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question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
How do you organize your notes on history books?	I use [Zotero](_URL_0_), which basically lets you import the books bibliographic data and then keep notes attached to those books. It's pretty good software. Endnote does the same thing, I believe.	[ "We have included different margin notes in relation with the main text such as: “interview with history”, “literary and historical surveys”, “selected texts” and tables and charts. These additions help familiarize the reader with historical phenomena by offering different perspectives. For example, in addition to ...
With regards to the tsunami: will an ocean wave render field unsuitable for cultivation? If so, for how long? Is there any chemical/biological way of making them arable more quickly?	IANAF (I am not a farmer) but a tsunami will certainly dump a large amount of salt into the field, which I can't imagine does wonders, it will also do a lot of damage by washing topsoil away. The scenes of the tsunami going over the farmland in Japan over the last few days really showed how BLACK the water was from top...	[ "It is estimated the catastrophe decreased fisheries outputs in Aceh to 60% as well as damaged 65% of infrastructures and 55% of equipment. The situation potentially encourages the industry to extend fishing efforts to accelerate their recovery. Finally, incoming tsunami relief aid initiatives from third parties po...
Are climate zones changing due to global warming?	Climate zones are changing dramatically, and will continue to do so. > THE TROPICS ARE GETTING BIGGER AT 30 MILES PER DECADE > About a decade ago, scientists first noticed that this dry belt seemed to be getting bigger. The dry edges of the tropics are expanding as the subtropics push both north and south, bringin...	[ "Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region. Ongoing and anticipated effects include rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Future warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic, with the...
Hopefully this is the right place: Why is there such a big knowledge gap with the trans-Saharan slave trade compared to its international counterpart, the trans-Atlantic Slave trade?	> Is it simply due to a historical lens of eurocentricity that the trans-Atlantic slave trade has received more academic attention? Yes, this is the first reason. Access to European and American sources is much easier for European and American historians. The second reason is that racial conflict in the Americas up ...	[ "Trans-Atlantic trade is different from Trans-Atlantic slave trade it simply means the integration of African, Asian and Latin American economies to European economy through the medium of transnational corporations in the 19th and 20th century. In many parts of the world this trade has considerably weakened many hi...
why do we put a thermometer in our armpit and/or under our tongue, to tell our bodies temperature?	You are trying to find the core temperature of the body. The only way to truly do that is to stick a thermometer in your core. Since that is rather painful, we instead look for areas of the body where there is a lot of blood flow since the blood carries heat from our core out to our extremities. The tongue has a lot ...	[ "A medical thermometer (also called clinical thermometer) is used for measuring human or animal body temperature. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (\"oral\" or \"sub-lingual temperature\"), under the armpit (\"axillary temperature\"), or into the rectum via the anus (\"rectal t...
In the future we will be relying more on solar power and other renewables. Would a total solar eclipse cause a noticeable impact on the power grid?	Solar eclipses are fairly rare, occurring about 2 to 5 times per year. They occur when a new Moon coincides with a [node](_URL_0_), since the Moon actually does not orbit exactly in the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. Additionally, half the time, the new Moon is [smaller in angular diameter than the Sun](_URL_1_...	[ "The solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, was the first occurrence of an eclipse estimated to potentially have a significant impact on the power system, with the electricity sector taking measures to mitigate any impact. The continental Europe and Great Britain synchronous areas were estimated to have about 90 gigawatt...
Do IV fluids and fluids deposited directly to your stomach quench thirst in the same way drinking water does?	As a Paramedic there's a number of reasons why I use an IV instead of allowing the pt to drink water. If the patient is hypovolemic (low blood volume) from dehydration, diarrhea/vomiting, hemorrhaging etc. I can rapidly give fluids through an IV to reverse shock. There are pros and cons to IV's and normal drinking. Wit...	[ "Medications may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above. Compared with other routes of administration, such as oral medications, the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. The bioavailability of the IV medication is 100%, unlike oral medications where much of t...
nietzche's übermensch	To understand the idea of an overman, you need to understand Nietzsche as the most modern and eloquent advocate of an aristocratic ethics. He did not believe in democracy and openly longed for a return to the days of the all-powerful aristocracy. His idea of a perfect society was Homeric Greece. He also praised the ...	[ "The Übermensch (German for \"Beyond-Man\", \"Superman\", \"Overman\", \"Superhuman\", \"Hyperman\", \"Hyperhuman\"; ) is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. In his 1883 book \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\" (), Nietzsche has his character Zarathustra posit the Übermensch as a goal for humanity to set for...
Does white noise have any effect on concentration or memory?	It can cause serious damage to your health, [if that's what you're looking for](_URL_0_) Note that white noise is artificial, but in general it's sort of the best case for removal (easy to describe mathematically) for random signals, and the worst case for real systems (even power across the spectrum, equally terrib...	[ "Another theory suggests that stochastic noise in a non-linear network shows a positive relationship between the interconnectivity and noise-like activity. Thus based on this theory, Patrick Wilken and colleagues suggest that neuronal noise is the principal factor that limits the capacity of visual short-term memor...
How does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing?	On the scale of an alveola, surface tension pulls around the entire inside of the sphere because of how the radius of curvature scales to the radius of the alveola. _URL_0_ > Alveoli can be compared to gas in water, as the alveoli are wet and surround a central air space. The surface tension acts at the air-water i...	[ "Surfactant is synthesised by type II alveolar cells and is made of a complex of phospholipids, proteins and saccharides. It functions to lower surface tension (to allow for lung expansion during inspiration), stabilise alveoli at the end of expiration (to prevent alveolar collapse) and prevents lung oedema. Surfac...
how do subway train tunnels hold up?	They have supports holding them up. These can be made from various materials and in various ways. If you think of old mine shafts they had wooden supports but now cross rail in London is using concrete in sections to create an actual tube like the name suggests.	[ "The subway tunnels run north and south. Each of the two halves of the tube has a minimum width of and a height of . Each tunnel has parallel wooden stringers which are bolted to the floor, and are intended to support steel rails that were never laid. They are from center to center, which is wider than most railway...
what do amish people do in a medical emergency?	Many Amish communities routinely access and utilize healthcare similarly to how you or I would. They however may not utilize health insurance, and instead pay cash. Oftentimes the community will group assets together if the cost is higher and more is needed, though much of this comes from their immediate family to begi...	[ "\"People's Helpers\" is an Amish-organized network of mental health caregivers who help families dealing with mental illness and recommend professional counselors. Suicide rates for the Amish of Lancaster County were 5.5 per 100,000 in 1980, about half that of the general population.\n", "People's Helpers is an ...
how come my laptop can run 1080p resolution on my external monitor, when my laptops screen is only 768p?	The laptop screen might be limited to 768P, but that doesn't mean that the video card on your laptop is limited to that. The video card probably supports a very wide variety of resolutions - its ability to drive a 1080p monitor will depend on the quality of the video card. e.g. some entry level graphics cards or the ...	[ "The laptop featured up to a 2.53GHz Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9300 CPU, up to 8GB of DDR3 RAM (two slots), either an (MXM-mounted) NVIDIA Quadro FX 2700M or FX 3700M with up to 1GB video RAM, and a TN LCD display with a resolution of or .\n", "Widespread availability of 1280800 and 1366768 pixel resolution LCDs for...
