Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
pulse vs hearth-rate	Heart-rate Your pulse can have a little extra information on your health. A heart rate is the number of beats per minute that your heart makes, but on top of that a pulse can add the strength and consistency of the heartbeat at the point where it's measured. For example, a pulse can be characterized as "weak and t...	[ "The pulse is the rate at which the heart beats while pumping blood through the arteries, recorded as beats per minute (bpm). It may also be called \"heart rate\". The pulse is commonly taken at the wrist (radial artery). Alternative sites include the elbow (brachial artery), the neck (carotid artery), behind the k...
how there can be so much money in network tv advertising and so little in comparative online advertising?	First off, Youtube is not struggling to profit; neither is Netflix. Netflix made more than $2 Billion in profit and $20 billion in revenue last year, far more than any TV station. Alphabet Inc (parent of Google/Youtube) is the 3rd largest company on earth with a value of $988200000000. Secondly, there are few TV stati...	[ "The advertising network market is a large and growing market, with Internet advertising revenues expected to grow from $135.42 bn in 2014 to $239.87 bn in 2019. Digital advertising revenues in the United States alone are set to reach $107.30 bn in 2018 which is an 18.7% increase from 2017 ad spend. This growth wil...
Need to explain gravity and falling objects to my 9yo...	A simple thing that no one's mentioned is to put the piece of paper on top of and underneath the book when you drop them, rather than side by side. If they actually fall at different speeds, they would separate in one case. They'll fall together in both though, because the paper is shielded from air resistance effects ...	[ "This particular equivalence often referred to as the \"Galilean equivalence principle\" or the \"weak equivalence principle\" has the most important consequence for freely falling objects. Suppose an object has inertial and gravitational masses \"m\" and \"M\", respectively. If the only force acting on the object ...
in the way that people are able to build their own pcs, how far away are we from being able to build our own cellphones?	The major issue there is that most cellphone technology is extremely compact and build to fit around preselected parts where computers have components that can come in diffrent shapes and sizes, the designs are also far less modular. When I replied my iPhones charging port I had to use tweasers to re attach some compon...	[ "The majority of people around the world still do not have access to personal computing. Many of the current efforts to bridge the digital divide are failing and it is difficult for organizations to make a dent in this large demand. The idea of providing a “laptop per child” sounds feasible in theory, but there is ...
what is programmatic advertising?	Using programming (computers) to buy ads. Some are sold in what's called real time bidding. Basically when you visit a website with the ad in question whoever is selling the ad starts a short "auction" among some competitors and whoever has the highest bid gets the add and that's what you see. So obviously this all ...	[ "While advertising refers to the advertising message, per se, advertising management refers to the process of planning and executing an advertising campaign or campaigns; that is, it is a series of planned decisions that begins with market research continues through to setting advertising budgets, developing advert...
why do you hear so much more regarding desperate and lonely men rather than desperate and lonely women? shouldn't there be more or less an equal amount of both?	Women have far better support systems available compared to men. It's socially acceptable for women to feel hurt and express those feelings. They usually get ample sympathy and support from friends, family, colleagues and the public. When a man tries the same, he's ignored, ridiculed and perceived as weak.	[ "Americans seem to report more loneliness than any other country, though this finding may simply be an effect of greater research volume. A 2006 study in the \"American Sociological Review\" found that Americans on average had only two close friends in which to confide, which was down from an average of three in 19...
how is orange juice economically viable when it takes me juicing about 10 oranges to have enough for a single glass of orange juice?	They use machinery that grinds the orange down to more or less nothing, and can extract every tiniest little drop of juice from it. The machinery pretty much grinds up the oranges whole, skin and all, and then extracts every drop of juice from the ground-up mess. So they get more juice per orange than we can by hand, o...	[ "BULLET::::- Orange juice is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a \"juicer\" or \"squeezer\") and collecting the juice in a tray underneath. This can be made at home or, on a much larger scale, industrially. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by the United States, ...
Do we know of any contact between Ancient Egypt and East Asia ?	Ah. I enjoyed that book and it does an excellent job of telling stories, but yes, it's age shows in quite a few places. Short answer: no. Essentially, the book is proposing a model called diffusionism, although hyper-diffusionism might be more accurate. This was a theory, or more accurately a methodology, that propose...	[ "Eastward contacts are represented by objects and motific works of ancient Egypt found in the Near East, including modern Anatolia and Byblos and those ancient regions around Canaan and Syria. Some kings of Byblos have been found buried with Egyptian items.\n", "Foreign artifacts dating to the 5th millennium BCE ...
why do some women look super pregnant at 8ish months, yet others are barely noticeable?	The boring, obvious answer is that women have a wide variety of body types and sizes. A tall, larger woman will appear less pregnant than a short, small woman. A woman with a tiny waist will show a pregnancy more than a woman with wide hips.	[ "BULLET::::- Women are more susceptible to develop diastasis recti when over the age of 35, high birth weight of child, multiple birth pregnancy, and multiple pregnancies. Additional causes can be attributed to excessive abdominal exercises after the first trimester of pregnancy.\n", "Two months later, all women ...
Is the next generation of humans getting stronger and taller than the previous one? Also when would it stop?	Humans are generally getting taller and stronger than previous generations. Many scientists believe this is due to nutrition (increased calories, increased protein intake) rather than genetics. Given that vitamins and proteins are ubiquitous, it is unlikely that height would increase as a function of nutrition.	[ "Improved nutrition is another possible explanation. Today's average adult from an industrialized nation is taller than a comparable adult of a century ago. That increase of stature, likely the result of general improvements of nutrition and health, has been at a rate of more than a centimeter per decade. Available...
What is the place of the battleship Yamato in the Japanese consciousness/culture?	I would definitely say the Yamato has some sort of place in the hearts of the Japanese people even today. In the late 30s, when it was laid down it was praised for being the biggest battleship in history and at the time many people still thought that size was the most important feature for these kind of Battleships. In...	[ "\"Yamato\", and especially the story of her sinking, has appeared often in Japanese popular culture, such as the anime \"Space Battleship Yamato\" and the 2005 film \"Yamato\". The appearances in popular culture usually portray the ship's last mission as a brave, selfless, but futile, symbolic effort by the partic...
Going into the Korean war, did the US ever have the goal of completely absorbing the north into the south, or was an eventual retreat from the Yalu planned?	Going in was long before the Yalu. The intent was simply to keep the south from being incorporated into the north. Americans' concern was not to be embarrassed by having to retreat from Pusan. There was no UN mandate to do more which is why it was a UN police action, not a US war. Anyway, America was war weary after W...	[ "In the Korean War, the United States and the United Nations officially endorsed a policy of rollback—the destruction of the North Korean government—and sent UN forces across the 38th parallel to take over North Korea. The rollback strategy, however, caused the Chinese to intervene, and US forces were pushed back t...
