Metabolic Rate is an estimate of the amount of calories you burn in a day when doing 0 activity. It's an estimate based on a number of factors. _URL_1_ This calculator helps you get a baseline. There are more accurate calculations that can be done with more data, but this suffices for most purposes. To get...	[ "According to ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, estimating metabolic rates is complex, and for levels above 2 or 3 met – especially if there are various ways of performing such activities – the accuracy is low. Therefore, the Standard is not applicable for activities with an average level higher than 2 met. Met valu...
why are plug points made differently i.e plugs in the us are flat pins while in india they are round pins	Because the first company to make the plugs made them that way. They sold the plugs and the outlets. If you wanted your device to plug into their outlet, you had to use the shape. If you wanted to market an outlet that can accept the plugs that devices are using, you had to use that shape. More and more inter...	[ "One of the reasons behind the adoption of that particular design was that it was cheap to make, with the flat pins being able to be easily stamped out of sheet brass, in contrast to round pins or thicker rectangular ones used in other countries. This was also a consideration when the Chinese authorities officially...
when your sick with a cold why do symptoms like sneezing and runny nose seem to stop when you're sleeping but start again as soon as you wake up?	Being deeply asleep is a vulnerable time for your airway. It's best for the body not to pump pints of mucus into the throat and mouth as you auto breathe in deep sleep. It makes sense for the body to shut these mechanisms off as you sleep to protect your breathing.	[ "The infection occurs mostly in children under the age of one when they are unimmunized, or children with faded immunity, normally around the ages 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. The patient becomes most contagious during the...
Which planetary body in our solar system would be the best candidate for human colonisation?	Mars would probably be the only planet (some of the moons of the larger planets might be good too). First of all, gaseous planets are out of the question so that leaves us with three choices (namely Venus, mercury and mars). Then, warming up a planet that's too cold (by terraforming using greenhouse gases) is much ea...	[ "Star systems have at most five colonizable planets, and a few have none. Players can colonize all solid planet types, while gas giants and asteroids can be made habitable with the planet construction technology. Colonizable planets vary in several ways, making some more desirable than others:\n", "Bodies in the ...
why does a car under a carport not accumulate dew in the morning?	Because the carport protects your car from cooling down quicker than objects around them. The dew or ice builds quicker on surrounding structures than on the car, partially protected under the car port.	[ "Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces, in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground, such as grass, leaves, railings, car roofs, and bridges.\n", "Even summer can have its problems. A light rain shower following a long period of dry weathe...
In the making of black and white movies, were props actually colored or grey?	It depends on the circumstances and the production. Specific shades or colours would sometimes be used because they would read better with particular types of film (This is especially common later, in television, because early television cameras had really odd colour properties). Sometimes sets would be painted in blac...	[ "The film noir influence on the series' artwork is seen in its use of shadow and stark backgrounds. Black and white are the sole colors most of the time, with exception of red, yellow, blue, and pink, of which limited use is made in some stories to draw attention to particular characters.\n", "The film imitates t...
what exactly is "irreparable" about what green peace did to the nazca lines?	The whole place is a restricted area, because there's a layer of bright sand beneath the darker rocks. That's how the pictures were made - remove the top layer, expose the brighter sand beneath. Unfortunately, they marched there in single file and made a deep path, and then shuffled some stones about, so it really mig...	[ "The greenpeace movement grew out of the \"peace\" and \"environmental\" movements in the early 1970s. Back then, it looked likely that the planet was going to be subjected to a nuclear war. The Canadian \"Don't Make a Wave\" committee formed to protest US tectonic nuclear testing at Amchitka in the Aleutian Island...
why is a good night's sleep better than last minute study the night before an exam?	Its hard to concentrate while tired. Sleeping also stores your short term memories into long term ones. Your brain needs sleep before it properly stores info from that day. It also has an emotional effect. Being tired and moody means bad attitude for test.	[ "The National Sleep Foundation cites a 1996 paper showing that college/university-aged students got an average of less than 6 hours of sleep each night. A 2018 study highlights the need for a good night's sleep for students finding that college students who averaged eight hours of sleep for the five nights of final...
How did the icecaps end up so much higher than ocean level?	What do you mean exactly? If you're talking about sea ice, it's floating in the water just like and ice cube in a glass of water. If you're talking about continental glaciers, they form not from seawater but snowfall accumulated over many thousands of years.	[ "Sea level at peak was probably higher than today, with Greenland contributing , thermal expansion and mountain glaciers contributing up to , and an uncertain contribution from Antarctica. Recent research on marine sediment cores offshore of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet suggest that the sheet melted during the Eemi...
Could the extreme temperatures and pressures seen in collapsing bubbles during cavitation possibly be used for nuclear fusion?	There was a controversial claim around 2008 that collapsing bubbles could induce nuclear fusion. This is generally not considered to be real by the scientific community, and the principal researcher on the project was found guilty of academic misconduct. Although it's hard to measure temperatures for such brief and sma...	[ "Bubble fusion is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion.\n", "In 2004, new reports of bubble fusion were published by the Taleyarkhan group...
