Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
if the director's cut is different from the theatrical cut, then whose cut is the theatrical cut?	In filmmaking, there is a concept called final cut. Whoever has final cut can contractually say what the theatrical release is. The directors cut is the version the direct thinks best exemplifies their vision of the story. At some point, powerful directors (think Scorsese or Spielberg) were given final cut in their c...	[ "Traditionally, the \"director's cut\" is not, by definition, the director's ideal or preferred cut. The editing process of a film is broken into stages: First is the assembly/rough cut, where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film. Next, the editor's cut is reduced...
Did Japanese houses not get wet with only paper walls? How long have they been made like this?	I'm in no way a knowledgeable source, but I believe they had fairly large awnings and the rice paper most likely had a waxy outside coating, but this is just conjecture. Sorry I couldn't be of more help!	[ "Until the early 20th century, the Japanese used washi in applications where Western style paper or other materials are currently used. This is partly because washi was the only type of paper available at that time in Japan, but also because the unique characteristics of washi made it a better material. The differe...
why hasn't the price of black market drugs changed 15 years when everything else has gone up?	The price of marijuana may not have changed, but other drugs do have changes in price. Just like any other good, they too follow principles of economics( supply-demand, inflation, etc )	[ "The FDA and AMA crackdown, begun in the 1970s, effectively escalated prices on the black market, played into the conspiracy narrative and enabled unscrupulous profiteers to foster multimillion-dollar smuggling empires.\n", "Inflation continued to eat away at the cedi's value on the black market. In the early 198...
while sand is abrasive and opaque, why glass made from that is such smooth and transparent?	Sand is mostly silicone dioxide and when melted it is changed at a molecular level. When it cools it forms a smooth clear substance.	[ "Glass from inland waterways such as the Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes is known as beach glass. It is similar to sea glass, but in the absence of wave rigor and oceanic saline, content is typically less weathered. Beach glass from inland regions often has prominently embossed designs or letters on it, which ca...
why do the same injuries hurt so much when you're young and when you're old you might not even notice it?	Pain is relative. When you were younger, your most painful moment could have been when you fell down and scraped your hands on the pavement. And then one day, you are getting your sprinters ripped out of your flesh AND OMG THIS HURTS MORE THAN ANYTHING YOU HAVE EVER FELT. As you get older, you end up with more experi...	[ "Due to anatomical and physiological differences, injuries in children need to be approached differently from those in adults. Accidents are the leading cause of death in children between 1 and 14 years old. In the United States, approximately sixteen million children go to an emergency department due to some form ...
If you mechanically separate a solid into one-molecule pieces, would it behave as a liquid? Why or why not?	If the molecules aren't in contact, you have temporarily created a gas.* Upon contacting each other, the molecules will bond and a solid will accumulate. At no point, assuming you're at standard temperature and pressure, will you have the conditions that produce a liquid. *This broadly describes a process called "sput...	[ "Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). In solids particles are closely packed. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor d...
Was the Christianity practiced by the western Roman Empire and Western Europe prior to the great schism more similar to modern day Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy?	I wasn’t going to comment, I really was going to let this one go. But then I read the answers posted, and I couldn’t stop. So, just to set ourselves up, we are talking about 1000 years of history here, from the arrival of Christianity in Rome in the mid to late 1st century (I would say at least by the 50s), and the Gr...	[ "BULLET::::- Christianity had become the State church of the Roman Empire in 380, and continued spreading into northern and eastern Europe during the post-classical period at the expense of belief systems that Christians labelled pagan. An attempt was even made to incur upon the Middle East during the Crusades. The...
what are the pros and cons of a forward swept wing aircraft?	It's like having rear wheel steering- very maneuverable but not stable. Even more five year old- push your red wagon by the steering handle and see what happens.	[ "BULLET::::- Forward swept: the wing angles forward from the root. Benefits are similar to backwards sweep, also it avoids the stall problems and has reduced tip losses allowing a smaller wing, but requires even greater stiffness to avoid aeroelastic flutter as on the Sukhoi Su-47. The HFB 320 Hansa Jet used forwar...
us congress and stocks, how are those things not a conflict of interest?	It is a complete and total conflict of interest. They briefly banned insider trading in the senate (?) but it was quietly removed. It's disgusting and certainly part of the reason people on both ends of the political spectrum are supporting "outside" candidates in the primaries.	[ "The Presidential Conflicts of Interest Act of 2017 is a bill introduced by Democrat Senator Elizabeth Warren to the United States Senate on January 9, 2017, during the 1st session of 115th United States Congress. The bill's long title is \"A bill to address financial conflicts of interest of the President and Vice...
what causes my green eyes to vary in color throughout the day?	Your eye color doesn't really change, it's how we perceive it that changes. Now here are some factors that changes the color of your eye: the angle, type of light, and whether your eyes are dilated or not. When you look at an object at different angles it changes color, best example is like the color of a lake vs whe...	[ "As with blue eyes, the color of green eyes does not result simply from the pigmentation of the iris. The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleig...
how is it that in 2015, we can't use science to accurately recreate stradivarius violins?	The assumption here is that a Stradivarius really is objectively better and that we can't reproduce it. In multiple studies, the world's best violinists are unable to tell a Stradivarius apart from a modern violin: _URL_0_	[ "Ariane Todes, editor of The Strad magazine and one of the participants in the study, reported \"It's a stretch to get to the myth-busting generalisation that violinists can't tell a Strad from a modern instrument. There are too many philosophical issues and variables to be definitive about that. However, the data ...
how can judges legally require citizens to do "community service"?	Because the relevant lawmakers decided it would be a good idea, drafted laws to that effect, and passed them. That's what it takes to make something "legal": a law.	[ "The only statutory criterion is that lay judges must be citizens who have not been convicted of, and are not under investigation for, any serious crime. However, people \"ought not\" to be chosen if they are under 30 years old, very high government officials, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, policemen, ministers or p...
Is there such thing as a double Gamma function similar to the Double Factorial?	You are seeking a function F that has the following properties for non-negative integers z: 1. F(z + 1) = z!! 2. F(z + 1)F(z) = Γ(z + 1) We would also like F to be defined on some set larger than just the non-negative integers, say, some open set U of C containing the non-negative integers. Ideally, F w...	[ "The factorial function is the product of all of the positive integers through . The gamma function extends the concept of factorial (normally defined only for non-negative integers) to all complex numbers, except the negative real integers. When the gamma function is evaluated at half-integers, the result contains...
why does bushfire smog often appear red (i live in melbourne australia) and not just shades of gray?	Our primary source of light is of course the sun. As we know, the visible spectrum can be simplified as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These are listed from [lowest to highest frequency $or largest to smallest wavelength$.](_URL_0_) [\[Source\]](_URL_1_) The red-coloured smoke we see likely has...	[ "Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western ...