Is it possible for a virus or bacteria to target only a specific ethnicity? I know there are genetic predispositions for ailments like sickle cell-- but are there any contagious diseases that show a strong bias towards genetic traits that are strongly associated with ethnicity?	Not 100% sure, but I'd go so far as to say: "No." For specificity viruses and bacteria need receptors/targets to attack and I've never heard of a racial difference in cellular protein make up in average people. You can cite predispositions of particular groups towards certain mutations (e.g. sickle cell, ∆ccr5, etc.),...	[ "Some diseases are more prevalent in some populations identified as races due to their common ancestry. Thus, people of African and Mediterranean descent are found to be more susceptible to sickle-cell disease while cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis are more common among European populations. Some physicians clai...
why were hostile takeovers so popular in the 1980s and why do we hear less about them now?	Depends what you mean by a "hostile" takeover. In its broadest sense, any takeover bid, i.e., an offer by one company to purchase all of the shares in another company is "hostile" if it was unsolicited and opposed by the target company's current management/board. So-called hostile "tender offers," in which one company...	[ "Corporate raids were particularly common in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in the United States. By the end of the 1980s, management of many large publicly traded corporations had adopted legal countermeasures designed to thwart potential hostile takeovers and corporate raids, including poison pills, golden parachute...
How did "host-control" or "zombie" parasitic behavior evolve?	> ‘There is something horrifying and wondrous about a tiny “implant” being able to control such a large animal machine’ (JEB 2013) Actually JEB devoted an entire issue to this topic in 2013 and that issue included a [really great article](_URL_0_) that summarizes the current research and theories. To boil it ...	[ "Three main evolutionary routes have been suggested for the appearance of host behaviour manipulation by parasites. The first is a \"parasite driven\" scenario Of manipulation, while the second and third are \"host driven\" scenarios of manipulation.\n", "In some cases, parasitic organisms can cause zombification...
Why doesn't plants seem to have an age limit?	You are correct in most cases. Barring specific plants that die after flowering, their lifespans are indefinite. In addition to excellent DNA repair mechanisms including telomere restoration, they are quite decentralized and can have their cells un-differentiate and re-differentiate later to get a whole new plant out o...	[ "Carbon dating has found that these plants range from approximately 120–330 years of age and this research also found that populations are heavily skewed towards older plants, meaning there has been little or no replacement in these populations since the introduction of grazing animals in the 1860s.\n", "The age ...
If an addict stops using an addictive substance, does their brain's dopamine production eventually return to a normal level, or is sobriety just learning to be satisfied with lower dopamine levels?	It is a complicated question to answer, but it depends on the substance, how physically addicted someone is, how long someone has been addicted, and individual physiology. Some drugs, like Methamphetamine and cocaine and amphetamine and methylphenidate can certainly cause long term irrreversible changes in dopamine re...	[ "Research on the molecular pathways of addiction suggests that drugs of abuse, despite their diverse chemical substrates, converge on a common circuitry in the brain's limbic system. Specifically, drugs are thought to activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, facilitating dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumb...
why does it take '28' days to make or break a habit?	Before we get into why, I would like to state that breaking a habit is just making a new habit to overlap the existing one. Smokers break smoking and switch to sunflower seeds or vapes or gum, but in the rare case its filled with stuff like food, reading, anything that can pre-occupy your time so your not doing that "b...	[ "There is a theory that it takes an average of 66 days to break a habit. The amount of time it takes to break a habit is generally between 18 and 254 days. This should often be repeated once or maybe twice depending on what the habit is, something small like chewing fingernail should only have to be done once. Larg...
Was the use of profanity as common in Medieval Europe as Game of Thrones would have us believe?	Following up: Would there have been a distinction between the obscene language the OP mentioned (e.g. "fuck") and actual profane language like "God damn it"? Which would have been considered worse?	[ "Profanities in the original meaning of \"blasphemous profanity\" are part of the ancient tradition of the comic cults, which laughed and scoffed at the deity. In Europe during the Middle Ages, the most improper and sinful \"oaths\" were those invoking the body of the Lord and its various parts – as the expression ...
Were there ever any countries that were completely stamped out of existence, only to reemerge at a later time?	I'm not sure what exactly you mean by "completely stamped out". If you mean that a country ceased existing as a political entity or lost sovereignty, then there are very many countries like that. Poland, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Armenia, Hungary, Israel, Georgia, Norway, Sweden - just a few examples. I'm su...	[ "Note: Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries which have abolished and since reinstated (e.g. Liberia) are not included. Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of ...
We are the Library of Congress Veterans History Project. We maintain an archive of over 100,000 oral histories of US veterans. Ask us anything!	Thanks for doing this! Can you post links to some of the interviews or documents you find personally fascinating? Like great stories of valor?	[ "The Veterans History Project of the Library of Congress American Folklife Center (commonly known as the Veterans History Project) was created by the United States Congress in 2000 to collect and preserve the firsthand remembrances of U.S. wartime veterans. Its mandate ensures future generations may hear directly f...
why in the united states politics the left color is blue, and the right is red, and why they call the left "liberals", when everywhere else in the world "liberal" pretty much means what you guys call "libertarian"	With regards to the colors: Even though our collective national memory would tell us that left/blue red/right has been this way forever, the truth is, these colors have only been used in this way for the last 13 years. Prior to the television converge of the 2000 election, blue and red were not the standard colors for...	[ "Currently in United States of America, the Left is branded as socialist, baby-killing anti-Semites by the Right, while the Right are called hypocrites, pro-life anti-vaxxers. These ideas are further encouraged by politically-motivated news outlets contributing to media bias in the United States. “Left” and “Right”...
How have leaders of Christian people justified unchristian things like war?	You may want to look into [Just War Theory](_URL_0_). But for the most part I don't think the majority of people are that philosophical. There are a lot of things people aren't supposed to do, but they do them anyway. War would just be something else to feel vaguely guilty about but figure will be ok if you're a good ...	[ "Christian theologians point to a strong doctrinal and historical imperative against violence that exists within Christianity, particularly Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, which taught nonviolence and \"love of enemies\". For example, Weaver asserts that Jesus' pacifism was \"preserved in the justifiable war doctrine w...
