question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why don't smartphones have moving screen-savers like desktop and laptop computers/ how do screen-savers work and when are they necessary? | LCD screens, unlike plamsa and CRT, don't need screen savers, and it would kill your battery life | [
"Because their screens do not separate from their keyboards these small devices cannot be set up ergonomically correctly (unless an extra screen or extra keyboard is added). They are unlike personal desk top computers (PCs) in this respect. Most commonly, the user hunches to operate them, often for many hours a day... |
Historical inaccuracy seems like a given in entertainment- but have there been successful games, shows, or movies that have been a historically and factually accurate representation of history? | I'm a big fan of the film 'Thirteen Days' starring Bruce Greenwood as JFK. It is specifically about the Cuban missile crisis, and so far as I know on my admittedly outside-the-field understanding of the matter, it does a damn fine job balancing historical accuracy with good, top-notch drama.
And just as a PSA, I kno... | [
"Legendo Entertainment is a Sweden-based creator and publisher of games and entertainment properties based on myths, legends, vintage arcade games, comic books, classic novels and historical events. The company is best known for its loose remakes of classic literary works by Bram Stoker and Alexandre Dumas as well ... |
I know western Europeans were known as Latins and Franks in the medieval period. Were these the same thing? Overlapping? Completely different. | It kind of depends on when you're talking about and who's doing the signifying. In the later Middle Ages, and particularly among groups outside of Europe (Byzantines and in the Islamic world), what you say is pretty much correct. All westerners were "Franks," regardless of any political or ethnic affiliation. "Latins" ... | [
"During the Mongol Empire in the 13-14th centuries, the Mongols used the term \"Franks\" to designate Europeans. The term \"Frangistan\" (\"Land of the Franks\") was used by Muslims to refer to Christian Europe and was commonly used over several centuries in Iran and the Ottoman Empire.\n",
"With the decline of t... |
What effects both long term and short term does MDMA have on the brain? | The symptoms of recreational use (which I assume you're aware of) of MDMA are mediated primarily by the serotonin and dopamine systems in the brain. It is thought that the dopamine system activation is responsible for the "high" feeling, pleasure and mood elevation, whereas the serotonin system activation may be respon... | [
", the long-term effects of MDMA on human brain structure and function have not been fully determined, however, there is consistent evidence of structural and functional deficits in MDMA users with a high lifetime exposure. Additionally, MDMA use at high doses, as distinct from high lifetime exposure, has been show... |
What kind of social mobility was there in feudal Europe? | Fundamentally the way in which most people view the feudal system is flawed. As children we are usually shown some variation of a pyramid that clearly and neatly demarcated the ranks of society:
King - noble - knight - peasant
While that does quickly give you an idea of how the system worked, it leaves out large parts... | [
"In the late Middle Ages social mobility was not generally seen as a good thing, and could be regarded as dangerous to the social order. There had always been social mobility, as the economy expanded continuously, but much of it was in the church, which was more acceptable. In the 15th century the heavy losses from... |
a movie bad guy gets his neck snapped in the movies by good guy and dies instantly. yet people like christopher reeves break their neck and live for years. how do some people survive broken necks and others don't? | A broken neck in and of itself is a totally survivable injury.
Broken bones in the neck, however, can put abnormal pressure on the spinal cord, causing damage leading to anything from numbness to paralysis to death. It's all about the extent of the damage to the spinal cord, not the bones themselves.
Incidentally, br... | [
"In 1973, reporter Carl Kolchak (Darren McGavin), now in Seattle, Washington (having been run out of Las Vegas at the end of the last film), is hired by his former editor, Tony Vincenzo (Simon Oakland) to cover a series of killings in which the victims, all exotic dancers, are strangled, have their necks crushed an... |
So for years I have had a question about Plasma. (Actually thought of it playing the Halo Series) Do you believe there is any way for us to harvest Plasma as a resource or use it in weapons or anything that would help us out? If so Why or Why Not? | "Plasma" is just a phase of matter, like solid, liquid, or gas. If you asked, "Could we ever harvest liquids as a resource?" I think someone might say, "Do you mean like gasoline?"
