Split (2)

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the experience of psychedelic/ hallucinogenic drugs.	Your sensory perception ( sight, hearing, touch, smell etc) is altered as well as the processing of those senses and the way you thik may be changed too. What happens precisely depends on multiple factors and is different for every person, substance, dose and multiple other influences.	[ "A psychedelic experience is a temporary altered state of consciousness induced by the consumption of psychedelic drugs (the best known of which are LSD and psilocybin 'magic' mushrooms). The psychedelic altered state of consciousness is commonly characterised as a higher (elevated or transcendent) state relative t...
Before cigarettes were shown to be unhealthy what did people think the benefit/purpose of them were?	Not a historian, but I work in advertising and studied cigarette ads as part of my senior thesis in college. To answer the second part of your question, yes, it was really popular. Cigarettes really started to gain in popularity with World War I and World War II. They advertised cigs to soldiers, saying it would help w...	[ "In recent years, there is growing evidence that the tobacco industry has known all along that cigarettes are harmful, but continued to market and sell them. There is also evidence that they knew that nicotine was addictive and exploited this hidden knowledge to get millions of people hooked on this dangerous habit...
why does a smart car make little to no noise, but an electric razor is then times as loud.	What you're hearing isn't the battery. It's a combination of imbalance in the motor and friction. Because an electric razor is twelve bucks, its got a cheap, crappy, weak motor. There's a little vibration there and a very quiet hum. The big noise is the blades passing under the guard. That friction makes a lot of nois...	[ "On the other hand, high powered subwoofers (such as those used in high-end car audio applications), produce such violent sound waves that a grille may be susceptible to rattling or damage while the driver is under load. All but the most sparse grilles also possess the possibility of diminishing or distorting the l...
how does the divisible by 3/9 "add up the digits" rule work?	These divisibility rules are due to the way our numbering system, known as "base 10," works. If you want to write out a number 12345 in base 10, then what you're really doing is writing: 12345 = 5(10^0) + 4(10^1) + 3(10^2) + 2(10^4) + 1(10^5) When you want to see whether a number is divisible by 3, the question ...	[ "Thus, using the distributive rule, (9×n + a)×(9×m + b)= 9×9×n×m + 9(am + bn) + ab. Since the first two factors are multiplied by 9, their sums will end up being 9 or 0, leaving us with 'ab'. In our example, 'a' was 7 and 'b' was 5. We would expect that in any base system, the number before that base would behave j...
Why not 'smaller' or larger wind power collectors?	_URL_0_ The size is relevant to the wind available, the common direction of the wind, the available manufacturing materials, and the design of the turbine itself. One of the threats to these are shearing forces created by cross winds. As far as the size component, wind powered turbines are available for home purchas...	[ "Smaller scale turbines for residential scale use are available. Their blades are usually in diameter and produce 1-10 kW of electricity at their optimal wind speed. Some units have been designed to be very lightweight in their construction, e.g. 16 kilograms (35 lb), allowing sensitivity to minor wind movements an...
how does a black light "light-up" stains from bodily fluids?	A black-light emits something called ultra-violet (UV) radiation, which is a certain "color" of light. You can't normally see this color because it is outside of the visible range of the [electromagnetic spectrum](_URL_0_). The colors we can see are from red to blue, but that's it. What gives a photon (light particle...	[ "Stains sometimes occur. Some women prefer darker colored fabrics which do not show stains as much as light colored fabrics do. Causes of staining do not include allowing the blood to dry, but using hot water when washing the pad will, as hot water sets protein stains (blood). Often, soaking pads for at least 4-6 h...
By my understanding, electromagnetic forces and gravitational forces behave rather similarly, yet electromagnetic forces can both attract and repel while gravity can only attract. Is it possible to have a "negative" gravitational field, one that repels?	Similarly but quite different. Electromagnetic forces can attract and repel due to there being positive and negative charge (or North and South magnetic poles, due to movement of charge). Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. Mass determines gravitational strength. All mass attracts other mass. There is no cur...	[ "This is because gravitation is an attractive force, but if there is an underdense region it apparently acts as a gravitational repeller, based on the concept that there may be less attraction in the direction of the underdensity, and the greater attraction due to the higher density in other directions acts to pull...
Are there any negative effects from receiving all of one's sustenance through an IV drip?	The biggest problem with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is that you are not using the gut. The lining of the gut does not get its nutrition from the bloodstream, but rather from the gut lumen itself. The most important amino acid that ends up lacking is glutamate, which is required (all the amino acids are required) ...	[ "While it is often recommended that vasopressors are given through a central line due to the risk of local tissue injury if the medication enters the local tissue, they are likely safe when given for less than two hours in a good peripheral iv.\n", "VAD and infections aggravate each other, so with infection, vita...
how did hereditary genetic disorders first start?	They start as random mutations. Basically, errors in the genetics as they get passed down. These same kinds of errors are responsible for evolution too!	[ "The first imprinted genetic disorders to be described in humans were the reciprocally inherited Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome. Both syndromes are associated with loss of the chromosomal region 15q11-13 (band 11 of the long arm of chromosome 15). This region contains the paternally expressed genes SNR...
why do my mental emotions feel physically painful, especially in my chest?	It's because mental emotions cause the same physiological responses as physical pain would cause you. The fight/flight response increases the rate of flow to the heart, changes your breathing etc, so it makes sense that your brain associates that sense of fear/anxiety with physical pain. The more that you allow the b...	[ "Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions ('heart attack'). If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If a heart at...
what is the difference between a fit person's veins that "pop" so they are visible from the naked eye and eg. a grandma with clear veins on her hands? are they a good sign of health?	It has to do with the mechanism by which the veins are visible. In younger people, the veins are visible because the muscles are pushing them up against the skin and there's no fat blocking them in. In older people, it's usually because the skin is thinner and becoming more pliable meaning it forms around the veins. Th...	[ "Varicose veins are more common in women than in men and are linked with heredity. Other related factors are pregnancy, obesity, menopause, aging, prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining. Varicose veins are unlikely to be caused by crossing the legs or ankles. Less commonly, but not exceptionally, va...
What sources and would ancient historians have had?	Tagging on, I'd like to know how important the Library of Alexandria was to historical documentation.	[ "Historians have two major avenues which they take to better understand the ancient world: archaeology and the study of source texts. Primary sources are those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary sources have been distinguished from secondary sources, which often cite, comm...
why are burritos so good at causing an upset stomach when the ingredients are so simple?	There is nothing special about putting them together that does any magic on your gut. If you had them all in 1 sitting but not together it would do the same thing. In general large quantities of grease/fats (meat, cheese, sour cream) and fiber (beans/veggies) can cause intestinal problems if you don't regularly eat...	[ "In 2003, a Center for Science in the Public Interest report stated that Chipotle's burritos contain over 1,000 calories, which is nearly equivalent to two meals' worth of food. MSNBC Health.com placed the burritos on their list of the \"20 Worst Foods in America\" because of their high caloric content and high sod...