What historical abuses of diplomatic immunity, if any, have occurred?	The Libyan Embassy incident in London comes to mind, where automatic weapons fire from inside the embassy killed a London policewoman. No one was ever prosecuted. _URL_0_ _URL_1_	[ "The British Parliament first guaranteed diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors in 1709, after Count Andrey Matveyev, a Russian resident in London, had been subjected to verbal and physical abuse by British bailiffs.\n", "The first attempt to codify diplomatic immunity into diplomatic law occurred with the Co...
What cool counter cultural movements were there before the 20th century?	Well, from around 700-200BCE China was divided into warring states (the severity of the warring definitely increased over time), and there were many a wandering scholar. They went from state to state looking for employment. They often subscribed to a school of thought, or had invented their own with a following. This ...	[ "The First World War and the Russian Revolution caused a \"Red Scare\" in the US, which also fanned feelings of xenophobia. During and immediately after the First World War, the concept of the melting pot was equated by Nativists with complete cultural assimilation towards an Anglo-American norm (\"Anglo-conformity...
"Tequila makes me so crazy." Any truth to different liquors and different effects?	[Do different types of alcoholic beverages really induce different types of drunkenness?](_URL_0_), asked a few days ago :)	[ "BULLET::::- DeLeón Extra Añejo: \"Despite its concentration, this tequila has no sting of alcohol to its aroma: Only a slight tingling on the tongue hints at the lofty proof. Honey, buttered almonds, cherries, and cedar essences are packed into every sip, while a hint of heather, reminiscent of a single-malt Scotc...
What did Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism have to say about sex?	Sexuality wasn't a central concern of Confucianism, not as it is in Abrahamic religions. Propriety and temperance (as in, avoiding any physical excesses) are the main emphasis. So, there's an old book called The Ethics of Confucius by MM Dawson that pulls teachings from a few different Confucian (or credited-to-Con...	[ "After 1000 AD, Confucian restraining attitudes towards sexuality became stronger, so that by the beginning of the Qing dynasty in 1644, sex was a taboo topic in public life. These Confucians alleged that the separation of genders in most social activities existed 2,000 years ago and suppressed the sexual arts. Bec...
Yesterday there was a thread about how people in medieval times dealt with pain. As a follow up, how did pain management progress from the medieval period to the advent of evidence-based medicine?	Can anyone link to the referenced thread?	[ "Generally, Medieval physicians attributed much of their work to a combination of the ability to treat illness, such as fever and blisters, and religious faith. If an illness or physical impairment did not subside over time, it was considered an \"incurable illness\" and therefore was deemed as an act of God.\n", ...
what is actually happening when matrices are being multiplied?	When you do the typical scalar product on two vectors, you are essentially adding the contributions of every entry on the vectors to get a specific number. Also, these scalar products are usually written as a (row vector) x (column vector). So instead of the usual notation of v.w, instead use v^t w, where v^t is the t...	[ "These matrices produce the desired effect only if they are used to premultiply column vectors, and (since in general matrix multiplication is not commutative) only if they are applied in the specified order (see Ambiguities for more details).\n", "Because matrix multiplication is associative, multiple affine tra...
How large could an iron cube floating in zero gravity be before its own gravity would start to re shape it into a ball?	Consider asteroids (not metallic iron, but this is the best I can come up with). They are irregularly shaped as they are small, but if they become large enough, their own gravity will force them into spherical shapes. That is the reason planets are spheres, and it's the reason there is a limit to how tall a stable mo...	[ "To withstand the enormous pressure of 1.25 metric tons per cm (110 MPa) at the bottom of Challenger Deep, the sphere's walls were thick (it was overdesigned to withstand considerably more than the rated pressure). The sphere weighed in air and in water (giving it an average specific gravity of 13/(13−8) = 2.6 time...
what do scientists means when they say that the "big bang happened everywhere and not at one single point"?	The big bang was an expansion of spacetime itself, not an explosion of matter. So don't think of it like a firework going off, flinging stars in all directions. Think of it like inflating a balloon. Imagine drawing a bunch of dots on an uninflated balloon, then blowing it up. All of the dots get further away from each...	[ "In the early 1970s, there was still a strong belief among physicists that no one could speak about what came before the Big Bang and stay within the boundaries of science. It was almost universally accepted that no scientist could explain why there is something and not nothing. This was the scientific climate Tryo...
why do condoms not always prevent the spread of std's?	Sometimes condoms break. Some STIs can spread through skin to skin contact, and not all infected skin is always covered by a condom.	[ "Condoms can be expected to provide different levels of protection for various STDs, depending on differences in how the diseases are transmitted. Condoms block transmission and acquisition of STDs by preventing contact between the condom wearer’s penis and a sex partner’s skin, mucosa, and genital secretions. A gr...
Why did the Japanese not follow up successes in 1941 with an attack on Australia crushing allied forces and bases there?	There were plans made for such an attack. In 1941 and early 1942, Australia posed a major threat to Japanese plans. Troops and ships escaping from the Dutch East Indies could flow southwards to bases in Western Australia. Aircraft based in the Northern Territory could interfere with Japanese movements towards Papua New...	[ "The rapid Allied defeat in the Pacific caused many Australians to fear that the Japanese would invade the Australian mainland. While elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed this in early 1942, it was judged to be impossible by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, which instead adopted a strategy of ...
What is this red line on the left side of the Sun?	It only appears in a single frame (which are about 12 seconds apart) so best guess is that the bright spot is the impact point of a cosmic ray, these bright points are called hot pixels. As for the trail leading from it, it was a big enough or lucky enough instance that the pixel was very oversaturated and electrons f...	[ "The figure to the right represents the three angular distances. The left one represents the angle at the observed pointing between the zenith direction and the solar direction. This is thus heavily dependent on the changing solar direction as the sun moves across the sky. The middle one represents the angle at the...
there are billions of people that have died since the current form of burial has been around. so why isn't the world littered with cemeteries?	Bodies and coffins decay. Depending on the soil, it doesn't even necessarily take that long. I have personally worked in cemetaries only around 100 years old where the only traces of burial are soil staining and a few sturdier artifacts. Combine with that, in places where land is at a premium, alternatives strategies...	[ "In many cultures, human corpses were usually buried in soil. The roots of burial as a practice reach back into the Middle Palaeolithic and coincide with the appearance of \"Homo neanderthalensis\" and \"Homo sapiens\", in Europe and Africa respectively. As a result, burial grounds are found throughout the world. T...
smartphone progression getting slower.	Hardware can only improve so fast. As things get better, the room for improvement is smaller. S1 > S2 was a .2ghz increase in processor speed, with 2 cores. Same for S6 > S7, but with 8 cores. As a percentage, it's a smaller increase. S1 > S2 was a 512mb increase in ram, S6 > S7 was 1024mb. Again, a lower percentage ...	[ "With decreasing costs and an improving technology, a further upward tendency can be expected. In addition, the mobile internet usage increases with the rapidly developing distribution of smart phones. According to IM (Mediawork Initiative), already in 2013 more people will log in with their smart phone, than with ...