Is there literally ZERO resistance in superconductors or is it just miniscule or neglectable (like stuff normally is in real-life as opposed to theory)?	The best theory we have suggests that the electrical resistance of a superconductor can be exactly zero. Unfortunately it's a bit tricky to definitively validate this result experimentally since we simply can't measure a resistance of 0. Even though [most experiments seem to show that the resistance vanishes](_URL_1_),...	[ "Superconductivity is the set of physical properties observed in certain materials, wherein electrical resistance no longer exists and from which magnetic flux fields are expelled. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradual...
Just how long has vinegar been around in any form?	Vinegar is created by acetobacter, a kind of bacteria that is naturally occurring- notably, occurring in the guts of fruit flies. When yeast ( a fungi) encounter sugar, they will start to ferment it into alcohol. If acetobacter bacteria are present ( and, of course, that can occur because fruit flies are going to ...	[ "Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally. The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce...
When was the second first developed as a unit of time? Were there any areas where a different standard was used?	hi! I've got a pile of links for you, so settle in... First up, the FAQ has a couple of posts on [Hours, minutes, and seconds](_URL_11_) Origins * [Has everyone always used a 24 hour day?](_URL_5_) * [As far as I can tell, nearly all of the world divides a day into 24 hours, each of which in turn divides into 60 mi...	[ "In 1832, Gauss proposed using the second as the base unit of time in his millimeter-milligram-second system of units. The British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) in 1862 stated that \"All men of science are agreed to use the second of mean solar time as the unit of time.\" BAAS formally proposed ...
When, how, and why did sports (in general) become such a high-dollar enterprise in the United States?	( I'm typing this on my phone, so please excuse any grammar/spelling mistakes) Although I'm not an expert, I would have to guess this happened around the late 1800s/early 1900s. During this time Americans disposable incomes and leisure time increased due to achievements by unions and other average Americans. Major lea...	[ "Many factors combined to produce an explosive growth in this new sport which had been imported from the United States. The number of teams grew from 8 in 1985 to around 40 by the end of the 1980s. In addition, the teams from larger cities were able to professionalise further by obtaining large sponsors, attracted ...
after showers, whenever i rub my skin i get rolls of dirt/dead skin cells. why is this?	You need to exfoliate better. Or shower more often. Grab a wash cloth or loofa and wash, don't just use your hands.	[ "In general, the skin becomes swollen, itchy and red. This is a result of compression of mast cells, which are hyperactive in these diseases. These mast cells release inflammatory granules which contain histamine. It is the histamine which is responsible for the response seen after rubbing the lesional skin.\n", ...
why does 25 mph on a bicycle seem so much faster than in a car?	You feel like you're going extremely fast on a bike because you feel more. Cars have very well developed suspension systems that "even out" the bumps on the road. As long as you're not dealing with a serious pothole or a speed-bump, the car's suspension is going to face-tank most of the shock so that you don't have ...	[ "A standard lightweight, moderate-speed bicycle is one of the most energy-efficient forms of transport. Compared with walking, a cyclist riding at requires about half the food energy per unit distance: 27 kcal/km, per 100 km, or 43 kcal/mi. This converts to about . This means that a bicycle will use between 10-25 t...
Zion Harvey got a double hand transplant at 9 years old. Will his hands continue to grow along with the rest of his anatomy as he ages?	Yes the cells will keep working normally and normal physiological growth is expected. Abnormal groiwth is also relatively common (please correct me) due to post transplant medication that supresses the immune system thus not stopping some spurs of organ/limb growth that medication would normally stop. PS: I'm by all ...	[ "On July 28, 2015, doctors at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia performed the first successful bilateral hand transplant on a child. At the age of 2, Zion Harvey lost his hands and feet to a life-threatening infection. Six years later, at age 8, he had both of his hands replaced in a double hand transplant.\n...
where did trigonometric functions come from? and why do they work?	Trigonometric functions were developed by various ancient cultures, mostly dealing with measuring astronomic phenomenon which requires dealing with angles and triangles and such. Basically, we had a certain set of questions (if you know the sides of a triangle how to calculate its angles, and vice versa) that trigonom...	[ "In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mech...
what happened to telescoping fm antennas on cars?	Most new cars embed them inside the windshield or rear window which gives them a much better and bigger area of reception. The wire used is nearly invisible to the eye and you don't have to worry about a motor burning out or breaking it in the car wash as with the telescoping ones.	[ "The first 2,200 cars produced used a windshield-embedded antenna. This type of antenna proved to be unsuitable with poor radio reception. Oftentimes the radio would continually \"seek\", attempting to find a signal. A standard whip antenna, which was later changed to a manually retractable antenna, was added to th...
if heat rises up, why does global warming occur instead of the heat just dissipating through outer space?	global warming is the buildup of gasses that PREVENT exactly what you are talking about (heat dissipating up, its called albido). These gasses act like a mirror pointed back at earth, reflecting said heat back into the system.	[ "Here on earth, the sun delivers lots of bounce, and the atmosphere surrounds it with a wall that reflects the energy back in. In outer space, however, there’s nothing — a vacuum — and the bounce all disappears very quickly, leaving very little moving. Lack of motion means little heat, and almost no transfer — very...
Would we be able to detect an extraterrestrial spacecraft in orbit around our Sun?	[Voyager](_URL_2_) or [Voyager](_URL_0_)? :P In all seriousness though, [this](_URL_1_) says that by 2028 we hope to have detected 90% of all near-Earth asteroids of diameter 140 meters or larger. So it's very unlikely we'd detect a Voyager-sized spacecraft in orbit around the Sun (unless it happened to be at the sa...	[ "Interstellar spacecraft may be detectable from hundreds to thousands of light-years away through various forms of radiation, such as the photons emitted by an antimatter rocket or cyclotron radiation from the interaction of a magnetic sail with the interstellar medium. Such a signal would be easily distinguishable...
what is the catch with those auction sites that claim to sell ipads and high end laptops for $20?	You have to pay for each bid, and you can only improve the previous bid by a small increment each time. So as an example. Lets say an IPad costs $500. Each bid costs you $1. You can bid it up by .01 each time. So in aggregate people need to spend $2000 to win the right to buy the item for $20. And once people start bid...	[ "Amazon introduced Amazon Coins on July 13, 2013 in the United States and gave 500 free coins valued $5/£3 to all users of Kindle Fire devices, who could use the coins to purchase apps, games, and in-app purchases on the Amazon Appstore. However, in 2014, Amazon started allowing all Android users in Germany, the Un...