How effective was Roman dredging (considering eg. Ephesus, Miletus)?	Can you please provide more context to your question?	[ "Transport in Strood was dominated by the river. From the earliest times river transport used Strood, but before the coming of the Romans the area was marshy and not well populated. Once Strood started to be filled in various boatyards and ship repair businesses started up both on the river and in the creeks which ...
Is there a historical basis for the relative differences in political stability between India and Pakistan?	Excellent question, to which I am going to give a somewhat inadequate answer. You've probably heard a lot about the Sykes-Picot Agreement since the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. This is the secret WWI agreement on the division of the Ottoman Empire into zones of British, French and 'international' control in the...	[ "India and Pakistan have long been at odds with each other, having engaged in several wars, conflicts, and military standoffs. The roots of the continued tension are complex, but have centered mainly around the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. After the 1947 Partition of India, the newly-formed indepe...
cnn: “corporate insiders are selling stock at a pace not seen since 2007.” how is this not insider trading?	Insider trading means that someone buys/sells stock in their own company because of knowledge that isn't publicly available. For example, if a boardgames maker were about to acquire a software company, and neither company had announced this publicly, then for someone from boardgame co to invest in softwareco before the...	[ "U.S. insider trading prohibitions are based on English and American common law prohibitions against fraud. In 1909, well before the Securities Exchange Act was passed, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a corporate director who bought that company's stock when he knew the stock's price was about to increas...
how netflix works?	Users pay between about 8 and 40 dollars a month for a subscription. I suspect that they have a deal with the film companies and the post office for bulk purchasing films, and shipping.	[ "Netflix is an American on-demand internet streaming media provider. The company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29, 1997, in Scotts Valley, California. It specializes in and provides streaming media and video-on-demand online and DVD by mail. In 2013, Netflix expanded into film and television ...
what makes certain jenga blocks looser than others?	The big factor here is center of gravity. To keep it simple, an entire object's weight can be placed in one point. This is why when you (or your cat), pushes something off of a ledge, half the object needs to go over the edge before the object falls. That point is still technically on the table until half the object ...	[ "Jenga is a game of physical skill created by British board game designer and author Leslie Scott, and currently marketed by Hasbro. Players take turns removing one block at a time from a tower constructed of 54 blocks. Each block removed is then placed on top of the tower, creating a progressively taller and more ...
how exactly does a video game get corrupted when turning it off while saving?	Imagine you were wring a shopping list, and halfway though writing it I rip it from you hands and give to to your partner to go shopping with. They wont have the full list of things you want, and there might even be a item at the end that doesn't make any sense (What is a "cerea"?). When you save a video game, the com...	[ "However, some reviewers and players found that after several hours of playing on the computer version, their saved games would become corrupted, and the game would crash when transitioning between areas once this started to occur. Restoring from older saves would eventually cause those to be corrupted as well, mak...
why is the economy so bad?	There's been a slow moving trend of manufacturing jobs leaving America for places that have cheaper labor which has left America with higher unemployment, less tax collections, and oh by the way, fighting two wars while trying to maintain a large military presence across rest of the planet has left Uncle Sam strapped f...	[ "\"\"In a consumer society, where the economy can only grow if we consume more, both reduction in consumption and reuse of products and materials are perceived as enemies of economic prosperity. Yet in a world of climate change and fear of a global overdraft as a result of excessive use of water and other resources...
if you were a multi billionaire, say you had 100 billion dollars. and you liquidated all your assets into cash. then you burned all that cash. what would happen to the economy?	The government would reprint the cash to keep the dollar value steady. Congratulations, you've just given $100b to the government!	[ "The Millionaires is a novel written by Brad Meltzer examining the inner workings of private banking. After taking $3,000,000 from an abandoned account, brothers Oliver and Charlie Caruso are forced to escape the Secret Service. According to WorldCat, the book is in 2191 libraries \n", "In June 2005, her husband ...
how does a horn amplify sound without adding any energy to it?	Your lips, instead of just vibrating nearby air, vibrate the horn which in return vibrate the air inside the horn, thus making the amount of air originally vibrated much larger, and the sound stronger. In addition, the shape of the horn focuses the sound wave in a certain direction.	[ "It is sometimes said that the sounding board or soundbox \"amplifies\" the sound of the strings. Technically speaking, no amplification occurs, because all of the energy to produce sound comes from the vibrating string. What really happens is that the sounding board of the instrument provides a larger surface area...
the differences in the responsibilities of a producer and director. where credit due for ____?	Directors direct the actors, cameras, and other details on a scene-by-scene basis. They are responsible for discerning useful shots and takes from garbage. The producer is the chief story-teller. They are responsible for putting together the various takes and deciding what subplots to include or exclude in order to co...	[ "Generally, the sole superiors of the director are the producer(s) and the studio that is financing the film, although sometimes the director can also be a producer of the same film. The role of a director differs from producers in that producers typically manage the logistics and business operations of the product...
Trying to understand the rifled musket's real impact on the American Civil War.	I asked a question in the same vein a few months back and got [this](_URL_0_) excellent response by /u/white_light-king	[ "American troops took the tactical offensive in most Mexican War battles with great success, and they suffered fairly light losses. Unfortunately, similar tactics proved to be obsolete in the Civil War in part because of the innovation of the rifle musket. This new weapon greatly increased the infantry's range and ...
do cats know when they're playing with a toy or do they think they're actually on the hunt and that they're attacking a prey?	They don't know until they are 6 months old but toys are must for brain developing. Cats are just like human babies with toys; they dream and think about that toy, make sounds and examine it. Cats can get bored too and toys are good for working-out. But if you close a cat in a room with lots of toys it might get nervou...	[ "Prey are fearful of predators. Predators often encounter prey that attempt to escape predation. Prey that move towards the cat with confidence may be exhibiting an aggressive defensive posture. Cats often play with toys that behave more like fearful prey trying to escape than toys that mimic more confrontational p...