If Earth's rotational speed decreased, then would the strength of the Earth's magnetic field decrease?	Earth's magnetic field is not produced in the same way as permanent magnets (like fridge magnets) creates their magnetic field. The theory behind earth's magnetic field is called [dynamo theory](_URL_0_) and the rotation of earth is quite important for that matter. The basic concept needs three components: An electri...	[ "The main reason for the slowing down of the Earth's rotation is tidal friction, which alone would lengthen the day by 2.3 ms/century. Other contributing factors are the movement of the Earth's crust relative to its core, changes in mantle convection, and any other events or processes that cause a significant redis...
why are the voices in peoples heads so negative?	That's actually not universal. "The voices" seem to be cultural and are different depending on the society.	[ "However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. Casanova said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them....
What were old mattresses made from?	The first mattresses of the Neolithic period were made of animal skins, possibly supported by leaves, grass, or hay. Later in history, everybody had their own types mattresses, Persians would use goat skins filled with water, while Egyptians used bundles of palm leaves. 3,000 years later, Romans slept on bags filled wi...	[ "Early mattresses contained a variety of natural materials including straw, feathers or horse hair. In the first half of the 20th century, a typical mattress sold in North America had an innerspring core and cotton batting or fiberfill. Modern mattresses usually contain either an inner spring core or materials such...
Is there a difference between turning electronics off with power button versus unplugging them to turn off?	When you switch off a TV by the remote, it's actually going into "standby mode" where some components are kept "warm" in order to switch on faster next time. When you unplug a TV, or switch it off at the socket, this doesn't happen and the components "cool" right down.	[ "Due to the electromagnet in the contactor, if power to the machine should fail the contactor will automatically disengage. Unlike machines with an ordinary latching switch (such as a common light switch), when the power is resumed the machine will not operate until being turned on again. As a result, magnetic star...
why is there still a charge for video games that were made by developers that go out of business?	When studios go under, or are forced to fold their IP usually gets auctioned out. The owners of the IP would receive profits from all sales of products the IP they bought covers.	[ "Video game companies consider these devices as a tool for reverse engineering to circumvent copying. Most of the devices are made in China, but they are available globally. Recently, action has been taken by companies such as Nintendo to remove these devices from the marketplace, but the easy dissemination of info...
I there are blind and deaf people, are there any people with no sense of taste?	Short answer: yes, and here's a [first-hand account](_URL_3_). Long answer: It's tricky to separate taste and smell. The loss of the sense of smell is a condition called anosmia. The loss of the ability to taste without losing the ability to smell is less common. Here are two quotes cited by the [Anosmia Foundation](_...	[ "Individuals with a visual disability not only have to find ways to communicate effectively with the people around them, but their environment as well. The blind or visually impaired rely largely on their other senses such as hearing, touch, and smell in order to understand their surroundings.\n", "Deaf patients ...
Are all members of one species descended from a single individual?	astazangasta's explanation of mitochondrial Eve/ Y chromosome Adam is good, and colechristensen's comment is accurate regarding speciation in general. However, I'd like to point out one case where an entire species can be descended from a single individual: [polyploidy](_URL_0_), usually in plants. Most species have ...	[ "Two individuals have a genetic relationship if one is the ancestor of the other, or if they share a common ancestor. In evolutionary theory, species which share an evolutionary ancestor are said to be of common descent. However, this concept of ancestry does not apply to some bacteria and other organisms capable o...
Unknown origin of postcard from WWII.	This was Ginza Street in Mudanjiang, Manchuria, China. It was under Japanese occupation since 1931, hence the name "Ginza" after a district of Tokyo, and the city was called "Botankou" by the Japanese. That's the reading of the Chinese characters in Japanese. The top of the postcard gives the location read right to l...	[ "During World War I it was typical of German soldiers to write postcards to their family to keep in touch to let them know where they were and what they were doing. The various ultimate destinations of the postcards were sorted into German \"mail sacks\" of that time period (1914–1918) by behind the scenes \"post-o...
Can someone explain body fat's role in coronary heart disease?	I studied this a bit during my undergraduate thesis on heart imaging so I'll put a few words in. 1) The heart itself is a muscle and has smaller arteries to supply it. If the artery becomes blocked, then the constantly working heart exhausts itself of nutrients and begins to "die". Many times after a heart attack, al...	[ "Central obesity is positively associated with coronary heart disease risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk.\n", "Enig, a member of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics (THINCS), dispu...
When brain cells are replaced, do the memories held by the old brain cells come back with the new ones?	Wow. This is a big question. There'll be stacks on by a heap of people shortly, so just a few short points. First, it's unlikely that single neurons hold memories. The theory these days that memories are rather stored in a distributed network of neurons. The information likely represented by the relative strengths an...	[ "The research teams at USC and Wake Forest are working to possibly make this system applicable to humans whose brains suffer damage from Alzheimer's, stroke, or injury, the disruption of neural networks often stops long-term memories from forming. The system designed by Berger and implemented by Deadwyler and Hamps...
when do i properly use the word "literally?"	Most of the time when someone uses the term literally wrong, what they mean is figuratively, so the best way to answer this I think is to show the difference between them! Literally means that this actually happened, where figuratively means that its an exaggeration. *"I waited in line for Metallica tickets for so ...	[ "\"Şey\" meaning \"thing\" is used colloquially for an object or an action the person has that second forgotten. \"O şey dedi...\" (literally \"He said 'thing'...\") can be used instead of \"He said that...\". It can also be used as a euphemism in place of a verb; \"Şey yapmak istemedim\" (\"I didn't want to 'thing...
the evolutionary advantage to emotions	Emotions serve as a motivator to engage in survival behaviors. On a basic level, emotions are punishments and rewards inside our own brains, in response to our own behavior. Insects can get by without emotion (at least, we assume they can't feel emotion-- they don't seem to have the brain structure that we associate ...	[ "The study of the evolution of emotions dates back to the 19th century. Evolution and natural selection has been applied to the study of human communication, mainly by Charles Darwin in his 1872 work, \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\". Darwin researched the expression of emotions in an effort to...