What are the biological differences between Homo Sapiens and modern Homo Sapiens Sapiens? Or is this just a historiographical term?	None. Homo sapiens is reserved for the "anatomically modern human", which doesn't mean that there are no biological differences from that point onward, but rather than the range of biological differences 150,000 years ago is contained within the range today. Homo sapiens sapiens has two possible uses historically....	[ "The question depends on the definition of \"Homo sapiens\" as a chronospecies, which has also been in flux throughout the 20th century. Authorities preferring classification of Neanderthals as subspecies have introduced the subspecies name \"Homo sapiens sapiens\" for the anatomically modern Cro-Magnon population ...
why do animals do the "zooming" thing where they run around a small area really quickly with seemingly no purpose?	Some animals do this as an expression of happiness. I work a lot with rabbits and farm animals that run for joy. Like rabbits will zoom around and sometimes bounce in the air/"binky" (leap for joy) Cows, llamas and goats also run short areas for no reason. Rabbits run in patterns that seem to have no purpose but they m...	[ "This causes the lure to zigzag about to alternating sides without pause. The rod-tip must move further than six inches to overcome the line-slack, otherwise a short jerk would be unproductive. From the fish's standpoint, it's a frightened creature that's basically treading water with a lot of wasted motion. The su...
if basically all planets are made from the same random flyby.. then why are they so diverse?	The Sun. You don't get gas giants close in because the stellar wind is too strong for much gas to stick around. It's also hotter, meaning the gas is more energetic and less likely to hang around forming protoplanets.	[ "Despite the fact that planets seem very common in the universe they are tiny, faint objects at cosmic scales; this makes their detection difficult with current technology. For this reason, most exoplanets have been detected with indirect methods. Of these, the most successful has been the radial velocity method. H...
what is the scp foundation?	It’s a fictional universe written by a bunch of random people on the internet working together. The premise is there is the titular SCP foundation (Secure, Contain, Protect), that contains paranormal items and keeps them secret from the general public. The origin was a “creepypasta” horror story on 4-chan. It ...	[ "The origins of the SCP are grounded in the Christian counterculture movement (also known as the Jesus Movement or Jesus People) of the late 1960s. In 1968 some staff members of Campus Crusade for Christ conceived of the need to contextualize the Christian message for radical and revolutionary university students. ...
in old crt's why does physical damage to the tv cause the picture to rise, disappear, and then reappear in that order constantly?	The electron gun paints the picture line by line from bottom to top. It starts from scratch after every frame, 60 times every second. Hitting it can cause the gun to jump around, causing refractions and making the process much more noticeable alternatively it makes the gaps large enough by physically forcing the gun ...	[ "The artifact occurs when the video feed to the device is not in sync with the display's refresh rate. This can be due to non-matching refresh rates—in which case the tear line moves as the phase difference changes (with speed proportional to difference of frame rates). It can also occur simply from lack of sync be...
why retrospective review is not used in soccer to aid accuracy of the decisions called	I think it would be a good idea, but would never be implemented for at least 3 reasons: 1. Part of soccer's appeal is the fluidity of the game. The timer never stops, and neither does play for very long, even after goals or injuries. Add instant replays and the action will come to a grinding halt. 2. For better or ...	[ "we now have a system in place in order to estimate the overall value of the chances created by either team during the match. Knowing how many goals a team is expected to score from its chances is of much more value than just knowing how many attempts to score a goal were made. Other applications of this method of ...
Will breathing in hydrogen gas make your voice even higher than from breathing in helium? And will it kill you?	The only danger associated with inhaling hydrogen gas (so long as it doesn't ignite) is possible asphyxiation due to the lack of oxygen being inhaled. This danger also exists in inhaling helium and to the same extent. So as long as the helium doesn't kill you, you can perform the same actions with hydrogen instead. _...	[ "The main reason for adding helium to the breathing mix is to reduce the proportions of nitrogen and oxygen below those of air, to allow the gas mix to be breathed safely on deep dives. A lower proportion of nitrogen is required to reduce nitrogen narcosis and other physiological effects of the gas at depth. Helium...
why does whipping cream make it fluffy?	The whipping action forces air into the cream, where it gets trapped. The trapped air is what makes the cream light and fluffy.	[ "During whipping, partially coalesced fat molecules create a stabilized network which traps air bubbles. The resulting colloid is roughly double the volume of the original cream. If, however, the whipping is continued, the fat droplets will stick together destroying the colloid and forming butter. Lower-fat cream (...
what is rico law?	I don't know all the details, but RICO stands for "Racketeering-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", and it allowed prosecutors to lay charges against you just for being a member of, or being corrupted by organized criminal organizations like the mafia, the triads, motorcycle gangs and Latin American drug cartels. Th...	[ "RICO is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. Following its enactment in 1970, there had been a disagreement in federal and state court decisions as to whether state courts had jurisdicti...
What happens if a train hits you at 1 mph?	You're both right in a way. I suspect what he's talking about is the momentum of the train (mass * velocity). The train is exceedingly heavy and so even though it's travelling very slowly, it has a large momentum and is very difficult to stop - even at 1mph. That said, if you were to get hit by a train at 1mph, you'd s...	[ "A subsequent investigation into the accident showed that the train at several sites exceeded the speed limit by nearly , so that instead of entering the station at the speed limit of , the engine driver rushed in with a speed of . The crew also began to hit the brakes too late, so that the train derailed and quick...
