question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why doesn’t the microphone reproduce the sound when a call is on speaker? | There is a feature called “echo cancellation” where the opposite sound is mixed in to cancel out what is picked up by the microphone, similar to how noise cancelling headphones pipe in opposite sounds to wash out background noise. This is a super basic explanation but ELI5. | [
"When activated, the sound from the amplifier is reproduced by the speaker in the talk box and directed through the tube into the performer's mouth. The shape of the mouth filters the sound, with the modified sound being picked up by the microphone. The shape of the mouth changes the harmonic content of the sound i... |
how/why was the nunes memo deemed classified in the first place? | It contains facts taken from classified documents. Most people lack original classification authority, they are required to simply copy the classification marks from the things they excerpt or follow pre-defined guides. Under those rules, the memo is clearly classified.
The release request is asking someone with the... | [
"After documents containing classified information were shown during a \"60 Minutes\" interview in which O'Neill promoted the book, a Department of Treasury investigation concluded in 2004 that no laws were violated, but that inadequate document handling policies at Treasury had allowed 140 documents, which should ... |
How did trade work between West Berlin and the rest of Germany after the end of the Berlin airlift? | Most goods were transported via trucks crossing through East Germany. The German term for it was *Transitverkehr*. Traffic between West Germany and West Berlin was only allowed on specific routes. Cars were only allowed to stop at specific places.
The routes were heavily monitored by the Volkspolizei, Grenztruppen and... | [
"1948: Berlin: Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949.\n",
"By June 1948, the Soviet Union, in a move to pus... |
Why does anything move if everything is composed of matter. In fact, what does it really mean for something to be more dense than something else? | I don't think they meant ALL reality is material - I believe certain philosophers said "All reality is material" in regards to gods, goddesses, etc. These philosophers were moving away from religion and fantasy to a worldview where only things you could see (and test) made up reality, the beginnings of science as we kn... | [
"In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday as well as scientific usage, \"matter\" generally i... |
Looking for introductory literature explaining reformation era theological controversies involving Luther, Zwingli and Melanchton | Well, MacCulloch takes a very strongly intellectual history approach, and is a very good writer--there's nothing to stop you from reading only the relevant parts; *The Reformation* has a very nice index. To anyone else reading this thread, read this book.
That said, the book is you want for your specific purposes, OP,... | [
"The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull \"Decet Romanum Pontificem\". The exact moment Martin Luther realized the key doctrine of Justification by Faith is described in German as the \"Turmerlebnis\". In Tab... |
why is it that showing nearly all of a woman's breasts in movies/tv makes something pg-13 rated, but including the nipples makes it r rated? | What is accepted to be viewed by a family audience and what isn't is not usually a logical decision. It is often a cultural decision and tradition also plays a part.
Men also have nipples but they are not considered to be unfit to be shown on tv. Nude female breasts on the other hand are not so. Even a female breast t... | [
"The \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" critic wrote \" By my count, there are 37 naked female breasts in the movie... (one aspiring actress appears only in profile; she must have a bad agent). I mention this because there's really no other reason for the movie to exist. There are no hot sex scenes, no terrific new jokes, n... |
why aren't federal referendums allowed in the united states? | The constitution sets out how the Federal Government is run. There is no mechanism in that document for a national referendum. It could be changed(amended) to allow one, but presently the only way to pass a law is for both Houses of Congress to approve a bill with a preseidential signature, or a 2/3 majority in both ho... | [
"Referendums in the United Kingdom are occasionally held at a national, regional or local level. National referendums can be permitted by an Act of Parliament and regulated through the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, but they are by tradition extremely rare due to the principle of parliamenta... |
when i suck in helium and then weigh myself, am i lighter or heavier? | You would be filling part of your volume with a gas less-dense than the air around you, so you would weigh slightly less.
Slightly, tinily, incrementally less. | [
"A common helium-filled toy balloon is something familiar to many. When such a balloon is fully filled with helium, it has buoyancy—a force that opposes gravity. When a toy balloon becomes partially deflated, it often becomes neutrally buoyant and can float about the house a meter or two off the floor. In such a st... |
Why can't dark matter just be ordinary matter that doesn't happen to be in a star? | Well first of all there is a lot of matter that is not in stars but we can see it. [Nebula](_URL_1_) and other gas clouds. [Molecular Clouds](_URL_0_)
They can emit light in most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, depending on their temperature and composition. But they can also block it, they then appear as big ... | [
"If dark matter is composed of weakly-interacting particles, an obvious question is whether it can form objects equivalent to planets, stars, or black holes. Historically, the answer has been it cannot,ref name=\"siegel\"\n",
"Dark matter can refer to any substance which interacts predominantly via gravity with v... |
why is elizabeth ii the queen of so many countries? | Because of the British Empire.
Britain went and colonised many parts of the world, so the King/Queen of Britain became the monarch of those places by extension.
Some of those colonies were gradually given more and more responsibility for running themselves until they were effectively independent countries. Some of th... | [
"The number of states headed by Queen Elizabeth II has varied during her years on the throne, altogether seeing her as sovereign of a total of 32 independent countries during this period. In her capacity as Queen of the United Kingdom (including the British overseas territories), she is also monarch of three Crown ... |
why does everyone think obama is trying to get rid of guns? | [Here's Obama's speech from the Oval Office on December 6, 2015.](_URL_0_)
> Now, here at home, we have to work together to address the challenge. There are several steps that Congress should take right away.
> To begin with, Congress should act to make sure no one on a no-fly list is able to buy a gun. What could ... | [
"While in the U.S. Senate, Obama has supported several gun control measures, including restricting the purchase of firearms at gun shows and the reauthorization of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Obama voted against legislation protecting firearm manufacturers from certain liability suits, which gun-rights advocat... |
How do new subduction zones form? | While the existing answers here are correct in their discussion of what drives the dynamics involved in a subduction zone (i.e. density contrasts between plates either driven by composition or age/temperature), they all are not actually answering the question of how a subduction zone initiates.
