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train · 226k rows

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How does refraction work if the speed of light is a constant?	The speed of light is constant in a vacuum.	[ "The index of refraction (n) is calculated from the change of angle of a collimated monochromatic beam of light from vacuum into liquid using Snell's law for refraction. Using the theory of light as an electromagnetic wave (Iksander 1992), light takes a straight-line path through water at reduced speed (v) and wave...
How often did runaway slaves flee to native country?are there any notable stories or narratives from early America?	Lookup 'William Still, The Underground Railroad' He was an abolitionist and a conductor of the Underground Railroad. He interviewed hundreds of runaway slaves, kept records and wrote biographies on them. edit: also, I know there were tribes in florida that took in runaway slaves. If they converted religions they were...	[ "Many slaves ran away. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. Most runaway slaves attempted to go to Mexico. By 1850, an estimated 3,000 slaves had successfully escaped to Mexico, and an additional 1,000 crossed ...
what does crossing the co2 levels crossing 440ppm mean for the rest of us?	It means we are quickly running out of time to enact the changes to carbon emissions needed to prevent more than 2 degrees C of warming since the start of the industrial revolution. This threshold is widely accepted the "safe" amount of warming where any benefits of a warmer planet are quickly overwhelmed by the proble...	[ "The 350.org movement considers the atmospheric concentration 350ppm of CO as a safe upper limit. This limit was the focus a 2009 COP15 international treaty. 350.org's goal is to have governments adopt policies to lower carbon dioxide emissions. In spite of this goal, \"[i]n 2013, CO2 levels surpassed 400 ppm for t...
why can't all connections to websites be secure https connections?	Because for most web server connections, there's just no need. As a web server administrator, I won't enable https on pages unless there's authentication information or personally identifiable information involved. HTTPS has additional overhead per connection that's just not really worth it for most of the pages on my...	[ "Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. , HTTPS is used more often by web users than the original non-secure HTTP, primarily to protect page authenticity on all types of websites; sec...
After New Horizons passes by Pluto... are there any other objectives? Or will it just be taking pics of anything that passes by as it leaves our solar system?	From my post in [this recent thread](_URL_2_): > First, New Horizons will be sending data back for a long period after the fly-by. It will take 16 months (!) for all the data to get sent back. You can read more [here](_URL_1_) and [here](_URL_3_) about the process for New Horizons to collect data and send it back t...	[ "\"New Horizons\" Star 48B was calculated to arrive at planet Jupiter 6 hours before \"New Horizons\", and on Oct 15, 2015 would pass through Pluto's orbit at a distance of 213 million kilometers (over 1 AU) distant from Pluto. This was nearly four months after the \"New Horizons\" probe did.\n", "BULLET::::- NAS...
why does my upper lip get dry and red every time i get sick?	It does have quite a lot to do with that actually. The extra mucus creates a wet surface, rubbing it with tissue in such a manner as to wipe off the mucus is okay if that's a relatively rare thing. When it's a very frequent thing, the skin becomes irritated from all the friction caused by too much wiping. Another prob...	[ "Blockage or obstruction of the bile duct by gallstones, scarring from injury, or cancer prevents the bile from being transported to the intestine and the active ingredient in the bile (bilirubin) instead accumulates in the blood. This condition results in jaundice, where the skin and eyes become yellow from the bi...
How do engines of different numbers of cylinders but the same displacement per cylinder (bore X stroke) compare?	At the basic theory level, yes, each cylinder/piston (formally known as a "power cell") would add the same amount of power so a 6-cylinder would have 50% more power than a 4-cylinder with the same displacement/compression ratio per cylinder. In practice, it's much more complicated than that. When you increase the numb...	[ "The bore pitch is always larger than the inside diameter of the cylinder (the bore and piston diameter) since it includes the thickness of both cylinder walls and any water passage separating them. This is one of the first dimensions required when developing a new engine, since it limits maximum cylinder size (and...
Excited state of a hydrogen atom??	You're looking at the wrong transition. The one excited by 656 nm is the n=2 to n=3 transition, not the n=1 to n=2. More detail at _URL_0_.	[ "An atom in a high excited state is termed a Rydberg atom. A system of highly excited atoms can form a long-lived condensed excited state e.g. a condensed phase made completely of excited atoms: Rydberg matter. Hydrogen can also be excited by heat or electricity.\n", "Assume there is one electron in a given atomi...
why aren't there lice and bedbug epidemics everywhere?	There used to be. The biggest difference now is that we have effective insecticides and cleanliness. So people tend to kill these insects as soon as they are detected, before they have a chance to multiply to really large numbers.	[ "The dramatic increase in bedbug populations in the developed world, which began in the 1980s, is thought to be due to greater foreign travel, increased immigration from the developing world to the developed world, more frequent exchange of second-hand furnishings among homes, a greater focus on control of other pe...
why has the weather been so hot in north america?	So basically we have two semi rare (more irregular than rare) phenomenons happening at the same time. I'll try and keep it reaaaaaal simple. This year is a strong El Nino year which is caused when the Pacific has warmer than average water which results in warmer air. El Nino is a warm phase of the [El Nino Southern O...	[ "The 2011 North American heat wave was a deadly summer 2011 heat wave that affected the Southern Plains, Midwestern United States, Eastern Canada, Northeastern United States, and much of the Eastern Seaboard, and had Heat index/Humidex readings reaching upwards of . On a national basis, the heat wave was the hottes...
what is a simple linear regression model?	So to start out, a linear regression is when you take a series of data points and try to find the line of best fit (a straight line that is as close to every point as it can be). A linear regression can then be used to tell you if the data points have a tendency to go upwards (a positive slope) or if they trend downwar...	[ "In statistics, a proper linear model is a linear regression model in which the weights given to the predictor variables are chosen in such a way as to optimize the relationship between the prediction and the criterion. Simple regression analysis is the most common example of a proper linear model. Unit-weighted re...
Has there ever been a monarch who was deposed, but became King/Queen of another country?	How about Puyi, last Emperor of China? Was Emperor of China, was deposed. Later became Emperor of Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by the Japanese invaders. Manchukuo was a portion of China, not all of China. So a different country.	[ "Alternatively, the monarch may be deposed, as in a revolution. While sometimes a monarch may be forced to abdicate in favour of his or her heir, on other occasions the royal family as a whole has been rejected, the throne going to an elected candidate. Examples of extraordinary election include:\n", "On 11 Decem...