Cauterization in the ancient/medieval world	I always enjoy pulling out my copy of Manjo (1975) The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World, because despite being almost four decades old it continues to deliver. Manjo asks a similar question: How could it take so long to understand something so simple -- in concept -- as turning off a faucet? He then ...	[ "Cauterization continued to be used as a common treatment in medieval times. While mainly employed to stop blood loss, it was also used in cases of tooth extraction and as a treatment for mental illness. In the Arab world, scholars Al-Zahrawi and Avicenna wrote about techniques and instruments used for cauterizatio...
md5 hashes	I'll field "why are they not reverseable". Consider: They come from any length input to 32 characters long. So, there are more inputs than outputs. This means that there are md5 hashes that have more than one input. Since an md5 hash could've been generated by any of those, the best you could hope for is t...	[ "md5sum is a computer program that calculates and verifies 128-bit MD5 hashes, as described in RFC 1321. The MD5 hash functions as a compact digital fingerprint of a file. As with all such hashing algorithms, there is theoretically an unlimited number of files that will have any given MD5 hash. However, it is very ...
What was life like for a peasant living under the Knights Templar, or some other such Holy Order?	I know it's a bit late, but if interested, there's a lot of reading to be done for (some sections) of life under the rule of the Livonian Sword Brothers and Teutonic Order. These groups were operating in the Baltic territories from (roughly) the 13th century until the 16th century, and you can trace that back to earlie...	[ "The Knights Hospitaller were a medieval order dedicated to the care and protection of pilgrims, and tending the sick and infirm, including the crusaders in their quest to return the Holy Land to the Christian world. A Europe-wide order, they became extremely large and wealthy landowners thanks to the patronage of ...
how do 401ks work, and how can i understand how my account is doing?	A 401k is basically a container for your money. What the container does is it allows you to not pay income tax on that money right now, and instead you pay tax on that money when you retire. The hope is that when you retire, you'll be in a significantly lower tax bracket (because you won't have a 'real' income), so you...	[ "In a 401(k) plan, the contributions are funded by the employee and are often matched by contributions from the employer. The contributions to an employee's 401(k) plan are made from the employee's salary before taxes. These funds grow tax-free until they are withdrawn; at that point the contributions can be conver...
the notion of free will as physicists understand it.	They're making the statement that we live in a clockwork universe and that everything that happens happens because of a series of mathematical equations. Because of this freewill can't exist because the decisions we make are based off those predictable and calculable equations. Given enough information about your brain...	[ "The idea of \"free will\" is one aspect of the mind-body problem, that is, consideration of the relation between mind (for example, consciousness, memory, and judgment) and body (for example, the human brain and nervous system). Philosophical models of mind are divided into physical and non-physical expositions.\n...
what is/would be the clock in my cpu? how does it work?	Like you're five: You know how a marching band has a guy with a little stick and whistle that marches in front? He decides how fast everybody else is marching. He usually keeps a pretty slow pace, on account of the kid with the tuba, but if he needed to he could make them march as fast as he wanted to. He could have...	[ "The system clock is typically implemented as a programmable interval timer that periodically interrupts the CPU, which then starts executing a timer interrupt service routine. This routine typically adds one tick to the system clock (a simple counter) and handles other periodic housekeeping tasks (preemption, etc....
Allegedly, in 1990, James Baker pledged to Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not extent eastward. Some claim that this promise was actually made while others claim that it's nothing more than a myth. Which is it?	According to Gorbachev, Baker did make this pledge; according to Baker, he was never referring to anything other than Germany. Within Baker's personal handwritten notes of his meeting with Gorbachev he put exclamation points next to this statement regarding the expansion of NATO: > "End result: Unified Ger. anchored...	[ "Historian Stephen F. Cohen asserted in 2005 that a commitment was given that NATO would never expand further east, but according to Robert Zoellick, then a US State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, this appears to be a misperception; no formal commitment of the sort was made. ...
what does the title executive producer really do? i see a lot of actors and actresses star in films and they are also executive producers for them.	It really doesn't have a single meaning, but indicates someone contributed to the production in some way without being directly involved in the creation of th movie. In some cases, this is because they originally created characters that appear in later works. This is the case with Buffy The Vampire Slayer. Kaz and Fran...	[ "Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the making of a commercial entertainment product. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights or royalties). In films, the executive producer generally contributes...
If a pipeline is developed to pump sea water into the desert, would that create a natural precipitation system and irrigate the surrounding land?	There was a project the British were considering back in the early 1900's called the Qattara Depression project. The idea was to create canals to allow water to flow downhill into a huge area of the Sahara that is below sea level. They would create an inland saltwater lake, and generate hydroelectricity along the canal...	[ "Where natural waterways are too small to rapidly oxidize primary treated sewage, the liquid may be used to irrigate sewage farms until suburban property values encourage secondary treatment methods requiring less acreage. Glacial sand deposits allowed some northeastern United States cities to use intermittent sand...
Deciphering Renaissance Script	Do you have a picture with less glare?	[ "Early medieval manuscripts were produced in monastic scriptoria by scribes and artists. These manuscripts were made of parchment or vellum, stretched calfskin, that was then cut to size at the monastery. Next, a scribe would copy the words of the text before an artist would illuminate, or paint, them. The folios, ...
How did Catholicism mix/blend/clash with Native American religions and spiritual traditions post–European arrival in the Americas?	Hi there. I wrote [an answer](_URL_0_) sometime ago that might provide you with the insight you're looking for. Your question is a bit broad, so the linked comment is talking mainly about my tribe. It shouldn't be taken as sweeping generalization. Additionally, the book *Removable Type: Histories of the Book in Indian...	[ "The process of Christianization was at first violent: when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524, they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult, alienating much of the local population. In the 1530s, they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs, including the building of new churches on the ...
how does a smartphone determine its gps position instantly, whilst a purpose-built car gps takes minutes to acquire satellites?	Because (for most users) your phone is recieving and processing GPS signals 24/7. You car, however, needs to connect to the GPS sattelites each time you turn it on.	[ "Standalone GPS provides first position in approximately 30–40 seconds. A standalone GPS needs orbital information of the satellites to calculate the current position. The data rate of the satellite signal is only 50 bit/s, so downloading orbital information like ephemerides and the almanac directly from satellites...