What were the casualties expected in an invasion of mainland Japan and how did they compare to the actual casualties caused by using nuclear weapons ?	The atomic bombs dropped on Japan killed at least 150,000, and probably more than 250,000 eventually died as a direct result of the bombings. Just to keep things in perspective, neither the bombing of Hiroshima or Nagasaki were individually as deadly as the March 9-10 1945 firebombing of Tokyo (100,000 dead). The inv...	[ "These casualty figures, as well as those from other island campaigns, were used by U.S. military planners to estimate that Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, would result in well over 1,000,000 U.S. and 5,000,000 Japanese casualties. These estimates put the decision made to use ...
Is there proof of mutation introducing new material into the genome?	How your friend put it is a bit misleading. Mutations happen all the time. And they aren't noticeable because many don't cause any change in that gene's function. Point mutations occur in which bases (nucleotides in your DNA) are altered. There are insertions, deletions or frameshifts.. which I don't want to get into....	[ "A molecule that allows the genetic material to be realized as a protein was first hypothesized by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. Severo Ochoa won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for developing a process for synthesizing RNA \"in vitro\" with polynucleotide phosphorylase, which was useful for cra...
Why isn't the sky completely white at night?	You've hit upon a very old question called ["Olbers' Paradox"](_URL_0_). The solution relies on the fact that the universe is not infinitely old, so only finitely many stars and galaxies are observable and they collectively subtend an angle on the sky much smaller than the full sky.	[ "The nighttime sky on Earth is black because the part of Earth experiencing night is facing away from the Sun, the light of the Sun is blocked by Earth itself, and there is no other bright nighttime source of light in the vicinity. Thus, there is not enough light to undergo Rayleigh scattering and make the sky blue...
what causes a rolled up piece of paper to act like a spring and what other materials want to naturally return to a flat sheet when rolled	> Are there other elastic materials similar to these that would want to snap back to a flat sheet? Sure. They're everywhere. Metal, plastic, wood, rubber, and on and on. Pretty much any common solid material will snap back to its resting arrangement when you let go, provided you don't stress it too far. Think of...	[ "A paper roll is threaded between two hard rollers, usually made from steel. One or both of the steel rollers has a linen pattern engraved on it. As the nip pressure between the two hard rollers increases, the pattern from the engraved roller(s) is pressed into the paper. The end result is a pattern that looks like...
Wednesday AMA: I am Mr_Bimmler, ask me anything regarding WWII Weapons or Vehicles.	I have a question regarding the general reliability of military ground vehicles in WWII. How often would a German Tiger tank or an American Sherman need to be serviced? Could a Jeep travel thousands of miles with nothing more than filling it up with gas? Who would perform the actual maintenance if something were to ...	[ "Sonderkraftfahrzeug (abbreviated Sd.Kfz., German for \"special purpose vehicle\" or \"special ordnance vehicle\") was the ordnance inventory designation used by Nazi Germany during World War II for military vehicles; for example \"Sd.Kfz.\" 101 for the Panzer I.\n", "BULLET::::- Captured German WW2 vehicles - A ...
why is cyberbullying a problem?	> Basically my question is this, if you're being bullied over social networking (or even through your phone) why continue to participate? You don't have to participate directly for it to affect you. Even if you ignore the bully, if other people in your social group are still paying attention to them, it will eventua...	[ "Cyberbullying \"involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others.\" -Bill Belsey\n", "'Cyberbullying' is the use of technology to bully a person, or threatening an individual online. Cyb...
Cathedrals are large and ornate, necessitating significant investment to construct. Did Cathedrals they serve any practical purpose for the village/town/city aside from hosting religious proceedings.	There actually are a few ways that churches functioned aside from housing worshipers for Mass, but these are, of course, directly related to the church’s larger spiritual aims which took precedence in the Middle Ages. I can’t demonstrate every way that the space of the church was used at this time but I can give a few ...	[ "Because many cathedrals took centuries to build and decorate, they constitute a major artistic investment for the city in which they stand. Not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic tombs, richly ca...
Why does snow accumulate in stripes? (Pic)	It is because of wind. It works like sand dunes. You start with an even accumulation, then wind blows in one direction. Imperfections in the ground surface cause some flakes to stick, and others stick to them, until all of the snow is in drifts.	[ "In the natural environment, slush forms when ice or snow melts. This often mixes with dirt and other materials, resulting in a gray or muddy brown color. Often, solid ice or snow can block the drainage of fluid water from slushy areas, so slush often goes through multiple freeze/thaw cycles before completely disap...
how does soaking a piece of clothing in milk remove red wine stains?	You're extracting the compounds In wine by using density extraction. Milk is more dense than the wine compounds so it ends up pulling up the less dense components. Source: I'm a Biochemistry student	[ "The popular belief that carbonated water is a good remover of clothing stains, particularly those of red wine, is based on hearsay and anecdotal evidence. The dissolved gas in water acts as a temporary surfactant. There is no underlying chemical reason why carbonated water would be superior to plain water in stain...
Monday Mysteries \| Ancient Ruins	One particularly bizarre (to our eyes) archaeological feature are the mosaics found in Olmec cities like La Venta. [Here's an example](_URL_0_). These large patterns are made from serpentine (a kind of green stone considered to be a precious mineral by Mesoamericans). The weird thing about them is that they were buri...	[ "Ancient Ruins and Archaeology is a 1964 science book by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, one of their most popular works. It was first published by Doubleday and has been reprinted numerous times by other publishers. Paperback editions since 1972 have generally reverted to the title Citadels of Myst...
how are my headphones playing a "ghost station"?	A nearby AM radio station is being picked up and rectified by the TV. A simple AM receiver can be made with a junction of two dissimilar metals or a metal needle point on a crystal. I suspect the electronics in the TV are performing the rectification and the headphone cable is the antenna.	[ "Another ghost is that of Stan Andrews. He is often heard wheezing around the backstage corridors at night, checking on his ushers. Also, a boy's choir is said to haunt the auditorium. The choir played their last song at the St. James during World War II before sailing off on tour. Their ship was never seen again a...
when using my smartphone camera why is video darker than photos for a given light level?	Exposure time. When you take a still-shot, the camera can pause to take in a large amount of light - after all, nobody is moving around much (hopefully) and there's no rush to get another shot in within the next few ms. When you're taking a video, however, the camera has at most 30 ms to take in light for each frame...	[ "The camera on the iPhone 5 reportedly shows purple haze when the light source is just out of frame, although Consumer Reports said it \"is no more prone to purple hazing on photos shot into a bright light source than its predecessor or than several Android phones with fine cameras...\"\n", "There is a flash on t...
what happens to the human body that makes it feel like cold isn't cold?	Your body can't actually sense temperature. It feels heat being absorbed or lost. So when you are losing heat your body tells you that your surroundings are cold. The more heat you lose the more you perceive your surroundings as being cold. Also, the greater the temperature differential between two things, the fast...	[ "Cold has numerous physiological and pathological effects on the human body, as well as on other organisms. Cold environments may promote certain psychological traits, as well as having direct effects on the ability to move. Shivering is one of the first physiological responses to cold. Extreme cold temperatures ma...
music equalization (as it pertains to mixing)- what's the deal?	Boosting = making a certain range of sound frequencies louder Cutting = making a certain range of sound frequencies quieter I'll post sample pictures in a bit. EDIT: Here is an [example](_URL_0_). So for me, I make hip-hop beats. When I'm making beats from sampling + chopping, I always cut the low / bass frequenci...	[ "Equalization is used in a reciprocal manner in certain communication channels and recording technologies. The original music is passed through a particular filter to alter its frequency balance, followed by the channel or recording process. At the end of the channel or when the recording is played, a complementary...