Russian opinion on Lend-Lease equipment, tanks specifically.	There is a very interesting book related to this subject, "Commanding the Red Army's Sherman Tanks: The World War II Memoirs of Hero of the Soviet Union Dmitriy Loza". Very well written and well worth a read, btw. Loza, started as a lieutenant in the Red Army tank forces in a unit equipped with American M4 Shermans. He...	[ "Under Lend-Lease, 4,102 M4A2 medium tanks were sent to the Soviet Union. Of these, 2,007 were equipped with the original 75 mm main gun, with 2,095 mounting the more-capable 76 mm tank gun. The total number of Sherman tanks sent to the U.S.S.R. under Lend-Lease represented 18.6% of all Lend-Lease Shermans.\n", "...
why handmade products are more valuable than automatically made products?	There is supply and demand, with hand-made stuff taking longer per unit, they are more rare. They also tend to have a level of uniqueness since they aren't churned out with the exact same process. And some people simply value things knowing someone put a lot of time and effort into it. Still, it does depend on the pro...	[ "BULLET::::- Most of the craftsmen cannot make and store the product because they are not financially strong. As such there in no active government policy aiding these craftspeople financially to provide them raw materials. This results in slow production of goods and the artisans actually suffer in the peak season...
Is charging electronics on USB 2.0 or micro USB as fast as charging using an outlet?	You have the tools, why not do an experiment and report back?	[ "Some devices can use their USB ports to charge built-in batteries, while other devices can detect a dedicated charger and draw more than 500 mA (0.5 A), allowing them to charge more rapidly. OTG devices are allowed to use either option.\n", "USB 3.0 ports may implement other USB specifications for increased powe...
gluten	It's a wheat protein. For most of us it is fine to eat. People with celiac disease are incapable of digesting it properly and thus it causes great gastric discomfort. It's become somewhat of a fad recently because a lot of people just decided if gluten is bad for some people it may be bad for them, and so they try not ...	[ "Gluten (from Latin \"gluten\", \"glue\") is a group of proteins, called prolamins and glutelins, which occur with starch in the endosperm of various cereal grains. This protein complex comprises 75–85% of the total protein in bread wheat. It is found in related wheat species and hybrids, (such as spelt, khorasan, ...
I get on a spaceship and travel at nearly the speed of light. When I come back to earth, I've aged less than you. But given that speed is relative, how does the universe "know" which one of us was moving quickly?	The difference between the two of us is that you turned around, so you underwent acceleration, and I didn't. That is what distinguishes the two of us.	[ "Since one might not travel faster than light, one might conclude that a human can never travel further from the Earth than 40 light-years if the traveler is active between the age of 20 and 60. A traveler would then never be able to reach more than the very few star systems which exist within the limit of 20–40 li...
How do super storms like Hurricane Dorian affect marine life as the storm travels through the area? Do they affect deep sea creatures?	I am writing a PhD thesis on the ocean response to tropical cyclones. Contrary to what some people have suggested here, the energy of cyclone (hurricane) winds powers ocean currents well over 100 meters below the ocean surface. This has been observed directly using autonomous ocean profilers that measure temperature, s...	[ "The giant hurricane might generate enormous waves in the ocean, which would migrate outwards. They would be wind-driven and would not reach the top of an ocean to the bottom, as a tsunami does. Nonetheless, waves as big and as devastating as those humans call freak waves might be regular. Simple bacterial and alga...
why do alcoholics stop drinking entirely instead of drinking less?	In [the words of Leo McGarry](_URL_0_), "The problem is I don't WANT a drink. I want TEN drinks."	[ "Physicians often state alcohol consumption as a direct cause of several chronic conditions becoming harder to manage, thus recommending small quantities over a low frequency to limit further damaging impairments. Some physicians emphatically recommend giving up alcohol in order to prevent heart disease, brain impa...
How can we see yellow when we don't have yellow color receptors in our eyes?	As you are probably already aware, people have three color cone receptors. The three cones detect different wavelengths of light and those three different wavelengths correspond to red, blue-green, and blue. Now recall your last art class when you were mixing paint. You had your primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. I...	[ "The normal three kinds of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells in the human eye (cone cells) respond most to yellow (long wavelength or L), green (medium or M), and violet (short or S) light (peak wavelengths near 570 nm, 540 nm and 440 nm, respectively). The difference in the signals received from the three kinds ...
Can Graphene have the photoelectric effect?	The photoelectric effect doesn't just happen in metals, it can happen in any condensed matter, and even gases.	[ "Graphene samples prepared on nickel films, and on both the silicon face and carbon face of silicon carbide, show the anomalous effect directly in electrical measurements. Graphitic layers on the carbon face of silicon carbide show a clear Dirac spectrum in angle-resolved photoemission experiments. The effect is ob...
How realistic is the famous meeting between Hannibal and Scipio Africanus talking about the best generals in history?	While it may seem odd that Hannibal chose Generals all within recent memory he had good reasons to do so. Alexander the Great is a great choice for greatest general of all time because of the scope of his expansion in such a small (relatively) amount of time especially being outnumbered in almost all of his battles(Gau...	[ "Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (; 236–183 BC), also known as Scipio Africanus Major, Scipio Africanus the Elder and Scipio the Great, was a Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists of all time. His main achievements were during the Second P...
how do large companies such as facebook make back the billions they spend to acquire "unicorn" start-ups and popular applications?	The key with advertizing is that the vast majority of it is wasted. I'm a 33 year old male watching a tampon add on television, wasted add. I don't watch football but still see Monday Night Football adds, wasted adds. Wasted adds are wasted money. A better idea is to target the adds to people who they (the advertiz...	[ "Many unicorns were created through buyouts from large public companies. In a low interest rate and slow-growth environment, many companies like Apple, Facebook, and Google focus on acquisitions instead of focusing on capital expenditures and development of internal investment projects. Some large companies would r...
why some liquid medicines state a dosage such as 10mg/5ml rather than just 2mg/ml?	If the typical dosage is 10 mg (or multiples of that) then you have to do a lot less calculation to arrive at the correct amount. And if you have simpler or no calculation there is less risk of getting the dosage wrong.	[ "A single dose of LSD may be between 40 and 500 micrograms—an amount roughly equal to one-tenth the mass of a grain of sand. Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 25 micrograms of LSD. Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms (µg), or millionths of a gram. By comparison, dosages of most drugs, both recre...
