Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
what are the rules for eligible vs. ineligible receivers in nfl football?	Everyone on the defense is eligible all the time. For the offense, you are required to have at least 7 linemen, and the 2 on the ends of that line are eligible. Anyone who lines up behind the line is also eligible (maximum 6 eligible receivers on the offense, including the quarterback). Typically you do have 7 linem...	[ "The NCAA rulebook defines eligible receivers for college football in Rule 7, Section 3, Article 3. The determining factors are the player's position on the field at the snap and their jersey number. Specifically, any players on offense wearing numbers between 50 and 79 are always ineligible. All defensive players ...
if we get rid of fossil fuel, all cars going electric and such, what will happen with air and sea travel?	A lot of ships run off batteries now. They charge them from engines but it's not a massive technological leap for them.	[ "Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather than detonation) in ICE cars include diesel, Autogas and CNG. Removal of fossil fuel subsidies, concerns about oil dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power system...
How are space telescopes shielded against cosmic rays?	You can't avoid it, it is a background. It doesn't make single bright spots, so it is usually easy to take into account. You look for objects brighter than the general background noise (which comes from other sources as well, e.g. thermal noise).	[ "Material shielding can be effective against galactic cosmic rays, but thin shielding may actually make the problem worse for some of the higher energy rays, because more shielding causes an increased amount of secondary radiation, although thick shielding could counter such too. The aluminium walls of the ISS, for...
how is white the combination of all colors?	It's the combination of all colors of light. Sunlight is "white" light, and when it is split into different wavelengths via a prism, or objects that only reflect a portion of the spectrum, different colors show up.	[ "White is a balanced combination of all the colors of the visible light spectrum, or of a pair of complementary colors, or of three or more colors, such as additive primary colors. It is a neutral or achromatic (\"without color\") color, like black and gray.\n", "Black and white are not colors because they are no...
How did football manage to become a truly global game, whereas other popular British team sports such as Rugby and Cricket, are mostly only popular within the former British Empire?	Please, if you're coming here to answer the question, make sure your answer is indeed comprehensive, in-depth and informed, such as an historian might give. Your guesses, opinions and assumptions aren't acceptable and will be deleted. Which is what happened to every single comment in this thread before this one. Tha...	[ "Football (also known as soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the \"world game\". Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, thus India and Australia are among t...
if a coin is minted the material might cost less or more then the monetary value on it how are the governments assigning values to it?	They don't. They put a number on it which defines how many of one coin you need to give the government to get another coin. Grocery stores decide how many coins with various numbers you need to give them for a gallon of milk.	[ "With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S....
what is bilinear interpolation?	Bilinear Interpolation is a method of estimating values between two points on a 2D plane (or surface) by first doing linear interpolation in one direction (typically the X or horizontal axis) then the other (Y or vertical axis). This process can be used to estimate values on a graph where data is not available. It also...	[ "Bilinear interpolation considers the closest 2 × 2 neighborhood of known pixel values surrounding the unknown pixel's computed location. It then takes a weighted average of these 4 pixels to arrive at its final, interpolated value.\n", "In numerical analysis, Hermite interpolation, named after Charles Hermite, i...
you know how when you have a headache your temples or certain parts of your head will hurt when you touch them? what's going on there, is that a bruise or a sore muscle or what's the deal?	Overactivity of blood vessels, nerves, or muscles usually, causing tension there. I think.	[ "The pain occurs only on one side of the head, around the eye, particularly above the eye, in the temple. The pain is typically greater than in other headache conditions, including migraines. The pain is typically described as burning, stabbing, drilling or squeezing, and may be located near or behind the eye. As a...
why poor countries remain poor.	A pair of economists recently won a Nobel prize for attacking this very question, which is not easy to answer. Many theories have been proposed, several of them given as answers here, such as access to natural resources. Their theory is that the key factor is the political culture. If people believe that they have a c...	[ "The World Bank's Voices of the Poor initiative, based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors that poor people consider elements of poverty. Most important are those necessary for material well-being, especially food. Many others relate to social rather than material...
Why did it take so long for the Spanish Reconquista to take Granada?	Mostly, they stopped bothering. In 1236, Cordoba fell to the Castillians, and Granada realised which way this was going, and aligned themselves with the Castillians as a tributary state (meaning they paid money to not be conquered, essentially), allowing the Castillians to focus on taking Sevilla. By 1252 Granada was t...	[ "At the end of the Reconquista, only Granada was left for Isabella and Ferdinand to conquer. The Emirate of Granada had been held by the Muslim Nasrid dynasty since the mid-13th century. Protected by natural barriers and fortified towns, it had withstood the long process of the reconquista. On 1 February 1482, the ...
How effective are microwaves at sterilizing objects?	Microwaves can sterilize by heat - the radiation isn't at a toxic wavelength (i.e., doesn't pack enough energy) to kill most organisms. Microwave sterilization time would vary by the amount of moisture in the food, and wouldn't work to clean macroscopic dirt particles from food.	[ "In microwave cooking, susceptors are built into paper packaging of certain foods, where they absorb microwaves which penetrate the packaging. This process raises the susceptor patch temperature to levels where it may then heat food by conduction or by infrared radiation.\n", "Microwave thermotherapy, is a type o...
Are Extremely Poisonous Insects/Animals Aware of How Deadly They Are?	It depends very much on the animal. Some are venomous but do not seem to have much of a defensive response that utilizes it. A rattlesnake, even though quite venomous, will opt to hide or flee before threatening an attacker. Even then, a bite isn't delivered without further provocation. I wouldn't call the it 'confide...	[ "Some insecticides, including carbamates and organophosphates such as dichlorvos, malathion and parathion, are nerve agents. The metabolism of insects is sufficiently different from mammals that these compounds have little effect on humans and other mammals at proper doses, but there is considerable concern about t...