I often hear that in its entire history, India has never invaded another country, how much truth is there to this?	that's a bit like saying Africa has never invaded another country. True, but not a really meaningful statement.	[ "Despite the Japanese Pan-Asian rhetoric and claim to be liberating India, the Indian people did not revolt and the Indian soldiers of the 14th Army stayed loyal to their British officers, and the invasion of India ended in complete disaster. The Japanese were defeated by the Anglo-Indian 14th Army at the Battles o...
Why are biofuels considered less "powerful" than regular fuels?	The common biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) have lower energy densities than conventional fuels -- i.e. they release less heat per kg, when burned, than conventional fuels. This is simply related to their chemistry -- they tend to have carbon-oxygen bonds as part of their structure already (the alcohol group in ethan...	[ "Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘silver bullet’ to deal with transport emissions. However, they offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spik...
The ear is critical to both the auditory and vestibular system. Do any forms of deafness correspond to losses in balance?	By the very nature of these symptoms and their respective malfunctioning organs, you can't have deafness cause balance loss (or vice versa). You can, however, have a third factor which causes both. [Ménière's disease](_URL_0_), for example, can cause both temporary hearing loss and balance problems. There's an intere...	[ "Sensory hearing loss is caused by abnormal structure or function of the hair cells of the organ of Corti in the cochlea. Neural hearing impairments are consequent upon damage to the eighth cranial nerve (the vestibulocochlear nerve) or the auditory tracts of the brainstem. If higher levels of the auditory tract ar...
Please, someone tell me how fiber that completely dissolves in water before ingesting gives the benefits of fiber to your digestion? More questions on fiber....	Well there are two types of fiber, soluble and insoluble. The insoluble types of fiber, which are found in most or all plant based foods, like fruits and vegetables, add bulk to your food without adding calories, and they help you make solid stool. The soluble fiber, which is also found in a lot of plant based foods ...	[ "Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed. Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance which may or may not be fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Some t...
Are there any other species that require long term child rearing for survival like the human?	Humans have a very long span between birth and sexual maturity, but they are not the longest. Elephants reach sexual maturity at about 8 years but don't reproduce until they're 15 or so. I did some searching on the internet to answer your question and came up with some interesting results: At the bottom is a link ...	[ "Juveniles have a 43% chance of surviving their first year, and the annual survival rate of adults is about 80%. Choughs generally have a lifespan of about seven years, although an age of 17 years has been recorded. The temperature and rainfall in the months preceding breeding correlates with the number of young fl...
what exactly is fair use, and how does it apply to quote art?	Oh. That is definitely not fair use. Fair use is actually pretty clearly defined. Here is the full text of the Fair Use clause in the US: > Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means...	[ "The main recent sense of the word \"art\" is roughly as an abbreviation for creative art or \"fine art.\" Here we mean that skill is being used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of the \"finer\" things. Often, if t...
the deaths of tupac and notorious b.i.g.	> Is there a generally accepted theory regarding the deaths of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls (aka Notorious BIG)? Gang related > Who and Why? Crips killed 2pac, Bloods killed Notorious, because gang related for 2pac, Notorious because retaliation for 2pac > Furthermore, did being a gangster rapper in the 90s...	[ "On September 7, 1996, Tupac was shot four times in a drive-by-shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to University Medical Center where he died six days later. E.D.I. Mean was in the car behind Tupac, but claimed he could not identify the murderer. E.D.I. Mean and the rest of the Outlawz moved back to the Eas...
What would the horizon look like if you were standing on an infinitely stretching and perfectly flat plane?	Actually, the question "where is the horizon?" and "what does the horizon look like?" are different questions. Let's answer the first question. Where is the horizon? --- How do you find the horizon anyway? Suppose you are on a spherical object (like Earth). [Here is a picture](_URL_3_) to make things clear. The varia...	[ "In many contexts, especially perspective drawing, the curvature of the Earth is disregarded and the horizon is considered the theoretical line to which points on any horizontal plane converge (when projected onto the picture plane) as their distance from the observer increases. For observers near sea level the dif...
How is it possible for an isotope to increase in atomic number when it goes through beta-minus decay?	Because a neutron is converted into a proton.	[ "Beta decay generally causes isotopes to decay toward the isobar with the lowest mass (highest binding energy) with the same mass number, those not in italics in the table above. Thus, those with lower atomic number and higher neutron number than the minimum-mass isobar undergo beta-minus decay, while those with hi...
What is the neurological reward for learning?	This article gives some idea how it comes about. _URL_0_ The key point to note is that it's not just dopamine levels, but dopaminergic activity which creates the joy, the boost, the Flow, the feel good, or the euphoria. the boost we get when a good joke is told, largely is reflected by the fact we tell it to others...	[ "Latent learning is when an animal learns something even though it has no motivation or stimulus associating a reward with learning it. Animals are therefore able to simply be exposed to information for the sake of information and it will come to their One significant example of latent learning is rats subconscious...
are tardigrades from space?	> How come the tardigrade didn't evolve to match its surroundings It did. The tardigrade is adapted to deal with drought, and all the rest is just bonus side effect.	[ "Scientists have conducted morphological and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to Arthropoda ± Onychophora, or to nematodes. Evidence for the former is a common resu...