why does it take such a long time to "trace" phone calls, but it takes me less than 2 seconds to traceroute an ip address?	Tracing a call is probably super quick these days. A screenwriter won't care, though, and will milk it for drama.	[ "If the telephone to which a call is forwarded does not connect within 25 seconds, then calls are routed to Google Voice's voicemail. Users who want calls to be picked up by their home, work, or mobile phone voicemail systems or answering machines must turn off call screening in Google Voice and make sure that thei...
why do so many people in cities smoke?	Because of the concentration, you see them. People in rural and suburbs smoke/dip, but because people are more spread out, you don't notice it as much.	[ "People who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas. While urban air pollution is a contributing factor in exacerbations, its overall role as a cause of COPD is unclear. Areas with poor outdoor air quality, including that from exhaust gas, generally have higher rat...
why do babies throw everything?	you ever get a new tool and wanna use it on everything? well this baby just learned how to throw and now wants to throw everything. "what can i throw? how far can i throw it? will mommy/daddy bring it back every time i throw it? woah food spreads out when i throw it...look it went everywhere isn't that cool? does this ...	[ "BULLET::::- In and out: Because babies like to empty things (like handbags or boxes of tissues), one can create a game out of this by filling a large container or bowl with safe interesting objects. With the baby, empty it and play with the objects. They can learn about size, shape, weight, big, small, empty and f...
How would an Indian person have been treated in Victorian England?	Hey there! This is great--it sounds like you are just getting started with the research on this part of your story, so you'll be open to the things you find in your reading. (We get a lot of people here who already have their plots set up and storm off when they find out they had an element incorrect; you don't want ...	[ "When the British Crown took over the administration of the country from the British East India Company, there was a rapid rise in literacy levels in South India. Brahmins reaped huge advantages from the reward-for-merit policy of the British Raj and eventually emerged as the foremost elite group among the native I...
Why was it such a big deal that Henry VIII hadn't produced a male heir even after his daughter Mary was born if England allows women to take the throne?	The only previous female monarch in England, Matilda, was a bad precedent. Her inheritance was challenged and there was a civil war. Most royal heiresses married a foreign prince and delivered their country and its independence to her husband's dynasty. That is what would have happened if Mary had been able to produce ...	[ "When Henry VIII sought to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, Jane, who had previously served in Catherine's household, had remained loyal to her and her daughter, Mary. Elizabeth and her first husband, Sir Anthony Ughtred had supported Anne Boleyn and benefited from her rise. It is ...
why does "premium" 'cat food often contain fruit and veggies is cats are obligate carnivores?	Wild cats' prey are herbivores. Cats often eat their smaller prey animals whole; so, when a cat eats a mouse, it in turn eats what the mouse has eaten - a small amount of grains, for instance. > So, for a cat, the consumption of fermented gut content from a mouse or rabbit aids in the management of the cat's own int...	[ "Cats are obligate carnivores, though most commercial cat food contains both animal and plant material supplemented with vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. Cat food is formulated to address the specific nutritional requirements of cats, in particular containing the amino acid taurine, as cats cannot thrive on ...
Was melee fighting really as 1 on 1 as it's portrayed as in movies?	Yes, however depending on what era and what context the fight wouldn't last more than a few minutes (and this only for perhaps duels where time, endurance, terrain, and psychological impact counted.) Leaders were often targeted, however leaders also often had trained soldiers nearby to guard them. IMO Oliver Stone's ...	[ "The term melee has been adopted and popularized in wargaming, table top, and video games to encompass all forms of close combat. This can include any combat that involves directly striking an opponent at ranges generally less than a metre, especially using martial arts or melee weapons. This term is especially use...
Was the Middle East before 1948 always a conflictual place? Why?	You should probably try to specify a time before 1948, since the Middle East has a long and complicated history that can't really be summarized in a Reddit post.	[ "The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throu...
how come hotel key cards get erased by being near cell phones, but credit cards don't?	I actually asked something similar a while back and was given a fair answer. What it boils down to is the strength of the equipment used to magnetize the cards. A stronger device magnetizing the card means you'd need a stronger magnet to wipe it.	[ "In the case of the hotel room lock, there is no central system; the keycard and the lock function in the same tradition as a standard key and lock. However if the card readers communicate with a central system, it's the system that unlocks the door, not the card reader alone. This allows for more control over the ...
Did the French Government ever apologize for the Holocaust?	Concerning your fourth point: The crimes of Nazi Germany, everything that led to it and WW2 as a whole are taught VERY prominently in Germany. I might be overestimating it a bit in hindsight, but History lessons felt like 1/4 Nazistuff, 3/4 for the complete rest of human history. They even sneaked lessons about Nazi G...	[ "In the wake of the Holocaust, around 180,000 Jews remained in France, many of whom were refugees from Eastern Europe who either could not or would not return to their former home countries. To prevent the types of abuses that took place under the German Occupation and Vichy Regime, the legislature passed laws to s...
why is the quality of editing on internet news reports so poor?	3 big things at play: 1) on the internet being first is often more important than being perfect. 2) because you can edit live and because of #1, some sites will throw up the content, and then edit/update it after. You see this particularly for sports, where espn will have super short articles right after a team wins...	[ "News sources can protect their entire audience from this effect if all reporters stories are reviewed by editors who use a quality checklist for all stories which includes an assessment of the false neutrality bias of view-from-nowhere reporting.\n", "IMDb has been subject to deliberate additions of false inform...
surely someone must know: how do blind people use those bird chirping noises to cross the street? how do they know it's not for the kitty-corner side of the street?	Bob is walking north when he approaches an intersection that he knows has an auditory signal. He wants to continue north. He presses the button and listens for the next auditory signal. There is one particular sound that's used for north-south intersections and a different sound that's used for east-west intersectio...	[ "Blind people might use RP to locate obstacles by clicking the street surface with their cane, thus producing a wide-band impulsive sound that is reflected against the obstacle. RP has been subject of various studies, both psychophysical, electrophysiological and behavioural.\n", "They are used primarily for game...
if i had $1billion, what "bank" would/could i deposit it all in.	It would be stupid to put it all in one bank because, for one, banks can fail, and two, it could be put to much better use. Ideally one would invest most of it in various forms of assets like stocks and bonds, real estate, etc.	[ "When a bank issues a loan of $1000 to a customer, they debit the customer's loan account with $1000 and at the same time they credit the customer's deposit account with $1000, ready for using. The bank now has a new asset of $1000 and a new liability of $1000. The bank's accounts are still in balance because the a...