How would I go about trying to find information about a plane crash from WW2?	The USAAF prepared Missing Air Crew Reports (MACR) for lost aircraft; from [the Air Force Historical Support Division] (_URL_2_): "The information contained in a typical MACR includes a date, time, and location that the crew and aircraft were last seen or reported missing from the formation. Details about aircraft inc...	[ "At the end of World War II, technical information on the Fw 42 was lost in the destruction of sensitive data by Focke-Wulf. However, in 1969, excavation of the site on which the data had been stored revealed that the folders containing information on the aircraft had survived nearly completely undamaged.\n", "Th...
starcraft 2 basics	Players will GG before they lose their base because they are surrendering. They realize that the current push by their opponent, or the overall game balance is far out of their favor that they feel they cannot win. All races' units can be divided into 3 categories: Workers, support, and combat. Workers are SCVs, Prob...	[ "StarCraft is a military science fiction media franchise, created by Chris Metzen and James Phinney and owned by Blizzard Entertainment. The series, set in the beginning of the 26th century, centers on a galactic struggle for dominance among four species—the adaptable and mobile Terrans, the ever-evolving insectoid...
why doesn't everyone just send mail without postage and put the intended destination as the return address?	You're not the first person to think of that. If you put the return address in Oregon and send it from California, they know and can charge you with fraud. Not really worth saving 40 cents.	[ "Any long-lived mailing list is going to eventually contain addresses that can't be reached. Addresses that were once valid can become unusable because the person receiving the mail there has switched to a different provider. In another scenario, the address may still exist but be abandoned, with unread mail accumu...
how do people get away with selling so many fakes on ebay/gumtree	Ebay does NOT put up with that shit. If you dispute a purchase, PayPal will yank your money right back out of the seller's bank account and put it in escrow until the dispute is settled. And they side with the buyer almost every time, to the point of being unfair to sellers. I've had to file two disputes. One was f...	[ "With both shows held outside of commercial galleries, no professional dealers have had their reputation on the line in making fake claims of high sales. However, if Guetta is a hoax, there also exists the possibility that these artworks are actually produced by Banksy himself, in a style deliberately intended to s...
the real effects of solving a millennium prize problem?	not really any effect. for example, the navier stokes equations dont have an all encompassing analytical form for turbulent flow, which is basically what the mil prize wants. this is bad right? without an equation for turbulent flow, how can I model the airflow over this friction-y wing of an airplane? well its ok bec...	[ "The Millennium Prize Problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute on May 24, 2000. The problems are the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Hodge conjecture, Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, P versus NP problem, Poincaré conjecture, Riemann hypothesis, and ...
If I compare two different environments in which there is a cup of water with same the temperature, and each environment has the same level of humidity but different temperature, will the water evaporate at the same rate?	If the cups have water at the same temperature, but the air temperatures are different, the water will evaporate at different rates. The higher the air temperature, the greater the vapour pressure of pure water. Thus, the partial pressure of the cup of water will cause that cup of water to evaporate more in order for...	[ "The amount of water that can exist as vapor in a given volume increases with the temperature. When the amount of water vapor is in equilibrium above a flat surface of water the level of vapor pressure is called saturation and the relative humidity is 100%. At this equilibrium there are equal numbers of molecules e...
why isn't election day a national holiday in the u.s.	There's no such thing in the US as a "holiday" that everyone gets off. There's no legal requirement for bonus pay for working on a holiday either. We already have laws requiring employers to give you time off for voting. The people that most need extra time off to vote - low wage earners - are the least likely to ac...	[ ", there were eleven federal holidays in the United States, ten annual holidays and one quadrennial holiday (Inauguration Day). Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968 (effective 1971), official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, an...
with mt. everest growing at a rate of two inches per year would the peak eventually reach space?	Stability is the limit. At some point the height of the structure would be too tall for the base and portions of the structure would collapse in a landslide, probably associated with and earthquake. I think another limitation is the sustained rate of growth. It is reasonable to expect that it will slow in the next s...	[ "Mount Everest was climbed the following year. On 26 May, three days before the successful attempt, Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans reached the South Summit before turning back due to malfunctioning oxygen apparatus. Their height of 8,760 m (28,750 ft) represented a new, short lived, altitude record, and can be se...
How do ternary computers work?	AFAIK the Russian systems used a ternary system where your digits are not 0, 1, 2 but instead -1, 0, 1. It was natural to represent this as negative voltage (-1), zero voltage (0), or positive voltage (1). Some examples on how to represent arbitrary numbers in this system: 2 = 1(-1) = 1\3^1 + (-1)\3^0 = 3 - 1 4 = 1...	[ "Ternary is the integer base with the lowest radix economy, followed closely by binary and quaternary. It has been used for some computing systems because of this efficiency. It is also used to represent three-option \"trees\", such as phone menu systems, which allow a simple path to any branch.\n", "In computer ...
how did alarm clocks set the time for the alarm to go off before they were electronically controlled?	If my logic holds up: Think of the alarm hand as a trigger. When you choose your time, you set the point in which the hour hand (Or a part of the mechanism controlling it's movement) hits it, setting it off.	[ "Many alarm clocks have radio receivers that can be set to start playing at specified times, and are known as \"clock radios\". Some alarm clocks can set multiple alarms. A \"progressive alarm clock\", can have different alarms for different times (see Next-Generation Alarms) and even play music of your choice. Mos...
why can't our eyes focus on two different points at once? why do they both have to be focused on the same point/object?	The short answer is that our direct, relatively recent evolutionary ancestors were hunters more than prey. If you notice, human beings have eyes on the front of our head, relatively close together, and we're very good at depth perception and locating things with our eyes. This comes from our hunter-gatherer ancestors g...	[ "The brain's ability to see three-dimensional objects depends on proper alignment of the eyes. When both eyes are properly aligned and aimed at the same target, the visual portion of the brain fuses the forms into a single image. When one eye turns inward, outward, upward, or downward, two different pictures are se...
There is no December 25 in the Bible. How did this date become celebrated as Jesus's birthday?	Even scholarly sources get tainted by inference on this topic, so perhaps it will be of some use to expose you to some of the primary evidence. In the first place, some other posts I've seen here cite 354 CE as the year that Christmas was instituted. What that date actually represents is the earliest attestation o...	[ "The earliest source stating 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is likely by Hippolytus of Rome, written very early in the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox which he placed on 25 March, and then added nine months – festivals on that date were t...
advertised download speeds vs actual download speeds	The first thing to remember is that bandwidth is advertised in megaBITS per second (Mbps), and your download rate from your browser shows in kiloBYTES (KBps). So, if you want to know your download rate in megabytes, divide your megabit rate by 8. So, if you are offered 3 Mbps, then that's about 0.375 MBps, or around 3...	[ "BULLET::::- Files are downloaded in multiple streams, which under certain conditions can accelerate download speeds by up to eight times, depending on the bandwidth of the Internet connections and the speed at which the server sends files. At present, an option to increase or decrease the downloading speed is not ...