In actuality, this is o... | [
"Subduction zones are areas where one lithospheric plate slides beneath another at a convergent boundary due to lithospheric density differences. These plates dip at an average of 45° but can vary. Subduction zones are often marked by an abundance of earthquakes, the result of internal deformation of the plate, con... |
Did Nazi or Japanese propaganda highlight Roosevelt's paralysis? Were they aware of it? | It's important to remember that although Roosevelt was effectively paralyzed from the waist down, he could stand with the aid of leg braces and even walk short distances with the aid of a cane and/or people helping him balance. He could also stand at a podium and deliver speeches by using braces and holding the podium.... | [
"The overall tone of the speech was one of determined realism. Roosevelt made no attempt to paper over the great damage that had been caused to the American armed forces, noting (without giving figures, as casualty reports were still being compiled) that \"very many American lives have been lost\" in the attack. Ho... |
Did Japanese forces ever transfer captured POWs to German camps? | What a fascinating bit of information.
Unfortunately, I'm practically certain that the search engine you have interrogated is returning some sort of error. The *Canopus*, as I am sure you are aware, was scuttled at Bataan in the Philippines in 1942 and about 500 of her crew were sent to fight on land, eventually being... | [
"After a large-scale military success during the Second World War, the Japanese had captured large numbers of Allied soldiers as a prisoners of war and distributed them to various lock-up facilities. In July 1942, the Japanese POW camps in Sandakan received about 1,500 Australians, most of them been captured from S... |
Islamic Fundamentalism: What caused hostility towards Western ideas? | I think your question needs to be more specific. There are many reasons for hostility towards the West that have nothing to do with fundamentalism. It also varies from country to country.
For example, in the case of Iran, many Iranians blame the U.S. for overthrowing the democratically-elected government in 1953 and... | [
"While some researchers refute explanations of \"Islamic fundamentalism\" as an anti-imperialist political force directed against Western dominance in the Islamic world, others, such as Moaddel, argue that Islam has been politicized only during the second half of the twentieth century as a discourse of opposition, ... |
Does the rocket equation work on other vehicles such as cars and airplanes? | Interesting question, but no.
The [rocket equation](_URL_0_) gives the magnitude of a vehicle's velocity change based on the mass of fuel thrown out at a given velocity. One important thing it totally ignores is any kind of force other than the rocket thrust -- there is no aerodynamic drag (like you have with an airpl... | [
"The ideal rocket equation, or the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, can be used to study the motion of vehicles that behave like a rocket (where a body accelerates itself by ejecting part of its mass, a propellant, with high speed). It can be derived from the general equation of motion for variable-mass systems as foll... |
the differences between the (american) green party and justice party. | Yeah, I have already read those articles obviously. I know the Justice party is newer but I still can't seem to find anything the 2 parties really disagree on. | [
"The Green Party of the United States and Greens/Green Party USA have no organizational connection but share a common and difficult history. The G/GPUSA is not an electoral party, although some of its members participate in elections. The name \"G/GPUSA\" is said to have reflected a compromise or a synergy between ... |
bicycle sprint | Cyclists rely heavily on something called draft. This occurs when one rider is behind the other. The front rider travels forward and is slowed down by the molecules in the air, a phenomenon known as drag. The rider in back has less drag, so it's easier to go faster. The reason for the decreased drag is that the fro... | [
"A sprinter is a road bicycle racer or track racer who can finish a race very explosively by accelerating quickly to a high speed, often using the slipstream of another cyclist or group of cyclists tactically to conserve energy.\n",
"Sprinting on a cycle track or velodrome ranges from the highly specialised sprin... |
what happens if an arresting officer fails to read out the miranda rights? | The police are required to read you the Miranda rights before a "custodial interrogation." If they arrest you, fail to read you your rights, and then ask you an interrogatory question that elicits an incriminating response, that response will likely be denied admission into evidence at your trial. | [
"After the \"Miranda\" decision, the nation's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling prior to custodial interrogation. Such information is called a Miranda warning. Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their righ... |
How does polishing work? | /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ < -------------- Light bounces shittily
---------------- < -------------- Light bounces awesomer | [
"Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations.) In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or tran... |
Is it easier on your vehicle if you go over a speed bump at an angle instead of directly? | No. When you go at an angle, you are separating the points where the car absorbs the shock, causing those separated points to take the shock that would normally be absorbed by two points at once instead of one. Essentially, hitting it straight cuts the shock at a certain point in half. | [
"Since the force that creates the lateral acceleration is largely friction, and friction is proportional to the normal force applied, the large downforce allows an F1 car to corner at very high speeds. As an example of the extreme cornering speeds; the Blanchimont and Eau Rouge corners at Spa-Francorchamps are take... |
why clothing companies dont sell the actual outfits that cartoon characters wear but instead sell clothes that depict those characters? | Because the clothes they wear tend to quite generic looking (wouldn't look special in real life) or quite extreme (would be crazy or impractical in real life). | [
"An off-model cartoon character is one drawn out of par with the original source material or model sheets. Off-model drawings are the products of artists or by cartoonists wishing to parody another franchise but not wishing to incur a lawsuit or commit copyright infringement by drawing someone else's trademarked ch... |
How was John Milton's Paradise Lost, a poem portraying Satan sympathetically and as the protagonist, allowed to be published? Did the Church not attempt to prevent it? |
Paradise lost was not seen as sympathetic towards Satan until the Romantic era. It was Blake who said that Milton was "of the Devil's party without knowing it", at the time a radical reinterpretation, but with emphasis on "without knowing". Milton was a devout Christian and though the text is can be seen as subversive... | [
"John Milton's epic poem \"Paradise Lost\" features Satan as its main protagonist. Milton portrays Satan as a tragic antihero destroyed by his own hubris. The poem, which draws extensive inspiration from Greek tragedy, recreates Satan as a complex literary character, who dares to rebel against the \"tyranny\" of Go... |
When Martin Luther published his vernacular bible, how much of the population was literate in German, and did this affect that? At what point was Latin no longer the "go-to" language for intellectuals, and what replaced it? | Demographics and literacy rates: the great amoebas of medieval and early modern scholarship. As Tom Scott, one of the leading socio-economic historians of Reformation Germany, put it: "For the moment, all that can be said is there is no agreement among historians on population figures for Germany in [1500-1600], or on ... | [
"There is ample evidence for the general use of the entire vernacular German Bible in the fifteenth century. In 1466, before Martin Luther was even born, Johannes Mentelin printed the Mentel Bible, a High German vernacular Bible, at Strasbourg. This edition was based on a no-longer-existing fourteenth-century manus... |
How come when you’re burned you’re not supposed to immediately put it in cold water? How does that hurt you more than help you? | Cold water is good. Freezing ice cold water or actual ice is bad. You've damaged the nerves already- ice water or cubes will just damage it more since it will restrict blood flow and possibly cause damage itself.