Non religious or 'neutral' sources for the existence of people who claimed to be Prophets among abrahmic Faith ? Is there any works documenting them? What are the approaches taken?	You'll be interested in [this older post](_URL_0_) by u/talondearg!	[ "\"According to this teaching there has not been a single people at any time in history or anywhere in the world who have not had a warner from God, a teacher, a prophet. According to the Holy Qur'an there have been prophets at all times and in all countries. India, China, Russia, Afghanistan, parts of Africa, Euro...
if $1 of investment into nasa produces $14 of economic benefit, why isn't nasa self-funding?	The answer is that calculating actual returns is difficult. The Federation of American Scientists actually wrote about the [ 'spin-off technology' fable](_URL_0_) about how much NASA returns to the economy. Basically, it is really hard to say to pin exactly the amount that a technology impacts the rest of society to a...	[ "A 2013 report prepared by the Tauri Group for NASA showed that NASA invested nearly $5 billion in U.S. manufacturing in FY 2012, with nearly $2 billion of that going to the technology sector. NASA also develops and commercializes technology, some of which can generate over $1 billion in revenue per year over multi...
what does it mean to buy the rights to an old drug like daraprim? if the patents expired on the drug what rights are there to buy?	The brand name "Daraprim", the FDA license to manufacture it and market it for human consumption (this is the key--anyone can create a competitor but they must prove bio-equivalence first which costs a few million dollars and more importantly takes nearly 3 years), and the US factory where it's produced.	[ "Excessive patent protection may also be attributed to evergreening, or methods to extend patents that are about to expire. Drug companies may extend patents well beyond their original expiration date by making slight modifications to their drug, preventing antiretroviral drugs from attaining reduced prices. For ex...
Does acne affect skin aging?	Acne can result in scar tissue development of varying degrees. Scar tissue is functionally inferior to normal skin in many ways, it is not as supple or elastic as normal skin and is more vulnerable to UV radiation. Edit: Since loss of skin elasticity and UV damage are commonly associated with aging skin, it's fair to...	[ "Acne usually improves around the age of 20, but may persist into adulthood. Permanent physical scarring may occur. There is good evidence to support the idea that acne and associated scarring negatively affect a person's psychological state, worsen mood, lower self-esteem, and are associated with a higher risk of ...
if I went to London in AD 250 would I see different clothes and architecture than I would in a Roman city where it does not drop below freezing regularly every winter?	I don't know about London, but I know from the excavations of the Roman city at Wroxeter that the engineers had initially sought to install an outdoor bathing area in the bath complex, as was standard in warmer parts of the empire. This fell out of use rather quickly due precisely to the colder climate.	[ "The 'city' denomination of both London and York rests partly upon the importance of their Roman antecedents, and as two of the principal seats of Christian bishops in late Roman Britain. Gildas stated that trade was busy in London in his time (540s), and in the 7th century it was focused at the Anglo-Saxon centre ...
Visible Light	Goodness. Inquisitive minds want to know! There's more questions than I have fingers! :P Let me reformat this in a list, and reply to the list, since I don't have all the answers. ---- 1a. What's the deal with magenta then, which seems to be weirdly absent from the spectrum? 1b. What frequency is it [magenta], h...	[ "Light, or visible light, is the very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye (about 400–700 nm), or up to 380–750 nm. More broadly, physicists refer to light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.\n", "Other explanations for the light's appeara...
Does a non-metal/metal bond have to be a salt?	It has to do with electronegativity. What we learn in school is that ionic bonds (salts) are between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds are between nonmetals, and metallic bonds are between metals. I will exclude metallic bonds since they are kind of a degenerate case and look at the other two. They are not really 2 ...	[ "Class A metals are metals that form hard acids. Hard acids are acids with relatively ionic bonds. These metals, such as iron, aluminium, titanium, sodium, calcium, and the lanthanides, would rather bond with fluorine than iodine. They form stable products with hard bases, which are bases with ionic bonds. They tar...
in which way this [link in comments] will change the perception of the evolution theory?	It wont change our understanding of the theory of evolution in any way. Its existance is completely in line with how we understand the mechanism of evolution to work. It will change our understanding of how humans specifically evolved and what kind of cognitive abilities early humans/late apes may or may not have had.	[ "\"Evolution\" in colloquial contexts can refer to any sort of progressive development or gradual improvement, and a process that results in greater quality or complexity. When misapplied to biological evolution this common meaning leads to frequent misunderstandings. For example, the idea of devolution (\"backward...
What exactly is Sharia Law anyway?	Several posters have already said that the question of Sharia law is better suited for a religion sub. In fact, the question of how law codes arise out of religion and are influenced both by religion and culture (and how religion and culture are intertwined) is a perfectly legitimate avenue of historical inquiry. A r...	[ "Sharia or sharia law is the basic Islamic religious law derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the opinions and life example of Muhammad (Hadith and Sunnah) which are the primary sources of sharia. For topics and issues not directly addressed in these primary sources, sharia is de...
How far down into the Earth would you have to dig until the temperature would rise instead of drop? (As affected by magma)	_URL_0_ will probably help answer your question.	[ "If the rate of temperature increase with depth observed in shallow boreholes were to persist at greater depths, temperatures deep within the Earth would soon reach the point where rocks would melt. We know, however, that the Earth's mantle is solid because of the transmission of S-waves. The temperature gradient d...
what would happen if every single nation that owes the world bank money decided to not pay any of it back.	The same thing that happens when countries default on loans to other creditors: They get fucked when they need to borrow in the future because who the hell would lend to them at a decent interest rate after that?	[ "It also does not mean that a commercial bank's overnight reserves can become \"negative\", in these countries. The central bank will \"always\" step in to lend the necessary reserves if necessary so that this does not happen; this is sometimes described as \"defending the payment system\". Historically a central b...
why aren't eye glasses made out of gorilla glass, or other scratch resistant glass that electronics have	Honestly, most glasses aren't even made with glass anymore - just different types of plastics. Glass is heavier and less shatter-resistant than other materials which are more commonly used. And as mentioned already, there are anti-scratch coatings that you can get. Source: I'm in optometry school.	[ "Gorilla Glass, an outgrowth of the 1960s Chemcor project, is a high-strength alkali-aluminosilicate thin sheet glass used as a protective cover glass offering scratch resistance and durability in many touchscreens. According to the book \"Steve Jobs\" by Walter Isaacson, Gorilla Glass was used in the first iPhone ...