What is light and why does it have properties that limit the rest of the known universe?	> Why do photons of different energy states (radio waves vs. visible light for example) all travel at the same speed in vacuum despite having different energy levels? Does this energy simply not get converted to kinetic energy (if photons even have that..)? The speed of light is the speed of massless things in genera...	[ "Light symbolizes knowledge, which illuminates the universe, shows that only ignorance can be dispensed with SCIENCE . Science depicted with light (\"nur\") of 60 light rays with 10 large, means in October 1960.\n", "The nature of light, and how we see, was first investigated by the early Greek philosophers. Ligh...
cisgender and cissexual.	I haven't heard either of those terms, but from a chemistry/biology point of view, cis and trans are opposites. Trans means different, and cis means the same. I'd just guess that cisgender is a definition opposite of transgender, it's just the 'normal'.	[ "The related concept of cissexism (also termed cisgenderism, cisnormativity or cissexual assumption, occasionally used synonymously with transphobia) is the appeal to norms that enforce the gender binary and gender essentialism, resulting in the oppression of gender variant, non-binary, and transgender identities. ...
poker tells	If there's a field you're knowledgeable about that appears a lot in movies (such as computers, medicine...) you know the hollywood logic: realism is ditched in favor of impressive and obvious effects. The same goes for poker tells. They do exist but are not accurately depicted in movies. You'll never find a player wh...	[ "Poker is a family of card games that combines gambling, strategy, and skill. All poker variants involve betting as an intrinsic part of play, and determine the winner of each hand according to the combinations of players' cards, at least some of which remain hidden until the end of the hand. Poker games vary in th...
if our outer skin layer is dead and constantly replaced, how does our skin retain its tan?	The skin cells may be dying constantly, but your body is still telling your melanocytes ( cells responsible for pigment located inside your squishy ass deep skin layer) to produce melanin ( that black shit that blocks UV light) at a faster rate than usual in order to protect you. Eventually when you stop exposing your ...	[ "Because the skin continually exfoliates itself, losing thousands of dead surface skin cells each day, the tan hue is temporary. The tan appearance lasts from two to 10 days, depending on application type and skin condition.\n", "When an individual ages the outermost layer of skin becomes thin despite the number ...
how does scratching a needle on a vinyl record produce actual music?	A vinyl record has a spiralling channel through which the needle travels. This channel has minute peaks and valleys that translate to sound-waves. As the needle passes over the peaks and valleys, it vibrates. The end of the needle in the cartidge (at the end of the record player's arm) vibrates in the presence of a ...	[ "Unlike some other recording technologies of the time, the recording stylus creates the groove not by cutting the vinyl but by embossing (plastically deforming) the surface, leaving no waste plastic chips to get into the mechanical works.\n", "Vinyl records are easily scratched and vinyl readily acquires a static...
What is the longest lifespan of any insect?	Great question, and I don't know the answer. The longest definite lifespan I know of is for 17-year cicadas, which spend 17 years in larval state underground before emerging as adults en masse. However, if I had to put my money on an insect that could outlive you, it'd be Polypedilum vanderplanki, a chironomid (f...	[ "The record for longest known insect is now held by a specimen of \"Phryganistria chinensis\" measuring 624 mm, held in the Insect Museum of West China in Chengdu. \"Phobaeticus serratipes\" is also slightly shorter in body length than one specimen of \"Phobaeticus kirbyi\".\n", "The Phasmatidae contain some of t...
Why didn't the Muslim army manage to conquer the north of the Iberian Peninsula?	Yes, well there are a couple of big reasons that add up: First the caliphate conquered the visigoth kingdom pretty easily and strive onwards to the merovingian kingdom(aka the franks), they got momentum, troops, and a fairly good timing due to the incompetence of the merovingian king to rally his lords behind. Why they...	[ "It is commonly held that the relative ease with which the Great Muslim armies conquered the Iberian Peninsula was due to the centralized nature of government under the rule of the Visigoths. After the defeat of Roderick, the Visigoth dominion over the Iberian peninsula folded and fell apart from the Northern coast...
if there was going to be a third political party, how would that happen and what it would mean?	> If there was going to be a third political party The US has five [major political parties](_URL_3_), and 28 [minor political parties](_URL_1_). The problem is that our [first-past-the-post](_URL_0_) voting system naturally settles into having two dominant parties. The only real way to change that is to change how...	[ "In electoral politics, a third party is \"any\" party contending for votes that failed to outpoll either of its two strongest rivals (or, in the context of an impending election, is considered highly unlikely to do so). The distinction is particularly significant in two-party systems. In any case \"third\" is ofte...
caption bot	nothing else. that's exactly what it does. Some people Reddit at work and are behind a firewall that prevents them from accessing the images. But we've all seen the pictures before, so telling what picture it is and what the words are is enough to communicate the joke.	[ "CAPTCHA is a form of reverse Turing test. Before being allowed to perform some action on a website, the user is presented with alphanumerical characters in a distorted graphic image and asked to type them out. This is intended to prevent automated systems from being used to abuse the site. The rationale is that so...
Who was the earliest recorded God (that we know of)?	Are you asking about the historical or archaeological record? The earliest literature about deities, specifically the four primordial creators, comes from Sumerian texts that date to 28-2600 BC, though we only have them through reconstructions of later Babylonian and Assyrian sources. Objects from pre-literary societie...	[ "It is generally agreed that Sumerian civilization began at some point between c. 4500 and 4000 BC, but the earliest historical records only date to around 2900 BC. The Sumerians originally practiced a polytheistic religion, with anthropomorphic deities representing cosmic and terrestrial forces in their world. The...
What did the first century apostolic church use the monetary contributions for? Did they build churches?	The first century Church was far more concerned with charity work than buildings, regularly using believer's homes for meeting places: > "44 All the believers were together and had everything in common. 45 They sold property and possessions to give to anyone who had need. 46 Every day they continued to me...	[ "The Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in AD 321 declared the Christian Church qualified to hold and transmit property. This was the first legal basis for the possessions of the Church of Rome. Subsequently, they were augmented by donations. Constantine himself probably gave the Church the Lateran Palace in Rome....
how would the government passing out checks to everyone in the country help/save the economy?	Short answer, it wouldnt. It's been proven multiple times that short term stimulus do NOT benefit the economy, especially in recessive times. People save their checks and cut their spending.	[ "Relatively small investments in preparation can speed up recovery by months or years and thereby prevent millions of deaths by hunger, cold and disease. According to human capital theory in economics, a country's population is more valuable than all of the land, factories and other assets that it possesses. People...
World War II war prizes	This is an interesting one! I haven't seen the actual guidelines, if there even were any. I imagine this would just fall under the general guidelines for what servicemen overseas could bring back with them. I have read quite a few interesting accounts of GI's bringing back skulls, swords, etc. In one of the more fa...	[ "The capturing of prizes (enemy equipment, vehicles, and especially ships) during wartime is a tradition that goes back as far as organized warfare itself. The International Prize Court was to hear appeals from national courts concerning prize cases. Even as a draft, the convention was innovative for the time, in b...