the downfall of nokia	The reason the LG phone department is also failing: operating systems. Adopting a system that everyone uses is optimal as everyone gets the same content and as a product seller (like an app) you will choose the bigger market for better profit. Nokia's specialty, unlike LG's, is cellphones. If they had adopted the Andr...	[ "The main focus of the book is Nokia's decline in the mobile device industry, which culminated in the sale of the handset division to Microsoft. According to the book major reasons for Nokia's decline include a pervasive bureaucracy leading to an inability to act, destructive internal competition and the failure to...
who is in charge of the cables in the ocean that connect the internet to different countries?	The owner is. Someone owns these cables and charges for their use, or uses it for their own ends. A lot of the cables are collectively owned by some big telecomm companies, but some are just owned by a company that does nothing except handle their cables.	[ "This is a list of international submarine communications cables. It does not include domestic cable systems, such as those on the coastlines of China, Italy, and Brazil. All the cable systems listed below have landing points in two or more countries. Several older cables, although no longer used for international ...
what the purpose of draining water from fire hydrants into the city streets is (photo in desc.)	They are testing and flushing the system, it's a safety thing. You really don't want them to show up during a fire and find out their hydrant is broken.	[ "BULLET::::- A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. Before the existence of fire hydrants, a primitive fi...
Is it possible for a planet to exist somewhere in our universe which experienced more time due to time-relativity?	Time dilation is caused by two things. 1. A moving clock appears to run slower than a stationary one However, if an alien planet was moving quickly relative to us, the same would be true for them; this is not so good for your comparison. 2. The more gravity that a clock experiences, the slower it appears to run If an...	[ "These arguments often center on what it means for something to be \"unreal\". Modern physicists generally believe that time is as \"real\" as space – though others, such as Julian Barbour in his book \"The End of Time\", argue that quantum equations of the universe take their true form when expressed in the timele...
why is being judgmental considered such a bad thing?	Because you rarely know the full set of circumstances in a person's life. You're making a judgement with incomplete information.	[ "Pragmatic reasons why judgments are set aside are mainly because on balance, it is seen as better to give a person who may have a good defense extra time, and avoid a potentially devastating judgment, and thereby keep a claimant out of their money for a further two to four weeks, than give the claimant the benefit...
Why is army, division, brigade, etc... numbering so seemingly random?	I answered a similar question to this some time ago [here](_URL_0_), but I'll repeat it below with some additional information. Non-sequential numbering in seemingly sequential units sometimes arose naturally, out of specific regulations as I've described below, or it was used to purposefully confuse enemy intelligence...	[ "A particular army can be named or numbered to distinguish it from military land forces in general. For example, the First United States Army and the Army of Northern Virginia. In the British Army it is normal to spell out the ordinal number of an army (e.g. First Army), whereas lower formations use figures (e.g. 1...
How exact is our measurement of the speed of light?	The speed of light is defined to be 299 792 458 m/s, because the metre is defined to be the distance that light travels in ~~299 792 458 seconds~~ 1/299 792 458 seconds. In turn, a second is defined to be "the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine le...	[ "Because the speed of light is now exactly defined in terms of the metre, more precise measurement of the speed of light does not result in a more accurate figure for its velocity in standard units, but rather a more accurate definition of the metre. The accuracy of the measured speed of light is considered to be w...
how does the bail bond system work, when a judge says you bond is $xxxx why is it that many people pay less than that amount and do they get it back?	If a court orders a bail of $100, it's not uncommon for someone to be able to find someone (a bail bondsman) to post that $100 in exchange for a fee (typically around 10%). In this case, upon successful appearance(s), the bondsman gets his $100 back, and keeps the $10 fee. (In practice, established bondsmen are oft...	[ "BULLET::::2. Set the amount of money required for bail. By paying the bail bond, the defendant is released from jail, and the court will eventually provide the bail money back to the defendant as long as they continue coming to court. Bail is required to ensure the defendant will come back to court if they are rel...
why can't air traffic control be automated?	As a professional programmer, that idea fucking terrifies me. As fallible as people are, automating a critical system like that is freaking scary. As it is, our underlying ATC technology is a elderly mess, trying to replace that entirely with an automated system would be a disaster.	[ "En route automation drives display screens used by air traffic controllers to safely manage and separate aircraft at cruising altitudes. Terminal automation is for controllers to manage air traffic immediately around major airports. It is used for separating and sequencing of aircraft, conflict and terrain avoidan...
Why did Germanic kingdoms in modern France, Spain and Italy end up adopting the languages of the substrate populations while in England the opposite occurred?	Britain was abandoned by the Romans. Around 410, the last legion stationed there was recalled to defend the continent, and Roman civilization in the island collapsed subsequently in the face of the invasions. The Visigoths, the Franks and the Ostrogoths all settled in Spain, France and former Yugoslavia/later Italy ...	[ "While German-speaking people have a long history, Germany as a nation state dates only from 1871. Earlier periods are subject to definition debates. The Franks, for instance, were a union of Germanic tribes; nevertheless, some of the Franks later identified themselves as Dutch, Flemish, French and again others as ...
What Sequences of DNA are Common Through all Life on Earth?	I believe the DNA that codes for histones are among the most conserved sequences.	[ "A repeated pattern can be between 1 base pair long (a mononucleotide repeat) to several thousand base pairs long, and the total size of a satellite DNA block can be several megabases without interruption. Long repeat units have been described containing domains of shorter repeated segments and mononucleotides (1-5...
Hypothetically, could the gravity of an orbiting body be increased by increasing its speed (thus mass)?	> From what I understand, the greater the speed of an object, the greater its mass. This is incorrect. Rest mass is invariant. Relativistic mass is badly named and is not really mass in the same sense as rest mass. When an object increases in speed, its invariant mass does not change. Rather, it gains relativistic k...	[ "If the mass of the central body is not known, its standard gravitational parameter, and hence its mass, can be determined by the deflection of the smaller body together with the impact parameter and approach speed. Because typically all these variables can be determined accurately, a spacecraft flyby will provide ...
if it so hard to immigrate to the us legally why are there so many immigrants (who have legal status), were immigration laws more lax in the past?	Yes, immigration requirements have become less lax over time. From the 1890s to the 1950s, when many people were coming into the country via Ellis Island, the [requirements](_URL_0_) weren't much.	[ "U.S. Presidents and the U.S. Congress have expressly favored some \"legal immigrants\" because the U.S. Attorney General had admitted them to the United States as refugees, i.e., people who experienced genocides in the past and have no safe country of permanent residence other than the United States. Removing such...
why does the bass in songs rumble our body so much when other parts do nothing?	Not an expert, but I'd assume it's because the lower frequencies (the bass notes) have larger wavelengths, compared to the higher frequencies (higher notes) that have shorter wavelengths. I imagine it's because shorter wavelengths just aren't big enough to feel normally, as compared to larger wavelengths which would ...	[ "Basslines in popular music often use \"riffs\" or \"grooves\", which are usually simple, appealing musical motifs or phrases that are repeated, with variation, throughout the song. \"The bass differs from other voices because of the particular role it plays in supporting and defining harmonic motion. It does so at...