Afghanistan history	You might like [My Khyber Marriage](_URL_3_) and [Valley of the Giant Buddahs](_URL_6_). They are autobiographical reports by a Scotswoman who married a Pashtun and moved to Afghanistan in the 1920s. [My Life: From Brigand to King--Autobiography of Amir Habibullah](_URL_1_) may also be of interest. It is an as-told-to ...	[ "Afghanistan in the Course of History (original title Afghanistan Dar Maseere Tareekh) is a two volume historical book about Afghanistan's history. It is written by Mir Ghulam Mohammad Ghobar, one of Afghanistan's famous historians.\n", "This is a timeline of Afghan history, comprising important legal and territo...
what is a "house majority whip"?	"Whips" the others in the party into line. Majority means that he/she is a member of the party that currently holds the most seats in the House of Representatives. Currently, that is the Republican Party. The whips are responsible for making sure that whey they put something up for a vote, those in the party are go...	[ "The Speaker of the House presides over the House in the chief leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation and committee assignments. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full House on passage of a floor vote. Other House leaders, such as the majority and...
do all presidents use air force one for campaigning?	While you are the President of the United States ALL airplanes that you set foot on get the call sign Air Force One. All of them. The specific plane that you think of as Air Force One is specially designed to suit the needs of the President and so if he is campaigning for re-election or giving speech on behalf of ano...	[ "During his tenure as Director of the White House Military Office, Caldera approved a mission, conducted on April 27, 2009, where a Boeing VC-25 (a Boeing 747 military variant that is denominated Air Force One when the President of the United States is aboard), followed by an F-16 military fighter jet, performed lo...
What determines the speed of ripples propagating on a surface of water?	Hey hey. You are correct. The speed of sound in water is 1,484 m/s. Sound waves are longitudinal (compression) pressure waves. A surface wave is a different beast. These are transverse waves where a vertical perturbation is restored by the force of gravity. The speed of a surface wave is determined by the dispersion ...	[ "Capillary waves are common in nature, and are often referred to as ripples. The wavelength of capillary waves on water is typically less than a few centimeters, with a phase speed in excess of 0.2–0.3 meter/second.\n", "The ripples which surface-feeding fish detect are known more technically as capillary waves. ...
what is a steam arg, and what does arg stand for?	ARG stands for "Alternate Reality Game," where the gameplay is layered on top of real life. One notable example is "I Love Bees," an ARG that came out for Halo 2 that had people listening at payphones all over the country, piecing together clues related to the story. This may relate to a Valve IP; Valve has done this ...	[ "BRender (abbreviation of \"Blazing Renderer\") is a development toolkit and a realtime 3D graphics engine for computer games, simulators, and graphic tools. It was developed and licensed by Argonaut Software. The engine had support for Intel's MMX instruction set and it supported Microsoft Windows, MS-DOS and Play...
Are there naval mines floating around the ocean/rivers from when they were used in wars, similar to how there are leftover landmines in Vietnam? How long do the naval mines last?	I’ve never heard of any such areas and highly doubt they exist. First things first seawater is extremely corrosive. Rust stains on ships are common even before they’re completed. Spend some time on r/WarshipPorn, extensive rust pops up every couple days. In a recent thread some sailors discussed the current Wasp cl...	[ "By the end of the war the minefield had reached 230 miles long and 15–35 miles wide. Even though this field was not completed it was enough to make the stoutest German U-boat captains think twice about navigating it. At least four U-boats were sunk due to the field, which was equal to the number of U-boats sunk by...
Would spherical wheels (on cars, trucks etc.) provide any benefits? If yes, are they even close to feasible?	There was a time when cars had "balloon" tires with weak sidewalls and with the tires much higher in diameter than the rims. The problem was that the tires lacked stability on cornering. Modern tires have stronger sidewalls and lower profiles, which strengthens them for cornering. Spherical tires would have the same te...	[ "Spherical designs can be of value in approximation theory, in statistics for experimental design (being usable to construct rotatable designs), in combinatorics, and in geometry. The main problem is to find examples, given \"d\" and \"t\", that are not too large; however, such examples may be hard to come by.\n", ...
When Battlefield V revealed women as playable characters, some people reacted negatively. They say women did not fight on the front lines in World War II, and that the game is "historically inaccurate" and "disrespectful". How often did women ACTUALLY fight on the front lines in World War II?	More can be written, but to start, you might like to see this discussion: ["How many female soldiers saw combat in WW2?"](_URL_0_) . /u/fell-like-rain had a direct answer. /u/Searocksandtrees and Georgy_K_Zhukov linked to previous discussions by /u/Bernardito (the British case that they already pointed to), /u/Georgy...	[ "The announcement trailer for \"Battlefield V\" was met with a backlash from some fans of the series who were frustrated with the portrayal of women in the game, specifically with the British woman featured in the trailer as British women never participated in frontline combat during the World War II and were mostl...
What causes these vertical lines that sometimes come stretching out of the top of a flame?	Let's talk about what the different colors in a flame represent. Most of what you are seeing is hot soot (large carbon molecules) that glows with yellow-red blackbody radiation. There is also some blue light at the bottom caused by chemiluminescence. Instead of a broad blackbody spectrum it produces narrow emission pea...	[ "The flame in this area has been resulted from the burning of natural gas flowing to the surface from the underground oil and gas storing layers through cracks that was caused by volcanic-tectonic movements and processes. Sometimes, the height of flame reaches 10–15 meters.\n", "The trench effect occurs when a fi...
i want to know basic electrical terms and how they mesh together.	I'll try? There are a lot though, and I'll probably miss some. Voltage- Think of there being a "slope" between any two points of an electric field. The Voltage is the steepness of that slope Current- The rate that charge flows between two points Resistance- A measure of how well a thing reduces the current Power- H...	[ "A mesh is a representation of a larger geometric domain by smaller discrete cells. Meshes are commonly used to compute solutions of partial differential equations and render computer graphics, and to analyze geographical and cartographic data. A mesh partitions space into \"elements\" (or \"cells\" or \"zones\") o...
why do some songs sound familiar, despite never having heard them before?	a lot of song that get attention have similar progressions; and some times are in similar keys. Chord Progressions are what order the sounds are played. for example I–V–vi–IV is the most common chord progression. you can check out axis of awesome's 4 chord song here. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) it's pretty neat what t...	[ "In spite of the formula, the songs do not all sound the same and there were a lot of live favorites to come from this album because of the mosh parts enclosed. \"Panty Raid\" (complete with brass section), \"Quest For Herb\", and \"America Rules\" being notable examples.\n", "Egan said, \"It's not very well know...