Is there any drag at all in space? Could the actually be merit in streamlined spacecraft?	I don't think you can apply [drag](_URL_1_) to object in space because you don't really treat space as a '[fluid](_URL_0_)' - at extremely low pressures gases transition from a fluid regime to a molecular regime. Gases in space wouldn't have viscosity, and they don't 'flow'. There isn't a fluid continuity. In a rela...	[ "The general approach to how space travel is engineered is highly accurate; in particular, the design of the ships was based on actual engineering considerations rather than attempts to look aesthetically \"futuristic\". Many other science-fiction films give spacecraft an aerodynamic shape, which is superfluous in ...
how does a cancer like breast cancer kill the host?	Cancer is basically uncontrolled reproduction of cells. The cells in your body all have a job and a timeline. So for example, and this is not an actual number, but a bone cell will replicate itself 10 times and then it dies. Or if it gets damaged it sends out a signal to other cells "hey! I'm not going to make it!" And...	[ "Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the bone, lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver and brain, with the most common site being the bone. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumours and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biologica...
came across some Nazi propaganda. can anyone translate it?	Edit: Good lord took me at least 20 min to figure out the headlines on the map but after i "encrypted" it, it was quite obvious:-( On the map: "Deutscher im Gau Wartheland merke dir".... "German in the Gau Wartheland remember". Its old german but with some weird writing style i have never encountered. What appears l...	[ "The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany (1933–1945) was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies. The pervasive use of propaganda by the Nazis is largely responsible for the ...
250,000 subscribers! Welcome and congratulations!	A brief history of AskHistorians This sub was started back in August 2011, by a high school student who wanted a forum where people like him could get answers about history from experts. /u/Artrw totally missed the already-existing subreddit called /r/AskHistory which was created in January that year. Imagine wha...	[ "The meeting has had about 800,000 attendees per year in the last editions. Several prominent people from science, culture, society and politics give lectures at the meeting, including Nobel prize recipients, religious authorities (the Pope participated in 1982), politicians and ministers (the Italian prime ministe...
encrypting a computer file	Hi there -- > jk vjgtg encryption code: +2 alphabetically One of many examples. Basically, you change the text in according to an algorithm (in this case, substitute every letter for one that's two letters ahead in the alphabet). If somebody intercepts the message, they can't read it without knowing the algorithm.	[ "The majority of publicly available encryption programs allow the user to create virtual encrypted disks which can only be opened with a designated key. Through the use of modern encryption algorithms and various encryption techniques these programs make the data virtually impossible to read without the designated ...
When the Waffen-SS was expanded ~1943 how did they get so many new recruits when most German males of fighting age were already in the war effort?	It should be remembered that Germany only moved to a full war economy in February 1943. Before this, factories often closed at night, and the Nazi leadership sought to reduce the impact of the war on ordinary people. Hitler even cut some arms manufacturing in 1942 as the e4nd of the war was obviously near. The 1943 ca...	[ "Recruitment for the \"Wehrmacht\" was accomplished through voluntary enlistment and conscription, with 1.3 million being drafted and 2.4 million volunteering in the period 1935–1939. The total number of soldiers who served in the \"Wehrmacht\" during its existence from 1935 to 1945 is believed to have approached 1...
why do you get tax breaks when married?	You don't necessarily. You get tax breaks for owning a home and having kids, but my ex wife and I lived in an apartment. When we filed jointly we got much less than we would have had we been single.	[ "In the United States, tax benefits or \"marriage bonuses\" to married couples with only one breadwinner (or with a breadwinner earning the bulk of the couple's income) have been cited by the Tax Policy Center as one of the debt-ballooning policies of the Bush tax cuts. The Tax Policy Center asserts that these \"ma...
Does the delayed choice quantum eraser experiment necessarily imply retrocausality or determinism?	A few more details here. (trying to explain the phenomenon more simply). A photon passes through the double slit and doubles into two photons. One of these photons quickly hits detector D0. After some time, the second photon passes through its mirrors and beam splitters and lands in some detector D1 through D4. At th...	[ "The delayed-choice quantum eraser is a version of the EPR paradox in which the observation (or not) of interference after the passage of a photon through a double slit experiment depends on the conditions of observation of a second photon entangled with the first. The characteristic of this experiment is that the ...
Why are electron's able to orbit the nucleus when their mass is so much smaller than that of a proton?	At the scale of protons and electrons gravity has very little affect. They are attracted because of there opposite charges. The orbits are not rest like planet orbits, there more of a cloud around the nucleus of the atom where there is a non zero probability of the electron existing at some instant. The amount of energ...	[ "As with electrons in the electron shell model, protons in the outermost shell are relatively loosely bound to the nucleus if there are only few protons in that shell, because they are farthest from the center of the nucleus. Therefore, nuclei which have a full outer proton shell will be more tightly bound and have...
how can an owner of a large company be voted off by their own company?	If the company got very big, they probably took on a lot of investment. Founders trade a voting share of their company for cash, whether public or private. It is very often the case that founders end up with less than a majority stake. If the board has enough controlling power to vote the founder off, they can do that....	[ "BULLET::::- S Corporations, all of whose shareholders must be U.S. citizens or resident individuals; other restrictions apply. The election requires the consent of all shareholders. If a corporation is not an S corporation from its formation, special rules apply to the taxation of income earned (or gains accrued) ...
How can we tell that we are moving in space?	> how do we know that we are actually moving? We have a robust tracking of the positions of stars over many years and can calculate their [proper motion](_URL_0_). Bear in mind that these motions are fractions of arc-seconds per year. > Further more what tells us that we (the galaxy) is actually moving and not that...	[ "Defining the position and orientation of a real object in space is determined with the help of special sensors or markers. Sensors record the signal from the real object when it moves or is moved and transmit the received information to the computer.\n", "Observers inside a closed box that is moving with a const...
how chinese decide what will characters for a new words look like?	So, just to clarify, it's not like every new word gets a new character. New words generally come from old characters. For instance, the word for quark is 夸克 kuākè; the word for laser is 激光器 jīguāngqì (something like 'stimulating light tool') or 莱塞 láisài. Quite often, the characters already existed.	[ "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are being developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning – or they have been invented by whoever wrote them and have never been adop...
what did people use before lip balm?	People used goose or other animal fats on their lips and faces, especially in cold areas to protect against windburn and cold, dry air. Also, beeswax and oil. The Burt's Beeswax brand that I use now is essentially just that.	[ "In the early 1880s, Charles Browne Fleet, a physician and pharmacological thinker from Lynchburg, Virginia, invented ChapStick as a lip balm. The handmade product, which resembled a wickless candle wrapped in tin foil, was sold locally, and did not have much success.\n", "Some physicians have suggested that cert...