Why is long wavelength generally better for penetrating material than short wavelength, but gamma rays actually penetrate very well?	Physically, materials contain electric charges that are either bound locally to atoms or bound collectively to the entire object (e.g. in metals or plasmas). An incident EM wave displaces the electric charges and then they snap back towards equilibrium because they are bound. Each charge has some characteristic speed a...	[ "The Rayleigh criterion dictates that any radio wave, microwave or laser beam will spread and become weaker and diffuse over distance; the larger the transmitter antenna or laser aperture compared to the wavelength of radiation, the tighter the beam and the less it will spread as a function of distance (and vice ve...
what authoritative and up to date papers can I read about the cause(s) of the Black Death?	I suppose the works of Ole J. Benedictow should be still authorities for the Black death: * Benedictow, Ole J. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004; 2nd ed. 2017. * ________. 'Yersinia pestis, the Bacterium of Plague, Arose in East Asia. Did it Spread Westwards via the...	[ "Much of the most useful manifestations of the Black Death in literature, to historians, comes from the accounts of its chroniclers; contemporary accounts are often the only real way to get a sense of the horror of living through a disaster on such a scale. A few of these chroniclers were famous writers, philosophe...
Molarity question?	I understand both being one molar (1mol/L), so if you have one litre of each, you will have two moles of gold. So yes. The binding agent will make heavier but wont affect the molarity of the gold. I dont actually know what this binding agent even is so im still assuming it as dissolved gold in a liquid. Mole is a mo...	[ "Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase \"c\":\n", "Molar concen...
how do plants get nutrients out of the soil?	Plants have roots, which absorb water and nutrients from the soil which are transported throughout the plant. Also, plants get the majority of their nutrients by using sunlight to convert carbon-dioxide into sugar via photosynthesis. So basically plants turn air into food.	[ "Nutrients in the soil are taken up by the plant through its roots. To be taken up by a plant, a nutrient element must be located near the root surface; however, the supply of nutrients in contact with the root is rapidly depleted. There are three basic mechanisms whereby nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solutio...
why do so many professional soccer clubs have the same naming conventions? united, real, sporting etc?	There are many different ways a team can name itself. Here are some examples: A team can be formed in an area where a specific type of workers live - especially true for Europe, where Football isn't just a high level sport, but there are organized official divisions all the way down to specific suburbs of a town. For ...	[ "Club sides are included for the first time in the series, with clubs from six leagues across Europe; the Premier League in England, Ligue 1 in France, the Bundesliga in Germany, Serie A in Italy, the Eredivisie in the Netherlands and La Liga in Spain. Several clubs from the Campeonato Brasileiro leagues in Brazil ...
What country spoke English first?	Maybe you should elaborate on your question. Currently, it sounds as though you believed English started as an international language like Esperanto, instead of originating in, well, England.	[ "English originated in England during the Anglo-Saxon period, and is now spoken as a first or second language in many countries of the world, many of which have developed one or more \"national standards\" (though this does not refer to published standards documents, but to frequency of consistent usage). English i...
Is there an evolutionary basis for trolling?	First, define trolling. What the monkey was doing is called harassment, and it's to drive away undesirables. Trolling as I define it is misrepresenting your self as a trap to get emotional responses from people. Such as when a mentally challenged boy was disappointed upon opening a Christmas present thinking it was ...	[ "Uz, the trolls, are the race of darkness, large, intelligent, astoundingly omnivorous, with a very developed sonar-like sense (\"darksense\"). Their societies are matriarchal, and they worship, among others, a goddess of darkness called Kyger Litor, mother of the Trolls, and the more violent and sinister Zorak Zor...
how can cutting something help it grow?	For plants, specifically ones with a fruit or flower, a lot of the resources it collects go to the fruit or flower. When you cut those off, the roots and stems are able to absorb more. Grape vines for instance will grow weak grapes quickly, so vineyards will cut the weak grapes for a few years and throw them away so ...	[ "A cutting is a part of the plant, usually a stem or a leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots grow from cuttings and a new plant eventually develops. Usually those cuttings are treated with hormones before being planted to induce growth.\n", "In horticulture, a \"cutting\" is a branch that has been cut ...
why does asian porn blur out all the good stuff?	Because Japan has censorship laws when it comes to their porn. Most Asian porn seems to originate from Japan.	[ "Pornographic magazines and films sold at black markets are distributed as CDs called \"Sex-R\" (sex CD-R) and are arranged by video quality, which is mostly poor due to most of them being cheap bootleg recordings from China. Markets and distribution methods continue to develop. Unauthorized sale of pornography tak...
What were the most common type of cars used for Bootlegging?	Funny enough, the history of bootleggers and moonshiners also blends into the history of NASCAR. The American Historical Vehicle Association has put together a short article on the subject that basically says during the 1930s and 40s [the Ford V8 coupe was preferred for it's speed.](_URL_0_)	[ "Bootlegs exist created from original TV (although very few domestic video recorders were around at the time) and radio broadcasts (through cassette tapes) as well as subsequent repeats. In particular, the AC/DC, Specials, Robin Trower, Ian Gillan, Cars, Police and U2 DVDs, CDs and tapes are commonly found advertis...
in us sports, why is it that there aren't tens of teams per state/city...like in european football?	Put simply, its because we have different approaches to organizing sports leagues. In the US, most major sports only have one major league (NFL,NBA,MLB and so on) which can only have a certain amount of teams. When you consider the vast distance between most US cities, it makes sense to spread them out a bit so that m...	[ "For the most part, unlike sports in Europe and other parts of the world, there is no system of promotion and relegation in American professional sports. Major sports leagues operate as associations of franchises. The same 30–32 teams play in the league each year unless they move to another city or the league choos...
how do they determine the distance written on road signs advising drivers of wildlife in the area?	My understanding is they keep a map of places where someone has hit a deer, dead deer are seen by the roadside, they note natural deer corridors, etc. They plot them on a map, highlight the densest areas, and that's how they get their measurements. If it says 4.2mi instead of 4.5mi, presumably they don't tend to fin...	[ "Since 2008, location marker posts have appeared on motorways and major A roads in England, situated generally at intervals of 500 metres (though the units are not given). These repeat the information given on the co-sited surveyors' marker post which, since the 1960s, have reported distances on such roads in kilom...