The difference between plasmas and the other three conventional phases is a little more nuanced. The three you're familiar with are all at... | [
"Hannes Alfvén from the 1960s to 1980s argued that plasma played an important if not dominant role in the universe because electromagnetic forces are far more important than gravity when acting on interplanetary and interstellar charged particles. He further hypothesized that they might promote the contraction of i... |
Without protection, what do galactic cosmic rays do to the human body? | By "without protection," I'm assuming that you mean outside of the atmosphere.
98% of the time, a cosmic ray is a proton, 1% it is two protons, and the remaining 1% it is an electron, all moving at very high speeds.
Since atoms are mostly empty space, and they're traveling fast enough that there really is no time for... | [
"Although the spacecraft itself somewhat reduces radiation exposure, it does not completely shield astronauts from galactic cosmic rays, which are highly energetic heavy ions, or from solar energetic particles, which primarily are energetic protons. By one NASA estimate, for each year that astronauts spend in deep ... |
looked at the clouds yesterday, they were going to my left, today looking the same way they are going to my right, what gives? | It's certainly not a dumb question. The wind changes patterns at several places in altitude. Knowing wind patterns is a necessary thing for hot air balloon operators, it is the only thing they have to steer with. Changing the altitude of the balloon will change its course through the journey. | [
"Shelley in this canto \"expands his vision from the earthly scene with the leaves before him to take in the vaster commotion of the skies\". This means that the wind is now no longer at the horizon and therefore far away, but he is exactly above us. The clouds now reflect the image of the swirling leaves; this is ... |
why is it that when you jerk off with a headache your fine during but it immediately gets worse than before when you stop? | Because when you are sexually aroused your body releases endorphins which are the body's natural painkiller / opioids. | [
"Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The nociceptors may be stimulated by head trauma or tumors and cause headaches. Blood vessel spasms, dilated blood vessels, inflammation or infection of meninges and muscular tension can also stimulate nociceptors and cause pa... |
Why is the ISS on an inclined orbit? | One other thing to note is that, ideally, the ISS will pass directly overhead of launch locations at some parts of its orbit. It should pass reasonably close to Kennedy Space Center (28 deg N), Vandenberg (34 deg N), and, critically since the end of the Shuttle program, Baikonur (45 deg n). If the ISS will pass directl... | [
"The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of and a maximum of , in the centre of the thermosphere, at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator, necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to... |
why does being lazy feel so good? shouldn't we naturally feel better working? | Being lazy means we're spending fewer calories. Which is good for an animal which may not get to eat. If you were that hungry, you naturally wouldn't be lazy. | [
"An individual who puts great effort into his work and is not lazy, he claims, will be a success. It is the duty of someone who does not engage in manual labor for a living to devote himself to the arts or sciences. He uses the citizens of Chicago and Illinois as examples of people who embody such a spirit. Those w... |
how does the reddit enhancement suite (res) work? | Works in the same way as greasemonkey scripts; RES is javascript that alters the html returned from the server. | [
"Reddit Enhancement Suite, commonly abbreviated as \"RES\", is a suite of extensions for Reddit. It is distributed as a browser extension for numerous browsers, such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox and Opera, and was formerly made available for Safari.\n",
"UpdateStar uses the software search en... |
if water boils/vaporates at 100 degrees celsius /212 degrees fahrenheit, why is the sun's radiation/heat enough to 'vaporize' water to form clouds? | Water can evaporate at much lower than 100 Celsius. Boiling is the temperature at which *all* of the water has been raised to the temperature necessary to vaporize. But temperature is an *average* measure of the energy of the molecules in the water. Even below boiling, some molecules are more energetic and others are l... | [
"In the case of evaporation of water to steam, the place occupied by water would be occupied by water vapor, which has a density vastly lower than that of liquid water (the exact number depends on pressure and temperature; at standard conditions, steam is about as dense as liquid water). Because of this lower densi... |
How large would a telescope have to be to set fire to paper with focused moonlight? | EDIT: see discussion below of why this answer is wrong!
An exact answer is going to depend on all kinds of things, like the properties of the material you're trying to burn, the ambient temperature/airflow, and how accurately you can keep your mirror/lens focused.