Can reintroduced, formerly native species become invasive?	Unless you’re talking about resurrecting mammoths or dinosaurs, no. “Reintroductions” normally refer to species that were pushed out of a region by human activity in historic times (within a few thousand years), usually much more recently (within a couple centuries). Now is it possible that habitat is so limited, or...	[ "Currently both Federal and State agencies are attempting to develop methods of containing and eradicating this and other invasive species. Due to the cost of controlling exotic species once introduced, preventing introduction of non-native species is of import. Legal measures such as Bill CS/SB 318 as passed by th...
where does the tradition of giving gold, silver and bronze medals to the top three competitors originate from?	They are in descending order of value throughout the ages. That said, it wasn't until 1904 that they were officially the medals for the Olympics (wikipedia). Why? Probably because they are pretty and make for a nice, permanent display of victory.	[ "The custom of awarding the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze medals for the first three highest achievers dates from at least the 19th century, with the National Association of Amateur Athletes in the United States awarding such medals as early as 1884.\n", "The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bro...
How do stars fuse elements? How does a star explode?	The energy needed to begin fusion comes from the gravity of the star. A cloud of mainly hydrogen gas collapses in on itself through the force of gravity. Once the inner core gets dense enough hydrogen starts to fuse. Once this has begun, it is self sustaining until the fuel runs out. Bigger more massive stars can fuse...	[ "Stars fuse light elements to heavier ones in their cores, giving off energy in the process known as stellar nucleosynthesis. Fusion processes create many of the lighter elements, up to and including iron and nickel in the most massive stars although these mostly remain trapped in stellar cores and remnants. The s-...
what is the ultimate goal of pro-lifers who want to repeal roe vs. wade?	At its core people who oppose abortion oppose abortion. They believe it is the killing of defenseless human life. So while they cheer abortion restrictions their ultimate goal is, as much as possible, to stop the administration of abortion. However they go about it that is their goal. Would they support restrictions if...	[ "In 1999, McCain said of \"Roe v. Wade\", \"I'd love to see a point where it is irrelevant, and could be repealed because abortion is no longer necessary. But certainly in the short term, or even the long term, I would not support repeal of \"Roe v. Wade\", which would then force X number of women in America to [un...
question about war and pow	Prisoners of war, as far as I know, continue to be prisoners of war in the official sense until they are repatriated, so even with the war officially over, if the POW's were killed, it would still be a war crime/violation of the Geneva Convention (assuming the country in question ratified it, if they didn't it gets a l...	[ "The origins of the POW/MIA issue date back to during the war itself. Suffering from a lack of accurate intelligence sources inside North Vietnam, the U.S. never had solid knowledge for how many U.S. prisoners of war were held. Indeed, the U.S. often relied upon possibly inaccurate North Vietnamese newspapers and r...
What happens in your brain when you breathe consciously?	> If you begin breathing consciously, does your breathing "switch gears" ... Brainstem respiratory neurons control automatic breathing. When you begin to breathe 'consciously,' this voluntary breathing is initiated by the cerebral cortex but interacts with automatic breathing via projections from the cortex to the b...	[ "The brain controls the rate of breathing, mainly by respiratory centres in the medulla and pons. The respiratory centres control respiration, by generating motor signals that are passed down the spinal cord, along the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and other muscles of respiration. This is a mixed nerve that carri...
Has the American prison system always had a much higher percentage of black men than white men?	According to [this 1991 Department of Justice study](_URL_0_), in 1926 blacks were admitted to prison at 2.94 rate that white people were. By 1986 they were admitted at 5.43 the rate. Time served per conviction has been [pretty equal between the races, and hasn't changed much](_URL_3_). But this question is sort of o...	[ "According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in 2013 black males accounted for 37% of the total male prison population, white males 32%, and Hispanic males 22%. White females comprised 49% of the prison population in comparison to black females who accounted for 22% of the female population. The impris...
how is it possible for a candidate to enter the american election while dead?	The candidates register to run for office long before the election occurs, so that everyone knows who is running and there's time to print up voter information materials, absentee ballots, and that sort of thing. The candidate died less than a month before the election, which is after the set of candidates is fixed, so...	[ "The rules governing the procedure for dealing with the death of a candidate occur in the Representation of the People Act 1983. Unless the deceased candidate was standing as an independent, their death results in the election being postponed whether it is a general election or a by-election. The poll is stopped im...
what exactly is an ionizer/what does it do?	ok ionized air will help dust cling and settle faster, by transferring their electrically charged particle to them. as far as health goes... pish.	[ "Air ionisers are often used in places where work is done involving static-electricity-sensitive electronic components, to eliminate the build-up of static charges on non-conductors. As those elements are very sensitive to electricity, they cannot be grounded because the discharge will destroy them as well. Usually...
How much of Venus's excessive heat is due to the greenhouse effect vs. geothermal energy?	We know how intense the light striking Venus is and the composition of gases in its atmosphere. The gases have an equation and that determines how well they trap heat. Using this model you can predict the temperature on Venus fairly accurately without even considering volcanic activity. This chapter explains the math ...	[ "In the extreme, the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime, so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal (no difference between poles and equator). On Earth, water vapor and trace gasses...
how did e = mc² become a famous equation?	It stated that energy could be converted into matter and vice versa. That's a big shocker in physics to the layperson. We all know, or think we know, what matter is - stuff we can hold, or at least contain. But energy appears different. Light, heat, motion, they just feel like they're in a different class of stuff. But...	[ "In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced \"E\" = \"mc\" as a consequence of his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck.\n", "Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – D...