why do "phantom" feeling occur?	Same thing that gives you a dizzy effect, I think. Something to do with ear fluids, because those keep you balanced. When you spin, your ear and brain fluids start spinning too or something of that measure. Jumping up and down? I guess it'd do the same.	[ "Phantom pain refers to dysesthetic feelings in individuals who are paralyzed or who were born without limbs. It is caused by the improper innervation of the missing limbs by the nerves that would normally innervate the limb. Dysesthesia is caused by damage to the nerves themselves, rather than by an innervation of...
why do some programs & games open quicker when you recently closed them?	Operation system caches some data. It makes an assumption that if program was recently used or is used regularly, then it makes it more probable that they will be run again in the nearest future. So it has some files relevant to this program easily available, which allows to omit some operations usually performed at t...	[ "Given that the endgame contains fewer possible moves than the opening (\"fuseki\") or middle game, one might suppose that it is easier to play, and thus that a computer should be able to easily tackle it. In chess, computer programs perform worse in chess endgames because the ideas are long-term, unless the number...
Does precipitation "clean" the air?	In short, yes. as for particulate matter, aerosolized water droplets condense onto a substrate, such as fine dust particles suspended in the air (this is why rain clouds typically have a greyish color), which are then carried out as precipitation occurs. Water also reacts with NOx and SO4 create nitric and sulfuric...	[ "Virgae can cause varying weather effects, because as rain is changed from liquid to vapor form, it removes significant amounts of heat from the air due to water's high heat of vaporization. Precipitation falling into these cooling down drafts may eventually reach the ground. In some instances these pockets of cold...
why can't heat be converted to electricity in a closed system?	Because in any closed system, entropy always increases. Assume a uniformly warm room. Turning some of the heat to electricity would now give you a warm area and a cold area, thus decreasing entropy (sorting things out rather than mixing them together). However, if your room includes a warm zone and a cold zone, you ...	[ "If the system is not closed, the third mechanism that can increase the internal energy is transfer of matter into the system. This increase, cannot be split into heat and work components. If the system is so set up physically that heat and work can be done on it by pathways separate from and independent of matter ...
Why was British General Election of 1940 cancelled?	My lords, I rise to thank my noble friend for his interest in the topic, and I hope I might illuminate the matter to his entire satisfaction. One might first refer to several previous discussions addressed to your Lordships, * [In WW2 elections were suspended for ten years in the UK, what was the mechanism for this?]...	[ "This general election has since been described by many as one of the \"dullest\" post-war elections, because there was little change in the country, with Labour steadily losing ground owing to infighting between the left (Bevanites) and the right (Gaitskellites). This resulted in an unclear election message from t...
why do phones/computers/tvs need to have a glass screen? what would happen without one?	For phones, glass is hard and will not scratch easily in your pocket. Monitors and TVs usually aren't glass.	[ "The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer e-ink and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still requ...
why is the usa in "decline" as a world superpower?	Because other superpowers are emerging, so our influence as a superpower is dwindling. It's more complicated than this, but imo that sentence hits the nail on the head.	[ "The emergence of the United States of America as effectively the only superpower in the world after the fall of the Soviet Union in the late 20th century led to a renewed interest in empires and their study. For instance, the Roman Empire has occasionally been held up as a model for American dominance. The United ...
What evolutionary advantage did feathers give to dinosaurs?	I think you might do better to ask "what advantage did feathers give dinosaurs?" Your question sound as if the environment can prompt a good physical change. That is not how evolution works. This modification results in the organism becoming more adapted to it's environment making it 1) more likely to survive to reprod...	[ "Several non-avian dinosaurs had feathers on their limbs that would not have functioned for flight. One theory suggests that feathers originally evolved on dinosaurs as a result of their insulation properties; small dinosaur species that grew longer; feathers may have found them helpful in gliding, leading to the e...
Are there microorganisms that live in space?	No. It would be HUGE news. Some microorganisms are capable of surviving in space for a while, and so there's actually a huge effort put into sanitizing our equipment before we land it elsewhere - conceivably, a microbe of some sort could survive on Mars if it found a pocket of just the right conditions, and we'd neve...	[ "It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the human-borne, and the extremophiles. Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future crewed missions in space, whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space....
2% milk... what's the other 98%?	2% means "2% milkfat". Normal "whole milk" is 3.5%. Milk fresh from a cow is 3.5-5%. When they process milk, they seperate the fat from the rest of the milk - which is all water, sugars & proteins - and then blend it back together in the desired proportions (0%/skim, 1%, 2% & 3.5% - along with various creams, ha...	[ "Human milk contains 0.8% to 0.9% protein, 4.5% fat, 7.1% carbohydrates, and 0.2% ash (minerals). Carbohydrates are mainly lactose; several lactose-based oligosaccharides have been identified as minor components. The fat fraction contains specific triglycerides of palmitic and oleic acid (O-P-O triglycerides), and ...
Can a severe asthma attack be helped by forcing air into the lungs?	This is actually quite a hard question to answer. Essentially, the answer is yes, but it is potentially very dangerous. As you said, the problem with asthma is narrowing of the airways, due to constriction and swelling. The best treatment is drugs which reverse these two things - bronchodilators and steroids. If howeve...	[ "BULLET::::- In asthma, the bronchioles, or the \"bottle-necks\" into the sac are restricted, causing the amount of air flow into the lungs to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air, photochemical smog for example, as well as substances that a person is allergic to.\n", "Dealing with asth...
i know you need to shoot neutrons at fissionable material to get a nuclear reaction, but where do these neutrons come from and how do you aim them?	> Where do these neutrons come from? Almost all neutrons on Earth are bound up in atoms - so if we want neutrons we have to find a way to liberate them from the nuclei of atoms if we want to get at them. Radioactivity is, from one perspective, a measure of the instability of the nucleus of an atom - which is to say,...	[ "In order for the fission process to chain react, the neutrons created by uranium fission must be slowed down by interacting with a neutron moderator (an element with a low atomic weight, that will \"bounce\", when hit by a neutron) before they will be captured by other uranium atoms. By late 1939, it became well k...