What would the training/excersise routine look like for an average Knight or professional Man at Arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, in order to stay in fighting shape? Did the Medieval world have a functional concept of fitness and nutrition?	So, here's a fun one. There is little in the way of a formal school of thought on how a knight should exercise, but what we do have comes from the 14th century. We get training manuals with how to use weapons, with some suggestions on how to train in various fechtbuchs and the like. Filippo Dardi an Italian fencing ...	[ "The martial skills of the knight carried over to the practice of the hunt, and hunting expertise became an important aspect of courtly life in the later medieval period (see terms of venery). Related to chivalry was the practice of heraldry and its elaborate rules of displaying coats of arms as it emerged in the H...
gas prices. i remember them staying at about a buck a gallon back in the 90's. how did we get to this $3 and $4 mess?	Also, China and India are developing economically, more folks in those countries are buying cars now. Worldwide demand for gasoline has gone up. Not to mention the dollar is weaker than it used to be.	[ "On 30 August 2005, many gas stations raised prices by a considerable amount putting most of America over $3.00/gallon, as shown in the movie. On 1 September 2005, gas stations throughout the country began to run out of fuel due to worries of mass shortages. Some stations in Atlanta, Georgia sold gas at nearly $6/...
why do pizza boxes have lids that fit inside the bottom, as opposed to most other boxes?	Well, pizza boxes' lid relies on friction to stay closed. If you put the sides of the lid on the out side, without some sort of tab or a piece of tape, it'll just swing open. --------- Also, it is more cost effective to product a box from a single cardboard (one machine) rather than pumping out lid and the container ...	[ "In the US, many pizza boxes include a spacer made of heat-resistant plastic (usually polypropylene) placed in the middle of the pizza called the pizza saver (also known as \"package saver\", \"box tent\", \"pizza table\", or \"pizza lid support\"). This stops the box lid from touching the pizza and prevents cheese...
how do hash checksums work?	A checksum is a verification code that's used to verify that there's no error in data. The code is calculated from the data in a specific way, so different data will result in a different checksum code. The data can be data that is stored on a computer, or data sent between people, or a credit card number... Let's t...	[ "A hash function or checksum can be used to reduce the size of the strings in the sequences. That is, for source code where the average line is 60 or more characters long, the hash or checksum for that line might be only 8 to 40 characters long. Additionally, the randomized nature of hashes and checksums would guar...
- how come astronauts take off vertically?	The problem is that, unlike an aircraft, anything headed into orbit (or beyond) needs an insane amount of speed. At the speeds involved, air resistance becomes a much bigger hurdle than you see for things like airplanes, which move at a nice, slow 500 mph. At 500 mph, air resistance is just a minor nuisance (...	[ "The astronauts would wait until the appropriate liftoff time that would put them into an orbit close to the CSM, then launch. The pilot would attempt to hold a constant heading, and at pre-determined times during the burn he would adjust the pitch to pre-determined angles. This controlled the vertical and horizont...
If spinal damage can cause paralysis, how can quadriplegics have functional organs?	Organ function is not necessarily dependent on central nervous system stimulation. Many organs are controlled through complex feedback loops that depend on various factors in the bloodstream, for example. Other organs such as the GI tract have a 'separate' [nervous system](_URL_0_) that partially regulates its activi...	[ "People with amputations have reported phantom limbs. This serves as evidence that the brain is hard-wired to perceive body image, making it notable that sensory input and proprioceptive feedback are not essential in its formation. Losing an anatomical part through amputation sets a person up for complex perceptual...
how much counterfeit currency can be in circulation before it starts to have a measurable effect on an economy?	It depends on how that money is used. You could actually argue that most of the money in the economy now is counterfit, seeing as most it was created out of thin air by banks via loan interest.	[ "At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in currency, however, may be large.\n", "Counterfeiting of the currency of the Unit...
cities with skyscrapers	Architect here. I do not know the NYC particular case, but you do not need rock to firmly set down a building. Sometimes you need to do some "very tall foundations" (which here in Spain are called 'pilotis') to rest the columns of the building. How they work? Just by friction. They stay in contact with the ground, they...	[ "The list of cities with most skyscrapers ranks cities around the world by their number of skyscrapers. A skyscraper is defined as a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and/or is taller than approximately .\n", "Skyscrapers provided a wide range of in-house services for their tenants...
steam community levels and trading cards.	Booster packs nets you extra cards for a certain game. Gems allow you to craft extra booster packs. (In general this is not worth it, and you're better of selling your cards on the market place, and buying the ones you need/want). Higher level allows a larger friend list, more showcases, and more chances of getting n...	[ "Steam Trading Cards are a digital commodity issued by Valve Corporation for use on its digital distribution platform, Steam. Steam Trading Cards are a non-physical analogue of conventional trading cards, which are periodically granted to Steam users for playing games, fulfilling tasks, or by random chance. Cards c...
when did 101 become associated with tutorials? ex: reddit 101	University classes are traditionally enumerated with the hundreds digit representing the course level and the rest of the digits representing particular interests. The overview courses are generally 00 and 01. So 101 means "first year level overview course", basically.	[ "A similar concept can be seen in many of the \"[topic] For Dummies\" series of tutorials and also in many other introductory surveys entitled with the suffix \"101\" (based on academic numberings of entry-level courses).\n", "BULLET::::- 101: (pronounced 'one o one') used to indicate basic knowledge; e.g., \"Did...
when pavement is really hot and seems to be emitting heat waves over the top of it, what exactly are we seeing?	Specifically what you're seeing is light bending at the boundaries between different densities of air. Hot air rising off the basement is less dense than the cooler air above it (which is why the hot air rises). As the two temperatures and densities of air mix, light refracts at the boundaries between them. Since they ...	[ "Also, 2012 research at University of California, San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering into the interaction between reflective pavements and buildings found that, unless the nearby buildings are fitted with reflective glass or other mitigation factors, solar radiation reflected off light-colored pavements can i...
how can someone wealthy have mass amounts of debt but not pay it off?	You can't pay a creditor with a house. Someone can have lots of wealth but have it in the form of things that are not easily transferable. Someone with a net worth of $150 million almost certainly has far less than $50 million they have access to on even moderately short notice.	[ "BULLET::::- The total amount of public and private debt in the world is now between two and three times the amount of broad money in circulation. This is a result of the accumulated compound interest of credit money. This counterintuitive fact makes it virtually impossible to repay all debt. The mathematical conse...
Can binary stars have stable lagrange points? If so, have we ever found a planet in one of those lagrange points?	> Can binary stars have stable Lagrange points? If the larger star is at least [24.95 times](_URL_1_) the mass of the smaller star, then the L4 and L5 points will be stable. > If so, have we ever found a planet in one of those lagrange points? (Solar-type) binary star systems have a mass ratio q with a [frequen...	[ "In astronomy, Lagrangian points are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies. The first three Lagrangian points (L, L, L) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies, while t...