I hope someone can point me in the right direction. I'm looking for information on life in the American west, circa 1870-1875.	If you're looking for maps, one of your best bets is Sanborn Fire Insurance maps. It looks like maps existed for [Dodge City](_URL_0_) shortly after the period you're interested in. Sanborn Maps are not free, but your local library may have a subscription to an online database. Also, they were fire insurance maps so th...	[ "Robert William Mondy (September 4, 1908 – August 18, 1997) was an historian of the frontier experience in the American West and South, who spent thirty-nine years, from 1935–1974, on the faculty of Louisiana Tech University in his native Ruston in Lincoln Parish in north Louisiana.\n", "Brown was candid about hi...
Where did the concept of 'a captain must go down with his ship' come from and why? It seems idiotic to waste a captain like that.	As an idiom it dates back at least the beginning of the 20th century. As a concept it goes back a few decades earlier. The concept is not that the "Captain must go down with his ship". It is that the Captain should be the last to be rescued. This often times results in the captain going down with the ship but tha...	[ "When used metaphorically, the \"captain\" may be simply the leader of a group of people, \"the ship\" may refer to some other place that is threatened by catastrophe, and \"going down\" with it may refer to a situation that implies a severe penalty or death. It is common for references to be made in the case of th...
Why do geothermal plants produce steam?	Are you thinking of a cooling tower? All thermal power generating plants have some waste heat to dissipate (if they didn't they would be violating the laws of Thermodynamics with a 100% efficient process). Usually this excess heat is rejected through evaporative cooling via a cooling tower, which is the large cylinde...	[ "Geothermal plants need no boiler since they use naturally occurring steam sources. Heat exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive suspended solids. Nuclear plants also boil water to raise steam, either directly passing the working steam through the reactor or else us...
can someone explain "old man strength" and "retard strong"? is there any science behind these concepts?	As to the idea of "retard strength", they are not stronger but because of their mental disability they do not inhibit themselves like we do. For example if i go to pat you on the back my brain knows to limit how hard my hand moves, but someone with a mental disability this might not happen and they slap you despite not...	[ "In the first half of the 20th Century, they became a colloquial term of strength, as in \"I couldn't get rid of him with a pair of tire irons,\" and frequently appeared in cartoons in similar situations. The usage is obviously now considered passe.\n", "The similar moral of the Aesopic fable \"The Old Man and hi...
Are the stories of "No Man's Land Deserters" in World War One true?	A similar question has been asked before. You can view my own answer as well as that of /u/jonewer [here](_URL_0_)	[ "The Deserter is a British First World War poem, written in 1916 by Winifred Mary Letts (1882–1972). It tells the story of a young British soldier who is shot for desertion. It has been included in several anthologies of First World War poems. The poem is used as one of many in Opening Lines, a GCSE English book. I...
why are sinks that require you to hold the knob thing with one hand to pour water even made?	Water conservation, typically. I believe it's to prevent people from walking away & leaving the faucet on.	[ "A sink — also known by other names including sinker, washbowl, hand basin and wash basin—is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. Sinks have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also inclu...
if people want to make video games as realistic as possible, why are the distances in video games over exaggerated?	Because no one wants to spend two hours just to get to an objective. It's basically just to get rid of tedium.	[ "The premise behind such games is that humans are better than computers at performing certain tasks, because of their intuition and superior visual processing. Video games are now being used to channel these abilities to solve problems in quantum physics. Result from the flagship game, Quantum Moves have been publi...
What is the smallest amount of matter needed to create a black hole ? Could a poppy seed become a black hole if crushed to small enough space ?	black holes must be significantly heavier than the Planck mass M_P, which is about 22 μg. Anything quite heavier can form a (extremely short-lived unless it is really heavy) black hole, while anything quite lighter cannot. So yes, poppy seed is good, E. coli bacterium doesn't work. Imagine you have an object lighter...	[ "One hypothesis is that the seeds are black holes of tens or perhaps hundreds of solar masses that are left behind by the explosions of massive stars and grow by accretion of matter. Another model hypothesizes that before the first stars, large gas clouds could collapse into a \"quasi-star\", which would in turn co...
do any other animals eat for needs besides survival? like pleasure, or health concerns?	My dog definitely eats for pleasure.	[ "All of these animals are omnivores, yet still fall into special niches in terms of feeding behavior and preferred foods. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times or makes possible living in less consistent environments.\n", "It is common for animals (even those like hummingbirds ...
How did the whole 'endangered species' thing come about?	[This recent answer](_URL_0_) by /u/hillsonghoods partially touches on your question.	[ "Endangered Species is a set of sculptures made up of car engine hoses from cars with wild animal names such as Ford, Mustang and Opel Tigra. These car productions have stopped and relate back to the idea of what is destined to disappear and this idea of ecological threat shifting into the automobile industry, ther...
Why do European monarchs always have the same names with a number afterwards?	So in Searocksandtrees's post the British monarchs are discussed. I'll give some info on French Kings. If you go back all the way to the Merovingian dynasty there has been several Clovis, several Clothaire, ...Etc they were not known by numbers in chronics of the time but by their period of rules, sometimes with a dee...	[ "Monarchs and other royalty, for example Napoleon, have traditionally availed themselves of the privilege of using a mononym, modified when necessary by an ordinal or epithet (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II or Charles the Great). This is not always the case: King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden has two names. While many Europe...
do people with exotropia (one or both eyes facing outwards) have a wider field of vision?	I have exotropia in my left eye. Firstly, I've had wonky eyes forever, one way or another, and as such my brain has decided to mostly ignore what my left eye sees. To expand on that, I can still 'see' out of my left eye (I can switch between looking out of my dominant right eye, or my practically useless left eye), but...	[ "Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. It is the opposite of esotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than exophoria. People with exotropia often experience crossed diplopia. Intermittent exotropia is a fairly common condition. \"Sensory exotropia\" occurs in the pr...
is it possible to reverse nerve damage caused by neuropathy	Which kind of neuropathy does this relative have? Neuropathy is a description of a condition (deteriorating nerves), not an ailment in its own right. Among peripheral neuropathies, there are some caused by vitamin deficiencies, some caused by genetic flaws, and some caused by other conditions. If the neuropathy is c...	[ "Neuropathy has been a problem in some clinical trials with DCA causing them to be effectively halted, but a 2008 BJC review found that it has not occurred in DCA other trials. The mechanism of DCA induced neuropathy is not well understood. On the one hand \"in vitro\" work with nerves has suggested a mechanism for...