What is the difference between a hole current and "normal" current with electrons moving?	Current actually involves very few free-flowing electrons. Changes in the electric field propagate at relativistic speeds through carrier media, but electrons themselves don't actually flow at high speeds - [this page](_URL_0_) has some decent explanation for this and even some calculators you can use. A cable with d...	[ "In classical electromagnetism electrons move in the opposite direction of the current (by convention \"current\" describes a theoretical \"hole flow\"). In some semiconductors it \"appears\" \"holes\" are actually flowing because the direction of the voltage is opposite to the derivation below.\n", "The conventi...
Can the Counter-Reformation be blamed for the intellectual stagnation in most Catholic countries from 1550-1700?	I think this "intellectual stagnation" is more of a historiographical artefact than an actual characteristic of the period. You're pretty much talking about the period between the Reformation and the Enlightenment, which is a bit of a grey area in most people's general view of the history of ideas. In reality, this pe...	[ "It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition and the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Protestants. One primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert areas such as Sw...
does evolution happen at random or does it aim for perfection?	Biological evolution is not aimed at anything. It has no goal. Changes in the hereditary material of organisms happen at random and cause variation in a population. Thus, the variation is random. Natural selection preserves those organisms that are fit to survive in the environment.	[ "Evolution is not a random process. Although mutations in DNA are random, natural selection is not a process of chance: the environment determines the probability of reproductive success. Evolution is an inevitable result of imperfectly copying, self-replicating organisms reproducing over billions of years under th...
how do drinks (sodas, canned coffee, etc.) stay mixed together and not separate into their ingredients?	Some stuff does separate a bit, like Yoohoo. Things that don't separate are because the ingredients are either completely in solution (like sugar dissolved in milk or water) or because the ingredients make a stable suspension when you get them evenly mixed (homogenized milk is stable because they stir the crap out of i...	[ "A drink mix, or powdered drink mix is a processed-food product, a powder designed to mix usually with water to produce a beverage resembling fruit juice or soda in flavor. Another type of drink mix is represented by products that must be mixed into milk.\n", "Alcoholic or not, mixed drinks incorporate some type ...
What kind of fuel is used for rockets in space?	There are several different advantages we want from rocket fuel: * The exhaust (burned) gas must have a low molecular weight. This will give a better exhaust speed and, therefore, require less fuel for the same manoeuvre. * The fuel must fit in a small tank. Tanks are heavy, we want to get rid of them. (In fact, that'...	[ "Solid fuel is also used for some upper stages, particularly the Star 37 (sometimes referred to as the \"Burner\" upper stage) and the Star 48 (sometimes referred to as the \"Payload Assist Module\", or PAM), both manufactured originally by Thiokol, and today by Orbital ATK. They are used to lift large payloads to ...
how do companies that buy & re-sell other people's debt make money?	I get that they are "bottom feeders" but to be fair if someone doesn't repay their debts (of at least the principle amount) they ultimately stole that money. Thanks in advance for the downvotes ;)	[ "By negotiating debts on their own, debtors are able to save in fees that would otherwise be paid to a debt settlement company or an attorney. This option also gives the debtor more control over the process which may, or may not, be a motivational factor to continue successfully completing the process.\n", "Credi...
How much net energy, in relative terms, does an individual atom contain?	Well, let's look at a single proton first. Let's say you have a lone proton that is completely stationary. A proton has a mass of around 1.67×10^-27 kg. E=mc^2 leave us at around 1.5X10^-9 J. This would be enough energy to power a 60 W light bulb for .000000000025 seconds. If you just look at the rest mass of an atom ...	[ "According to the quantum theory of the hydrogen atom proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, an atom can have only certain energy levels. Absorption or emission of a particle of light or photon corresponds to a transition between two possible energy levels, and the photon energy equals the difference between their two ene...
Is the genotype a phenotype?	Those terms were coined about a century ago, back before we had any idea how genetic information was transmitted. Back then, the only reliable way to get the genotype of an animal was after the organism had given rise to a few generations of controlled breeding. There are exceptions to this, though. Imagine you have ...	[ "The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. \"Genotype\" is an organism's full hereditary information. \"Phenotype\" is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior. This distinction is fundamental in the study of inheritance of traits and their evolution.\n",...
Were famous, named, weapons common and sought after in medieval Europe?	Outside of the Arthurian and other legends? Not that I am aware of. Swords in medieval Europe were essentially... not really disposable, but it was well understood that they would be damaged, require care and maintenance, and eventually break or wear out. Especially if they were used a lot. Now, the interesting part i...	[ "The assemblage of Medieval and melee weapons includes daggers, stilettos, swords, maces, flails, halberds, crossbows, knives, pocketknives and other objects produced between the 15th and the 21st century. Among them, a large number of pieces richly decorated with semi-precious stones, ivory, horns, nacre, oak, ste...
why do people steal iphones if the fbi had such a difficult time unlocking the phone of the san bernardino shooter?	The mugger doesn't care about obtaining the data, and doesn't need to use tools that conform with US constitutional protections for the accused. The FBI needs both. The mugger wants a phone that can be resold, so they're happy with a factory reset. That process can be done [without the passcode](_URL_0_). The FBI...	[ "BULLET::::- The Department of Justice announces that it has unlocked the iPhone of a suspect in the 2015 San Bernardino attack without the help of Apple, after a heated public debate over the department's handling of encryption software in counter-terrorism efforts.\n", "On February 9, 2016, the FBI announced th...