A balloon filled with helium goes in the opposite direction of earth's gravity. Not only does it overcome the force, but it also travels up. What would happen to a balloon in deep space? Would the helium stay put or would the balloon split and the helium go in all directions?	It is not fighting gravity. It is just lighter than the air around it. The air is pushing it up, much like air bubbles rise in water. Space is a vacuum, so it depends on it's initial course. If the helium escaped Earth's atmosphere it would not keep 'rising'. Earth's gravity would still pull it. But in a zero G vacuu...	[ "Fully inflated, a balloon of this size would contain just over of helium. Helium's lift capacity at sea level and 0 °C is 1.113 kg/m (0.07 lbs/ft) and decreases at higher altitudes and at higher temperatures. The volume of helium in the balloon has been estimated as being able to lift a total load, including the b...
What did a Civil War "supply line" actually look like?	So let me first explain a little bit as to what a supply line would have looked like. It would have been a massive wagon train, stretching out across the road filled with laboring beasts, sweating workers, and stench of feces and a great unwashed mass. Jostling underneath wagon covers would be every conceivable item ne...	[ "During the American Civil War, the firm was a seller of United States war bonds in England. With the assistance of his son, J. P. Morgan, who used the cables system to telegraph the outcomes of battles prior to their general knowledge in England, Junius was able to buy low and sell high.\n", "The line served as ...
how do fossils of an action or event get made?	That's not a "stone" type of [fossil](_URL_3_) but insects trapped in amber which is a [fossil resin ](_URL_2_). The insects got trapped in the [resin](_URL_0_) from a tree and that kept them intact over the ages when it turned into amber. [_URL_4_ article on the find](_URL_1_).	[ "Over geological time since, the rock was pushed so deep that heat and pressure hardened it much, before it came again to the surface. As a result, a common way to look for fossils in it was to break each lump with a sledgehammer, and after each blow to examine all new broken surfaces for cross-sections of bone. An...
After we get a cut, I read that our blood vessels have to grow back at the site of the wound. Do the blood vessels always grow back in the same pattern as before, or can they grow back in a different way?	When you cut your finger your body tries to fill the wound with a mixture of totally random capillaries and collagen-rich fibrous tissue. Later, most of the capillaries will die back and the wound will contract and turn white. [Vastly more on this here](_URL_0_) starting with the angiogenesis section. You can grow lar...	[ "Because the walls of the blood vessels are firmly attached to the fibrous tissue of the superficial fascial layer, cut ends of vessels here do not readily retract; even a small scalp wound may bleed profusely.\n", "It has been hypothesized that, during both wound healing of normal tissues and tumor development, ...
why does metal heat up so much when crushed under a hydraulic press?	Almost every metal is made up of crystals - ordered arrangements of atoms. Some metals are made of very small crystals, some are made of large crystals, and some very special metal parts can be made of a single crystal. These crystals aren't perfect - they have little atom-sized holes in them, and atoms stuck where th...	[ "In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating. Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation. Due to centrifugal force the liquid metal is thrown out towards the periphery.\n", "Metallic yielding dampers, as the name implies, yield in ...
french politics and law	Please be more specific? Political parties or how politics work? All the laws would be challenging... do you have something in mind?	[ "French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public law. Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, crim...
who started 'high-5s' and are they universal?	[Check out this Radio Lab podcast](_URL_0_), where they ask and attempt to answer this very question. Unfortunately, I can't find a transcript, but they refer to an ESPN article called [History of the high five](_URL_1_) which might also be interesting.	[ "High 5 was founded in 1993, as a collaboration between staff of the American Symphony Orchestra (Eugene Carr and Kathleen Drohan), the New York Times (Jeanne Shanley and Sharon Yakata), and Ticketmaster (Marla Hoicowitz and Connie Fitzgerald). In 1995, High 5 appointed its first full-time executive director, Ada C...
To what extent did resistance groups in WWII fight each other?	I am familiar in detail only with Yugoslav resistance groups. The two main resistance groups, Chetniks and communist partisans waged a civil war parallel with the war against occupying and quisling forces. Far from just occasional skirmishes this civil war in many ways determined the strategy of both, to the extent tha...	[ "Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as The Undergroun...
What differences, if any, were there between Soviet and Western (American, British, French) tactics in countering Blitzkrieg tactics in WW2?	Follow up. Was Blitzkrieg even a real German doctrine in WW2?	[ "During the 1930s, the resurgence of the German military in the era of the \"Third Reich\" saw German innovations in the tactical arena. The methodology used by the Germans in the Second World War was named \"\"Blitzkrieg\"\". There is a common misconception that \"Blitzkrieg\", which is not accepted as a coherent ...
why do turtles grow as large as their tanks?	It's not totally true. Turtles will grow as big as their genetics and nutrition and other factors let them. Turtles actually have their growth stunted in an unhealthy way by being in an environment too small, not due to the physical environment alone, but also by the nutrients available in said environment. The physica...	[ "The shape of the shell gives helpful clues about how a turtle lives. Most tortoises have a large, dome-shaped shell that makes it difficult for predators to crush the shell between their jaws. One of the few exceptions is the African pancake tortoise, which has a flat, flexible shell that allows it to hide in rock...
how can countries be banned from the u.s. based solely on their religious majority?	> How is this possible with rights guaranteed by the first amendment? Rights laid out in the US constitution only apply to US citizens, or people on US soil. If you're a foreign national in another country, the US doesn't have to give you any rights; that's the job of the country you're currently in. > Does the ...	[ "Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries, as well as a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any \"law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereo...