How is Graham Hancock wrong?	Graham Hancock does a LOT of cherry-picking of evidence, displays a LOT of confirmation bias, and his research is actually really poor. He constantly sets up straw man arguments to dismiss legitimate academic conclusions. He cites "experts" who are actually working outside their field of expertise (like citing an astr...	[ "The programme had created the impression that he [Hancock] was an intellectual fraudster who had put forward half-baked theories and ideas in bad faith, and that he was incompetent to defend his own arguments.\n", "Hancock also made recurring appearances in several television shows during his career, including \...
Is there any mention of Jesus traveling in his younger years?	No, there's no mention or implication that Jesus ever travelled beyond Galilee and Judea.	[ "The canonical Gospels offer only one story about Jesus as a boy—Luke's story about the boy Jesus in the Jerusalem Temple. According to Luke, his parents, Joseph and Mary, took the 12-year-old Jesus to Jerusalem on their annual pilgrimage to the Passover. Mary and Joseph started their journey home without Jesus, th...
Can you recommend any books on the history of technology and innovation?	These are a little obvious, but if you haven't read them, you're definitely missing out: [Connections by James Burke](_URL_0_) [A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson](_URL_1_) Not really original, but great fun, great stories and exactly what you seem to be looking for.	[ "He is also remembered for his book \"The Sources of Invention\" (1958), written with two research assistants, David Sawers and Richard Stillerman. It is based on 50 case studies of 19th century and 20th century technological innovations and is considered a pioneering study in the economics of innovation.\n", "Th...
how can we see magenta if it doesn’t technically exist on the visible spectrum of light?	Because it's our name for a color that consists of a blend of two existing colors. How can we eat a strawberry rhubarb pie, if there is no strawberry rhubarb plant? :-)	[ "Magenta is not a spectral but an \"extraspectral\" color: it cannot be generated by light of a single wavelength. Humans, being trichromats, can only see as far as 380 nanometers into the spectrum, i.e., as far as violet.\n", "Magenta is an extra-spectral color, meaning that it is not a hue associated with monoc...
How did the Greek hoplites use spears?	Honestly, we don't know. Artwork shows both styles, and their art is more symbolic than representative. Each form has its own strengths and weaknesses. It doesn't help that we don't exactly know how phalanxes fought either. The basic idea of a hoplite phalanx was around for ~500 years, so they had plenty of time to exp...	[ "The hoplite phalanx of the Archaic and Classical periods in Greece (c. 800–350 BC) was the formation in which the hoplites would line up in ranks in close order. The hoplites would lock their shields together, and the first few ranks of soldiers would project their spears out over the first rank of shields. The ph...
The ancient history of kink.	You might want to check out /u/AnnalsPornographie's answer and follow-ups to this question from a few months ago: [Is there any documentation of various sexual “kinks” in ancient civilizations?](_URL_0_)	[ "There are two major schools of thought regarding Ekiti history. First was the story that tied the origin of Ekiti to Ife. The story goes that the Olofin, one of the sons of Oduduwa had 16 children and in the means of searching for the new land to develop, they all journeyed out of Ile-Ife as they walked through th...
how does strict nat and upnp affect online connectivity while gaming?	NAT or Network Address Translation is basically a way for your router to handle translating private/local IP addresses (192.168.x.x/172.16.x.x/10.x.x.x) to public addresses. Without it, each device on a local network would either need a public IP address, or would not be able to communicate with devices outside its own...	[ "One of the additional benefits of one-to-many NAT is that it is a practical solution to exhaustion of the IPv4 address space. Even large networks can be connected to the Internet using a single public IP address.\n", "NAT traversal, through TCP hole punching, establishes bidirectional TCP connections between Int...
why do eyes adapt to dark spaces but not dark glasses or tint?	Not a dumb question at all. Our eyes are sensitive enough to see at night with just starlight up to a completely sunny day. However, it takes time for our eyes to adapt to the lighting conditions and even when adapted, we only can see a limited range above and below that adapted value. Our eyes are very similar to how...	[ "A dark area has limited light sources, making things hard to see. Exposure to alternating light and darkness (night and day) has caused several evolutionary adaptations to darkness. When a vertebrate, like a human, enters a dark area, its pupils dilate, allowing more light to enter the eye and improving night visi...
Why can protein structures not be predicted by computers? Why is crystallography necessary?	Good answers in this thread, the folding space is many orders of magnitude too large to search exhaustively. Two additional comments: * Computers can predict protein structures rather well today. However this mostly works based on alignments and homology modelling with closely related proteins (of known structure),...	[ "Protein structure prediction methods are more accurate in predicting the structures of proteins with low contact orders. This may be partly because low contact order proteins tend to be small, but is likely to be explained by the smaller number of possible long-range residue-residue interactions to be considered d...
can penicillin be made from cheese you buy? if so, how would you make it?	You don't "make" penicillin exactly (well nowadays it's probably synthesized but that wasn't the case of its discovery). It's a common mold, meaning there's all sorts of mold and fungi spores floating around in the air. Yeah if you leave some bread/cheese out it might start growing penicillin mold on it, but it'll prob...	[ "The primary use of cheesecloth is in some styles of cheesemaking, where it is used to remove whey from cheese curds, and to help hold the curds together as the cheese is formed. Cheesecloth is also used in straining stocks and custards, bundling herbs, making tofu and ghee, and thickening yogurt. Queso blanco and ...
patent trolls	First off there never is a bad guy or a good guy only people. And in this case people abusing a legal system, and people getting screwed over by the former. So a patent is a contract between a person/company and society. You keep inventing cool stuff and we promise not to copy you unfairly without paying you. This is...	[ "In international law and business, patent trolling or patent hoarding is a categorical or pejorative term applied to a person or company that attempts to enforce patent rights against accused infringers far beyond the patent's actual value or contribution to the prior art, often through hardball legal tactics (fri...
why do people get flakes in their hair?	Its bits of dead skin from your scalp. I used to have dandruff too it went away after I STOPPED using head and shoulders.	[ "Hair is a very good thermal conductor and aids heat transfer both into and out of the body. When goose bumps are observed, small muscles (Arrector pili muscle) contract to raise the hairs both to provide insulation, by reducing cooling by air convection of the skin, as well as in response to central nervous stimul...