Why are people of Latin America considered Latino / Hispanic while Filipinos are not?	Spain and Portugal were big on colonizing South America. The Philippines was colonized by Spain because it is a necessary and strategic location for trade with the Far East, especially the spices from India and Indochina and the Porcelain from China. The Philippines politically was of minimal importance to Spain becaus...	[ "Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called \"Latinos\" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism. Similar to Puerto Rico, Filipinos have been subjected to both Spanish and American colonial structures and territory status. This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos...
Is there any science to "ridding your body of toxins" via exercise/sweating?	The purveyors of such beliefs never actually define what exactly these toxins are or why their preferred method would get rid of them. It is, however, exactly the sort of vague health claim that allows one to avoid potential trouble with government regulating bodies in many countries, conveniently. Of course, I'm n...	[ "Certain approaches in alternative medicine claim to remove \"toxins\" from the body through herbal, electrical or electromagnetic treatments. These toxins are undefined and have no scientific basis, making the validity of such techniques questionable. There is little evidence for toxic accumulation in these cases,...
What is an acceptable definition for life -- in terms of distinguishing something from a living organism or not.	There's always endless debate about this topic, particularly when you consider some things that share some properties and similarities but also lack some, like viruses. There is no absolute definition of life, just a general set of properties that work for us and more or less all things we recognize as life would have ...	[ "There is currently no consensus regarding the definition of life. One popular definition is that organisms are open systems that maintain homeostasis, are composed of cells, have a life cycle, undergo metabolism, can grow, adapt to their environment, respond to stimuli, reproduce and evolve. However, several other...
why are stories about individual rape cases in india top stories in united states news media?	The heinous circumstances behind the [Delhi Gang Rape](_URL_0_) case brought it all to spotlight. Then the [Swiss tourist rape](_URL_1_) gave it an international angle. The recent rape/lynch cases reaffirms the "image of rape in India". Now its just "the hot ticket" so people will read it, and media will prosper.	[ "Police sources said the rape reports were thought to have been based on court cases. But, because the newspaper was in Punjabi, legal authorities had no idea that the newspaper had published information in contempt by breach of court rules. \"It's believed that Mr Purewal had named rape victims and rapists.\n", ...
why is there more visible smoke when people vape compared with regular cigarettes?	Vape liquid has chemicals that hold on to water very well. It's the same chemicals used in fog machines. Cigarette smoke it's just small soot particles	[ "There is concern regarding that the accessibility of e-liquid flavors could lead to using additional tobacco products among non-smokers. It is argued to implement the precautionary principle because vaping by non-smokers may lead to smoking. There is a concern with the possibility that non-smokers as well as child...
What was it like to be a European visiting Africa during the Victorian period?	First, let me note that this is really a huge question. Africa is the world's second largest continent and it's incredibly diverse. And the Victorian period was really long, from 1838 to 1903. I'll try to give a partial answer focusing only on tourism and on the later Victorian period (after about 1885 or so) and on...	[ "As for travelers to the area during the Victorian period, they used art, especially painting, to depict some of what they saw there. This art of the colonial period took landscape as its main theme and many of the European artists were present as part of expeditions that aimed to inform the public in Europe about ...
why does the united states have a disproportionately high number of the top ranked colleges/universities compared to the rest of the world?	University ranks are highly contested since ranks are quite subjective. One obvious bias is that a lot of ranks focus on how often scientific articles get quoted (purely quantitative). Since English is a universal language, English speaking universities tend to have a clear advantage over French or Italian. This is qui...	[ "The \"Washington Post\" noted that some U.S. institutions rank higher on U.S. News's global ranking than on their domestic ranking, in particular Princeton, which was named top university in the U.S. in the 2014 domestic ranking was ranked behind nine other U.S. universities (and three U.K. universities) in the 20...
Does the expansion of the universe mean that the planets are moving away from each other?	> I know the galaxies are moving apart from each other due to cosmic expansion, but does the same effect happen to the Earth and other planets in the solar system on a lesser scale? No. On the scale of the solar system, the expansion of space is so small as to be negligible. And even that negligible influence is eas...	[ "In models of the expanding universe, the farther galaxies are from each other, the faster they drift apart. This receding is not due to motion \"through\" space, but rather to the expansion of space itself. For example, galaxies far away from Earth appear to be moving away from the Earth with a speed proportional ...
what does 42 mean?	There is a very popular media franchise (plays, then books, then movies and TV shows) called The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It's a comedy sci-fi story in which a human refugee from Earth explores the galaxy and gets involved in all kinds of silly situations. In its most famous part, the universe's most advan...	[ "BULLET::::- 42 is the resulting number of the original Smith number (4937775 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 65837): Both the sum of its digits (4 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5) and the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (3 + 5 + 5 + (6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 7)) result in 42.\n", "BULLET::::- It is a Catalan number. Consequently, 42 ...
what prevents the caramel filling in chocolates from hardening?	I am actually working in a freaking chocolate factory as a process engineer and the best answer I can give you is: Well, It doesn't harden at that temperature. It's just different sorts of caramel. There is solid caramel candy and there is this liquid/gooey caramel. Has to do with sugar/water rates, the types of suga...	[ "As a solid piece of chocolate, the cocoa butter fat particles are in a crystalline rigid structure that gives the chocolate its solid appearance. Once heated, the crystals of the polymorphic cocoa butter are able to break apart from the rigid structure and allow the chocolate to obtain a more fluid consistency as ...