Would a planet-sized ball of liquid water in space have a solid core of "hot ice" the same way Earth's inner core is solid?	At high pressures water will form a solid at any temperature. Wikipedia has a rather detailed phase diagram for water: _URL_0_ Of course the specifics will vary; it'd be very unlikely for a planet to form exclusively from water, so getting a water-only core becomes difficult.	[ "Solid nitrogen has several properties relevant to its formation of rocks in the outer Solar System. Even at the low temperatures of solid nitrogen it is fairly volatile and can sublime to form an atmosphere, or condense back into nitrogen frost. At 58 K the ultimate compressive strength is 0.24 MPa. Strength incre...
why has stop snitchin' remained so popular in low-income us populations?	People in low income situation usually have short term goals as opposed to long term goals. And in many low income areas criminal populations hold more power then government.	[ "Both in the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and vagrancy following industrialization, as well as from a shift in society's attitude from retribution, punishing the miscreant to reforming.\n", "Jenny, as outbreaks of measles, mumps and whoopin...
Are Southern Chinese really Han Chinese?	Now firstly it must be made clear: "Southern Chinese" is not a single homogenous group. There are several major ethnic group that usually called Southern Chinese. These are: - Hokkien/Fujuanese: people from Fujian. This province is the most mountainous province in eastern China. During early Han period this period are...	[ "The Han Chinese people are bound together with a common genetic stock and a shared history inhabiting an ancient ancestral territory for over four thousand years, deeply rooted with many different cultural traditions and customs. The Huaxia tribes in northern China experienced a continuous expansion into southern ...
what is insomnia and why can't our brains shut off when we're excessively tired	Insomnia can be caused by many things, but one of the most common causes of insomnia is a non-functioning ability to produce the chemical that makes us begin to fall asleep. Our brain (neurotypically) naturally makes all of the chemicals we need on a given day to function. One of them, melatonin, is produced in low li...	[ "BULLET::::- Insomnia cannot be blamed for all the deficits the patient is experiencing in his daytime life (not all problems will go away once the patient is able to sleep), this is important to know, because it takes some of the unrealistic expectations off sleep.\n", "People with insomnia tend to excessively w...
To what extent did the Axis power coordinate their actions/strategy in WWII?	> How much did they coordinate and plan together? Was simply being in the war and diverting resources from the Allied war effort enough? Well the German-Italian cooperation through the war, which was characterised mostly by Germany bailing Italy out of trouble and diverting precious resources from more important the...	[ "During the Second World War, the Axis powers employed joint or combined operations to launch invasions in Europe and Asia. In Norway, Nazi Germany launched an amphibious invasion while the island of Crete was overwhelmed by an airborne invasion. Japan also had been successful in its Japanese imperialist wars in As...
What set the precedent for the "campy" style of early superhero pop culture? As opposed to the gritty/realistic style we see today.	can you clarify the timelines you are thinking about? The really campy stuff doesn't start until the 60s after the pushback from the book "seduction of the innocent," (where criticism of superhero books was included along with other violent comic books) sparking a moral panic and the comics code. As a result of the cod...	[ "Antecedents of the superhero archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing, Penny dreadfuls, shilling shockers, dime novels, radio programs, and other popular fiction of the late 19th and early 20th centuries featured mysterious, swashbuckling heroes with distinct co...
Was there ever a time and place, before alcohol regulation, where it was acceptable for children to get drunk regularly?	You seem fairly familiar with the common practice of giving smaller children beer before potable water was widely available, and the idea of "drinking water" would have seem foreign to adults and children alike. There is another practice that might interest you, which involves giving a baby a small amount of brandy o...	[ "Alcohol consumption was also used to medicate both adults and children during illnesses. Because alcohol was held in such high regard, Korean ancestors took great pains to pass down drinking customs from generation to generation.\n", "Because of moral panic involving alcohol abuse among minors (a 16-year-old boy...
Can bacteria survive in a freezing enviroment?	[Psychrophiles](_URL_0_) thrive at very low temperatures. Such as wiki states, temps as low as -20C. They're part of extremophiles which cover all 'extreme' environments from high heat, to acidity, and metals.	[ "Three species of bacteria, \"Carnobacterium pleistocenium\", as well as \"Chryseobacterium greenlandensis\" and \"Herminiimonas glaciei\", have reportedly been revived after surviving for thousands of years frozen in ice.\n", "Three species of bacteria, \"Carnobacterium pleistocenium\", \"Chryseobacterium greenl...
Does hair growth add weight?	You would get heavier as you consumed food. Hair, in this analogy, can be seen like sweat. The only difference is that it's an excretion you retain, instead of one that evaporates.	[ "Scalp hair grows, on average, at a rate of about 1.25 centimeters per month, and shampoos or vitamins have not been shown to noticeably change this rate. Hair growth rate also depends upon what phase in the cycle of hair growth one is actually in; there are three phases. The speed of hair growth varies based upon ...
how come that in every mayor city there are hundreds of pigeons but you never see any dead ones?	Two words: Turkey buzzards.	[ "Feral pigeons often only have small populations within cities. For example, the breeding population of feral pigeons in Sheffield, England, has been estimated at only 12,130 individuals. Despite this, feral pigeons usually reach their highest densities in the central portions of cities, so they are frequently enco...
will you explain to me the chi-square model when applied to genetics?	The chi square model is a way for people who study genes to understand probability. If two traits are inherited by a child (like blue eyes and a small nose), what are the chances they were inherited together randomly, out of all the options it could have been? The other option is that these genes are linked, meaning th...	[ "The chi-square distribution is used primarily in hypothesis testing, and to a lesser extent for confidence intervals for population variance when the underlying distribution is normal. Unlike more widely known distributions such as the normal distribution and the exponential distribution, the chi-square distributi...
Why didn't Einstein get a Nobel prize for Relativity? Was the paper on the photoelectric effect really more important?	The first thing to remember about [Einstein's Nobel Prize](_URL_1_) is that it was given for "his service to Theoretical Physics, and especially for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" So it was not strictly given to him for the photoelectric effect. But to understand why that theory was highlighted...	[ "Through these papers, Einstein tackles some of the era's most important physics questions and problems. In 1900, Lord Kelvin, in a lecture titled \"Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light\", suggested that physics had no satisfactory explanations for the results of the Michelson–Morle...
why are real number data types such as float and double called "floating-point"?	Let's say you have 8 "spaces" to store a number. There's a few different ways you can store numbers in it: 1. Unsigned Integers. ######## lets you store numbers from 0-99999999 but no negatives or decimals 2. Signed Integers. ±####### lets you store from -9999999 to +9999999, a smaller number than option 1 but cover...	[ "The floating-point form is used to represent numbers with a fractional component. They do not, however, represent most rational numbers exactly; they are instead a close approximation. There are three types of real values, denoted by their specifiers: single precision (float), double precision (double), and double...
why is it so difficult to figure out how life actually started?	Over time, the crust of the earth gets recycled. It gets pressed down into the mantle and eroded away, only to be replaced by cooling lava. In the past 4 billion years or so, almost all of the original crust is gone, only small portions in Canada, Australia, and Africa remain intact. That means most of the history o...	[ "One of the major challenges in studying the origin of life has been the inability to clearly define what life is. In her investigations, Walker has used the flow of information in systems as a means to distinguish life from non-life. She used the Boolean network model, information theory, and other models to disce...