Best thing for a burn is cool running water for 10minutes.
For an opposite view- have you ever had you... | [
"Because of its extremely low temperature, careless handling of liquid nitrogen and any objects cooled by it may result in cold burns. In that case, special gloves should be used while handling. However, a small splash or even pouring down skin will not burn immediately because of the Leidenfrost effect, the evapor... |
How do most otherwise healthy people find out they have cancer? | I suppose there are a few ways of answering the question.
1. They don't. Many people have subclinical or undetected cancers that simply will never manifest themselves. This is why cancer screening tends to have an upper age bound - after a certain point, you may be 'catching' a cancer that wouldn't have mattered sin... | [
"Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. Diagnosis may also be made when the cancer is asymptomatic, through breast cancer screening programs, such as mammograms. ... |
why are many of the hong kong protesters using english on their signs? | Hong Kong used to be a British colony, and so there's still a pretty high English speaking population there, compared to the rest of China. Part of it also is that they know that the rest of the world is watching, and will be more likely to read their signs if they are in English. | [
"During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings) and on social media. Journalists covering the event described use ... |
how can a strong earthquake (such as the 2011 japan earthquake) cause the earth's axis to shift and its tilt to change? | Imagine a spinning top. Now imagine somehow it's weight distribution changes just a tiny bit. Now, the way it spins changes.
That's basically earth. Compared to the whole earth, it's a small shift in weight distribution, so it has a small effect on changing rotation. It's minor, really, but scientists can make such a... | [
"The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between and , increased earth's rotational speed by 1.8 µs per day, and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting GOCE satellite.\n",
"Earthquakes occur where the Pacific Plat... |
what is genetic diversity? | Imagine everyone as LEGO buildings.
A person can't change the blocks in his building. Babies are made from the blocks of their parents, sturdy and weak ones alike. Parents can't choose which blocks they make their baby out of, it happens randomly.
Each LEGO block in a person does a different thing. The more differen... | [
"Genetic diversity is the variability of genes in a species. A number of means can express the level of genetic diversity: observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, the mean number of alleles per locus, or the percentage of polymorphic loci.\n",
"Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteri... |
How do you determine the oxidation states of transition metals? | The stability of the shell (especially the d electrons) determines that, however, there are various stable options. Which one you find depends on the micro environment. Since much has to be taken into account, it's not easy to teach and you can seldomly predict it of your head with certainty. Take a look at ligand fiel... | [
"The maximum oxidation state in the first row transition metals is equal to the number of valence electrons from titanium (+4) up to manganese (+7), but decreases in the later elements. In the second row the maximum occurs with ruthenium (+8), and in the third row, the maximum occurs with iridium (+9). In compounds... |
Was Sparta really the ultra-militaristic city that we always see it depicted as? | Nope.
To save u/Iphikrates the trouble, I'll post this neat Index of Spurious Spartan Superiority
* [Were the Spartans really all that great as warriors?](_URL_3_) (No. Also, descriptions of how their culture evolved over time.)
* [What happened to Spartans who got injured](_URL_1_) (They lived just like other Sparta... | [
"Sparta was divided over what to do about Athens itself. Lysander and King Agis were for total destruction as were Sparta's leading allies Corinth and Thebes. However, a more moderate faction led by Pausanias gained the upper hand. Athens was spared but her long walls and the fortifications of Piraeus were demolish... |
Is there a material distinction between splitting and cutting? | The material will be conserved (in a theoretical model). The method of splitting will determine the micro characteristics of the fracture surface. Tensile stress leading to fracture will cause necking in ductile materials. The fracture surface will have a cup and cone pattern or varying ridges where the micro struct... | [
"In woodworking, a rip-cut is a type of cut that severs or divides a piece of wood parallel to the grain. The other typical type of cut is a \"cross-cut\", a cut perpendicular to the grain. Unlike cross-cutting, which shears the wood fibers, a rip saw works more like a series of chisels, lifting off small splinters... |
how do cops/media find out if a picture is authentic or its been altered/doctored? | Pictures that have been modified are almost never doctored to perfection. Meaning that if you zoom in real close you see non-random abnormalities, like several pixels next to each other being the exact same color or being clearly the wrong shade in relation to the nearby colors.
I don't know if they actually do, but i... | [
"Furthermore, the forensic photos can be utilized by law enforcement professionals who will become involved with crime and will be utilized later when the crime case goes to trial. Judge, jury, attorney and witnesses can reuse and utilize forensic photos for lawful evidence or references. Sometimes, forensic photos... |
how a body detox works? | It doesn't. It "works" be people feeling that since it was painful and arduous that it was productive. In that sense, it's a useful exercise of willpower, poorly directed. | [
"Detoxification or detoxication (detox for short) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. Additionally, it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after lon... |
How does the weak force turn protons into neutrons? | it's allowed via the weak interaction. up turns into down plus a w boson, the w decays into an electron and an antineutrino. there's no good way of explaining it classically | [
"The conversion of protons to neutrons is the result of another nuclear force, known as the weak (nuclear) force. The weak force, like the strong force, has a short range, but is much weaker than the strong force. The weak force tries to make the number of neutrons and protons into the most energetically stable con... |
Does breathing through your nose filter pollution? | Yes it does. While breathing through one's mouth simply provides an airway with which air can enter, the nose has numerous tools at its disposal to help "clean up" the inhalant. The nose hairs are responsible for catching any particulates going in, preventing them from reaching the trachea, and by extension the bronchi... | [
"A nose filter or nasal filter is an air filter designed to fit inside the human nostrils to prevent the nasal inhalation of allergens, pollutants, and irritants such as dust, smoke, and foul odors. They are generally not intended for protection against toxic or injurious materials such as asbestos.\n",
"The main... |
How do we know that cellular respiration produces 30-32 ATP? | All of the steps in the process have a known stoichiometry, so you can add up the number of ATP produced in individual steps minus the ATP used in others. That being said, biochemical reactions are a little bit less perfectly consistent, and some of the steps can vary a little (especially the very last step with ATP s... | [
"Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transporte... |
Who was the *last* POTUS to be quoted saying the n-word while in office? | I am pretty sure it was President Richard Nixon. Other President's may have said it since of course, but were not captured on tape saying it.