Do you burn more calories running 1st thing in the morning before eating breakfast than in the evening? or does it make any difference?	There is too much conjecture in this thread. We need someone to address morning exercise metabolism, specifically in relation to insulin / liver function and which energy stores are drawn upon. Psychosocial issues like 'I eat less after exercising' may not help the OP and do not answer the (extended) question.	[ "A 2012 opinion poll concluded that the Dutch believe that breakfast should be a more important meal than it is and that more time should be spent on it; almost three-quarters of those polled ate their sandwiches in less than fifteen minutes, and blame for an all-too quick breakfast was placed on \"fast\" breakfast...
why is it so hard for humans to think about infinity?	Because it’s not tangible, you can not compare it to anything. Think about 1000 bricks, together it’s a big pile or they could be a wall. Now think of infinite bricks....what is it? It’s not on the relative scale of what humans typically think within.	[ "Before Cantor, the notion of infinity was often taken as a useful abstraction which helped mathematicians reason about the finite world; for example the use of infinite limit cases in calculus. The infinite was deemed to have at most a potential existence, rather than an actual existence. \"Actual infinity does no...
why do the front wheels of big trucks have such big convex hubcaps and lugnuts?	The commonality across all those big trucks having a doubled rear wheel. On a doubled wheel, you need to be able to bolt the two wheels together to be secure them. The rims budge out so they can touch each other. & nbsp; The front wheel can't be doubled because it would interfere with steering. In order to only need ...	[ "Part of the lore of hubcaps is that on bad roads they have a tendency of falling off due to hitting a bump. Center caps, however, fall off less frequently than older full wheel covers, which were often quite heavy. In some parts of the U.S. and in Mexico there are automotive garages whose walls were decorated with...
American all-black WWI battalion?	One, the soldiers in the photo are Americans. The cut of the uniforms (high collared-tunic with pointed breast pocket flaps) fits the [American uniform in 1917-1918](_URL_2_). The cartridge belts with ammunition pouches are also American, the Canadians carried their ammo in web pouches on their chests, [as you can see ...	[ "The No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), was raised in Nova Scotia and was one of two predominantly black battalions in Canadian military history and the only Canadian battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I. Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel D.H. Sutherland, formerl...
Why is it that so many people alocoholics also smoke cigarettes (or vice versa)? Is there something chemically going between the two substances' interactions that makes it more pleasurable than either alone?	Yes, there has been a lot of research into the interaction of nicotine and alcohol. I don't have time for a detailed review, but some of the research has shown that nicotine may counteract the sedating effects of alcohol (e.g., making you sleepy) and increase cognitive abilities (e.g., focus, energy, etc) while compou...	[ "The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, ...
why is it acceptable to wait an hour to see a doctor when you have an appointment?	Because we understand that while nobody likes to wait, doctors aren't making you wait because they are reading cosmo and taking the fun quizzes. You have to wait because sometimes emergencies happen and doctors have to attend to that. Or because people make an appointment for something they believe is a tiny issue whic...	[ "Patients who are waiting for surgery depend on the availability of the operating theater, and if any patient getting treatment in that room takes longer than scheduled, all patients who are waiting to be next must wait beyond their appointed time. It can be difficult to maximize efficient use of the operating room...
why is wine the default drink for a fermented fruit drink?	Apple cider doesn't have a high alcohol content, so it spoils quickly unless you pasteurize (heat) it and store it in a sealed bottle. So until maybe 200 years ago, it would have been very difficult to transport and store cider. Wine meanwhile lasts for a long time in barrels, so it can easily be stored and transported...	[ "Fruit wines are fermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); they may also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs. This definition is sometimes broadened to include any fermented alcoholic beverage except beer. For historical reasons, mead, cider...
Would American scientists have known the inhabitants of Bikini Atoll would be unable to return after nuclear testing?	Just figured we should add on that Bikini Atoll was not the only place used by the US for nuclear bomb testing in the Pacific. While Bravo Shot does appear to be a case of extreme negligence exposing un-evactuated island populations, US navy personal, and Japanese fishermen to dangerous levels of radiation, in the cas...	[ "Authorities had promised the Bikini Atoll's residents that they would be able to return home after the nuclear tests. A majority of the island's family heads agreed to leave the island, and most of the residents were moved to the Rongerik Atoll and later to Kili Island. Both locations proved unsuitable to sustaini...
what is the difference between insurance and a warranty?	A warranty is basically a promise from the manufacturer that if a product breaks or stops functioning for a certain length of time, they will repair or replace the product. Manufacturers do this so that people feel more comfortable when buying a product; if the product breaks down and it's not the buyer's fault, the bu...	[ "Self-insurance is a situation in which a person or business does not take out any third-party insurance, but rather a business that is liable for some risk, such as health costs, chooses to bear the risk itself rather than take out insurance through an insurance company. \n", "The specific uses of the terms “ins...
How does the Mars atmosphere sustain the current wind and dust storms?	Earth atmosphere mass: 5.15×10\^18 kg source: [wiki ](_URL_0_) Mars atmosphere mass: \~2.5 x 10\^16 kg source: [nasa](_URL_1_) Mars has a really thin atmosphere compared to Earth, but there's still more than enough to have global atmospheric patterns. Keeping that in mind, it's still extremely thin so [this scene is ...	[ "Under sufficiently strong wind ( 30 ms), dust particles can be mobilized and lifted from the surface to the atmosphere. Some of the dust particles can be suspended in the atmosphere and travel by circulation before falling back to the ground. Dust particles can attenuate solar radiation and interact with infrared ...
why does a basketball sound metallic when tapping on it or when it bounces?	Put simply, the rotational momentum of the gas inside the basketball is compressed during elastic collision (court, tapping, rim). This causes a specific wavelengths of reverberating air to enter your ears and be processed by the brain as sound. The wavelength of sound has some similarity to you as what you perceive o...	[ "If a ball takes an erratic bounce due to a crack, or obstacle, on the court a player may call 'Hindoo' (from 'hinder' in Handball) and the ball is replayed with no letter assigned, though some play the court as it is, with no recourse.\n", "BULLET::::11. \"Popcorn effect\": When a defensive player deliberately i...
Were Native Americans (from actual tribes/reservations) drafted for the Vietnam War? And if so how common was it?	Yes. The [1924 Indian Citizenship Act](_URL_1_) conferred US citizenship to all Native peoples indigenous to the United States. Part of the reasoning behind the 1924 law was US citizenship was granted to Native Americans who served in WWI in 1919 ([Lemay](_URL_2_)). Lemay states that 90% of the Native Americans who ser...	[ "Some 44,000 Native Americans served in the United States military during World War II: at the time, one-third of all able-bodied Indian men from eighteen to fifty years of age. Described as the first large-scale exodus of indigenous peoples from the reservations since the removals of the 19th century, the men's se...