Why didn't Ottoman pirates join in with the plundering of gold from the new world?	Your assertion that the Ottomans "controlled the trade routes to the far east" is an oversimplification of the situation in the 16th century. They controlled part of a route that was a bottleneck for trade between Europe and large parts of Asia, but they did not control the entire trade route. Your other assertion th...	[ "With Ottoman protection and a host of destitute immigrants, the coastline soon became reputed for piracy. Crews from the seized ships were either enslaved or ransomed. Between 1580 and 1680, there were in Barbary around 15,000 renegades, Christian Europeans who converted to Islam, and half of the corsair captains ...
What is the oldest law that is still in force?	My best guess is The Fairs Act of Ireland from 1204 CE. Page 12 of this pdf [warning] of the [Irish Statute Book](_URL_0_), under the Schedule titled "Statutes Retained" indicates that it's the oldest law still in effect in Ireland. I assumed maybe Iceland or Japan might have something older, but I don't know of anythi...	[ "The oldest known codified law is the Code of Hammurabi, dating back to about 1754 BC. The preface directly credits the laws to the code of hammurabi of Ur. In different parts of the world, law could be established by philosophers or religion. In the modern world, laws are typically created and enforced by governme...
why do emergency vehicles have to turn off their sirens while passing cemeteries?	It's because at night, and during the early morning, we try to only use the sirens and horns when we actually need them. We are public servants, so it would be quite shitty to wake our citizens up if they don't want to be.	[ "Some emergency vehicle operators occasionally turn off their sirens when on side streets or when there are no cars on the road so as not to disturb residents; however, there is seldom a mandate for responders to do so. The driver will then turn on the sirens before proceeding through intersections or when travelin...
why is freshly popped toast crunchy but toast that has been sitting out for awhile chewy?	Toast that is freshly made has had most of the water cooked out of it. That makes it crunchy. Toast that has sat around for a while has absorbed water from the air and become more chewy.	[ "French Toast Crunch is a breakfast cereal launched in 1995 naturally flavored to taste like French toast, by the General Mills company. The cereal pieces originally looked like mini slices of French toast, but General Mills changed the cereal to a style similar in appearance to Cinnamon Toast Crunch; a thin, wavy ...
why do people wear helmets in autocross?	Have you ever seen a rollover crash? How the top of the car, even with a roll cage, crumples in. If someone weren't wearing a helmet the top could cut your head open. ALSO you can bang your head on the side door and get knocked out.	[ "In most respects, auto racing helmets are not dissimilar to motorcycle helmets in construction, since they have similar requirements of protecting against extremely high-speed collisions. Modern racing helmets have an outer shell of carbon fiber, an inner shell of thick polystyrene and padding which must be in con...
how come the internet archive project (_url_0_) has so much space to store the entire web history?	For a start, it does not store the entire history of the web. It stores a lot of snapshots of a lot of sites, but nowhere near all sites, nor even everything that is on a site they have stored.	[ "The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captu...
what would change if all 50 us states became independent countries?	I read a great thread years ago (I think 2011-2012) where someone asked what would happen if all 50 states declared war on another. It was very cool. Talked about coalitions that would form naturally. For example, New England states which produce food would ally with New York (which had industry and a port). States tha...	[ "Nevertheless, some of the 111 members who joined the UN after 1960 gained independence from countries not covered by Resolution 1541 and were themselves not classified as \"Non-Self-Governing Territories\" by the UN. Of these that joined the UN between 1960 and 2008, 11 were independent before 1960 and 71 were inc...
How is barometric pressure used to predict a coming storm or a change in weather?	You would want to look at changes in barometric prressure over time. A rapid drop in pressure could indicate an approaching low pressure system or frontal zone, which are typically associated with precipitation. An increase in pressure would indicate a high pressure system and fair weather. Low pressure indicates ris...	[ "Measurements of barometric pressure and the pressure tendency (the change of pressure over time) have been used in forecasting since the late 19th century. The larger the change in pressure, especially if more than , the larger the change in weather can be expected. If the pressure drop is rapid, a low pressure sy...
Why did the seafarers from Borneo colonize Madagascar and not places closer to their origins?	They did. The [Polynesian expansion](_URL_0_) moved both east and west. Madagascar and Easter Island represent the farthest extent of their settlement, and were also settled latest. The Polynesians would jump from island to island, and when those islands got too crowded or political, groups would head for their outrigg...	[ "Austronesian seafarers are believed to have been the first humans to settle on the island, arriving between 100 and 500 CE. In their outrigger canoes they carried food staples from home including rice, plantains, taro, and water yam. Sugarcane, ginger, sweet potatoes, pigs and chickens were also probably brought t...
How is it that the concept of an Electromagnetic Field avoids the problems caused by the concept of a "Luminiferous aether" with regards to relativity?	The first postulate of special relativity can be formulated as such: > The laws of physics are invariant (i.e. identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference) Which implies that as far as the laws of physics goes, there is no special frame of reference. It doesn't explicitly say anything ...	[ "Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald offered within the framework of Lorentz ether theory a more elegant solution to how the motion of an absolute aether could be undetectable (length contraction), but if their equations were correct, Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity could generate the ...
what is the significance of maggots in the decay of corpses?	Decay is caused by microorganism, freezing the body freezes them. So yes, freezing the microorganism is the only reason the decomposition stops.	[ "Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver decomposition island (CDI). Liquefacti...
why/how could one get a heart attack after being angry?	I've heard that it works like this (but someone please correct me if I've been misinformed): The heart is a muscle and when you get angry one of the body's reactions is to increase heart rate, blood flow, etc. If the heart is asked to do more than it's capable of doing (i.e., you're out of shape, older, etc) the heart...	[ "A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. Extremely low blood pressure usually represents the inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Untreated heart attacks may slow blood flow enough that blood may start to clot and prevent the flow of...
Why is the fertile life of human sperm so short?	Somewhat outside of my tag, but I have some college background and lots of reading on evolutionary subjects like this. To add to AlloLay's great answer, another reason why humans don't need to have the sperm longevity that other organisms have is that we have a LOT of sex. It's ridiculous how many intercourse sessions...	[ "Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millio...
Why does water evaporate so much quicker than oil?	All other things being equal, smaller molecules are more readily vaporized than larger ones. The water molecule (H2O) approximately 50x smaller than your average oil molecule (soybean triglyceride used as reference).	[ "BULLET::::- Vacuum and centrifuge: oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a centrifuge can be used to separate the oil from the water – allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually, the water is returned to the sea, making the process more efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to ...