Are there regions of space with many stars very close together?	Oh yes, definitely. The first such area that comes to mind is a Globular Cluster. These are dense spheres of stars floating around the outside regions of galaxies. The center of these can be very packed with stars, hundreds of times more dense than our local region of the galaxy. Another potential area of dense stars i...	[ "Stars within galaxies may be classified based on their kinematics. For example, the stars in the Milky Way can be subdivided into two general populations, based on their metallicity, or proportion of elements with atomic numbers higher than helium. Among nearby stars, it has been found that population I stars with...
When you eat something and get hives, what causes the hives to appear everywhere (even your legs)?	Urticaria (hives) are an inflammatory reaction in the skin due to the release of (primarily) histamine by a type of cells called mast cells. The histamine causes leakage of capillaries resulting in edema (swelling). When this is from an allergic etiology, histamine and other proinflammitory substances are released in ...	[ "Hives are caused by the release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation (cytokines) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or nonallergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release.\n", "Hives can also be classified by the purported causative agent...
why people curse when they’re angry or frustrated ?	so humans like many animals are vocal and social creatures, we have emotions and we express them. expressing yourself at times may be difficult. consider three year olds throwing tantrums, they feel many emotions very strongly but they don't know what they are/what they mean, and they do not know how to express them pr...	[ "A person who is angry tends to place more blame on another person for their misery. This can create a feedback, as this extra blame can make the angry person angrier still, so they in turn place yet more blame on the other person.\n", "Frustration can be considered a problem–response behavior and can have a numb...
What IS a gravitational singularity at the center of a black hole?	General relativity predicts that for large enough objects with the right initial conditions the collapse of that object into a black hole, which has an event horizon. The collapse continues, according to general relativity, till there is a point of infinite mass density at the center of the black hole. However, there...	[ "While in a non-rotating black hole the singularity occurs at a single point in the model coordinates, called a \"point singularity\", in a rotating black hole, also known as a Kerr black hole, the singularity occurs on a ring (a circular line), known as a \"ring singularity\". Such a singularity may also theoretic...
Why wasn't china a more active belligerent in ww2? Considering the "incidents" that started in 1931 between them, Japan and Manchuria...	China was actually very active in the Second World War. They don't often get a lot of credit due to the fact that they were absent on the European front, but they absolutely played an integral role in the Pacific. For one, when China was invaded in 1937, it's country was in complete shambles. The invasion happened at...	[ "In 1931, the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo (1932), which signalled the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1937, a month after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Soviet Union established a non-aggression pact with the Republic of China. During the World War ...
if you had a stick one lightyear long, would the kinetic energy transfer faster than the speed of light if you poked something?	No. The stick would not move all at once; your push would propagate down the stick at the speed of sound in whatever the stick is made out of.	[ "Moving at a speed close to the speed of light and encountering even a tiny stationary object like a grain of sand will have fatal consequences. For example, a gram of matter moving at 90% of the speed of light contains a kinetic energy corresponding to a small nuclear bomb (around 30kt TNT).\n", "At speeds near ...
why do girls and women tend to view more things as "cute" than boys or men?	heternormativity. ie: that's how we customarily act according to gender roles.	[ "Teen boys see themselves as more physically effective than teen girls. While at the same time, teen girls perceive themselves as being more effective by means of attractiveness. Recently these perceptions among men and women have changed. Women are increasingly concerned with their physical effectiveness, while me...
Is the exact location of Carthage known? Are the ruins in the area Phoenician or Roman?	[We totally know where Carthage was](_URL_0_), and [a friend of mine](_URL_1_) wrote her dissertation on the Roman reconstruction under Augustus. The "salting the earth" thing was elaboration.	[ "The \"urban landscape\" of Carthage is known in part from ancient authors, augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. The \"first urban nucleus\" dating to the seventh century, in area about , was apparently located on low-lying lands along the coast (north of the later harbors). As confirmed...
Were there ever any significant emigrations by Jewish peoples during the colonial period to escape religious persecution?	I think that the best example of this in the colonial period is the Marranos who left Spanish-controlled lands in order to return to Judaism. In 1391 was the first massive wave of coerced conversion of Spanish Jews, and in 1483 the Spanish instituted the Inquisition in order to police these New Christians. By 1492 the ...	[ "In Jewish history, Jews have experienced numerous mass expulsions and they have also fled from areas after experiencing ostracism and threats of various kinds by various local authorities seeking refuge in other countries.\n", "Even though the persecutions provided the impetus for mass emigration, there were oth...
how do reptile ears work?	Their ears work like yours. There is a very thin and delicate membrane at the base of the ear canal. DO NOT TOUCH it, or you may damage your pet's hearing. The skin lining the exterior ear canal can shed, usually in little flakes. You don't need to pull them, when they are done they will come off. Ears can become ...	[ "In frogs and toads, the tympanum is a large external oval shape membrane made up of nonglandular skin. It is located just behind the eye. It does not process sound waves; it simply transmits them to the inner parts of the amphibian's ear, which is protected from the entry of water and other foreign objects.\n", ...
British museums	Apologies, but we have had to remove your submission. We ask that questions in this subreddit be limited to those asking about history, or for historical answers. This is not a judgement of your question, but to receive the answer you are looking for, it would be better suited to /r/MuseumPros. If you are interested i...	[ "The British Museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport through a three-year funding agreement. Its head is the Director of the British Museum. The British Museum was run from its inception by a 'principal librarian' (when the book collections were sti...
why are the planet orbital patterns in a flat ring	Asked and answered, plenty of times. It comes from everything spinning around it and settling into what are now the planets.	[ "An orbital ring is a concept of an enormous artificial ring placed around the Earth that rotates at an angular rate that is faster than the rotation of the Earth. It is a giant formation of astroengineering proportions.\n", "One of the main types of habitats of the Culture, an orbital is a ring structure orbitin...
when you're dehydrated, is it better to chug water fast or to drink it slowly over time, or does it even matter?	Depends on how badly you're dehydrated. If severely, like to the point of passing out, drinking is an option only if no medical facility is available. Otherwise, what you want are immediate IV saline fluids on a controlled drip rate. If you're moderately to seriously dehydrated, you should shoot for about liter of flu...	[ "To prevent dehydration readily available fluids, preferably with a modest amount of sugars and salt such as vegetable broth or salted rice water, may be used. The drinking of additional clean water is also recommended. Once dehydration develops oral rehydration solutions are preferred. As much of these drinks as t...
how does asymmetric encryption work?	The trick is to find problems that are easy to calculate in one direction, but difficult to reverse. Then you base your algorithm on that kind of problem. For example, plain multiplication does NOT have that property. Division is pretty much just as easy to perform as multiplication, so those two things are not...	[ "Using the same key to encrypt and to decrypt messages is symmetric encryption. Asymmetric encryption involves using different keys (public and private). This chapter gives some examples of both kinds of encryption, and how to use them.\n", "In contrast, asymmetric key encryption uses a pair of mathematically rel...