intel is comming with a 10core processor. what is a core?	A CPU is made up of many parts (other parts include the L3, L2, and L1 caches, the memory controller, there are actually quite a bit of parts on the CPU), but probably the most important parts are the cores. The cores are the computational engines of the CPU, they are what do the calculations. Each core can do one calc...	[ "Intel Core is a line of mid- to high-end consumer, workstation, and enthusiast central processing units (CPU) marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors of the time, moving the Pentium to the entry level, and bumping the Celeron series of processors t...
why some states aren't eligible for participation in sweepstakes, promotions, etc..	Some states have passed specific laws banning these types of promotions. There was a time when there were a lot of scammy, fraudulent "sweepstakes" that harmed a lot of people. The states took action to restrict the ability of companies or individuals to run those kinds of promotions. Since Amazon is so big, it woul...	[ "Most states have state-sponsored and multi-state lotteries. There are only six states that do not sell lottery tickets: Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Mississippi, Nevada, and Utah. In some states, revenues from lotteries are designated for a specific budgetary purpose, such as education. Other states put lottery revenu...
how does "auto generated subtitles" translate audio into text?	It works almost exactly the same as digital assistants such as Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant do when they listen to your voice commands. Which is called "Automatic Speech Recognition" or ASR for short. First you need to teach a computer program to be able to recognize speech and match that to words. This is done by...	[ "Voice-over translation is the traditional translation method in Polish television and DVDs (which most of the time provide the original audio track), except for children's material, especially animation, which is often fully dubbed. The word \"lektor\" (\"reader\") is used to refer to the translation.\n", "The m...
How Much Did Weakness in Eastern European States contribute to the Outbreak of WWI?	> As for the Ottomans, the whole Balkan tinderbox situation would not have occurred if they were not so weak as to be totally unable to defend their Balkan territories against ethnic rebels and their European sponsors. It seems that diplomatic chaos in the Balkans, and a corresponding war over the pieces of the Sick ...	[ "This offensive on the Western Front failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, and the arrival of more and more American units in Europe was sufficient to offset the German advantage. Even after the Russian collapse, about a million German soldiers remained tied up in the east until the end of the war, attempting ...
difference between beer, whiskey, liquor, rum, etc.	The quick answer: how they're made and what they're made of. Beer: Beer is made from water, hops (a kind of flower), barley, yeast and other ingredients. The barley and any other "mash" ingredients are cooked together. Yeast consumes sugar taken from the barley and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The car...	[ "As examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, mead, sake, or cider, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have a relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%. Brandy is a liquor produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of liquo...
if an object traveling at 50mph impacts another object at 50mph does the combined force equal a 100mph impact or is it still the same force of a 50mph impact?	Each object feels 50mph Each one will feel it as if it hit a stationary object going 50mph. Mythbusters did a good segment on this with 2 cars hitting each other vs a car hitting a wall. Im assuming both objects are essentially equal in size, a baseball hitting a bowling ball wouldn't be the same	[ "In mechanics, an impact is a high force or shock applied over a short time period when two or more bodies collide. Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater effect than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer period. The effect depends critically on the relative velocity of the bodies to one an...
what happens to the wind chill factor in the spring, summer and fall?	All that wind does is move air around. It does make us perceive the air temp to be colder though as long as the air temp is below our body temp. Our body releases energy, making us feel colder, to try and make the air around us the same temperature. The wind then blows that air away. The faster the wind, the quicker it...	[ "BULLET::::- Warm mountain winds: As winds are forced up and over mountains (e.g. the numerous ranges west of Death Valley), the winds can become progressively warmer due to several factors. The resulting dry, warm winds are known as foehn winds. Their warmth can in part be caused by the release of latent heat, whi...
why are people tried for hate crimes and not just the original crime like murder?	Hate Crime indictments add to the penalty imposed for the original crime. You are tried for murder, but a murder which is also a hate crime will get you a larger sentence.	[ "Some have argued hate crime laws bring the law into disrepute and further divide society, as groups apply to have their critics silenced. American forensic psychologist Karen Franklin said that the term \"hate crime\" is somewhat misleading since it assumes there is a hateful motivation which is not present in man...
Why do we get that cold tingly feeling under our skin sometimes after using things like muscle creams or patches?	Many of these creams contain menthol (or sometimes peppermint oil, which is what menthol can be extracted from). Menthol stimulates TRPM8 receptors in the skin. These receptors are primarily for sensing cold, but menthol triggers their response and you get a cold feeling when you apply creams. Other menthol analogs cou...	[ "Sensations on the skin are detected by cutaneous receptors. These receptors may feel sensations such as pain, tickle, cold, hot, soft, and rough. Mechanoreceptors detect light pressure (e.g., caress), vibration, and texture, nociceptors detect strong pressure (e.g., pain), and thermoreceptors detect temperature.\n...
What happens when water condenses on a hydrophobically coated object?	Hydrophoby is related to wetting angle, it is not pushing water away like magnet pushing metal. If the object is very hydrophobic, water forms more round droplets rather than splashes, and so it would form droplets and very likely fall/roll off the surface. This is how some plants leaves, such as aloe, are cleaned. Y...	[ "Properties such as hydrophobicity, shape, and size of the particle can have an effect on the stability of the emulsion. The particle’s contact angle to the surface of the droplet is a characteristic of the hydrophobicity. If the contact angle of the particle to the interface is low, the particle will be mostly wet...

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