Were the views of the early Quakers really that much more progressive than those of their contemporaries?	I would generally advise against using terms such as "forward thinking." For one, ascribing values to an entire religious minority is bound to produce inaccuracies. Not all Quakers were abolitionist. Second, most Quaker abolitionists would not have considered themselves "forward thinking." To most Quakers (and any Chri...	[ "From almost the very beginning of the movement in the middle seventeenth century, Quakers became notable in the popular imagination not merely for their radical religious ideas and seemingly peculiar social habits but also for their legendary willingness to be jailed or punished for their beliefs.\n", "Because o...
why there isn't improved safety around subway trains	How many accidents are occurring today that would be prevented by your proposed 'improved safety'? How much would those improvements cost? Who would pay for the improvements?	[ "Additional safety devices were added to the subway and elevated system over the years, including speedometers, headlights, more effective dead-man's controls to halt runaway trains, and signalling and automatic trackside devices called \"trippers\" or \"train stops\" to reduce the likelihood of trains operating to...
Why didn't Islam become a major Reglion in Western countries? Or any other Reglion like Buddism or Hindu?	There were two major Islamic threats to Europe -- in the westernmost part of the West, the Iberian Peninsula, there was an Islamic invasion of the petty Visigothic kingdoms in the 8th century AD, which created an Islamic society that lasted until the 15th century. They attempted expansion to the east, into Francia, but...	[ "Resurgent Islam is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world. The Vatican's 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, \"Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denominat...
why did the dark ages happen, and why did it take so long for progress to start up again?	The Western Roman Empire has been on decline for a long time and collapsed in 476 which marks the starting point of the period known as the early middle ages, sometimes dubbed the dark ages. This period saw a continuation of bad trends like a decline in trade and population (especially in urban centers) while there was...	[ "Dark Ages is a British television sitcom, first broadcast as five thirty-minute episodes on ITV in December 1999. It portrayed medieval English villagers fearful of the turn of the new (second) millennium in the year 999 AD, and parodied contemporary fears at the turn of the third millennium (such as the Millenniu...
Are wolves in a pack siblings/mates?	So your "standard" wolf pack consists of a dominant pair and their offspring, who generally stick around for a couple of years and help raise the next set of pups before dispersing out in an attempt to meet up with dispersing wolves from other packs, have litters, and found new packs of their own. The only breeding go...	[ "Wolf Cubs, usually referred to as Cubs, is the second youngest section of Scouting operated by the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association, following on from the Beaver Scouts section. The core age range for Wolf Cubs is eight to eleven, though exceptions can be granted. Individual sections of Wolf Cubs, known as a Pack,...
what is the purpose of adding milk to your tea? also does it have any health benefits? thanks!	I believe it originally was done as a method to cool the tea down to prevent your cups from cracking due to sudden change in temperature (ie, add milk first then tea). Nowadays, that doesn't really apply in most cases and is done due to personal preference. Some teas I hate with milk, and some teas I hate without mil...	[ "Milk tea refers to several forms of beverage found in many cultures, containing some combination of tea and milk. Beverages vary based on the amount of each of these key ingredients, the method of preparation, and the inclusion of other ingredients (varying from sugar or honey to salt or cardamom). Instant milk te...
Where did bank robbers in the 30's get their Tommy Guns and BARs from?	James Ballou, in Rock and a Hard Place, the Browning Automatic Rifle, states that > "With the cessation of hostilities, Colt Arms Co. received the Browning patents to produce the BAR that had been withheld from issue during the war." This allowed Colt to make the BAR available for commercial sale, including sale to...	[ "The robbery occurred on May 30, 1899, at a watering point near Cane Springs Canyon, about 30 miles southeast of Globe. Hart had cut her hair short and dressed in men's clothing. Hart was armed with a .38 revolver while Boot had a Colt .45. One of the last stagecoach routes still operating in the territory, the run...
Are prime numbers a result of our number system?	Prime numbers are prime in every base. Pi exists in every base. Remember that base is just a representation of a number. If it went deeper than that, then computers couldn't work, because they operate in a different base too. In base two. (or more accurately, binary)	[ "The central importance of prime numbers to number theory and mathematics in general stems from the \"fundamental theorem of arithmetic\". This theorem states that every integer larger than 1 can be written as a product of one or more primes. More strongly,\n", "In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) de...
will a refrigerator magnet eventually loose its pull over enough time since it is perpetually fighting gravity?	Magnets don't use energy. The process of magnetising a piece of iron does not involve infusing it with huge quantities of energy. There is no energy to be transferred. So the question you are asking is really, how does a magnet do this without using energy? Think of it this way. The door of your fridge is not staying...	[ "In 1881, the German physicist Emil Warburg put a block of iron into a strong magnetic field and found that it increased very slightly in temperature. Some commercial ventures to implement this technology are underway, claiming to cut energy consumption by 40% compared to current domestic refrigerators. The process...
if we stopped selectively breeding dogs, and just let them do their little doggy thing, would dogs eventually start looking like wolves again?	Not unless there's a massive influx of wolves involved in the breeding -- we've bred out so much of the wolf, that the only way for it to come back would be evolution all over again.	[ "The experiment was initiated by scientists who were interested in the topic of domestication and the process by which wolves became domesticated dogs. They saw some retention of juvenile traits by adult dogs, both morphological ones, such as skulls that were unusually broad for their length, and behavioral ones, s...
what happens to my body when i drink alcohol whilst on antibiotics?	Some antibiotics shouldn't be mixed with alcohol because the alcohol impairs a step in the breakdown of the alcohol leading to a build up of acetaldehyde which gives you horrible side effects. Not all antibiotics, only some. The alcohol doesn't make the antibiotics not work - they will still work if you drink alcohol b...	[ "Antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the effi...
why to big rigs have different types of tires on the front and rear of the truck?	It's all about traction. The drive axle/s are on the rear of the truck so they're designed to give maximum traction going forward. The front axle is only responsible for steering and is designed to give maximum traction for that purpose.	[ "Tires are typically tall or larger on lightweight alloy wheels. Trophy trucks usually carry two spare tires in case of puncture. Total wet weight is around minimum, with the mass necessary to absorb the rougher terrain in desert racing.\n", "In preparation for the race, tire provider Goodyear created new tires, ...
If Sumerian is a language isolate, how was it deciphered?	Part of the reason for this is that it started from the decipherment of Akkadian-early scholars found texts in this non-Semitic language(although even before these texts were found, some people suspected that cuneiform was not invented to write a Semitic languages because it is not well suited to them). While this was ...	[ "Typologically, as mentioned above, Sumerian is classified as an agglutinative, split-ergative language. Ever since its decipherment, the research of Sumerian has been made difficult not only by the lack of any native speakers, but also by the relative sparseness of linguistic data, the apparent lack of a closely r...