Why does the ticking of my clock mess with the display on my TV?	Battery powered clock? Usually those use a pulsed electromagnet to advance the gearing once per second. They create a small "EMP" electromagnetic pulse. Tune an AM radio between stations, and it may pick up the one-second pulse as a click sound. But this shouldn't affect your TV unless it has a poorly shielded (b...	[ "A clock accompanied the look, which used GNAT (Generator of Network Analogue Time), resulting in the clock mimicked the movement of an analogue clock by moving the minute hand every second, rather than every 15 seconds as was found on previous station clocks. The counters on the clocks alternated between dots and ...
creative commons	Whenever a person creates a work like a photo, drawing, song, poem, etc., they own the copyright to it. That means that, aside from fair use, they have the exclusive right to distribute, sell, or otherwise use it. Creative Commons is basically a way for creators to allow others to use that work, usually with certain st...	[ "Creative Commons is an organization that “develops, supports, and stewards legal and technical infrastructure that maximizes digital creativity, sharing, and innovation.” It encourages the use of protected properties online for research, education, and creative purposes in pursuit of a universal access. Creative C...
why is it that we can't see gases in their pure form, yet we can see the shadows of gases on a sunny day?	Plenty of gases have color in their pure form. We can see shadows on hot days because air expands and then moves. And light changes a few properties when switching between mediums, so that movement of air and change in density is what makes the light wavy (gives interference patterns). But the gases in air do not ref...	[ "In principle, we cannot directly see a difference in temperature, a different gas, or a shock wave in the transparent air. However, all these disturbances refract light rays, so they can cast shadows. The plume of hot air rising from a fire, for example, can be seen by way of its shadow cast upon a nearby surface ...
What were the relative advantages and disadvantages of varying melee weapons during the middle ages?	Since a historian hasn't responded to your question, I hope I can post these video links from a TV show that looked at "alternative" weapons such as a flail, mace, falchion, etc. : _URL_2_ _URL_1_ _URL_0_ The host discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of these weapons. Hope this post is OK, I can edit ...	[ "Later in the Middle Ages, massed archery techniques were developed. English and Welsh longbowmen in particular were famed for the volume and accuracy of their shooting, to which cavalry and poorly armoured infantry were particularly vulnerable.\n", "For most of the Middle Ages, warfare and society were dominated...
what does the 3-2-l mean in some automatic transmissions in cars, what are their purpose?	3rd gear, 2nd gear, Lowest gear. Automatic switches gears automatically of course, but doesn't always give you the power you may want, so those options allow you to manually downshift and give your car more power.	[ "There are currently four different engines available, the 1.6 L \"M16A\" I4 (petrol), 1.9 L \"F9Q\" I4 (diesel), 2.0 L \"J20A\" I4 (petrol) and 2.4 L \"J24B\" l4 (petrol). The transmission choices are a 5-Speed Manual or a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission (depending on engine and market). Some markets do not offer t...
why do my eyes become hard to keep open when i'm tired? is it the brain trying reduce stimuli and rest?	Eyes are controlled by ciliary muscles. As do all muscles, when you are tired you muscles start to become harder to use. E.G, when you lift weights, the longer duration you lift for, the more fatigued you get. Same principle.	[ "Primary reasons is eye fatigue as a result of excessive pressure on the eyes because of reading, watching TV, computer, poor lighting, etc. Some other reasons are poor posture, poor diet, lack of sleep, etc.\n", "When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer m...
Josip Broz Tito spoke Kyrgyz?	Tito did spend some time in what is now Kyrgyzstan during the Russian Civil War. From 1918 to 1920 he was hiding out in a village near Osh, the main city in the south of Kyrgyzstan, and eventually married an ethnic Russian from there. However it should be noted that the region is, and was, mainly full of ethnic Uzbeks...	[ "BULLET::::- 13: Yugoslav Army Colonel Draža Mihailović summons up the \"Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland\" which mostly consists of Serbs, but also includes Slovenes, Bosnians, and Croats. Mihailović treks from Bosnia into central Serbia, Ravna Gora, and issues an uprising call promising a struggle against the occu...
if volcano eruptions are from pressure buildup, why not just drill and relieve the pressure?	That's a monumentally risky endeavor for so little reward. You could get seriously burned, possibly trigger a real volcanic eruption, and release toxic gases into the atmosphere. Furthermore, as long as the core is hot, volcanos will still erupt, and the nuclear fission of the uranium in the core will keep it hot for...	[ "The sudden release of pressure causes the gases in the magma to suddenly froth and create volcanic ash and pumice, which is then ejected through the volcanic vent to create the signature eruption column commonly associated with explosive eruptions. The size and duration of the column depends on the volume of magma...
why is it that the federal reserve can print money but america has limited inflation?	Several reasons actually. The currency(not money) that is being printed/typed into the system has not, for the most part entered the system yet. It is given to large banks (particularly the ones that are a part of or have pull with the FED) and then put into the stock market. This is done by the FED to provide collater...	[ "Some protesters have argued that Federal Reserve notes (better known as dollar bills) are not actually money, because the Constitution only permits the government to \"coin\" money, and requires that such money be exchangeable for gold or silver; therefore, printed bills are instead symbols for use in bartering, a...
How did the titles of "Roman Emperor" and "King of the Franks", both held by Charlemagne, become separated?	So [this excellent post](_URL_0_) a week ago by /u/idjet explains the circumstances of the passing on of Charlemagne's imperial title, as well as whether he intended to do so or not. However, whatever the details were, after the division of the empire after the death of Charlemagne's surviving son Louis the Pious, the...	[ "For this reason, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks and King of Italy, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (\"Imperator Romanorum\") by Pope Leo III, as the successor of Constantine VI as Roman Emperor under the concept of \"translatio imperii\". The Eastern Empire eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and...
why acceleration is constant in a vacuum, and an airplane would fall at the same velocity as a tennis ball?	Because in a vacuum a moving object has no resistance acting on it. Clarify the second part of the question please.	[ "If a projectile, such as a baseball or cricket ball, travels in a parabolic path, with negligible air resistance, and if a player is positioned so as to catch it as it descends, he sees its angle of elevation increasing continuously throughout its flight. The tangent of the angle of elevation is proportional to th...
what is social engineering?	Social structures can be 'hacked' just like physical and digital structures can - and it's often easier to approach an intrusion problem from this standpoint. Actually hacking into the DMV database is a relatively difficult task. However, pretending to be an IT consultant and tricking those with passwords to the datab...	[ "Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population. Social engineering can also be understood philosop...
how do celebrities tweet and reply to other celebrities on twitter considering there are thousands of people tweeting them as well?	There are services and software you can use with twitter to let you know when a certain user tweets you or posts a tweet, chances are most celebrities don't even see their fans tweets unless a pr person alerts them to one they should reply to.	[ "The most popular United Kingdom celebrities on Twitter come from television with people like Stephen Fry and Jonathan Ross being amongst the most popular British celebrities on the site. Fry's success on Twitter is credited with being the same person on Twitter that he is off Twitter.\n", "Twitter is also used b...