But to a first approximation: let's say you can easil... | [
"The observatory's 4-inch Sun Gun Telescope is used for viewing the photosphere of the sun in the visible spectrum. There are also other instruments for viewing the hydrogen-alpha (red) and calcium-K (purple) light emitted by the chromosphere.\n",
"BULLET::::- 1.0 × 0.5 m focal plane array on which light from bot... |
how're elevators replaced? | Removing a old one can be done by taking it apart at the bottom level. Either disassembly the parts or just cutting it apart.
The new elevators are build from parts that fit trough the door on the lowest level. The harder part to install is likely guide rails etc in the shaft
Here is a video of presentation of how a ... | [
"Automatic elevators began to appear as early as the 1920s, their development being hastened by striking elevator operators which brought large cities dependent on skyscrapers (and therefore their elevators) such as New York and Chicago to their knees. Self service elevators were not allowed in New York City until ... |
psychologists, especially, why do the super wealthy still want more? | I believe Andrew Carnegie once answered the question in this way:
"How much is enough?"
AC: "Just a little bit more." | [
"The ability of fitting in an increasingly intellectual environment is reinforced by education, which in turn is mostly accessible to those who can afford it. As a result, money can lead to the creation of a de facto aristocracy of the affluent. The converse is that egalitarian tendencies typically reject the money... |
why does sprite loose carbonation faster than coke? | Sprite solution must be less soluble to carbon dioxide, therefore loosing it "fizz" quicker. | [
"Boudouard found that when an excess of coke reacts with air or metal oxides, below about 400°C this produces carbon dioxide and soot, while at temperatures above 1,000°C it produces carbon monoxide. Between these extremes a mixture of the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and soot is produced Understanding the react... |
why do our mouths get dry after eating salty food like pretzels? | Salt causes dehydration.its just a property of the substance. This is why you can use it to preserve foods (microorganisms have trouble surviving in environments that are heavily salted, because salt literlaly forces water out of living cells) and why you arent supposed to drink sea water. | [
"Lip licking, biting, or rubbing habits are frequently involved. Counterintuitively, constant licking of the lips causes drying and irritation, and eventually the mucosa splits or cracks. The lips have a greater tendency to dry out in cold, dry weather. Digestive enzymes present in saliva may also irritate the lips... |
what happens when you get up after lying down for a period of time and you feel light-headed? | Your blood pressure isn't high enough to get all the oxygen to your brain. The signal that says "oh, do that work" to maintain it doesn't turn on faster than you get up. | [
"Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by symptoms that occur after standing (from lying or sitting), particularly when this is done rapidly. Many report lightheadedness (a feeling that one might be about to faint), sometimes severe. With chronic orthostatic hypotension, the condition and its effects may worsen ... |
Will something frozen by liquid nitrogen eventually melt? | It depends on the system involved. Liquid nitrogen is very, very cold, but it evaporates at room temperature (which is the 'smoke' or steam you see if you were to pour some into a bowl). If you had a bucket of water and poured liquid nitrogen into the bucket, the water would freeze and become ice, but eventually the ni... | [
"Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic fluid that can cause rapid freezing on contact with living tissue. When appropriately insulated from ambient heat, liquid nitrogen can be stored and transported, for example in vacuum flasks. The temperature is held constant at 77 K by slow boiling of the liquid, resulting in the evo... |
(Not sure if this is the right Subreddit for this) Why is a scythe known as a symbol of death, when it is/was a tool for harvest? | Follow-up question: does the nickname of death as the 'Grim Reaper' predate the scythe being a symbol of it? | [
"A scythe (, ) is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or reaping crops. It has largely been replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.\n",
"\"The Scythe\" is a short story by American author Ray Bradbury. It was originally published in the July, ... |
Were Grant and Sherman really necessary for the Union to win the Civil War in the manner they did? | > Could the Union have won on the same terms in the same amount of time without them?