It's been 100 years since the French Army mutinies of 1917, when will the classified files of the event be released to the public and where can I find them?	It depends what files you want to find. Basically, you should look on the French military historical service website: _URL_0_ You can do some search online _URL_0_?q=content/les-instruments-de-recherche But it says "unless noted in red, all documents are available at Vincennes". It means you win yourself a trip to Pa...	[ "The Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files is a collection of (formerly secret) documents compiled by Pentagon investigators in the early 1970s, confirming that atrocities by U.S. forces during the Vietnam War were more extensive than had been officially acknowledged. The documents are housed by the United States ...
how can the lottery and things like publisher's clearing house afford to give away money so often, even at times when the economy is bad?	[From the identical thread yesterday:](_URL_0_) It's actually $5,000 a week, not per year. That's $260,000/year. Most PCH customers are pretty old so they really don't pay out that much comparatively. Publishers Clearing House brings in $840.6 million in revenue per year as of 2013. $260k is chump change. They can aff...	[ "In some online lotteries, the annual payments are only $25,000, with a balloon payment in the final year. This type of installment payment is often made through investment in government-backed securities. Online lotteries pay the winners through their insurance backup. However, many winners choose lump sum, since ...
why do landlords prefer moneyless vacancies over selling spaces at a discount?	Opportunity cost. When a landlord leases an apartment to a tenant, it means that they lose the opportunity to lease it to someone else. If the market is bad enough, then a landlord will probably reduce their rent. However, if the market is good, then a landlord knows that he can wait maybe a month and lease it to som...	[ "Landlords opt for sharecropping to avoid the administrative costs and shirking that occurs on plantations and haciendas. It is preferred to cash tenancy because cash tenants take all the risks, and any harvest failure will hurt them and not the landlord. Therefore, they tend to demand lower rents than sharecropper...
Why did Russia not sail East and claim the 'western' coastline of the Americas while the 'western' Europeans were sailing / claiming 'eastern' coastlines of the Americas?	Topic was discussed in this thread: _URL_0_	[ "Beginning with Columbus in 1492, the Spanish presence in the Western Hemisphere (like most other European exploration and colonization) traveled west across the Atlantic Ocean, then around or across the Americas to reach the Pacific Ocean. The Russian expansion, however, moved east across Siberia and the northern ...
is some sort of time travel possible if humans are able to move almost as fast as the speed of light?	Theoretically, yes. A human could effectively "move into the future" relative to other humans. Time is experienced more slowly at higher speeds ("time dilation.") The effect ramps up sharply as one approaches the speed of light. At 2/3 the speed of light it's only about 34% slower, but at 99% of light speed it's over s...	[ "Manned travel at a speed not close to the speed of light, would require either that we overcome our own mortality with technologies like radical life extension or traveling with a generation ship. If traveling at a speed closer to the speed of light, time dilation would allow intergalactic travel in a timespan of ...
the jungian archetypes.	Carl Jung, a Swiss psychotherapist and psychiatrist, believed that there were elements (which we could also call concepts of subjects) that exist within everyone's conscious, as a result of growth within a basic human life. So basically, a word which represents a concept universal to human minds would be considered an ...	[ "Jung described archetypal events: birth, death, separation from parents, initiation, marriage, the union of opposites; archetypal figures: great mother, father, child, devil, god, wise old man, wise old woman, the trickster, the hero; and archetypal motifs: the apocalypse, the deluge, the creation. Although the nu...
How much mass does a star burn through over the full course of its lifetime, from the start of fusion until the end?	I'm not sure about affecting planetary orbits, but the amount of mass that a main sequence (hydrogen 1-fusing) star fuses over the course of its lifetime is at least partially dependent upon its mass and temperature. For example, a cool, small, M-type main sequence star (a red dwarf) like Proxima Centauri or Barnard's...	[ "The amount of fuel available for nuclear fusion is proportional to the mass of the star. Thus, the lifetime of a star on the main sequence can be estimated by comparing it to solar evolutionary models. The Sun has been a main-sequence star for about 4.5 billion years and it will become a red giant in 6.5 billion y...
why do some helicopters need tail rotors and others do not?	The main rotor on top creates lift, but the drag from the blades as the go around rotates the helicopter so it will tend to turns in one direction (which way depends on the model of helicopter). When the helicopter is moving forward quickly the tail stops the helicopter from turning. However at low speeds the tail roto...	[ "The tail rotor itself is a hazard to ground crews working near a running helicopter. For this reason, tail rotors are painted with stripes of alternating colors to increase their visibility to ground crews while the tail rotor is spinning.\n", "Most helicopters have a single main rotor, but torque created by its...
when police officers are sued in civil court, why does the police department pay the monetary compensation awarded by court instead of the individual officers? how is this even legal?	As for how it's legal, because the law would always allow someone else to pay all of the police officer's bills. That would apply even if the purpose of the judgment was to punish the officer, because it's legal to give money to someone. This is true in every Western country, to my knowledge. Furthermore, the purpose ...	[ "In some American jurisdictions, a lawyer for the plaintiff in a civil case can take a case on a contingent fee basis. A contingent fee is a percentage of the monetary judgment or settlement. The contingent fee may be split among several firms who have contractual arrangements amongst themselves for referrals or ot...
what is benford’s law or benford’s analysis?	In real world data like (from the wiki) electricity bills, street addresses, stock prices, house prices, population numbers, death rates, lengths of rivers, physical and mathematical constants... The numbers seen aren't uniformly distributed. That is, you're NOT just as likely to see a 1 in the first significant digit...	[ "Benford's law is an empirical law concerning the distribution of digits in a list of numbers. It has been suggested that random variates from distributions with a positive nonparametric skew will obey this law.\n", "Hofstadter's law is a self-referential adage, coined by Douglas Hofstadter in his book \"Gödel, E...
What do historians mean when they say the British Army were 'professionals'?	The difference that Carlin was making (I listened to this podcast myself) is that while yes, the French and German armies were also "professional", the British army was a Volunteer Army. Whereas France and Germany conscripted and drafted basically most of their armies, Britain's army (at least in 1914) was composed o...	[ "In recent years, there have been many depictions of the British Army of various periods in fiction. Two notable ones depicting the modern British Army have been \"Spearhead\" from the period of the late 1970s, and \"Soldier Soldier\" from the early to mid-1990s. Both are seen as reasonably accurate depictions of l...
this might be a stupid question, but how can companies make almost exact copies of name brands, (oreo's, cereal brands, etc) and not be infringing copyrights?	Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. In order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate cookies ...	[ "Due to cultivation of a name brand mindset, customers might believe that a name branded product (say, cereal) tastes better than a generic one. In many cases, this may not be true. Misconceptions can be clarified by a blind test or by storing the product in clear glass containers.\n", "A trademark identifies the...