While Nixon said the slurs privately at the time, the quotes were taped by the White House recording system in the Oval Room (and those tapes are in the National Archives), so ... | [
"The quote comes initially from an “indictment” that Desproges pronounced as \"Prosecutor of the French Republic\" against far-right Jean-Marie Le Pen on 28th September 1982 at Tribunal des flagrants délires on France Inter radio. In the first part of his speech, Desproges declares: “Two questions haunt me. First, ... |
Why can this laser's beam be seen in the air? | Regular air is not really that clean. Unless you are in a special clean room. There are plenty of dust particles in the air that will scatter bits of the laser beam into your eye.
The reason you can see that particular laser beam is two-fold. First, the room lights are probably a bit dimmed, and the camera ... | [
"The small width of the beam and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself invisible in a reasonably clean atmosphere, only showing a point of light when striking an opaque surface. Some higher-powered laser pointers project a visible beam via scattering from dust particles or water droplets along th... |
why cars have driver seat on the side of the vehicle and not in the middle? | Lane visibility, by having the drivers seat, and steering wheel on the side closest to the middle of the toad it gives the driver the best visibility of the road ahead. It’s also more of an effort to get in and out of a car if the drivers seat is central. | [
"The driver sat in the centre of the front row with a large, almost horizontal steering wheel. Visibility was enhanced by a large front window, small windows in the lower sections of the doors, a low instrument panel and powered external mirrors. The single passenger sat behind and to the right of the driver. A sin... |
What is actually is GHz, When it comes to processors? What does processors actually do? | Hertz (abbreviated: Hz) measures frequencies, i.e. occurences per second, so 1 Hz would mean that something happens each seconds. Giga is just a multiplicator 1,000 * 1,000 * 1,000 = 1,000,000,000 whatever is suffixed. So GigaHertz (GHz) measures frequencies of 1,000,000,000 x / sec.
In processors, the measured freque... | [
"With this technology, the two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-pumped, meaning that they actually operate at twice the core clock frequency. For example, in a 3.8 GHz processor, the ALUs will effectively be operating at 7.6 GHz. The reason behind this is to generally make up for the low IPC count; additional... |
why we don't see full black in night/close eyes but see random noise moving around? | I suppose it could be visual snow, but more likely what you're seeing is called eigengrau.
To explain, the way your eyes see in dim light is for particles of light to enter the eye and strike the rods of the eye, specifically activating a protein called rhodopsin. This protein is extremely sensitive to light, which en... | [
"For a person who tries to actively observe this closed-eye perception on a regular basis, there comes a point where if they look at a flat-shaded object with their eyes wide open, and try to actively look for this visual noise, they will become aware of it and see the random pointillistic disorganized motion as if... |
how is water healthy for you if there are no nutrients in it? | Because water itself is a nutrient. You need water to live, about 3 liters daily. There's no other substance that you need more by volume than water. | [
"In terms of mineral nutrients intake, it is unclear what the drinking water contribution is. However, inorganic minerals generally enter surface water and ground water via storm water runoff or through the Earth's crust. Treatment processes also lead to the presence of some minerals. Examples include calcium, zinc... |
why do students do better with a physical textbook vs an ebook or digital text? | Im no expert, But I do know a bit about memory so here's my understanding:
Generally speaking, when it comes to learning, the more effort put into the process, the easier it is to remember the information. A physical textbook has greater physical and semantic presence, and can be interacted in a more direct and meani... | [
"Recent technological advances have changed the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have access to electronic books (\"e-books\"), online tutoring systems and video l... |
what is the point of having a complex password? if someone figures out your password what does the complexity change? | Having a complex password makes it more difficult for anyone to figure it out by chance | [
"Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password against guessing or brute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, c... |
Your thoughts on the map of Piri Reis? | I think that rather than my usual wall of text, I should instead link you to this commentary on the map written by two professional archaeologists.
[Here you go](_URL_0_). | [
"The Piri Reis map is a world map compiled in 1513 from military intelligence by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis (). Approximately one third of the map survives; it shows the western coasts of Europe and North Africa and the coast of Brazil with reasonable accuracy. Various Atlantic islands, includin... |
yahoo tax-free spin-off of alibaba stock? | They won't get the money, they will get stock in a company that owns shares in Alibaba. If they sell that stock, they will get money. The company will be worth more if the value of its only real asset, shares in Alibaba, is worth more. | [
"American Tax Funding (ATF) is a private company based in Jupiter, Florida that engages in the purchasing and servicing of delinquent municipal real estate tax lien sales. Originally formed in 1997 as Transamerica Municipal Finance (TMF), a division of Transamerica Corporation. In August 2000 the founders completed... |
why are corporations not subject to progressive taxation, like individuals? it would seem as though the same rational would apply. | Not sure what country you are in, but in the U.S. there is a progressive tax rate for corporate income.
_URL_0_ | [
"Corporations (or other enterprises) may often be allowed to defer taxes, for example, by using accelerated depreciation. Profit taxes (or other taxes) are reduced in the current period by either lowering declared revenue now, or by increasing expenses. In principle, taxes in future periods should be higher.\n",
... |
Where does energy come from in an explosion? | The energy that is released comes from energy that was spent to form the explosive, combustable compound in the first place. | [
"An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive entropy change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable proc... |
li5, a few questions about space and the universe. | 1) Space is what it's name implies, it is the area where there is nothing (technically there is very very very little something, but for the sake of understanding what space is, there is basically nothing there). the reason stuff doesn't get evenly distributed is because stuff are attract'd to each other due to gravity... | [
"One part of space is not by itself and in the absolute sense of the word equal to another part of space, for if it is so for us, it will not be so for the inhabitants of the universe B, and they have precisely as much right to reject our opinion as we have to condemn theirs.brbr\n",
"Space is one of the few fund... |
how fast would "atmospheric" air be sucked out of a space craft? | The atmpsere is not suced out but blown out. Vacuum it not a force it is the pressure of the gas that is a force.
For small holes it is a lot longer time that you suspect.
The calculation for is is [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) and the example is a 1x1 cm hole (1 cm\^2) in a 10 m\^3 space craft ( a cube with 2.15m sides so it... | [
"Traveling at approximately 6.9 kilometers/second and 125 kilometers above the surface, the spacecraft entered the atmosphere and was initially decelerated by using a 2.4 meter ablation heat shield, located on the bottom of the entry body, to aerobrake through 116 kilometers of the atmosphere. Three minutes after e... |
why are the republicans are so anti chuck hagel? | There's a few ideas people have for why Republicans don't like Chuck Hagel.