To answer your last question first, absolutely not. Ulysses Grant and William T. Sherman were vital in bringing the war to a conclusion, and their campaigns shaped the very fabric of the post-War world. In fact, their legacies are s... | [
"Both Grant and Sherman initially had objectives to engage with and destroy the two principal armies of the Confederacy, relegating the capture of important enemy cities to a secondary, supporting role. This was a strategy that President Abraham Lincoln had emphasized throughout the war, but Grant was the first gen... |
why do communists and fascists both oppose liberalism despite being polar opposites? | As a Slavic Nationalist and National Syndicalist which is technically a form of fascism, I would love to answer this question. In order to fully comprehend why communists and fascists both equally oppose liberalism despite being polar opposites, we must first define what is communism, what is fascism and finally what i... | [
"I don't see much difference between a communist regime and a fascist regime. In fact, I think one of the greatest intellectual confusions that many have had over these decades is the whole right and left thing -- fascists are on the right, communists are on the left. Nonsense! They come together and overlap, and w... |
why can the us have thousands of nuclear warheads but simultaneously coerce other nations into denuclearization? | Most nations on the planet have signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. The NPT says that those non nuclear states will not pursue a nuclear weapons program. In exchange, they get access to nuclear power generation technology -- and (more importantly), they know that their rivals/neighbors who have signed the NPT ... | [
"Nuclear weapons may also lessen a state's reliance on allies for security, thus preventing allies from dragging each other into wars (a phenomenon known as chain ganging, frequently said to be a major cause of World War I).\n",
"It is generally regarded as ineffective against a rational opponent who has or is an... |
why is it that it seems many people of foreign countries know how to speak english but we in the u.s. generally don't know any other language but our own? | English is an important language for everyone to speak. The world's most popular music and movies are in English, a lot of important political and scientific publications are in English, and many companies will hire people who know English so they can deal with clients or deal directly with information available in Eng... | [
"The predominance of English in many sectors, such as world trade, technology and science, has contributed to English-speaking societies being persistently monolingual, as there is no relevant need to learn a second language if all dealings can be done in their native language; that is especially the case for Engli... |
how do insurance companies justify charging more for living in a riskier area then increase your premium when that risk is realized? | Two statistical reasons and one that has little to do with probabilities.
If I smoke, I am at higher risk for a costly heart attack. If I actually have the heart attack, I'm at even higher risk for all manner of other costs.
You're paying more in the first place to account for the expected value of a crime (the prob... | [
"In response, the company may increase premiums. However, higher prices cause rational non-smoking customers to cancel their insurance. The higher prices combined with their lower risk of mortality make life insurance uneconomic for non-smokers. This can exacerbate the adverse selection problem. As more smokers tak... |
for how much longer will we able to see the light from the first stars? | The universe is believed to be infinite in all directions. We reside within an observable universe, which is the spherical region around us that has had time for its light to reach us. This is expanding and it is called the particle horizon. As time passes, further regions have had time for their young light to reach u... | [
"The light observed from the star was emitted when the universe was about 30% of its current age of 13.8 billion years. Kelly suggested that similar microlensing discoveries could help them identify the earliest stars in the universe. The star no longer exists as a blue supergiant, given the known lifetime of such ... |
why do dishwasher detergents recommend not pre-washing? | The chemicals in the detergent need something to attach to on the dishes or they'll simply drip off. Leaving some food particles on the plate lets them stick around to work. | [
"The best dishwasher detergents would be those that clean dishes the best, leave the least cleaner after rinsing, have versatility in cleaning various types of dish surfaces and food, are easiest to use, and the best value for price. There is variation in how effective different detergents are in removing dried foo... |
bedouins cover their whole body with loose clothing to protect from the heat. why dоn't tribes from sub-saharan africa, australia and other hot places do the same? | I live in Southern Arizona so I know about living in a desert. I would never wear shorts. Loose, light clothes protect the skin. Think sunscreen you wear instead of apply. If the fabric is light and loose, it doesn't stick to the skin or make you that much warmer. This works in hot but arid areas. Humidity is a complet... | [
"Australian aborigines only wear genital coverings for clothes, but studies have shown that the warmth from the fires they build is enough to keep the body from fighting heat loss through shivering. Eskimos use well-insulated houses that are designed to transfer heat from an energy source to the living area, which ... |
Mixing the gases? | I haven't worked with this specific gas mix, but I've worked with other mixes...it's probably density.