Is there really only 50-60 years of oil remaining?	I'm going to guess that this number came from something like a [reserve/production ratio](_URL_1_), which is basically a projection of when oil reserves would be depleted. When considering estimates like this, it is important to understand the assumptions, specifically that (1) no new reserves are found, (2) there are ...	[ "As of 2018, it was unclear whether world crude oil production had peaked. After exhibiting steady growth since the 2009 recession, oil production has been roughly stable between 2015 and 2017, with 75.1 million barrels per day in 2015, 75.4 mbpd in 2016 and 74.7 mbpd in 2017.\n", "Production grew from in 1984 an...
Why does the decibel scale use powers of 10 instead of some other number?	There's nothing inherent about base-10 that makes it good for sound pressure, it's just historically convenient. Before the widespread availability of handheld or desktop electronic calculators (roughly pre-1970's) you would have to compute logarithms by hand, which is time-consuming and error-prone. Instead, people u...	[ "In mathematics, a power of 10 is any of the integer powers of the number ten; in other words, ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times (when the power is a positive integer). By definition, the number one is a power (the zeroth power) of ten. The first few non-negative powers of ten are:\n", "In decima...
If a decimal point is placed before the ascending sequence of prime numbers is this an irrational number?	1 isn't prime. So the number you're describing is 0.2357111317... and is called the [Copeland-Erdos constant](_URL_0_). It is indeed irrational. Perhaps more surprisingly, it's normal (meaning all finite strings of integers appear in the expansion with the expected probability). Of course, the number you wrote is al...	[ "By a similar argument, any constant created by concatenating \"0.\" with all primes in an arithmetic progression \"dn\" + \"a\", where \"a\" is coprime to \"d\" and to 10, will be irrational. E.g. primes of the form 4\"n\" + 1 or 8\"n\" + 1. By Dirichlet's theorem, the arithmetic progression \"dn\"·10 + \"a\" cont...
Using life support systems, localized anesthesia, and expert surgery, how much of a persons body could be removed while keeping them conscious?	Theoretically, you could remove everything but the head. Here's a video of a dog head, courtesy of Mad Soviet Science: _URL_0_ Warning. Not for the squeamish.	[ "Extensive physiotherapy and occupational therapy are necessary for a patient to return to some form of normal life, which invariably involves using a wheelchair. Designing a prosthesis for the removed body parts is difficult, as there is generally no remaining pelvic girdle musculature (unless this has been spared...
how do apps like instagram sharpen your photos using their own filters?	The filter looks for small changes in the image and increases them. For example imagine you have a string of color values: 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1, 1, 2 The filter might set a threshold of 3 and below which it will ignore, but anything larger than that it will amplify by 5. So you end up with a string like this: 1...	[ "Users can edit with a sidebar similar to the one in Google Photos, which allows them to adjust the photo's shadows, highlights, sharpness, and filters. Further, Photos also allows users to trim, slow down, and save photos from videos.\n", "The filter works by identifying sharp edge boundaries in the image, such ...
If a childs parent or parents are drug addicts or alcoholics does this effect the child in any biologically?	Yes, during pregnancy. Alcohol and other drugs can cross over the placenta into the fetal blood supply and have various consequences to the fetus. Look up fetal alcohol syndrome. Also, sadly, with opioid addiction being so common today many babies are born addicts and have to be tapered down on morphine in the hospital...	[ "It has been discovered that childhood abuse can lead to the addiction of drugs and alcohol in adolescence and adult life. Studies show that any type of abuse experienced in childhood can cause neurological changes making an individual more prone to addictive tendencies. A significant study examined 900 court cases...
if an aluminum can can get recycled into another aluminum can why do we use plastic bottles?	Several reasons: Recycling rates are not 100%, so some of that initially-more-expensive aluminium goes to waste instead of being recycled. And the recycling process itself is not perfect so you don't even get all of the aluminum of the cans that do get returned for recycling. You can enclose more drink with the same ...	[ "Another alternative to single use plastic bottled water is aluminum canned and bottled water. Aluminum cans are unique in that they are most often recycled directly back into themselves meaning that the average can has a very high percentage of recycled content. This means that aluminum cans have more than 3X the ...
rent vs mortgage payments	There's a truism that says, Rent is the maximum you will pay to live there; mortgage is the minimum. When the AC breaks in your rental unit, you don't pay extra to have that fixed. Your landlord has to pay to fix that, and maintenance costs are kind of built into your rent to cover things like that. When the AC breaks ...	[ "Another form of Intermediate Rent is known as \"Rent to HomeBuy\". This is where an applicant will be able to live in a property at a discounted rent for a period of three to five years at a subsidised rent, whilst keeping an option to purchase a percentage of the property at any point during the tenancy (typicall...
I read on reddit recently that gold has its characteristic color due to special relativity. Could someone explain why this is?	Since you haven't detailed where you're coming from, I'll start with a general description of color. The color of an object tells you which wavelengths of light it absorbs and to what extent. White light is a mixture of all visible wavelengths, so something white absorbs weakly more-or-less equally across the visible s...	[ "The reflectivity of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) is shown in the graph to the right. The human eye sees electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength near 600 nm as yellow. Gold appears yellow because it absorbs blue light more than it absorbs other visible wavelengths of light; the reflected light reac...
Do non-human animals have gender?	Unfortunately I suspect that any answer to your question would just come down to a question of semantics/definitions. What evidence would you need to see to say there was gender? Sex-specific behaviors which vary by region/pack but not by genetics? Even those could be explained as adaptations to local conditions... ...	[ "Joan Roughgarden argues that some non-human animal species also have more than two genders, in that there might be multiple templates for behavior available to individual organisms with a given biological sex.\n", "Like other mammals, humans are primarily grouped into either the male or female sex, with a small ...
why is there no coefficient in e=mc^2, when newtonian equation for kinetic energy is e=1/2mv^2 (and practically every other newtonian work/energy equation has the form e=1/2ab^2)?	The other formulas are mostly special cases of integrals, which add in the 1/2 coefficient.	[ "The equation is often written this way because the difference formula_19 is the relativistic length of the energy momentum four-vector, a length which is associated with rest mass or invariant mass in systems. Where \"m\" 0 and \"p\" = 0, this equation again expresses the mass-energy equivalence \"E\" = \"m\".\n"...