First, is that he's a nomination that Obama made, and Republicans oppose most nominations that Obama makes, just because it's Obama making them.
Second, is that a lot of the Republican party is very pro-Israeli, in that they really like the I... | [
"Cosby has also been vocally critical of conservative Republican politicians in regard to their views on socioeconomic and racial issues. In a 2013 CNN interview regarding voting rights, Cosby stated \"this Republican Party is not the Republican Party of 1863, of Abraham Lincoln, abolitionists and slavery, is not g... |
Was Constantine the Great really all that great? | > Does he only get called "the Great" due to his introduction of Christianity
No. It is but one of many things that gave him the title. I would implore you to first take a look at his rise to prominence. What he was able to accomplish against three of the other tetrarchs is nothing short of extraordinary. He began a... | [
"Constantine gained his honorific of \"The Great\" (\"Μέγας\") from Christian historians long after he had died, but he could have claimed the title on his military achievements and victories alone. He reunited the Empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306–308, the Fra... |
What (precisely) happens to the fissile core of a nuclear warhead during and immediately after detonation? | The reason it doesn't leave a pile of slag is that the fissile core itself gets very, very, *very* hot during the reaction. That heat in fact helps drive the reaction. Anyways, the reacting material expands and vaporizes (the temperature of the reaction is several orders of magnitude above the vaporizing point of pluto... | [
"As the nuclear warhead reenters the Earth's atmosphere its high speed causes compression of the air, leading to a dramatic rise in temperature which would destroy it if it were not shielded in some way. As a result, warhead components are contained within an aluminium honeycomb substructure, sheathed in a pyrolyti... |
how does web domain hosting work? | If you create one on your own, you then have to convince everyone else in the world to listen to you and add your name to their DNS configuration.
When you go through godaddy, they just hook you into the default tree that was created when the internet DNS name system was setup, and everyone can see it. | [
"Web hosting services, on the other hand, run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to as virtual web hosting. Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced, for instance by u... |
when extremely sleepy (like in lectures), why does falling asleep for even a few minutes provide a dramatic improvement in your awakeness? | Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that your body naturally produces. It gets used in a lot of places, but one of those is in making you feel sleepy. Over time, it builds up and starts slowing down neurological processes, making you feel sluggish and sleepy.
When you sleep, the adenosine gets removed.
If you sleep for j... | [
"Studies show that sleep restriction has some potential in the treatment of depression. Those who suffer from depression tend to have earlier occurrences of REM sleep with an increased number of rapid eye movements; therefore, monitoring patients' EEG and awakening them during occurrences of REM sleep appears to ha... |
If cardiovascular exercise is healthy for you because it gets your heart pumping, why wouldn't it be considered a "healthy" side affect of certain legal/illegal drugs the fact that they get your heart pumping (ie. cocaine, coffee, etc.)? | Increased heart rate due to exercise is caused by muscle tissue needing more oxygen. The heart pumps harder to
send more oxygenated blood to the muscles. This increased pumping strengthens the heart muscle, which is good for heart health. Increased heart rate from chemicals like caffeine, nicotene, amphetamine, etc. is... | [
"Too much exercise can be harmful. Without proper rest, the chance of stroke or other circulation problems increases, and muscle tissue may develop slowly. Extremely intense, long-term cardiovascular exercise, as can be seen in athletes who train for multiple marathons, has been associated with scarring of the hear... |
Do cities stop rivers from changing course? | Not sure if this is the question you're asking, but the Mississippi River has been trying to abandon its current channel and drain through the Atchafalaya River instead, and there's [a system of floodgates](_URL_0_) in place to prevent that. | [
"As rivers flow onward towards the sea, they experience a considerable diminution in their fall, and a progressive increase in the basin which they drain, owing to the successive influx of their various tributaries. Thus, their current gradually becomes more gentle and their discharge larger in volume and less subj... |
What happen if an electron is struck by a photon that is more energetic than the amount needed to get to the first orbital but less energetic than the second? | In the most straightforward case, the photon won't be absorbed.
Because of this, we see absorption 'lines'; if absorption happened "at energy X or more", we would only see the edge of the longest-wavelength (lowest-energy) absorption line, and everything above that energy would also be absorbed (giving a sort of 'absor... | [
"An electron loses energy by jumping instantaneously from its original orbit to a lower orbit; the extra energy is emitted in the form of a photon. Conversely, an electron that absorbs a photon gains energy, hence it jumps to an orbit that is farther from the nucleus.\n",
"If a photon of light hits the atom it wi... |
Punk Rock in the 80's | I strongly recommend Dick Hebdige's [Subculture: The Meaning of Style](_URL_0_) (buttressed with a little Roland Barthes' [Mythologies](_URL_1_ as always) if you have any interest in discussing the semiotics and aestheticization of the punk scene. | [
"The term \"punk rock\" was first used by American rock critics in the early 1970s to describe 1960s garage bands and subsequent acts understood to be their stylistic inheritors. When the movement now bearing the name developed between 1974-1976, acts such as Television, Patti Smith, and the Ramones in New York Cit... |
why in dreams do i have no physical strength? | I read somewhere (probably reddit, but I have no source) that it is because your brain doesn't register a response, so you can't tell how hard you are hitting or whatnot. That is why you feel weak. | [
"In addition to the conscious role people are aware of memory and experience playing in dreaming, unconscious effects such as health of relationships factor into the types of dreams the brain produces. Of the people analyzed, those suffering from \"insecure attachments\" were found to dream with more frequency and ... |
why does the visible area around a tv "disappear" after you've watched it for a few minutes? | Because...your brain. You are very adept at removing from you vision things that aren't of use to you. For example, you don't really notice your nose, nor do you notice that you have two images - one from each eye. You're brain can both remove information very easily and even add in information when needed (e.g. you... | [
"If the ghost is seen on the left of the main picture, then it is likely that the problem is pre-echo, which is seen in buildings with very long TV downleads where an RF leakage has allowed the TV signal to enter the tuner by a second route. For instance, plugging in an additional aerial to a TV which already has a... |
why do seals and a few other animals have such massive pupils whereas other animals have relatively small ones? | They do not have a massive pupil, they eyes are black and not white. This have likely evolved for camouflage. | [
"Elephant seals have large circular eyes that have more rods than cones to help them see in low light conditions when they are diving. These seals also possess a structure called the tapetum lucidum, which helps their vision by having light reflected back to the retina to allow more chances for photoreceptors to de... |
how come i can flex my leg muscle as hard as i can and feel no pain, but it hurts like hell when i get a cramp in this muscle? | Flexing is a normal operation of the muscle whereas in a cramp one of the muscles is unable to relax due to lack of ATP or some other cause. Thus, you have two antagonistic muscles trying to contract at the same time in opposing ways which is painful. | [
"People often describe pain as being \"inside the knee cap.\" The leg tends to flex even when relaxed. In some cases, the injured ligaments involved in patellar dislocation do not allow the leg to flex almost at all.\n",
"Most practitioners agree that spasm, strain, or pain in any muscle can often be treated by r... |
During WWII, what did the Japanese initially think happened after we dropped the first atomic bomb: Did they know we had developed nuclear capabilities, and is there any record of communication of "what happened" prior to the second bomb? | The Japanese knew what had happened after the Hiroshima bombing because America told them, essentially. A leaflet was created that described the weapon as an atomic bomb that was "the equivalent in explosive power to what 2,000 of our giant B-29's can carry on a single mission." These were dropped from T-3 leaflet bomb... | [
"Transmissions were also received. Intelligence about German interest in developing an atomic bomb, received in 1942, played a role in President Franklin Roosevelt's decision to develop an American bomb.\n",
"The 1946 United States Strategic Bombing Survey in Japan, whose members included Paul Nitze, concluded th... |
how do build updates work? | When you write software, you write a program in human readable text (*source code*). That text is fed into a program (*compiler*) that turns it into an executable that a computer can actually run.