Why is the direction of magnetism of current determined with a cross product?	A magnetic field is not really a vector, like the electric field, it's really a bivector, pseudo-vector, or 2-form. As a vector has a direction, a 2-form lives in a plane. The thing is, in 3 dimensions, there are exactly as many dimensions (x, y, z) as there are planes (x-y, y-z, z-x). When we say a magnetic field is p...	[ "Ørsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current. The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each othe...
My best friend and I have decided to read the Federalist Papers together. What things should we keep in mind while reading them?	Keep in mind the problems that the new United States was facing at the time between the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and the eventual ratification of the Constitution in 1789. Here are some of those problems, in a nut shell: The Articles of Confederation made the central government extremely weak. It had no power to tax o...	[ "The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym \"Publius\" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name \"The Federalist Papers\" emer...
How did Germany heal the relationships with its neighboring countries after World War II? Can we compare what Germany did with what Japan has done (or not done)?	After checking the rules, I will address Japan as best I can. Full disclosure, I live in Korea and I think the Japanese government's position on this issue is horrible, but I love spending time in Japan. [This article from Foreign Affairs](_URL_2_) pretty much answers your question. The Japanese ignore their conquests...	[ "The onset of the First World War in Europe eventually showed how far German–Japanese relations had truly deteriorated. On 7 August 1914, only three days after Britain declared war on the German Empire, the Japanese government received an official request from the British government for assistance in destroying the...
If I kill an ant, will his buddies come looking for him?	I remember this from [a previous thread](_URL_0_). Here's a fantastic answer from /u/TheSecretMe: Ants have extremely little direct ant to ant communication aside from checking if ants actually belong to the same colony. (which is more of a one sided check than a two sided conversation) Here's a quick and dirty explan...	[ "In a prelude to \"Hunted,\" Black Ant and Taskmaster work with Kraven the Hunter and Arcade in capturing some animal-themed characters for his upcoming hunt. Black Ant and Taskmaster are talking about the Hunt. Taskmaster betrays Black Ant saying that Black Ant is a animal-themed villain and tasers Black Ant to ge...
why does nothing ever really happen to huge corporations who massively break the law and cause people to die? like boeing just recently?	Corporations are financially liable. This will cost Boeing a fortune but does not appear to be a criminal issue. If a crime is uncovered, employees or officials can be charged. Basically this is a civil problem and the forthcoming investigations and litigation will be civil, not criminal.	[ "At the Declaration of Independence, corporations had been unlawful without explicit authorization in a Royal Charter or an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Since the world's first stock market crash (the South Sea Bubble of 1720) corporations were perceived as dangerous. This was because, as the economist ...
Why did the general public tie the performing arts (theater, etc.) to prostitution?	/u/merdre gave a detailed answer on 'the stigma of the stage' 3 months ago that I love so much I have it saved, so [here's a link](_URL_0_) to the older discussion.	[ "Throughout the 19th century, theater culture was associated with hedonism and even violence, and actors (especially women) were looked upon as little better than prostitutes. Jessie Bond wrote that by the middle of the 19th century, \"The stage was at a low ebb, Elizabethan glories and Georgian artificialities had...
how does a 3 month old baby learn the difference between laugh and a simple shout for the first time?	They don't, really. Babies smile and laugh instinctively. It takes them a long time to learn what any of it actually means. If someone has a big, booming laugh that they are not used to, they may well startle and cry. Over time (months) they learn to interpret social signals based on the kind of response they get.	[ "Beginning at birth, newborns have the capacity to signal generalized distress in response to unpleasant stimuli and bodily states, such as pain, hunger, body temperature, and stimulation. They may smile, seemingly involuntarily, when satiated, in their sleep, or in response to pleasant touch. Infants begin using a...
base stealing in baseball	When a player gets on base, say 1st base, he can take a lead of the base. A lead can be a few steps, or a few more than that. It just means he is not physically touching the base with any part of his body. He may do this when the pitcher has the ball. This makes him closer to the next base. It's a regular thing in base...	[ "The more adept base stealers are proficient at \"reading the pickoff\", meaning that they can detect certain \"tells\" (tell-tale signs) in a pitcher's pre-pitch movements or mannerisms that indicate the pickoff attempt is or is not imminent. For example, one experienced base stealer noted that careless pitchers d...
How would a wealthy European individual or family around 1500 keep their home clean? What sorts of "cleaning products" would they (or rather, their servants) use?	PART 1 Interesting question! The first thing to note is that housekeeping and cleaning practices varied widely across different parts of Europe and different social strata in Europe in the early modern age. The cleaning of peasant households was a much simpler matter because custom, sumptuary laws, and plain old econo...	[ "European cities also had public wash-houses. The city authorities wanted to give the poorer population, who would otherwise not have access to laundry facilities, the opportunity to wash their clothes. Sometimes these facilities were combined with public baths, see for example Baths and wash houses in Britain. The...
why do large indoor areas use one giant flat fan instead of a couple small fans?	The purpose of those big fans is not to "blow" air on the people in the area. They are instead for [destratification](_URL_0_). When you have a building with a high ceiling you end up with very different temperatures on the floor vs. up at the ceiling. This causes a couple of problems. If your area is something like ...	[ "Typically, square 120 mm and 140 mm fans are used where cooling requirements are demanding, as for computers used to play games, and for quieter operation at lower speeds. Larger fans are usually used for cooling case, CPUs with large heatsink and ATX power supply. Square 80 mm and 92 mm fans are used in less dema...
How did cold blooded reptiles survive (out living dinosaurs) during the ice age?	The geologic era, the Mesozoic, in which the dinosaurs were present, contains no evidence for polar caps so there were probably no ice ages analogous to the Pleistocene (most recent glacial epoch). I.e., the Earth was warmer. _URL_0_ but no real good reference for the glacial thing, I'll look for one. Edit: [Here's a...	[ "Traditionally, it was assumed that extinct reptile groups were cold-blooded like modern reptiles. New research during the past decades has led to the conclusion that some groups, such as theropod dinosaurs and pterosaurs, were very likely warm-blooded. Whether perhaps plesiosaurs were warm-blooded as well, is diff...