AskHistorians: What was the bread (or bread analogue!) like in your time period?	Wanting to know the answer to this, I went ahead and [recreated some Roman bread](_URL_2_). Now, my baking skills aren't exactly top notch, but following Cato's recipe led to a very dense, heavy bread. This is largely due to the fact that the recipe contains no yeast, the rising agent which causes bread to rise. T...	[ "As several historians verify, the bread has an ancient tradition dated back to the Naples' Kingdom and even before. Thank to some artistic and literally proofs that attest the bread's relevance for the city's economy, we know that it's been one of the most important food in the past, because of the traditional whe...
why do women have to push so much when birthing a child?	It has to do with our trade off to become bipedal and how we retained the general hip width of our ancestors but our heads/brains are far larger. We give birth horribly, the babies head actually has to spin to even make it through the pelvis, AND we have to incubate for like 6 years to not be considered useless. But wh...	[ "Women have higher levels of parental investment because they carry the developing child, and higher confidence in their maternity since they witness giving birth to the child. Hence women have reason to accept greater responsibility for raising their children. By comparison, males have no objective way of being ce...
Any examples of "trolls" throughout history, or is this something that the anonymity of the internet has brought about?	Satirical writing would probably be the best example of "trolling" as some people would take the writing seriously. But trolling is a pretty nebulous term. Hard to define. Part of the troll is fooling people into thinking you've told them a truth, but you're actually telling them a lie. So does intent matter? If the i...	[ "The idea of internet trolls gained popularity in the 1990s, though its meaning shifted in 2011. Whereas it once denoted provocation, it is a term now widely used to signify the abuse and misuse of the Internet. Trolling comes in various forms, and can be dissected into abuse trolling, entertainment trolling, class...
Interested in medical history, where to start?	Heya doc! I've got a rather good pair of starting points for you, if you'd like to check out some of the primary sources. The best news is that your classical background should be a pretty huge help for you here! The first one is a name that you should be pretty familiar with - [the works of Hippocrates](_URL_1_) are c...	[ "A History of Medicine is a book by Scottish surgeon Douglas Guthrie that was published in 1945 by Thomas Nelson and Sons. It came to wide attention after it was reviewed by the playwright George Bernard Shaw and marked the beginning for Guthrie of a new career in teaching the history of medicine.\n", "Medical Hi...
"money market" bank accounts vs. checking or savings	You're not going to get a good answer to this question without talking to your specific bank. - Checking accounts are intended for your regular expenses. They typically do not pay interest. - Savings accounts pay interest, but are limited to six pre-authorized transactions by [Regulation D](_URL_0_) - Money market ...	[ "Banks in the United States offer savings and money market \"deposit accounts\", but these should not be confused with money \"mutual funds\". These bank accounts offer higher yields than traditional passbook savings accounts, but often with higher minimum balance requirements and limited transactions. A money mark...
why do race cars omit airbags in their cars?	The purpose of an airbag is to keep your head from slamming against the dashboard and causing an injury. It is necessary because the seatbelts we use do not fully prevent your body from flailing about. Race car drivers are fully secured with a system of harnesses and don't move as violently during an accident. An airb...	[ "The original implementation of front airbags did little to protect against side collisions, which can be more dangerous than frontal collisions because the protective crumple zone in front of the passenger compartment is completely bypassed. Side airbags and protective airbag curtains are increasingly being requir...
“the vacuum of space.”	Sound is really just s jiggling of atoms. Space, generally speaking, has no atoms at all, so there is nothing to jiggle to carry sound. Radio waves (which includes light) are jiggling of the electromagnetic field, which does exist in space. And objects are atoms, so if we want to throw them into space where there a...	[ "In modern terms, the concept of \"vacuum\" is not the same as \"empty space\": Space is filled with the quantized fields that make up the universe. Vacuum is simply the lowest \"possible\" energy state of these fields.\n", "Vacuum is space devoid of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective \"vacuus\" for ...
how/when does a female body know when an egg has been fertilized?	Shortly after an egg is fertilized, it travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus where it binds to the uterus wall. When it binds, this triggers the release of several different hormones, and signals the brain and body to start preparing.	[ "In the female, the ovaries are found, like the testes, as rounded bodies along the ligament. From the ovaries, masses of ova dehisce into the body cavity, floating in its fluids for fertilization by male's sperm. After fertilization, each egg contains a developing embryo. (These embryos hatch into first stage larv...
How involved was the Mormon Church in the American Civil War?	There was never any question that the Utah Territory would remain on the Union side. In 1857-1858 (a few years before the American Civil War started), President James Buchanan dispatched US federal troops to Utah to put down and destroy an alleged religious dictatorship. He installed as Utah Territory Governor Alfred...	[ "Soon the \"old Missourians\" and the LDS settlers were engaged in a conflict sometimes referred to as the 1838 Mormon War. One key skirmish was the Battle of Crooked River, which involved Missouri state troops and a group of Saints. There is some debate as to whether the Mormons knew their opponents were governmen...
At what point did doctors discover the real reason women have periods?	Like all history, we can trace its origins back to Aristotle. In the Aristotelian system, the menstrual blood (called the female semen) was the material cause of the fetus. However, it did not contain the form of the fetus. The form was provided by the male semen. The combination of the two lead to the creation of the...	[ "There is debate among medical researchers about the potential long-term impacts of these practices upon female health. Some researchers point to the fact that historically, females have had far fewer menstrual periods throughout their lifetimes, a result of shorter life expectancies, as well as a greater length of...
Evolution/biology: Can all house cats be traced to a common ancestor?	All X descend from a common ancestral population. That population part is important. All house cats come from a population, but not necessarily each from a particular individual. Your question though seems to be asking whether those common ancestors were before or after the split from lions. The answer is yes. That...	[ "Cats and humans evolutionarily diverged from a common ancestor (boreoeutherian ancestor) approximately 80 million years ago, accumulating only 10–12 chromosomal translocations. The order of several genes in chromosomes X and Y in cats closely resembles that in humans.\n", "The wildcat and the other members of th...
Fantasy Football and Play before the intetnet	There's a really interesting 30 for 30 documentary on this (I believe it's on Netflix) where they interview the guys who invented modern fantasy sports as we know it, the original Rotisserie Baseball league. Basically it was created by a number of baseball obsessed newspaper editors and other media types (e.g. _URL_1_...	[ "Fantasy football is a game in which the participants serve as the general managers of virtual professional gridiron football teams. The competitors choose their team rosters by participating in a draft in which all players of a real football league are available. Points are based on the actual performances of the ...
Prostitution is referred to as the "world's oldest profession". Why would a male bother to pay for sex during time periods where women had very few rights, when they could simply take what they want free of charge?	This isn't so much a historical question as just a question about how societies work, so here's a partial answer. One short answer is that as people have fewer and fewer rights, as women have fewer and fewer rights, they start to be seen as property, and in any society where people are seen as property, you don't just...	[ "Sex workers, known also as prostitutes, are people who earn a living by providing sexual services. Prostitution is one of the longest surviving professions in the world. Attitudes surrounding prostitution have evolved over time from a celebrated necessity to a cultural evil.\n", "The oldest profession in the wor...

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