How did the wives of roman soldiers learn of their husbands deaths?	Alrighty, 'cause I just noticed this thread, I'm going to go ahead and do a writeup on this. I'm going to try to address all of the questions already asked in the body, so bear with me (barring the question that's outside the purview of my specialty). First, I'm going to confirm a simple fact. Roman soldiers were not...	[ "Caesar provides an example of the subordinate position of women: according to him, men had the power of life and death over their wives, as they did over their children, in a similar manner to the Roman pater familias. If the head of a high ranking family died, his relatives would gather and interrogate the wives ...
Would it ever be possible to create a mirror that reflects 100% of the light it's exposed to?	Yes, but not in the traditional sense. Mirrors are normally made of a polished metal surface covered by glass. This kinds of mirrors are theoretically unable to achieve perfect reflection. It is possible to achieve perfect reflection using total internal reflection, and it has been done before. It wouldn't work lik...	[ "Almost any dielectric material can act as a perfect mirror through total internal reflection. This effect only occurs at shallow angles, however, and only for light inside the material. The effect happens when light goes from a medium with a higher index of refraction to one with a lower value (like air).\n", "A...
why are there airpockets in underwater caves that are clearly under sealevel?	The caves may have a hidden opening or cracks somewhere to allow air in. If not the air pockets may come from methane or carbon dioxide from degradation of organic matter on the sea floor or some kind of natural gas pocket. It's unlikely that any air pockets in an underwater cave would be breathable since sunlight woul...	[ "BULLET::::- This lack of bubbles allows wreck divers to enter enclosed areas on sunken ships without slowly filling them with air, which can accelerate rusting, and is also an advantage in cave diving if there is loose material on the ceiling which can be dislodged by bubbles, reducing visibility.\n", "The cave ...
How are the causes of airplane crashes identified?	Well, from the "something broke in the air" perspective; fractures that occured in the past look a lot different than fresh ones, and fractures from impact look a lot different than fractures [from other causes.](_URL_1_) Imagine a crack in a steel part, for example. If the crack slowly propagates until the part snaps...	[ "A first report by the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation was published in May 2013. It listed the known facts of the accident without identifying a cause. The cause of the accident was still unclear .\n", "United States civil aviation incidents are investigated by the National Transportation Safe...
To what extent was Stalin responsible for the Korean war?	According to Halberstam's "The Coldest Winter" page 49 "Stalin was playing a delicate game, flashing a half-green, half-amber light on the invasion." Halberstam later states that Stalin gave Kim permission, but kept his involvement to a minimum and told Kim to rely on China for any material support. There's later an ...	[ "Despite the expenses and regardless of who paid them, it must also be said that the Korean War provided approximately thirty thousand Soviet military personnel valuable experience in waging local wars. The conflict also allowed the Soviets the opportunity to test several new forms of armament, in particular the Mi...
What would happen if we allowed exotic animals to go extinct?	> What would happen if we didn’t protect exotic animals and have laws on hunting and conservation? Its not just exotic animals that we protect, every country protects animals and their ecosystems within their borders. Also, the USA does not regulate how foreign countries manage their resources, ecosystems or endanger...	[ "Despite their relatively small size and secretive nature, some species may be susceptible to extirpation, mainly due to habitat alteration and introduced feral animals. The Navassa Island dwarf boa, \"T. bucculentus\", has not been seen for 100 years and is believed to be extinct.\n", "A 2010 report said that th...
how does cold air reach body temp in your lungs so fast?	There are small sacs in your lungs that bring the incoming air in close contact with your circulatory system. This quickly brings the air close to body temperature , as well as enabling the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide.	[ "BULLET::::- The wind chill factor measures the effect of wind speed on cooling of the human body below 10 °C (50 °F). As airflow increases over the skin, more heat will be removed. Standard models and conditions are used.\n", "In the lungs a temperature of 37 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH) is the ideal condi...
If I have a system of mirrors that makes 300 million meters could I see the speed of light?	Yes you can. This is used to determine the speed of light experimentally (There is an easy demonstration using fast rotating mirrors, look at how Fizeau and Foucault measured it in in the 19th century). You can also do an easy experiment if you have access to an oscilloscope. An electromagnetic signal moves at the spe...	[ "Another more accurate measurement of the speed of light was performed in Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1849. Fizeau directed a beam of light at a mirror several kilometers away. A rotating cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its orig...
have humans created a new species? (via selection)	Using the biological species concept (which I assume, based on your question, is your framework), we have only created one to my knowledge: [Drosophila synthetica.](_URL_0_) If you use the morphological or phylogenetic species concepts, we have created buttloads.	[ "Humans have created a wide range of new species, and varieties within those species, of both domesticated animals and plants. Other human activity also impacts evolution. This has been achieved in a very short geological period of time, spanning only a few tens of thousands of years, and sometimes less. Maize, \"Z...
why do some foods contain insect parts?	If you have an open vat of tomatoes, say at the ketchup making plant, bugs are going to get into it. Then you take all those tomatoes and put them in a machine that pulverizes them. The machine doesn't differentiate between bugs and tomatoes, it just makes juice out of whatever is in the storage container. Then that ...	[ "Insects as food or edible insects are insect species used for human consumption, e.g., whole or as an ingredient in processed food products such as burger patties, pasta, or snacks. The cultural and biological process of eating insects (by humans as well as animals) is described as entomophagy.\n", "In some cult...
why are serif fonts "easier to read in long paragraphs of text?"	There's actually no conclusive study on this that shows that serif fonts are genuinely easier to read than san serif fonts. The idea is that the extra markings make a letter more immediately distinguishable from another letter. By having more angles on a letter, there is sharper contrast to one another and to the whi...	[ "Serifed fonts are widely used for body text because they are considered easier to read than sans-serif fonts in print. However, scientific study on this topic has been inconclusive. Colin Wheildon, who conducted scientific studies from 1982 to 1990, found that sans serif fonts created various difficulties for read...
can sound waves create other sound waves? what would those sound like?	Absolutely! Sounds waves are just a vibration, and cause other objects to vibrate as well. Primary waves create what are called overtones and harmonics as they interact with the air and surrounding surfaces. If you go to a piano and play one of the lower notes loudly and hold the key down, you will hear other, higher ...	[ "Sometimes sound waves at ultrasonic frequencies can be used to levitate objects, thus creating no sound heard by the human ear, such as was demonstrated at Otsuka Lab, while others use audible frequencies. There are various ways of emitting the sound wave, from creating a wave underneath the object and reflecting ...