Why did Nazi Germany keep so many troops in Norway in WWII?	Short version: primarily to safeguard iron ore from Sweden, and to make it easier for the Navy to operate in the North Atlantic. It really was that important to the Germans.	[ "About 300,000 Germans were garrisoned in Norway for the rest of the war. By occupying Norway, Hitler had ensured the protection of Germany's supply of iron ore from Sweden and had obtained naval and air bases with which to strike at Britain.\n", "During the five years of German occupation, Norwegians built a res...
how does liquid separate to your liver and kidneys?	It gets digested and then is absorbed through the intestinal walls (mostly small intestines) and then is added to the blood stream. The liver and kidneys process all the blood as it goes around. It doesn't separate so much as it just forms the blood volume that both organs filter.	[ "The hepatorenal recess (subhepatic recess, pouch of Morison or Morison's pouch) is the space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions. However, fluid can collect in this space in circumstances where the abdomen fills with flui...
Is our understanding of Roman paganism based on elite Orthodoxy or popular practices?	Thinking about Roman or even just pre-christian paganism in the terms we think about Christianity today or even as it was thought of by the reign of Theodosius, who made Christianity the official religion of he empire, can have us running into some anachronistic problems. Roman paganism did not have much of any form of...	[ "Except for the most recent literature, for at least the last 200 years historical scholarship has followed a conceptual scheme in which the persecution of those Mediterranean religions that we now label \"paganism\" was seen as the result of the religious intolerance inherent in the monotheistic Christian faith. T...
why is victim blaming seen as bad? when in my mind there seems to be legitimate circumstances where the victim would be to blame?	There are situations in which one's attitude and personal decisions do cause them harm. Usually 'blaming the victim' is reserved for people who are victim of circumstances and avoidance of the circumstances puts unfair expectations on the victim. For example. A wealthy man walks through a bad neighborhood late at nig...	[ "Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them. The study of victimology seeks to mitigate the prejudice against victims, and the perception that victims are in any way responsible for the actions of offenders. There is hist...
why do burps make a sound?	Because the meatflaps closing off the way to your belly are being pushed open through the pressure of the burp and they start vibrating. That vibrating is what creates the sound you hear.	[ "Many popular aquarium fish such as goldfish and loaches have these structures. Members of the genus \"Botia\" such as clown loaches are known to make distinctive clicking sounds when they grind their pharyngeal teeth. Grunts (family Haemulidae) are so called because of the sound they make when they grind them. Mol...
how people can hack your phone/computer with a usb drive?	It is technically possible. Heck, it may even be possible to hack your phone over the air. Hackers look for vulnerabilities in your software that allow them to install their own programs. They'll use these programs to gain root access and/or get your password. Vulnerabilities are typically code defects that occur ...	[ "Some software developers use traditional USB flash drives as software license dongles that contain hardware serial numbers in conjunction with the stored device ID strings, which are generally not easily changed by an end-user. A developer can also use the dongle to store user settings or even a complete \"portabl...
a wheel is bound to the car by lug nuts, but how does an inflatable rubber tire stay bound to a wheel, especially under tremendous forces?	The hole in the tire is reinforced with a steel cable. With air out of the tire, the tire store can slip these reinforced holes over the wheel. Then when the tire is filled with air the tire can't get off because the hole is smaller than the flange of the wheel.	[ "The coefficient of friction of rubber on the road limits the magnitude of the vector sum of the transverse and longitudinal force. So the driven wheels or those supplying the most braking tend to slip sideways. This phenomenon is often explained by use of the circle of forces model.\n", "A tire can generate hori...
How can I measure the amount of arsenic in water?	_URL_0_ Check the method IDs. Google isn't hard to use.	[ "Arsenic is naturally found in groundwater and presents serious health threats when high amounts exist. Chronic arsenic poisoning results from drinking contaminated well water over a long period of time. Many aquifers contain high concentration of arsenic salts. The World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for dr...
How does Cancer metastisize?	Cancer tissue needs to undergo several changes to colonize distant parts of the body. * Vascularization The tumor needs to get its own blood supply so that it can grow, and access the blood. Tumor cells can send out signals to the tissue around them to grow more blood vessels nearby. Now this blood supply gives them ...	[ "Metastasis involves a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, via the lymphatic system, or by direct extension. To do so, malignant cells break away from the primary tumor and attach to and degrade proteins that make up...
The Iran Hostage Crisis was resolved 20 minutes after Reagan was sworn in, how was that accomplished? Is there any truth to rumors of a deal behind Carter's back?	Not to discourage additional answers and discussion, but this old post by u/gent2012 may answer your question: _URL_0_	[ "In November 1979, a number of U.S. hostages were captured in Iran during the Iranian Revolution. The Iran hostage crisis continued into 1980; as the November 1980 presidential election approached, there were concerns in the Republican Party that a resolution of the crisis could constitute an \"October surprise\" w...
Why does Hong Kong have special laws compared to the rest of China when the British lease was going to end in 1997 anyways?	Hong Kong was not on a lease the new terratories were, Nor is it unique in this regard as Macau shares the same status. Whilst there's always more to be said this [answer](_URL_0_) by /u/Calorie_Man and this [answer](_URL_1_) by /u/Spiritof454 and /u/HKTenor may be helpful to you	[ "As the end of the lease drew closer, Hong Kong's future was uncertain. Because most of the territory's industry was developed in the New Territories, separating the leased area and returning only that part of the colony to China was economically and logistically impossible. The colonial government could not grant ...
how is lemon naturally a cleanser?	Lemon juice is highly acidic, specifically citric acid which is a very good cleaning agent.	[ "The juice of the lemon may be used for cleaning. A halved lemon dipped in salt or baking powder is used to brighten copper cookware. The acid dissolves the tarnish, and the abrasives assist the cleaning. As a kitchen cleaning agent the juice can deodorize, remove grease, bleach stains, and disinfect; when mixed wi...
Why did US troops commit more crimes in Vietnam than they did in both world wars?	Because they were fighting a different kind of war that they were not use to. The men were trained to fight for battles like in Europe in ww2. They didn’t not teach the men how to fight a counter insurgency war. They would be trained in taking and holding objectives, then be deployed just to search a village not really...	[ "A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War. War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture, and the murder of prisoners of war. Additional common crimes included theft,...
how does the price of cryptocurrencies go down?	Things are only worth what people are willing to pay. If no one is willing to pay for a cryptocurrency at whatever the current price is, the price goes down.	[ "In 2018, there was a large sell-off of cryptocurrencies. From January to February 2018, the price of Bitcoin fell 65 percent, and by the end of the first quarter of 2018, the entire cryptocurrency market fell by 54 percent, with losses in the market topping $500 billion. By September 2018, the MVIS CryptoCompare D...