How did Trireme fleets navigate the Aegean?	It's not actually that difficult to keep within sight of land sailing more or less straight across the Aegean. Modern-day Greece has over a thousand islands, as many as five or six thousand by some estimates (depends what an island is). The modern Greek Tourism Bureau lists 227 inhabited islands, most of them in the Ae...	[ "The theoretical size of Charybdis remains unknown, yet in order to consume Greek ships the whirlpool can be estimated to about 23 meters (75 ft) across. Charybdis has been associated with the Strait of Messina, off the coast of Sicily and opposite a rock on the mainland identified with Scylla. Were Charybdis to be...
What atoms last the longest in the body?	Accumulated heavy metal atoms like mercury stay with you forever (I think).	[ "Other than the naturally occurring isotopes, the longest-lived radioisotopes are Sm, which has a half-life of 88.8 years, and Sm, which has a half-life of 340 days. All of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than two days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 48 second...
why the black lives matter protesters shut down bernie sanders twice?	Because it's undirected anger. There's mounds of evidence for institutional discrimination against African-Americans, and the prominent shooting deaths of unarmed black kids has been a focal point for a lot of pent up anger. If this was the 60's there'd be a few well known leaders of the black community to help direc...	[ "On 3 April 2016, hundreds of supporters of Bernie Sanders protested outside of CNN's Headquarters in Los Angeles. Sanders supporters were protesting CNN's coverage of the 2016 United States presidential elections, specifically in regards to the amount of airtime Sanders has received. Known as Occupy CNN, protestor...
Question about medieval weaponry used post battle	You're probably thinking of the misericorde, a long, narrow-bladed dagger with similarities to both the earlier rondel dagger and the later stiletto, appearing around the 13th century and carried as a sidearm. Its shape certainly lent itself to penetrating armour to deliver a coup de grace (the name misericorde d...	[ "Medieval weapons of the same type (such as rifles and cannons or mangonels and trebuchets) are compared and tested in rate of fire, how easy it is to make and to use, fatality (usually using a pig carcass), overall power, accuracy etc. The weapon which would win most of the rounds in the end is deemed the perfect ...
Why do I see water vapor when I open the hot water in my shower?	Water that is truly in the gas phase is not visible to our eyes. What we see when we describe steam or vapor is an accumulation of water molecules condensing back into the liquid phase in the form of very small droplets. We usually think of water as existing in one of the three phases of matter depending on temperatu...	[ "It forms when a light wind of very cold air mixes with a shallow layer of saturated warm air immediately above the warmer water. The warmer air is cooled beyond the dew point and can no longer hold as much water vapor, so the excess condenses out. The effect is similar to the \"steam\" produced over a hot bath or ...
Does skin grow back (or does it just stretch)?	[Skin grows back](_URL_0_), more or less. > The proliferative phase lasts from 2 days up to 3 weeks. During this time the wound begins to heal by building tissue, including skin and blood vessels. The proliferative phase is broken down into four sub-phases: granulation, contraction, angiogenesis, and re-epithelializ...	[ "Skin expansion is a common surgical procedure to grow extra skin through controlled mechanical overstretch. It creates skin that matches the color, texture, and thickness of the surrounding tissue, while minimizing scars and risk of rejection.\n", "Stretch marks (technically called \"striae\") are also a form of...
Who policed pre-Revolutionary Boston?	The Sheriff The primary policing authority was Sheriff Stephen Greenleaf. He had the power to call on the militia to deal with criminals or mobs, serve writs to search buildings and ships, and to arrest suspects and place them in the gaol (a prison). If you're interested in what gaols looked like, or who they co...	[ "The formal founding date of the Boston Municipal Police is 1979. The department was created so the former Public Facilities Department (now known as Property Management) could have a fully functional police force to respond to alarms in schools and other City buildings when the City was experiencing many problems ...
How do the Teutonic Knights differ from the Knights Templar? I know that the Teutonic were Germanic but where did they differ in terms of ideology’s. Both were Christian but what made them different in there crusades, fighting styles, rules?	The first Crusade started in 1096 and lasted until 1099, the causes of this are widely debated but I was taught that the Crusades were launched in response to the Seljuk victory at Manzikert which saw a large portion of Anatolia(Modern day Turkey) fall into Muslim hands. When the Emperor of the Byzantime Empire asked...	[ "The Teutonic Knights were a German religious order formed in 1190, in the city of Acre, to both aid Christian pilgrims on their way to the Holy Lands and to operate hospitals for the sick and injured in Outremer. After Muslim forces captured the Holy Lands, the order moved to Transylvania in 1211 and later, after ...
Why did the German states, and then Germany manage to industrialize so effectively in the 19th century?	This industrial growth is both a byproduct and a necessity of Chancellor Bismarck's plans for Germany's socio-political control of the region. The general feeling in Europe since the Franco-Prussian War was that a general European War was eminent and whatever happened Bismarck wanted Germany to be in the driver's seat....	[ "Until the early 19th century Germany, a federation of numerous states of varying size and development, retained its pre-industrial character, where trade centered around a number of free imperial cities. After the extensive development of the railway network during the 1840s, rapid economic growth and modernisatio...
what is the process of paying taxes for someone who is self-employed?	They make quarterly tax payments. You would typically fill out the 1040es, then paywhatever that says is due. _URL_0_ You are not actually turning in the form, so if you wanted to, you could just guess how much you need to pay (especially if you have done it for a few years.)	[ "For self-employed workers (who technically are not employees and are deemed not to be earning \"wages\" for federal tax purposes), the self-employment tax, imposed by the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954, codified as Chapter 2 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code, , is 15.3% of \"net earnings from s...
Why did the USSR fail to capitalize on social unrest in the 60s and 70s? Alternatively, why couldn’t the Beatles play in Moscow?	While a number of Western , largely conservative, critics of the New Left and the wider 1960s counterculture as communist, this did not mean the New Left was Marxist-Leninist in nature or that the USSR identified with them.The Soviet leadership was ambivalent about the New Left and this mirrored the generalized ambival...	[ "The effect The Beatles had in Russia during the Cold War is an example of how music artists and their songs can become political. During this time, rock music channelled liberal \"Western\" ideas as a progressive and modernized art form. The Beatles symbolized the Western culture in a way that introduced new ideas...
how the part of the human brain that controls concentration and problem solving works on concert with the part that looks for instance gratification and procrastination.	I think you might want to find the article, since the language you're using isn't very precise. There's no part of your brain that controls "concentration and problem solving," and there's no part of your brain that "looks for instant gratification and procrastination." These are high level, abstract concepts, and ther...	[ "The neurobiologists apply a \"bottom-up\" research strategy in their studies. This strategy seems to prove necessary and sufficient to understand a brain in its entirety after the impressive achievements in studying the entire nervous system of a simple model organism, such as \"Caenorhabditis elegans\". However i...