Do our taste buds leave us limited to what we can taste, similar to how our eyes only let us see certain colors?	Absolutely. In order to detect a chemical substance, we need receptors that react to it. Now, there are MANY substances that we can't detect using our sense of taste, but CAN detect using other senses (such as smell, or our "irritation / temperature" sensory system, which is what primarily detects things like menthol o...	[ "The sense of taste is based on the detection of chemicals by specialized taste cells in the mouth. The mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus all have taste buds, which are replaced every ten days. Each taste bud contains receptor cells. Afferent nerves make contact with the receptor cells at the base of the taste b...
Mixing 2 gases with Different Molecular Weights	There are two factors at play here: entropy and gravity. For a mixture of two gases to spontaneously separate, the energy associated with the heavier gas sinking to the bottom (~mgh) has to be greater than the contribution from the entropy of mixing (TΔS). Considering a mixture of 1 mole each of helium and SF6, the ...	[ "Around the time Graham did his work, the concept of molecular weight was being established largely through the measurements of gases. Daniel Bernoulli suggested in 1738 in his book Hydrodynamica that heat increases in proportion to the velocity, and thus kinetic energy, of gas particles. Italian physicist Amedeo A...
how does "deciding with my gut" actually work?	I remember hearing a podcast by "Stuff to blow your mind" about how willpower and decision making power is essentially limited. Make important decisions in the morning or after eating since that is when you have the best decision making skills. Over time, and throughout evolution, the same choices had to be made over ...	[ "How We Decide, is a 2009 book by journalist Jonah Lehrer, that provides biological explanations of how people make decisions and offers suggestions for making better decisions. It is published as \"The Decisive Moment: How the Brain Makes Up Its Mind\" in the United Kingdom.\n", "Rational decision making means w...
How do we date events and items when it comes to prehistory?	Different forms of radiocarbon dating. There are gaps in prehistory in whcich we cannot date though. This is because C-14 dating only goes to ~50 tya and the next step we can date starts around ~100 tya. That's about a 50,000 year gap of human evolution that we have trouble dating.	[ "Chronological dating, or simply dating, is the process of attributing to an object or event a date in the past, allowing such object or event to be located in a previously established chronology. This usually requires what is commonly known as a \"dating method\". Several dating methods exist, depending on differe...
what causes unequal distribution of wealth?	I'll try to stay focused mostly on wealth rather than income inequality: Richer people have more money to invest, and investing money intelligently is the primary way people accrue lots of wealth. This is just math. If two savvy investors intelligently put money into a company that grows its share price by 100%, it'...	[ "The second condition is that a small initial inequality must, over time, widen into a larger inequality. This is an example of positive feedback in an economic system. A team from Jagiellonian University produced statistical model economies showing that wealth condensation can occur whether or not total wealth is ...
How far apart are the atoms in outer space and what's between them?	In the interstellar medium the particle density ranges from 10^(6) to 10^(-3) atoms per cubic centimeter with an average of 1 atom per cm^(3). The intergalactic medium is even less dense with less than 1 atom per m^(3). What is inbetween? Uh nothing Maybe you could say photons from the cosmic microwave background...	[ "The spacing between atoms in most ordered solids is on the order of a few ångströms (a few tenths of a nanometer). In very low density gasses (for example, in outer space) the average distance between atoms can be as large as a meter.\n", "Atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary, so their dimensions are usually...
During your time period of study, was crop rotation known about or practiced?	Crop rotation for Japan came during the Heian period. Rice was much more efficient crop for feeding people, 1 farmer could feed 80 people. Now that I think about it, that might be one of the reasons why Asia has so much population.	[ "Improved multi-course crop-rotations began slowly to be introduced on mir arable in the late 19th century. The early experiments were mainly on the non-Black-earth lands, especially the Central-Industrial, West and North-West regions. Flax was the first `new' crop to be introduced into the rotation. But within the...
how is water retained in various materials when soaked? what makes something retain water better (i.e. sponge)?	The chemical property of the surface determines how well water sticks to it. That is because water molecules are polar - they are slightly positively charged on one end, and negatively charge on the other. They prefer being in contact with materials that have a similar property (hydrophilic), and avoid being in contact...	[ "Tissues are embedded in a harder medium both as a support and to allow the cutting of thin tissue slices. In general, water must first be removed from tissues (dehydration) and replaced with a medium that either solidifies directly, or with an intermediary fluid (clearing) that is miscible with the embedding media...
feeling of the train moving even though only another one moves	It's called vection in physiology. It's when a large part of your visual cortex reflects movement, which means when a very large background moves from end to end of your vision, it feels you're moving. It's like some giant imax screens. With the train, it is coveting your vision left to right, so it fools your brain in...	[ "The train feels as though it has started to move and the ride begins. Riders watch the events through virtual reality, involving a passenger on the train discussing the consequences of a fracking disaster and an infected passenger appearing to attack the rider. Following the scene of a train crash, guests are inst...
can someone explain the purpose of these type of traffic lights?	They have three modes: Red light: stop Green/Yellow arrows: left turn with right-of-way (other traffic is stopped) Green/Yellow lights: left turn if possible, but oncoming traffic has right-of-way.	[ "In addition to being positioned and mounted for desired visibility for their respective traffic, some traffic lights are also aimed, louvered, or shaded to minimize misinterpretation from other lanes. For example, a Fresnel lens on an adjacent through-lane signal may be aimed to prevent left-turning traffic from a...
Does the liver process any heavy metals in humans? Or does consuming Hg, etc, instantly throw that into your blood and fatty tissues, forever?	Heavy metals are atoms. Atoms cannot be broken down by chemical means, they can only be broken down in nuclear reactions. But though the body cannot break down lead (or other heavy metals), it can make them into compounds that are relatively inert (so that the lead doesn't "do anything" while it's inside the body), a...	[ "The liver has transaminases to synthesize and break down amino acids and to convert energy storage molecules. The concentrations of these transaminases in the serum (the non-cellular portion of blood) are normally low. However, if the liver is damaged, the liver cell (hepatocyte) membrane becomes more permeable an...
how are movie props edited out in post-production and replaced with cgi/special effects?	Films use "Green Screens". These are studios with (typically bright green, hence the name) backdrops and props. The reason for this coloring is that in editing, anything that specific shade of green can be selected and replaced with CGI footage. In addition, the positions of camera and lighting equipment used in the...	[ "Until the film's production, many special effects in the film industry were achieved using miniature models, matte paintings, and on-set visual effectsalthough other films had made extensive use of CGI. Knoll previewed 3,500 storyboards for the film; Lucas accompanied him to explain factors of the shots that would...
how do phd's work?	Any full-time PhD worth doing is paid for. At the bottom end, it's tuition + $10,000/year or so. At the upper end, some PhDs are tuition + $40,000/year + healthcare. This may come from teaching duties (common at state universities, especially), fellowships (such as from private foundations or the government), or just f...	[ "The PhD trains future professors, researchers and consultants at the highest international level. The goal is to prepare students not only to master methodologies, but also to advance knowledge and play an active role in the international academic community. Before starting their dissertation work, students must f...