How is Alpha particle always nucleus of Helium?	The Helium-4 nucleus is among the most stable nuclei in this region of the periodic table, meaning it has one of the highest binding energies per nucleon as shown in [this chart](_URL_1_). This makes it very favourable to emit, because the metastable radioactive nucleus loses a lot of energy when it emits an alpha par...	[ "Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particle emissions are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α. The...
why are phones not lasting longer despite constantly increasing "power efficiency"?	A lot of power is used by your display, which does not reduce its power consumption with new generations nearly as fast as processors do. A lot of power used by a smart phone is not consumed by the actual CPU/GPU, and therefore, reducing CPU power consumption by 20% does not increase battery life a similar amount. ...	[ "A cell phone's shelf life is only about 24 months for the average user. This means that newer cell phone models are constantly put up on the market to replace older ones. This is as a result of the rapid progression of technology in the mobile industry. According to Matt Ployhar of Intel, the industry is rapidly e...
why is it easy to walk on a 3ft wide sidewalk but disorientating to walk on same size platform 30ft in the air?	Because your mind, at a both conscious and subconscious level, knows that falling off of a sidewalk isn't likely to be disastrous for your health. You're probably not used to walking on a platform 30 feet up in the air, and your mind quite correctly interprets itself to be in a reasonably dangerous situation. It's ...	[ "Jacobs states that sidewalks of thirty to thirty-five feet in width are ideal, capable of accommodating any demands for general play, trees to shade the activity, pedestrian circulation, adult public life, and even loitering. However, she admits that such width is a luxury in the era of the automobile, and finds s...
Is attraction caused by us wanting to reproduce with peoole with better genetics in areas we lack?	Not necessarily. It depends on what kind of attraction you're speaking about. General physical attraction is likely rooted in looking for a mate that has the best physical attributes for your species, so that, when one mates with them, one's offspring has the best chance of surviving and making it to mate themselves. ...	[ "For the advantage due to genetic variation, there are three possible reasons this might happen. First, sexual reproduction can combine the effects of two beneficial mutations in the same individual (i.e. sex aids in the spread of advantageous traits). Also, the necessary mutations do not have to have occurred one ...
why do people abuse, torture and savagely eviscerate animals?	Its not just humans. Lots of animals torture each other and other animals for fun.	[ "According to the Humane Society, intentional animal cruelty, or animal abuse, is knowingly depriving an animal of food, water, shelter, socialization, or veterinary care or maliciously torturing, maiming, mutilating, or killing an animal.\n", "Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, oth...
Thoughts about Ta-Nehisi Coates' "Five Books to Make You Less Stupid About the Civil War"	Not bad books by any means (I haven't read them all, but their online synopses seem pretty solid), but there's far too little here about the antebellum period as a means to really understanding the causes of the war. The only real explanation of the sectional crisis (especially the history of the North) that I'd expe...	[ "Henry Steele Commager described the book as a \"series of reflections on [Civil War] literature and on the men and women, and the societies, that produced it\"; he characterized it as \"original, skeptical, allusive, penetrating. It is discursive, ranging widely from North to South, and even more widely in time.\"...
What caused Mars to be as arid as it is now?	You might be interested in [this AMA going on right now](_URL_0_). The MAVEN satellite is designed to figure out basically what you are asking, and the AMA is with one of the lead scientists working on the project.	[ "On November 5, 2015, NASA announced that data from MAVEN shows that the deterioration of Mars' atmosphere increases significantly during solar storms. That loss of atmosphere to space likely played a key role in Mars' gradual shift from its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere – which had kept Mars relatively warm ...
what do companies like bloomberg & thomson reuters do?	Like wire services? Reuters and AP go out and report news, then newspapers that subscribe to them can run their pieces / images along with locally produced articles. In a world where papers can no longer afford to have foreign desks or send reporters on assignment, it's really crucial.	[ "Thomson Reuters Corporation () is a Canadian multinational mass media and information firm. The firm was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where it is headquartered at 333 Bay Street (Bay Adelaide Centre) in Downtown Toronto. Thomson Reuters shares are cross listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: TRI) and t...
Is it true that Native American were referred to as Indians because Columbus seriously thought he was in India when he landed?	Not an expert, but this question has been answered before. Lots of good information in these following threads, including answering very similar questions about this same topic. _URL_0_ _URL_2_ _URL_1_ Hope this is helpful.	[ "Columbus carried a passport in Latin from the Spanish monarchs that dispatched him \"ad partes Indie\" (\"toward the regions of India\") on their behalf. When he landed in the Antilles, Columbus referred to the resident peoples he encountered there as \"Indians\" reflecting his purported belief that he had reached...
abstraction in a philosophical sense.	Abstraction is the breaking down of properties and use of those properties for the purpose of extending them to something else so the something else can inherit the properties and change these properties as the abstraction requires. When ideas and concepts become sufficiently complex it is often helpful to break them...	[ "Abstraction in philosophy is the process (or, to some, the alleged process) in concept formation of recognizing some set of common features in individuals, and on that basis forming a concept of that feature. The notion of abstraction is important to understanding some philosophical controversies surrounding empir...
Why do no English/British monarchs have epithets following the Norman conquest?	Well, see, they did. The one that springs to mind first is Edward I, known as Edward Longshanks due to his long legs. There was also Prince Edward, who was known as "The Black Prince", Henry "The Young King", Richard I "The Lionheart", and a couple others. If you count Oliver Cromwell, you get "Old Ironsides".	[ "One of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern Old Norse-influenced dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. Norman French words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of n...
How does the formation of names like "hydroxychloroquine" work?	So with older names, you're going to have to accept at least a bit of, in my own words, jank. Systematization was attempted quite a few times before IUPAC really got things (mostly) settled. The IUPAC name for hydroxychloroquine is: (RS)-2-[{4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino]ethanol. But back to th...	[ "Amphoteric is derived from the Greek word () meaning \"both\". Related words in acid-base chemistry are amphichromatic and amphichroic, both describing substances such as acid-base indicators which give one colour on reaction with an acid and another colour on reaction with a base.\n", "Hydroxylamine-\"O\"-sulfo...
how can the sphincter simultaneously let out gas and hold in more solid materials, even when it is pointed downwards?	The gases are lighter, so they move first when pressure is applied. So the order of operations is gas, diarrhea, then solids. You shart yourself when you underestimate the gas to diarrhea ratio.	[ "In the case of the inexhaustible barrel, the container has a very large surface area in comparison to the relatively small tube leading from the bunghole. When the tube is sealed and the pouring cock at the bottom opened, a tiny amount of fluid will drain out until a vacuum is produced in the tube. At that point t...
in the american workplace, why is it seen as ok for someone to take a smoke break, but not to just step outside for some fresh air? also pertains to long bathroom breaks.	Super short answer: Perception. Smoking is seen as a need (addiction) so it's permitted. However, going outside for "fresh air" is seen as lazy. As for the bathroom comment? Your bowels will be finished when they are finished. I have always looked questionably at people who can poop faster than I can pee.	[ "Many companies in the 21st century do not allow smoking on their property, although some employers allow workers to leave the premises to smoke, and some jurisdictions have laws prohibiting smoking in an enclosed place where others are employed. Smoke (or 'smoko') breaks can be of different lengths but, for the mo...