What warcrimes did the Dutch commit in the Indonesian Independence war in 1945-1949	The Dutch historiography and research into war crimes conducted by the Dutch army during the Indonesian independance war is not very well researched. This because it was 'actively forgotten' by the Dutch governement in that no serious research was conducted , people involved were encouraged to remain silent about it an...	[ "The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. In May 1940, early in World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July redirected ex...
how does the bar exam work and who governs it?	In the United States, each individual state has its own bar exam, and it is generally administered under the authority of the state's highest court. For example, the Illinois bar exam is administered by the Illinois Board of Admissions to the Bar (IBAB), and IBAB is seven lawyers appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court...	[ "The bar examination in most U.S. states and territories is at least two days long (a few states have three-day exams). It consists of essay questions, usually testing knowledge of the state's own law (usually subjects such as wills, trusts and community property, which always vary from one state to another). Some ...
Is it possible to estimate the cost of constructing one of the great pyramids (adjusting for inflation)? If so, how expensive of a project was it?	Ancient Egypt didn't have a monetary system until 2000 years after the pyramid's construction so it is probably better to use work hours and the cost of employing workers as a comparison, especially because the value of today's money is heavily warped compared to a barter system. -------------------------------- **How...	[ "One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that \"such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture o...
if i rinse out a dish right after using it and there's nothing on it, is it fully clean or do i still need to use soap?	Come on, man. Soap.	[ "Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. The reduced surface tension of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure w...
What is the cost of the extinction of individual species?	Answering that question requires two other questions be answered: "How important is the niche this organism is in?" and "How well can other animals fill in that niche?" Many species are more critical to the survival of an ecosystem than others. For instance, in the Southern US gopher tortoises are suffering huge loss...	[ "It's estimated that, because of human activities, current species extinction rates are about 1000 times greater than the background extinction rate (the 'normal' extinction rate that occurs without additional influence) . According to the IUCN, out of all species assessed, over 27,000 are at risk of extinction and...
how likely is it that earth is the only planet with living beings, and that humans are the only species that have the intelligence to speak, create, develop etc?	We don't really have great way to actually put a number to it, but the general consensus among scientists is that it's essentially a certainty that there is other intelligent life out there. Based on our current knowledge of exoplanets, it's estimated there as many as 40 billion Earth-like planets in our galaxy alo...	[ "It may be that while alien species with intelligence exist, they are primitive or have not reached the level of technological advancement necessary to communicate. Along with non-intelligent life, such civilizations would be also very difficult for us to detect, short of a visit by a probe, a trip that would take ...
what is mthfr gene mutation?	The MTHFR gene has the instructions for the body to build an enzyme with a really long name. An enzyme is a protein that helps the body perform chemical reactions. This particular enzyme helps make methionine, one of the building blocks of proteins, and helps the body to use vitamin B9 (also known as folic acid). ...	[ "The MTHFR nucleotide at position 677 in the gene has two possibilities: C (cytosine) or T (thymine). C at position 677 (leading to an alanine at amino acid 222) is the normal allele. The 677T allele (leading to a valine substitution at amino acid 222) encodes a thermolabile enzyme with reduced activity.\n", "At ...
the handicap hypothesis/principal in sexual selection	Rich person wants to convince a potential mate that he/she is worth mating with. Rich person has so much money that they can afford to spend much of it on frivolous material goods that may actually decrease their ability to survive (dangerously fast car). This signals to a potential mate that they are exceptionally wor...	[ "Several mid-level evolutionary theories inform evolutionary psychology. The R/K selection theory proposes that some species prosper by having many offspring while others follow the strategy of having fewer offspring but investing much more in each one. Humans follow the second strategy. Parental investment theory ...
the significance of platonic solids, what makes them different from the other shapes?	They are polygons (3D shapes made up of flat surfaces joined together) for which: * the faces are identical in shape and size * the faces are regular polygons (so all their angles equal and all their sides are equal) * the same number of faces meet at each vertex (corner) of the polygon * the polygon is convex (it ...	[ "\"The Platonic Solids\" was inspired by Plato's conception of the five classical elements: earth, air, fire, water, and ether. In Plato's work \"Timaeus\" (ca. 350 BCE), the five forms of matter are related to elemental solids and shapes (the cube, the octahedron, the tetrahedron, the icosahedron, and the dodecahe...
Why do depictions of American Indians never show men with facial hair?	You may be interested in the older post: * [Native Americans generally didn't have beards. Do we know what they thought of the bearded and mustachioed Europeans and their decedents?](_URL_0_) Many groups plucked facial hair, with wooden or shell or even bronze implements. Others apparently singed hair off. In some g...	[ "Some consider Williams' portrayal of American Indians to have been offensive. His use of a stylized headdress was often referenced as the reason for offense, as the headdress is a sacred, central cultural item for many tribes.\n", "H. Harris, publishing in the \"British Journal of Dermatology\" in 1947, wrote Am...
why drugs companies give half the people placebo's and half the people the actual drug when testing	Lets say you give 10 people a new drug and 5 of them get better/improve, you might think that 50% of the people who take the drug get better. If instead, you give 10 people the drug and 10 people a placebo and 5 people from each group get better, than you know that the drug isn't (neccessarily) causing the improvemen...	[ "Researchers suggest that because variation in drug use susceptibility is in part due to genetic factors, drug consumption could potentially be a costly and honest signal of biological quality. The hypothesis being that humans engage in substance use despite health costs in part to evidence that they can afford to ...
the science behind the charlie charlie pencil game	The kid off camera to the right is blowing slightly, moving the pencil. Try it yourself, it takes very little wind to move the pencil. You can tell because they never show anybody in frame when the pencil is moving. This is really no different than the telekinesis trick James Hydrick used to make pencils move back in ...	[ "The Charlie Charlie challenge is a modern incarnation of the Spanish paper-and-pencil game called \"Juego de la Lapicera\" (Pencil Game). Like a Magic 8-Ball, the game is played by teenagers using held or balanced pencils to produce answers to questions they ask. Teenage girls have played \"Juego de la Lapicera\" ...

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