Have there ever been any undiscovered elements in a meteorite or other object that has landed on earth?	Undiscovered elements, no. All known elements have either been found naturally on earth or synthesized here. There are, however, some very rare elements, like iridium, gold, platinum, and other heavy metals that are found in much higher concentrations in asteroids than in the crust, due to the fact that the majority...	[ "In 1962, Nagy et al. announced the discovery of 'organised elements' embedded in the Orgueil meteorite that were purportedly biological structures of extraterrestrial origin. These elements were subsequently shown to be either pollen (including that of ragwort) and fungal spores (Fitch & Anders, 1963) that had con...
So how do we learn from history?	Obviously rigour, backing arguments with data, analysis of sources etc. are very important to the pros, but it would be a poor way to set out (which is the same as saying some of the nitpicking and dogmatism both methodological and factual you'll encounter from aficionados could be worth less than nothing to you -- tak...	[ "Robert Bain in \"How Students Learn\" described a similar approach called \"problematizing history\". First a learning curriculum is organized around central concepts. Next, a question and primary sources are provided, such as eyewitness historical accounts. The task for inquiry is to create an interpretation of h...
What is the most plausible theory on Cleopatras’ skin color?	Well there is no way to "theorise" her skin colour, at least not with any level of accuracy. Sure Macedonians were Caucasian, but some were fairer and light-haired while others were swarthier and dark haired. Maybe she took after golden haired Ptolemy II through the paternal line or maybe she took after some of the Pe...	[ "The race and skin color of Cleopatra VII, the last active Hellenistic ruler of the Macedonian Greek Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, established in 323 BCE, has also caused some debate in non-academic circles. For example, the article \"Was Cleopatra Black?\" was published in \"Ebony\" magazine in 2012, and an article ...
The brain and skull size of Homo Sapiens has become progressively bigger as we evolved; will our brain hit a plateau where instead of growing larger, it changes the way it functions instead?	Sure the general trend of brain (and therefore skull size) has increased in our species compared to previous ancient ancestors. This is thought to be from tool use, bipedalism and diet when we came from the trees. However our brains aren't gong to grow to the size of a whales if we continue to get smarter or whatever...	[ "As a hominid brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence of human evolution from \"Australopithecus\" (four million years ago) to \"Homo sapiens\" (modern humans) was marked by a steady increase in brain size. As brain size increased, this alte...
why does the moon maintain the same shape during the day as night	> If the moon phase/shape is the shadow of the earth on the moon It isn’t. That would be a lunar eclipse. The shadow on the moon is the shadow of the moon, because it is a sphere lit from one direction.	[ "Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth's ecliptic plane by 5.1°, the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit. This is referred to as \"latitudinal libration\", which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally...
why is hot, soapy water more “sudsy” than colder, soapy water?	Heat speeds atoms up, making them move faster and cause a faster chain reaction between molecules, the opposite is true for colder water, it will slow down reaction speed.	[ "Some bath salts such as phosphates have a detergent action that softens calloused skin and aids in exfoliation (cleaning off dead skin cells). Some bath salts act as water softeners and change the way soap rinses. Some confusion may arise for bathers after their first experience in a bath with soft water. Soap doe...
Houses on bridges in pre-industrial Europe cities?	This indeed happened. I personally can't speak about Paris, but the old London Bridge, the one from the song "London Bridge is falling down" was entirely built up. Indeed there was so much commercial activity on the bridge that taking a ferry was quicker than going over the bridge by horse. Another famous example is Fl...	[ "A bridge tower () was a type of fortified tower built on a bridge. They were typically built in the period up to early modern times as part of a city or town wall or castle. There is usually a tower at both ends of the bridge. During the 19th century, a number of bridge towers were built in the Gothic Revival styl...
why does freezing stuff preserve it? what about being cold stops things from decomposing?	Decomposition is bacteria and tiny things eating the stuff. When it's cold the bacteria and tiny things don't work well and can't eat the stuff. So it doesn't decompose.	[ "Frozen products do not require any added preservatives because microorganisms do not grow when the temperature of the food is below , which is sufficient on its own in preventing food spoilage. Long-term preservation of food may call for food storage at even lower temperatures. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a tast...
why aren't online credit card thieves caught by the shipping address they input when buying stuff with stolen cards?	Sometimes they are. The rest of them use mail drops, foreclosed houses, friends' addresses, etc.	[ "Given the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase, consumers are at higher risk of fraud than face-to-face transactions. When ordering merchandise online, the item may not work properly, it may have defects, or it might not be the same item pictured in the online photo. Merchants also risk fraudulen...
Is there a limit to how dark one can become through tanning?	Tanning is a factor of what type of skin you have and how much melanin your body can produce. When your body is exposed to UV rays, your body produces melanin, which turns your skin darker to absorb the radiation. The FDA has outlined 6 different skin types and defined how they will tan [(source)](_URL_1_). That being...	[ "Children and adolescents who use tanning beds are at greater risk because of biological vulnerability to UV radiation. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly in individuals ...
There's a few objects in the sky that look like a star, but are constantly changing colors.	Most likely an effect of scintillation (twinkling). The turbulent atmosphere of Earth scatters the light coming from stars because they are extremely bright, yet extremely distant. This means they have a very small angular size. The smaller angular size of an object, the more the light coming from that object is affec...	[ "Depending on local sky cloud cover, pollution, humidity, and light pollution levels, the stars visible to the unaided naked eye appear as hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of white pinpoints of light in an otherwise near black sky together with some faint nebulae or clouds of light . In ancient times the st...
is a black hole really a "hole" in the vacuum of space, or is it a solid object - or neither?	It's a "hole" in the sense that once you "fall in" you can't get back out. The region from which you cannot escape is not an object, and you'd notice nothing in particular as you fell past the point of no return (although you'd notice plenty of weird stuff throughout the fall, nothing sharp marks the event horizon). A...	[ "The holeum is a stable particle. It is the gravitational analogue of the hydrogen atom. It occupies space. Although it is made up of black holes, it itself is not a black hole. As the holeum is a purely gravitational system, it emits only gravitational radiation and no electromagnetic radiation. The holeum can the...