Why did the Yakut (Sakha) people migrate to the Arctic in the Middle Ages? Did it have something to do with the Mongols expansion?	The presumption is footing on [modern day racial science](_URL_0_). These people dabble in the «halpogroups» of single frozen mummies and then try to connect it to modern day languages and cultures. Historical evidence does not exist.	[ "Siberia: Russians first came into contact with central Asia when, in 1582–1639, Cossack adventurers made themselves masters of the Siberian forests. They did not expand south because they were seeking furs, because the Siberian Cossacks were skilled in forest travel and knew little of the steppe and because the fo...
we live in a time where a fairly powerful computer can sit in your pocket. so why the hell are photocopiers still the size of a small car?	You can easily get photocopiers around the size of (and often integrated with) a desktop printer. Larger ones for business use are typically larger because they are designed to accept large quantities of paper, in various sizes and typically use larger-capacity toner cartridges instead of simple ink cartridges, so you ...	[ "Everyday personal laptops, family desktops, and company computers are able to handle photographic software. Our computers are more powerful machines with increasing capacities for running programs of any kind—especially digital imaging software. And that software is quickly becoming both smarter and simpler. Altho...
what is happening when an older house starts making creaky noises/ ‘settling in’?	Newer houses do it as well, just not to the same extent. it's all about heat. The materials used to construct the house will expand and contract with heat and cold. Different materials will expand and contract at different rates and that makes them rub against one another a little bit. It's that rubbing that causes...	[ "According to science writer Terence Hines, cold spots, creaking sounds, and odd noises are typically present in any home, especially older ones, and \"such noises can easily be mistaken for the sound of footsteps by those inclined to imagine the presence of a deceased tenant in their home.\"\n", "The house's int...
corporations	Let's say you've got a lemonade stand. You work with your friends, Michael, Lisa, Ben, and Carol. You are all partners and so share the profits equally. You want to expand and market your lemonade (it's damn good lemonade) nation-wide. Unfortunately, even if you hire Ted from down the street and Andy next door, you sti...	[ "Corporations exist in part to shield the personal assets of shareholders from personal liability for the debts or actions of a corporation. Unlike a general partnership or sole proprietorship in which the owner could be held responsible for all the debts of the company, a corporation traditionally limited the pers...
My Stupid Question:Humans evolved from apes, but how do apes still exist?	Yes, you're exactly right. There was once a population of some kind of prehistoric apes. They spread around, broke up into groups, and different groups evolved into all sorts of apes - humans, chimps, gorillas, orang utans, and others that have since become extinct. Note that the apes we evolved from were not modern a...	[ "Third, despite accepting that modern humans had emerged by evolution, many anthropologists believed that the genus \"Homo\" had split from the great apes as long as 30 million years ago and so felt uneasy about accepting that humans had a small-brained, ape-like ancestor, like \"Australopithecus africanus\", only ...
radio signals	We are able to send information over radio waves by modulating our message (known as the baseband signal) with a higher frequency signal (known as a carrier). Consider on/off keying: We have a circuit that generates a sine wave of a constant frequency (our carrier), feeding an antenna, broadcasting radio waves. If we...	[ "Unlike modern AM radio stations that transmit a continuous radio frequency, whose amplitude (power) is modulated by an audio signal, the first radio transmitters transmitted information by wireless telegraphy (radiotelegraphy), the transmitter was turned on and off (on-off keying) to produce different length pulse...
how can sellers on ebay profit by selling stuff for 99 cents and offer free shipping?	Depends what it is and where, it is possible. Take knock-off SD memory cards, factory employing teenagers and peasants in China can pump this crap out for next to nothing, vendor gets a bag full of these for very little, then yes he could sell each one for 99 cents and profit.	[ "BULLET::::- In July 2008, eBay started letting web retailer Buy.com list millions of items for sale on eBay without having to pay the listing fees required of other sellers. Its account also highlights eBay's flawed Detailed-Seller-Rating system as Buy.com's eBay account, which was changed in December 2007 to \"bu...
why aren't all grocery products labeled with a "best by x date" rather than "sell by x date".	Because those dates mean literally nothing. They're mainly "freshness dates" determined by the producing company through taste tests, but sometimes are just picked arbitrarily. Listen to the newest episode of the 99% Invinsible podcast; these dates are the focus of it.	[ "\"Best before\" or \"best by\" dates appear on a wide range of frozen, dried, tinned and other foods. These dates are only advisory and refer to the quality of the product, in contrast with \"use by\" dates, which indicate that the product may no longer be safe to consume after the specified date. Food kept after ...
how does brain keep the motivation?	While everything we feel is nothing more than a collection electrical impulses and chemicals and hormones, it's important to remember that you are your brain. It is not some separate entity making every decision without your input. What motivates you on an existential level can't be explained entirely by biology alon...	[ "Motivation is the driving force of desire behind all deliberate actions of humans. Motivation is based on emotion—specifically, on the search for satisfaction (positive emotional experiences), and the avoidance of conflict. Positive and negative is defined by the individual brain state, which may be influenced by ...
Could 1.21 gigawatts really be harnessed from a bolt of lightning?	Actually, I think it was "jiggawatts" in the movie that Doc was referring to. According to Wikipedia, the peak output of an average lightning strike is more on the order of a terawatt, however a rare positive bolt is upwards of hundreds of terawatts. A Terawatt is a thousand gigawatts, so Doc was underestimating by a...	[ "Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting lightning energy. A single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy (approximately 5 billion joules or about the energy stored in 145 litres of petrol). However, this energy is concentrated in a...
why do older versions of bluetooth use more battery?	The most basic answer is that power optimization wasn’t a priority back in the earlier days. Their goal was to get it to work and do features. Its matured to the point where they can work on power optimization	[ "older phones tend to draw more battery power in the vicinity of iBeacons, while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment. In addition to the time spent by the phone scanning, number of scans and number of beacons in the vicinity are also significant factors for battery drain, as pointed out b...

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