Large software projects can have hundreds, if not thousands of source files worked on by a large number of people. [For ... | [
"In Service Software Upgrade is the ability to upgrade software without degrading service. It is typically implemented in redundant systems by executing what is called a “rolling” upgrade—upgrading the standby while the active provides service, failing over, and then upgrading the old active. Another important feat... |
Genetics of teeth growth? | There was an article not too long ago on r/science about how medical researchers are using stem cell research to grow new teeth for implementation. They have tried the concept on smaller mammals and so far it has worked well, so in extreme cases where you would lose the tooth, in the future they might just be able to g... | [
"Some important genes involved in the development and regulation of tooth formation include BMP4, FGF8, and homeobox genes such as MSX1, PAX9, PITX2, SHOX2, Barx1, and Shh to name a few. Research suggests that homeobox genes are mainly responsible for much of the variance in tooth morphogenesis observed in fossiliz... |
how do you sucessfully cite a academic article? | First you learn how to properly use "a" vs. "an".
| [
"Citations have several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help t... |
what are the dangers of putting non-dishwasher safe items in the dishwasher? | The item can deform. It might of gas some bad stuff, but that should mostly be washed away by the water | [
"Most dishwasher detergents are incompatible for use with silver, brass, cast iron, bronze, pewter, and goldleaf. They can also harm disposable plastic, anything wood, knives with hollow handles, and fine glassware.\n",
"Items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints... |
How long have people been “playing cards”? | You're right, it's very difficult to make cards before paper can be made cheaply and easily - so it's not much of a shock that the earliest paper playing cards would come from the first civilization to make paper cheaply and easily: the Tang Dynasty of China as of c. mid-9th century CE. The 11th century Song Dynasty h... | [
"By the 11th century, playing cards were spreading throughout the Asian continent and later came into Egypt. The oldest surviving cards in the world are four fragments found in the Keir Collection and one in the Benaki Museum. They are dated to the 12th and 13th centuries (late Fatimid, Ayyubid, and early Mamluk pe... |
What would the night's sky look like if all artificial light on Earth were switched off? | Probably what you might see in deserts, Alaska, or somewhere waaay away from large populations. | [
"In areas where power remained off after nightfall, the Milky Way and orbiting artificial satellites became visible to the naked eye in metropolitan areas where they cannot ordinarily be seen due to the effects of particulate air and light pollution.\n",
"The introduction of artificial light at night is one of th... |
When an ISS astronaut goes out for EVA, do the airlocks conserve air, or vent it? What about airlocks on other space vehicles? | The Quest Joint Airlock works like this: an astronaut from either the U.S. or Russia enters the chamber, and the vacuum pump lowers the presure to 3 psi, and then to zero psi. After the air has been evacuated, the external door opens. There's also an equipment airlock that's used for overnight campouts to remove Nitr... | [
"Astronauts aboard the International Space Station preparing for extra-vehicular activity (EVA) \"camp out\" at low atmospheric pressure, , spending eight sleeping hours in the Quest airlock chamber before their spacewalk. During the EVA they breathe 100% oxygen in their spacesuits, which operate at , although rese... |
why do cigarettes help calm down anxiety? is it something purely psychologic? | I had a doctor once tell me that cigarettes are one of the best mood stabilizers he has ever seen. I thought it sounded weird since the symptoms that ciggs cause don't seem very stabilizing, but he explained it pretty well. Essentially the addiction to cigarettes causes anxiety when you don't have enough in your system... | [
"It is also possible that panic disorder patients smoke cigarettes as a form of self-medication to lessen anxiety. Nicotine and other psychoactive compounds with antidepressant properties in tobacco smoke which act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the brain can alter mood and have a calming effect, depending on d... |
why does it seem like retail bank locations are being built everywhere? | I don't have any evidence of this, so don't hold me to it, but I'd imagine because banks have so much damn money they can build as much as they like. | [
"In addition to tourism, the major international banks have established their regional headquarters in the city. A large number of commercial businesses, and large shopping centers are progressively being developed.\n",
"In 1988, Beal opened a bank in Dallas, and in 2004 another in Las Vegas. Since then, the bank... |
If we had a telescope strong enough to see the surface of a planet 5 lightyears away, would the events be taking place clearly in real-time, effectively looking at the past? | You are correct. If we had a telescope strong enough we would be "looking into the past" of another planet.