why hasn't leonardo dicaprio won an oscar?	He's pretty much always been nominated in tough, competitive years. 2013 was stacked with great performances and it's hard to argue against Forest Whitaker for 2006. His best shot was probably 2004 for The Aviator but Jamie Foxx was the sentimental choice. He's just kind of unlucky when it comes to the Academy Awards.	[ "American actor Leonardo DiCaprio has won 54 awards from 161 nominations, and was named runner-up for 4 of those nominations. He has been nominated for six Academy Awards, four British Academy Film Awards and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning one of each award from them and three Golden Globe Awards from ele...
can nuclear bomb be shot down? if yes then why countries don't invest in anti nuclear measures instead of building nuclear bomb itself?	That's what the US missile defence program, the offspring of Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative, is all about.	[ "Other observers have suggested that the linkage between proliferation and disarmament may also work the other way, i.e., that the failure to resolve proliferation threats in Iran and North Korea, for instance, will cripple the prospects for disarmament. No current nuclear weapons state, the argument goes, would se...
why many people believe that we should move our money from banks to credit unions	Banks are trying to make money off of you. Largely by charging fees. Credit Unions are non-profit and tax exempt. Their fees tend to be much more reasonable. People are also quite angry at the banks for pushing bad loans and selling them to largely cause the last few years' economic turmoil, then get bailed out by th...	[ "\"The New York Times\" stated: \"The criteria being used to choose who gets money appears to be setting the stage for consolidation in the industry by favoring those most likely to survive\" because the criteria appears to favor the financially best off banks and banks too big to let fail. Some lawmakers are upset...
How does Uranium-238 decay to Lead-206, and why does that tell us the earth is 4.5 billion years old?	A few things to consider. First, our understanding of the age of the Earth largely comes from dating [meteorites](_URL_5_), not terrestrial materials. The rationale here is that in dating the age of the Earth (as a planet), what we're trying to date is the time with respect to the present at which the Earth accre...	[ "Apart from the stable isotopes, which make up almost all lead that exists naturally, there are trace quantities of a few radioactive isotopes. One of them is lead-210; although it has a half-life of only 22.3 years, small quantities occur in nature because lead-210 is produced by a long decay series that starts wi...
Is there any scientific based evidence that sons will resemble mothers more often while daughters will resemble fathers? (appearance wise)	It's called Criss-Cross Inheritance in biology. Sons receive their only X Chromosome from their mother, thus inheriting the X-linked genes (barring cross-overs) and daughters receive one from each parent. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)	[ "Oscar most likely fathered children with other women and they include: Arthur Oscar Lindauer (1867–1944) who was a trapeze performer who never married and who doesn't appear on the 1870 census with the other children; Grover Cleveland Lindauer (1885–1968) with Mary Dunne as the mother; Louis Miller who is listed a...
is there any particular reason why tootaches seem more nagging than pain in other areas of the body?	Probably because using your mouth is unavoidable. You have to eat and drink which aggravates the area in pain. Aggravating an aching foot or other parts can be avoided by simply not using it. Plus I think there's more nerves, or at least a concentration of nerves, in your gums/roots.	[ "Bichon Frises are prone to scratching and chewing on themselves in the summer because of the warm and moist air, which commonly results in serious skin conditions. They are comparatively hypoallergenic, but they themselves suffer from allergies to fleas, ticks, chemicals, pollen, dust, etc. Loose knee joints, ear ...
why is grapefruit bad for diabetics?	it’s not inherently “bad” grapefruit contains compounds which contribute to several drug interactions, but many diabetes meds do not have this problem. the only thing that otherwise could potentially be harmful is the sugar content, but in that sense it’s no different than other fruits...	[ "Grapefruit is a rich source of vitamin C (20% of the Daily Value, DV in a 100 gram serving), contains the fiber pectin, and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene. Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol, and there is evidence that the seeds have antioxidant properties. Gra...
why do people frown when they're thinking?	Frowning seems to cause you to narrow your eyes so that you can reduce your field of vision. This cuts off extraneous information and lets you devote more brain time to what you are pondering upon. When I'm concentrating deeply, I tend to scowl, and people ask me why I do that and i say "I'm thinking furiously".	[ "BULLET::::- Eyes up - Different people look up for different reasons. Some look up when they are thinking. Others perform that action in an effort to recall something from their memory. It may also be a way for people to subconsciously display boredom. The head position can also come into play, however, as an upwa...
how can companies put "100% satisfaction guaranteed" on their products. isn't "satisfaction" subjective?	Simple, tell them you are not fully satisfied and they will give you a replacement or refund/credit for the purchase, depending on the stated warranty. They have to do so by law regardless of the reason, at least in the US. EDIT: Since people are doubting me (and haven't read the guarantee on products they bou...	[ "\"Satisfaction is considered as an outcome of purchase and use, resulting from the buyers’ comparison of expected rewards and incurred costs of the purchase in relation to the anticipated consequences. In operation, satisfaction is somehow similar to attitude as it can be evaluated as the sum of satisfactions with...
Cleaning water contaminated by fallout particles.	By "boiling and condensing method," I'll assume you mean distillation ([MSU overview](_URL_2_), [Wikipedia article](_URL_7_)). Depending on the type of radioactive contamination, distillation may or may not be a good solution. The power of distillation as a separation method is that it relies on a physical property (...	[ "The removal of pathogens from recycled water is of high priority because wastewater always contains pathogens capable of infecting humans. The levels of pathogenic viruses have to be reduced to a certain level in order for recycled water to not pose a threat to human populations. Further research is necessary to d...
why do sleeping pills have warning labels stating, "caution: may cause drowsiness"?	caution. hot coffee is hot. caution. ice is cold. caution. flashlight is bright. you can't fix stupid.	[ "By the time those who have DSPD seek medical help, they usually have tried many times to change their sleeping schedule. Failed tactics to sleep at earlier times may include maintaining proper sleep hygiene, relaxation techniques, early bedtimes, hypnosis, alcohol, sleeping pills, dull reading, and home remedies. ...
the definition of social functionalism and social conflicts theories	Hello there! Social Functionalism is, in my opinion, the easiest of the two to understand. The idea behind this theory is that every part of society is useful, or functional, and therefore are all important for the function of society. An example of this could be a car (a very minimalist one) where you have all sorts ...	[ "Conflict theorists, like Dahrendorf, often took the exact opposite view of functionalists. Whereas functionalists believe that society was oscillating very slightly, if not completely static, conflict theorists said that \"every society at every point is subject to process of change\". He believes that there is \"...

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