Was the aircraft of ace fighters if WWII optimised for these specific pilots?	Speaking for the American air force, the aces flew the same aircraft as any other pilot did. When you add extra armor to a plane beyond its design specifications, it can reduce speed and maneuverability. In the case of Rudel's Stuka (which was already quite slow) doing this would impose a significant weight (and thus s...	[ "A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat (The Germans traditionally set the threshold at 10 victories.). During World War II, hundreds of German Luftwaffe fighter pilots achieved this feat flying contemporary piston engine fighte...
How does time dilation work for an object between two gravitational attractors?	The first thing to note is that there is only one point where the gravitational pull from the two black holes would be equal, everywhere else the pull from one would be greater than the other. Even if we're at that point, just because there is no NET gravitational pull does not mean there is no gravitational effects. ...	[ "Gravitational time dilation is a phenomenon predicted by the theory of General Relativity whereby time passes more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential. Scientists used the lander to test this hypothesis, by sending radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructing the lander to send back signals,...
nihilism	Hey, why don't you try and earn a high score at pacman! That might be fun, right? Except periodically, I'm gonna push a button that resets your score to zero. Just to fuck with you. Wait, you're just going to give up? Don't you still want to try and get a high score? No? I guess you're feeling kind of nihi...	[ "To Martin Heidegger, nihilism is the movement whereby \"being\" is forgotten, and is transformed into value, in other words, the reduction of being to exchange value. Heidegger, in accordance with Nietzsche, saw in the so-called \"death of God\" a potential source for nihilism:\n", "Nihilism (; ) is the philosop...
- why does a fulcrum (lever) make something easier to lift?	A lever is typically supported by a fulcrum. It is one of the six "Simple Machines of Physics". Typically, you take a lever and it is put onto the fulcrum. Think of a seesaw, but with the board more towards one side than the other, not right in the middle. If you put a heavy box on the side of the board that is clo...	[ "A lever ( or ) is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the location of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. It is one of the six simple machines identifi...
what is my "permanent record", and where is it located?	The most likely meaning here is your education transcript. ( _URL_0_ ) however, this has been a long standing in-joke among educators, intending to scare students with the threat of irrevocable consequences. i.e. "when you go to apply for retirement in 65 years, they will look at your permanent record and deny you b...	[ "Long-term records are those that are identified to have a continuing value to an organization. Based on the period assigned in the retention schedule, these may be held for periods of 25 years or longer, or may even be assigned a retention period of \"indefinite\" or \"permanent\". The term \"permanent\" is used m...
Do birds get charged with static electricity while flying? (air friction)	I don't know about birds, but honey bees build up a static charge as they fly through the air. They use it to their advantage when they land on a flower, pollen jumps up and clings to them when they land.	[ "Giving a charge to air molecules is a process known as ionization. Ions are air molecules that have a net electrical charge. Air under normal circumstances has no net charge. Whenever a charge imbalance does occur, the natural attraction of positive and negatively charged ions tends to eventually cancel this charg...
why do cheap restaurants often only have canned soda for sale instead of fountain soda, when the fountain soda has a much higher rate of return?	There is only a higher rate of return if you have a lot of customers purchasing it. There is a lot of overhead cost that goes into fountains that isn't there with cans. I'm going to pull some numbers out of the air just for example purposes. Say it costs $1000 for that machine, $25 for the syrup (first bag) and, I do...	[ "Excluding the purchase price of the machine, typical cost to the end user (2015, United States dollars) is 25 cents per litre of carbonated water generated plus another 50 cents per litre for the soda syrup. Pricing in other countries may vary. This often renders SodaStream drinks more expensive than pre-mixed sto...
graphene aerogel. if it is 7 times lighter than air, shouldn't it float?	The aerogel has a lot of empty space in it. Air typically fills that space, and when it does so the resulting density of the entire object is not less than that of air. The claim that it is "7 times lighter than air" is true, but only really applies if you suck all the air out of the empty spaces in the aerogel. You c...	[ "Aerographene or graphene aerogel is, , the least dense solid known, at , less than helium. It is approximately 7.5 times less dense than air (The cited density does not include the weight of the air incorporated in the structure: it does not float in air). It was developed at Zhejiang University. Allegedly the mat...
why does autotune sound so bad in 2017?	Autotune has been used, unbeknownst to the public, long before Cher's Life After Love, which is commonly credited as the first song to employ apparent autotune. Before then, it was simply used to correct pitch in studio performances. When applied thusly, it is nigh unto undetectable. When you can hear the autotune, tha...	[ "Despite its negative reputation, some critics have argued that Auto-Tune opens up new possibilities in pop music, especially in hip-hop and R&B. Instead of using it as a crutch for poor vocals—its originally designed purpose—some musicians intentionally use the technology to mediate and augment their artistic expr...
Did the Battle of Thermopylae happen on the same day as the Battle of Artemisium?	According to our best available source - the historical account by Herodotos of Halikarnassos, written some 40 years after the event - this is indeed what happened. The army and fleet were sent to two adjacent bottlenecks and fought to prevent each other getting outflanked. Both battles continued over the span of the s...	[ "The Battle of Artemisium, or Battle of Artemision, was a series of naval engagements over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the more famous land battle at Thermopylae, in August or September 480 BC, off the coast of Euboea and was fought between an a...
why during the 60s british bands put out different albums in the uk and us	At the time British bands would have to sign separate deals with US record labels to get their albums distributed there, and those labels would have had their own ideas as to what songs to put on the albums to best cater to the US market	[ "It was common practice in the music industry, prior to 1967, for British releases to be reconfigured for the American market. In some cases, the US version would be an entirely different album with different tracks, cover photos and liner notes. The first five British Rolling Stones albums were converted into seve...
How can a device be more than 100% efficient?	What they are saying is that some of the energy is coming from heat. The device isn't putting out more than it takes in when all sources of power are combined; it takes a little bit of heat from the environment as well as the electrical energy.	[ "It is also important to ensure that efficiency comparisons are on a like for like basis. For example, some manufactures have mechanically driven pumps whereas other use electrically driven pumps to drive engine cooling water, and the electrical usage can sometimes be ignored giving a falsely high apparent efficien...
After Germany's surrender in WW2, did the US send the remaining forces from Europe to go fight in the Pacific or was there too much of a difference compared to fighting Hitler's forces to be effective against the Japanese?	Immediately after World War II in Europe ended, U.S. units there were classified into four categories; Category\|Explanation :--\|:-- I\|Units to remain in Europe (the occupation forces) II\|Units to be redeployed to the Pacific for the invasion of Japan. Some soldiers were to go directly there (the 86th Infantry Division...	[ "On 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan entered the war by attacking the British colony of Malaya and the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. Four days later, Germany declared war on the United States, bringing the Americans into the European conflict. The United States military favoured Operation Sledgehammer, a...