Regarding your mirror idea, if we placed the mirror 5 light years away, flying at the speed of light we would be able to put the mirror up in 5 years, and have to wait another 5 years for the light to reach us a... | [
"Follow up observations are important because once a sky survey has reported a discovery it may not return to observe the object again for days or weeks. By this time it may be too faint for it to detect, and in danger of becoming a lost asteroid. The more observations and the longer the observation arc, the greate... |
Should a historian try to determine a historical figures personal thoughts and feelings? | It is often said that the most difficult thing to grasp in historical study is personality and personal motivation. Of course, that has not stopped historians, and particularly historians who write biography or "Big Man" history- that is, history focused around large personalities who are said to be responsible for his... | [
"There have been rankings of the significance of major historical figures. For example, Cesar A. Hidalgo and colleagues at the MIT Media Lab has calculated the memorability of historical figures using data such as the number of language editions for which there are articles for each person, the pageviews received, ... |
how do we know what latin sounded like? we have written text, but how do we know we're pronouncing it right? | There's a variety of evidence that can be used to piece it together. It's not 100% guaranteed that we're right, but it's close. It helps a lot that there is a large written corpus of Latin over a long period of time, that it has several surviving descendants, and that it was an important language so people from other c... | [
"BULLET::::- Words of Latin origin starting with (originally ) in writing (that is, that have kept the etymological in writing) are sometimes pronounced with an initial sound, e.g. Latin 'stuffed, full' → \"harto\" (standard Spanish 'fed up'). This also occurs in the speech of Extremadura. However, this characteris... |
How efficient are microprocessors from the perspective of classical thermodynamics? | Modern microprocessors are horribly inefficient, from a thermodynamic perspective, compared to the fundamental limits of computation.
This is a very rough estimate and shouldn't be taken too seriously, but it gives an idea of the scales involved. Suppose that a processor produces, say, 64 bits of information per cycle... | [
"The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rates and improved the usage of both available clock cycles and power when compared with the preceding NetBurst microarchitecture of the Pentium 4/D-branded CPUs. The Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buse... |
Question about Gravity: Saturn's Ring's (or any satellite)? | > For conversation's sake, let's assume Saturn's ring is located 100 meters away from Saturn. Why is it that the millions of rocks in the ring have accreted in a disk, rather thank a spherical shell around the planet?
Saturn likely hasn't got its ring from accretion. Even if it had, the reason why material accretes... | [
"BULLET::::- Édouard Roche finds the limiting radius of tidal destruction and tidal creation for a body held together only by its self gravity, called the Roche limit, and uses it to explain why Saturn's rings do not condense into a satellite.\n",
"BULLET::::- 1849 – Édouard Roche finds the limiting radius of tid... |
what is the maximum speed that can be obtained by gravitational assist acceleration and why? | Gravitational assists are essentially a way to add the planet's orbital speed to your own. There are 3 main things that make it hard to really do as many times as you want:
1. Just getting it out of the way, relativity does put some limits on how fast you're going to get.
2. Your craft's ability to handle the accelera... | [
"A very large thrust over a very short time will achieve a desired speed increase with little gravity drag. On the other hand, if \"a\" is only slightly greater than \"g\", the gravity drag is a large proportion of delta-v. Gravity drag can be described as the extra delta-v needed because of not being able to spend... |
Is eating a raw diet the healthiest method of sustinence? | First, the whole "We aren't supposed to eat meat" argument is hogwash. Hunting was a huge part of the diet of ancient humans, and we were hunter-gathers long before we developed the agricultural skills to be able to sustain large populations on produce alone.
I don't think that meat is intrinsically unhealthy, but the... | [
"Ehret claimed that pus and mucus-forming foods were the cause of human disease, \"schleimlose\" (slime-free) foods were the key to human health and \"fasting (simply eating less) is Nature's omnipotent method of cleansing the body from the effects of wrong and too much eating.\"\n",
"Fletcher had a special inter... |
taxes | Let's build a country together!
We'll call it Egoshedia - that sounds like a good country. In this country, we have lots of people, and lots of different types of people. But they don't just appear, they were there before EgoShedia. They've all decided, or we *made* them, join our new country. But we're a nice country... | [
"A tax (from the Latin \"taxo\") is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures. A failure to pay, along with evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law. T... |
is there any reason to think "the universe" and "the observable universe" aren't exactly the same thing? | Yes, the idea that we happen to be in the exact center of the Universe is - while anthropomorphic - almost certainly wrong. There is almost certainly something beyond what we can see and, given the rate of expansion in the Universe, we can see less of the Universe every year. What we can see is so flat that the Unive... | [
"Both popular and professional research articles in cosmology often use the term \"universe\" to mean \"observable universe\". This can be justified on the grounds that we can never know anything by direct experimentation about any part of the universe that is causally disconnected from the Earth, although many cre... |
why do car batteries lose their ability to be charged after sitting unused for a while? | I believe it’s because of sulphation in the battery plates. Sulphur crystals form in some of the plates, and this damages/degrades the plates. The sulphation occurs as the battery discharges normally. When you leave a lead-acid battery to sit unused/uncharged it starts to slowly discharge and undergo this process. The ... | [
"Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small fraction of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible \"side reactions\" that consume charge carriers without producing current. This phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge. Further, when batteries ... |
how does stress cause hair colour to turn white? | If you mean instantly or quickly, it doesn't. That's a myth. | [
"The change in hair color occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. The stem cells at the base of hair follicles produce melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin. The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of graying.... |
why does animal breath not stink as bad as humans if we don't brush our teeth? | A modern diet, with cooked food, high protein/carb content, and much less roughage than we'd get eating raw food, isn't the diet that our teeth/mouth/saliva developed to cope with. The flip side of radically better nutrition via cooking is that it's hard on our teeth.
Other animals, on the other hand, are eating exac... | [
"Dental disease or mouth ulcers can produce rotten smelling breath (halitosis). Dental calculus harbors numerous bacteria which produce odor and foul breath. Dental disease can also lead to excessive drooling, and the skin around the mouth can become infected, leading to more odor production. Dogs can also acquire ... |
why is there such an effort from companies to block resale of promotional freebies? | Because it's a potential for lost revenue...
And yes, there is a very big possible legal penalty - piracy and/or conspiracy to commit piracy and/or aiding and abetting piracy. Whatever you call it, what you're describing is theft. | [
"An incentives problem is created any time one firm is permitted to free-ride on a competitor's investments, whether those investments are represented by tangible assets or intellectual property. Forced sharing of an unpatented or uncopyrighted gizmo undermines investment incentives to the same degree as forced sha... |
Why can't atoms share electrons on the inner shells? | The electrons in the outer shells are at a higher energy and thus will more preferably react: it costs less energy to have a higher-energy electron react.