Is the rate at which a feather and a brick fall in a vacuum truly the same?	If you ignore the movement of the larger body, say the Earth or moon, then the relationship is exact as "m" cancels out, > F = ma = GMm/r^2 > a = GM/r^2 So you're right, it's a half-truth, but the difference is so unimaginably small ignoring it gives works out great. The reason it's in all the textbooks is ...	[ "BULLET::::- Feather Fall: The affected creatures or objects fall slowly; at a feather rate. Feather fall instantly changes the rate at which the targets fall to a mere 60 feet per round (equivalent to the end of a fall from a few feet), and the subjects take no damage upon landing while the spell is in effect. How...
what stops minors from buying lottery tickets from machines	Nothing stops you from buying them. You just won't be able to redeem them yourself, if you win.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Law to Prohibit the Sale of Lottery Tickets to Minors\" – The law prohibits the sale of lottery tickets to anyone under the age of 18, in order to protect minors from developing a gambling addiction and wasting large sums of money. Together with MK Ahmed Tibi.\n", "By betting on the outcome of a lo...
What were some of the most impactful yet unpredicted developments in history?	The Reformation - except for the Hussite Wars Catholicism was firmly in charge of Europe, and then, Martin Luther came.	[ "In the early 21st century, the progress of human civilization was accelerated by ground-breaking discoveries in mining technology, allowing extraction of magma energy for a new low-cost, all-encompassing energy source. Scientists contributing to the breakthrough formed \"APE\", an organization that would gain a la...
How did the HRE become the mess that it did?	Can you clarify what you mean by 'the mess that it did'?	[ "On the evening of 3 January 1975, a fire broke out in the TVR factory, likely caused by faulty wiring in a 3000M factory demonstrator car. Several complete and nearly complete cars were destroyed, as well as many components in the company's stores. Soot and ash covered every surface, and the damage was estimated t...
Quantum fluctuations after big bang?	Have you heard of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? This is the idea that, on extremely small scales, smaller even than atoms, you can't measure things like distance and velocity with exact precision. Actually, the statement is you can't measure both of those precisely - the more accurately you measure some parti...	[ "Due to the quantum geometry, the Big Bang is replaced by a big bounce without any assumptions on the matter content or any fine tuning. An important feature of loop quantum cosmology is the effective space-time description of the underlying quantum evolution. The effective dynamics approach has been extensively us...
What factors led the decline of Londinium and how did this change and allow London to develop?	London is essentially a port city. Even if it isn't literally a port, it is a good "hub point" for much of the British island to connect to the Thames, and thus essentially controls much of the trade into and out of Britain (Bristol is probably the biggest exception). Therefore, its fortunes are heavily dependent on th...	[ "Excavations by the DUA and DGLA in the 1970s and 1980s revealed that the history of the Roman founding and development of Londinium was much more complex than previously realised. London was established on a militarily-strategic and economically important location which is now the site of the City of London and No...
Is it possible to mentally stimulate the release of adrenaline?	Sure. Ever think really hard about something, maybe the outcome of a certain decision, and suddenly feel your heart racing when you contemplate a bad outcome? The heart racing is due to your brain stimulating your sympathetic nervous system; when the adrenal glands receive sympathetic stimulation, it causes a release o...	[ "Low, or absent, concentrations of adrenaline can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with Addisons disease, can suppress adrenaline secretion as the activity of the synthesing enzyme, phenylethanolamine-\"N\"-methyltransferase, depends on the high concentra...
What is actually happening when an image is out of focus and how do lenses focus them?	The basis of a lens is the refraction index (n) (I studied it in Spanish so idk if the terms I'm gonna use are the correct terms in English too) each material has it's own n. Vacuum's n is 1 and air's is a bit more. When light changes from a material to another one with a different n, it "bends" (that's what happens to...	[ "But when a lens is tilted with respect to the image plane, an oblique tangent extended from the image plane and another extended from the lens plane meet at a line through which the PoF also passes, as illustrated in Figure 2. With this condition, a planar subject that is not parallel to the image plane can be com...
why is the roman empire considered so important that we teach it to this day?	TL;DR: the Roman Empire was massive, lasted for ages, and covered much of Western Europe, so it’s no surprise it is so important to Europeans and their offshoot nations. (And I assume to many others, in North Africa, the Middle East, etc., but I can’t speak for them.) At its height, the Roman Empire was one of the lar...	[ "The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time, and it was one of the largest empires in world history. At its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. The Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shapi...
why are countires threatening each other with nuclear weapons? if anyone used one wouldn't they just be hurting themselves?	Who's threatening to use them? Having nuclear weapons is essentially just a deterrent for other countries using nuclear weapons. Trying to get nuclear weapons is basically just ensuring no ther country uses it on you.	[ "Supporters also consider physical threats of imminent physical violence (\"e.g.\", pointing a firearm at innocent people, stocking up nuclear weapons that cannot be used discriminately against specific individual aggressors) sufficient justification for a defensive response in a physical manner. Such threats woul...
Where can I read contemporary accounts of sailors (or pirate)'s lives (from before the 20th century)	Dampier, William (Ed. John Masefield). Dampier's Voyages (London, 1906). Exquemelin, A.O. Bucaniers of America (London, 1684). [Note: I've read this one. I think there's a 1920's edition available on Google e-books for free. Great resource but note that the author's surname may also be listed as: Esquemeling.] The L...	[ "In 1724, the first edition of A General History of Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates was published. The author was listed as a Captain Charles Johnson, whose real name is unknown. However, what is most important about this work is not who penned it, but that it represents what people thought abou...
Why did British Prime Minister Anthony Eden reject French Prime Minister Guy Mollet's idea of an economic and political union between France and Great Britain?	There was significant entanglements related to the French that caused Eden to reject these proposals, most of them stemmed from sentiments from the time he was Foreign Secretary and considerations at the time also in play. There was a few presumed and inevitable outcome that came with much closer social and politica...	[ "\"The British were less than supportive of the Pleven Plan as there was much opposition to it within the French National Assembly, and continued to favor letting the Federal Republic of Germany rearm instead.\" The return of the Conservatives to power following the October 1951 election did not change Anglo-French...

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