How much neutron star material would it take to equal the mass of earth?	Taking the density at 4.5×10^17 kg/m^3 (there's a range of possibilities, but that's about average), a neutron star with Earth's mass would have a volume of 13,276,000 m^3 , equivalent to a sphere of radius 146 metres. If isolated from the neutron star's gravitational pressure, a small section of neutron star matter w...	[ "Despite their small diameters—about 12.5 miles (20 kilometers)—neutron stars boast nearly 1.5 times the mass of our sun, and are thus incredibly dense. Just a sugar cube of neutron star matter would weigh about one hundred million tons on Earth.\n", "A neutron star would not be more compact than 10,970 meters ra...
How does our brain know what pitch a note is gonna be before we sing/whistle it?	Practice. Firing a certain set of vocal motor neurons produces a certain pitch, which then stimulates certain auditory neurons via our hearing, as well as the integrative neurons that process the sound. Frequent simultaneous stimulation of those three sets of neurons, but particularly the motor and integrative neuron...	[ "Human brain scans indicated that a peripheral bit of this brain region is active when trying to identify musical pitch. Individual cells consistently get excited by sounds at specific frequencies, or multiples of that frequency.\n", "In the physical sense of the term, the word \"pitch\" refers to the frequency o...
how a photocopier works.	A very bright, intense light is flashed at the original document. This light is then reflected onto a negatively charged metal drum, which through various quantum mechanical effects causes it to lose its charge where the light hits it. This means that where there was ink (and therefore less light reflected) the drum st...	[ "A photocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers use a technology called \"xerography\", a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photorecepto...
The modern American "foodie" movement	Since you've asked for "pretty much any perspective" on this topic, I'm going to go quite a ways back, to the industrial revolution. I think this will give us some insight into the contemporary food scene, which we might say involves everything and anything from microbrews, organic food, and fusion cuisine. However, I'...	[ "The Culinary Revolution was a movement during the late 1960s and 1970s, growing out of the Free Speech Movement, when sociopolitical issues began to profoundly affect the way Americans eat. The Culinary Revolution is often credited to Alice Waters, the owner of Chez Panisse restaurant in Berkeley, California; howe...
Were Catholics before the Reformation aware of how corrupt their church was at the time?	The everyday Joe? No. The Catholic Church before the Reformation was great at keeping its corruption a secret on the higher levels, but the corruption within the lower levels was less well kept. -In local communities, if you were wealthy enough you could buy indulgences, or you could buy yourself a "clean slate." Yo...	[ "During this period corruption in the Catholic Church led to a sharp backlash in the Protestant Reformation. It gained many followers especially among princes and kings seeking a stronger state by ending the influence of the Catholic Church. Figures other than Martin Luther began to emerge as well like John Calvin ...
Can habitual nose picking enlarge the nostrils?	Well, the literature is scarce on this topic. So, as far as I can tell, no. However, of note, there was a case of a woman who [self-induced ethmoidectomy through nose-picking, and perforated her septum](_URL_0_). This was connected directly to her history of nose-picking, or "rhinotellixis" or "rhinotellixomania". Thi...	[ "Picking one's nose with dirty fingers or fingernails may increase risks of infection that may include an increase in the diversity of nose flora (and thus infection or illness), or occasional nosebleeds. One case of rhinotillexomania resulted in perforation of the nasal septum and self-induced ethmoidectomy. Nose ...
why don't we have atomic powered aircraft?	We tried. In the Cold War the USA did work on trying to make a nuclear powered bomber. They actually did put a reactor in a plane. Too many problems, and it irradiated the ground crew. Plus it actually didn't make a very fast plane.	[ "Rocket-powered aircraft consume their fuel quickly and so most must land unpowered unless there is another power source. The first rocket plane was the Lippisch Ente, and later examples include the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket-powered interceptor. The American series of research aircraft starting with the Bell X-1 ...
how do hydrogen fuel cells create electricity and regulate how much is made? also how is the hydrogen extracted from water and collected?	Hydrogen fuel cells are more akin to batteries in practice. They hold energy by having hydrogen and oxygen separated from one another by a membrane. When the particles travel through this membrane to create water they release a bit of energy into the membrane as electricity. The hydrogen and oxygen are usually initiall...	[ "Hydrogen is produced by using excess wind power to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is used in the municipal water treatment plant nearby to speed up the biological process. The hydrogen is stored in low-pressure storage tanks at six bars and fuels two PEM Fuel Cell Micro Combined Heat ...
how can we make an educated guess about the time it is when we wake up without seeing a clock?	Light through the window puts you in the ballpark. But also take into consideration the times you’ve been out by a mile. I’m a shift worker but on days for a project and after 2 weeks my body now wakes me up 5-10 minutes before the alarm goes off, every flipping day, even on weekends.	[ "The perception of time is temporarily suspended during sleep, or more often during REM sleep. This can be attributed to the altered state of consciousness associated with sleep that prevents awareness of the surroundings, which would make it difficult to remain informed of the passing of time — new memories are ra...
what the difference is between x264 and x265 video encoding and which is better	The actual encoding is called h.264 and h.265; x264 and x265 are an implementation of that standard. The h.264 encoding is older and more widespread. There are a ton of devices that can do h.264 very quickly and/or very energy efficiently. The h.265 encoding is newer and claims to outperform h.264 in many ways, thou...	[ "x265 is a library for encoding video into the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265) video compression format that was developed and standardized by the ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG. x265 is offered under either version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) or a commercial license, similar to the x264 projec...
When people say stars and nebulae are formed by gas and dust, what exactly is the dust?	I'm 5 years into a PhD on interatellar dust physics, so... Interstellar dust grains are smaller than what you would normally think of as dust on earth. Typical sizes are something like 0.1 microns, but there is evidence for a population of much smaller grains that could be only tens of nanometers in size, basically jus...	[ "Cosmic dust is widely present in space, where gas and dust clouds are the primary precursors for planetary systems. The zodiacal light, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized ga...
When nucleons join together to form a nucleus the total mass is greater than their individual masses (the mass defect). How is the additional mass distributed between each of the nucleons?	The mass of a bound nucleus is lower than the sum of the masses of its constituents, because the nuclear binding energy contributes negatively to the mass of the system. That's why the nucleus is bound to begin with, because the state where the nucleons are bound together is lower in energy than the state where...	[ "The mass excess of a nuclide is the difference between its actual mass and its mass number in atomic mass units. It is one of the predominant methods for tabulating nuclear mass. The mass of an atomic nucleus is well approximated (less than 0.1% difference for most nuclides) by its mass number, which indicates tha...

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