In addition, the electron repulsion of the outer shell electrons disfavors the sharing of inner-shell electrons because the electron cloud overlap increases. Imagin... | [
"Atoms that have an almost full or almost empty valence shell tend to be very reactive. Atoms that are strongly electronegative (as is the case with halogens) often have only one or two empty orbitals in their valence shell, and frequently bond with other molecules or gain electrons to form anions. Atoms that are w... |
Why is it more difficult for a person to get chicken pox twice yet that same person can get the flu multiple times? | Influenza has a high rate of evolution so the strains that come back every year are different strains of the same original virus (think when you go to the beach, and come back tan 3 hours later its still you, just looks different then a short time ago)
Where chicken pox hasn't really evolved to new strains | [
"Varicella spreads person to person through the air from coughing or sneezing, touching or breathing in the virus that comes from the chickenpox blisters, and can be spread from people with Shingles. It takes 10 to 21 days after exposure to develop symptoms and it lasts about 5–10 days. For the most part, getting t... |
Would it be accurate to say that a stationary charge produces an electric field, but a moving charge produces a magnetic field? | That is true. Although a moving charge produces **both** electric and magnetic fields.
[These](_URL_0_) are the fields produced by a point charge moving arbitrarily. | [
"The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' still sometimes sees use. The field lines a... |
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | Sympathetic = fight or flight
Parasympathetic = rest and digest
The vagus nerve is a major part of the parasympathetic nervous system (among other things). It starts in the brain and sends parasympathetic signals to the heart, lung, and most of the digestive tract. This slows down the heart rate and breathing, and s... | [
"Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and the hypothalamus are regulated by the higher brain. Through them, the higher cerebral cortex areas can control the immune system, and the body’s homeostatic and stress physiology. Areas doing this include the insular cortex, the orbital, and the medial prefrontal... |
why do drivers often look at each-other when passing one-another? | The driver being passed likely looks because people tend to look at moving objects that come into our field of vision.
& nbsp;
I generally glance at the driver of cars I'm passing just so I know if the other driver is aware that I'm passing. If the other driver is oblivious to my position, I am better prepared to a... | [
"BULLET::::4. If several vehicles arrive at the same time, a right-of-way conflict may arise wherein no driver has the legal right-of-way. This may result in drivers informally signaling to other drivers to indicate their intent to yield, for example by waving or flashing headlights.\n",
"Another instance whereby... |
When did the institution of a police force begin? Was there ever a society that used the public as the police? | hi! you may be interested in these
overview
* [At what point did societies begin making a distinction between military and police?](_URL_8_)
* [What is the history of Law Enforcement?](_URL_10_)
examples of early law enforcement
* [Law enforcement in ancient Egypt, "were there cops in Egypt?"](_URL_14_) - Ancient... | [
"In the 18th century law enforcement and policing was organised by local communities based on watchmen and constables; the government was not directly involved in policing. The City of Glasgow Police, the first professional police, was established following an Act of Parliament in 1800. London had a population of n... |
How small of an astronomical object would I have to be on to escape its gravitational pull by jumping? | A 5 m/s initial jump velocity would give you a ~125cm vertical leap here on Earth, which is on par with an average NBA player. The smaller moon of Mars, Deimos, which has a 6.2 kilometres radius and a mass of 1.48×10*15 kg, has an escape velocity of about 5.6m/s, so I'd imagine that, sans the extra mass of a spacesuit,... | [
"Larimer County Sheriff's officials had consulted a Colorado State University physics professor, Brian Jones, who initially determined, based on the dimensions provided by Richard Heene, that the balloon could plausibly lift off with a boy of Falcon's reported size (). However, when authorities later measured the b... |
why are shots not administered intravenously? | Vaccinations contain small, benign particles of whatever pathogen they're trying to protect you from. The easiest way to protect you is to have your body build it's own army trained specifically for that.
If you give a vaccine in the vein, your body isn't looking for badness there much. It's looking for it in skin, gu... | [
"Injection (often referred to as a \"shot\" in US English, or a \"jab\" in UK English) is the act of putting a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe. Injection is a technique for delivering drugs by parenteral administration, that is, administrati... |
- the euro crisis | In simple terms, when an economy is doing bad, governments tend to make the currency worth less so that people will buy the goods. Then they can get the economy going again. But in the eurozone, the governments that are in trouble can not make the money worth less because it is a international currency and they do not ... | [
"The eurozone crisis resulted from the structural problem of the eurozone and a combination of complex factors, including the globalisation of finance, easy credit conditions during the 2002–2008 period that encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices, the financial crisis of 2007–08, international trade i... |
why are touch screens in cars/trucks so bad? | I actually worked at a company building an IVI (in-vehicle infotainment) system.
They are so bad for a combination of reasons:
- because they were designed and built at least 5 years ago, maybe 10 (depending on which manufacturer),
- because they went to the lowest bidder,
- because they were built with the cheapest... | [
"These environmental factors, however, are not a problem with 'fine wire' based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a much lower 'parasitic' capacitance, and there is greater distance between neighbouring conductors.\n",
"There are reports from many buyers complaining of a quality contr... |
why is displayed karma set up according to links, instead of original posts? | Reddit was originally a link-sharing site without any comments. Karma was only from links because it couldn't come from anywhere else.
When they later added comments, they arbitrarily decided that comment karma should be separate from link karma. They just added a second karma system rather than changing the old one... | [
"Since 2006, each user has the opportunity to express their opinions on the site, by pressing the '+' or '–' button for comments and posts. In the same way, they can express their attitude to each individual user on their profile page. Depending on the number of the '+/-' entries the user receives, it is shown as a... |
Between 1492 and 1519, how much awareness did the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire have of one another? | According to Diego Duran, the Aztecs encountered a European ship prior to the arrival of Cortes which deeply upset the reigning Emperor and within the context of Duran's interpretation of the Conquest, laid the foundation for Moctezuma's groveling to Cortes.
Conversely, the Spanish had encountered a few Maya ships and... | [
"In the formation of the Triple Alliance empire, the Aztecs established several ally states. Among them were Cholula (the site of an early massacre by Spaniards), Texcoco (the site of a major library, subsequently burned by the Spanish), Tlacopan, and Matatlan. Also, many of the kingdoms conquered by the Aztecs pro... |
If a photon's energy is only proportional to frequency, what does increasing the amplitude of electric field oscillation do? | More photons. The number of photons is related to the square of the electric field strength. | [
"The amplitude of the down-mixed difference frequency can be larger than the amplitude of the original signal itself. The difference frequency signal is proportional to the product of the \"amplitudes\" of the LO and signal electric fields. Thus the larger the LO amplitude, the larger the difference-frequency ampli... |
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