Nitrous oxide (~1.9 kg/m^3 )is more dense than oxygen (~1.3 kg/m^3 ) and is likely to settle to the bottom of the tank.
SCUBA divers don't have to do this because Nitrox is nitrogen (1.25 kg/m^3 ) and oxygen, which ... | [
"Gas–solid mixing may be conducted to transport powders or small particulate solids from one place to another, or to mix gaseous reactants with solid catalyst particles. In either case, the turbulent eddies of the gas must provide enough force to suspend the solid particles, which otherwise sink under the force of ... |
what was obama's recent announcement regarding climate change, and how will it affect the average american? | The gist of it is that he basically said he is sick of the debate about whether climate change exists, and that it is no longer a debatable issue. His administration is moving forward with a number of initiatives and will no longer entertain debate about the issue. | [
"In 2002, the Bush Administration's EPA issued a Climate Action Report concluding that the climate changes observed over several decades \"are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability\". While the EPA report... |
If the law of physics are the same regardless of what frame, does a stationary charge experience a Lorentz force when a magnet moves near it? | In an frame where the charge is stationary, there is no **v**x**B** force. | [
"This demonstrates that \"the force is the same in both frames\" (as would be expected), and therefore any observable consequences of this force, such as the induced current, would also be the same in both frames. This is despite the fact that the force is seen to be an electric force in the conductor frame, but a ... |
AskHistorians at the AHA! (American Historical Association Conference, January 2020) | This is awesome recognition.
I’d love to see the data on moderation here - how many answers are written, how many removed, and for what reasons. I assume that will be part of the panel discussion, very much looking forward to the podcast. | [
"While the AHA is the largest organization for historians working in the United States, the Organization of American Historians (OAH) is the major organization for historians who study and teach about the United States. Formerly known as the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, its membership comprises colleg... |
where does money from ftc fines go? how is it used? | Federal fines are paid to the US treasury, where it's used for general government spending. Most agencies don't get to add the money they collect as fines to their budget.
Keep in mind that most settlements report a number that's called a fine in media reports, but may include actual fines paid to the treasury, pay... | [
"The LTO, as implementing agency, may increase the amount of fines once every five years, in the amount not exceeding 10 percent of the existing rates, which shall take effect only upon publication in at least two newspapers of general circulation.\n",
"The primary purpose of the expanded TFN system is to allow t... |
how and why did humans evolve to find sex pleasurable? | That really isn't an evolutionary trait exclusive to humans. Sex is absolutely essential for a species to continue, so it either has to be an irresistible urge or extremely pleasurable. | [
"Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality is a 2010 book about the evolution of monogamy in humans and human mating systems by Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá. In opposition to what the authors see as the \"standard narrative\" of human sexual evolution, they contend that having multiple sexual p... |
what is the purpose of the images stored on the voyager? | Well, basically they exist as a demonstration of our basic intelligence if an alien race were to stumble upon the probe.
It's generally agreed upon that however different aliens might be from us, mathematics are a universal truth in our universe, at least as far as we know. 1+1 = 2.
So some of those number images a... | [
"After taking the \"Family Portrait\" series of images, which included \"Pale Blue Dot\", NASA mission managers commanded \"Voyager 1\" to power its cameras down, as the spacecraft was not going to fly near anything else of significance for the rest of its mission, while other instruments that were still collecting... |
Why can certain blood transmittable things (West Nile, Malaria, Zika, etc.) be transmitted through mosquito bites, but other (AIDS, Hepatitis, etc.) cannot? | It's mostly a missconception that mosquitoes transmit diseases by allowing virus infected blood of one person to be innoculated into another. What happens ia that some virus actually infect mosquitoes (they actually multiply inside the mosquito gut and salivary glands), from which the virus is then innoculated in anoth... | [
"Diseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as \"vector-borne disease\", even though the causative agent can be found in blood. Vector-borne diseases include West Nile virus, zika fever and malaria.\n",
"Horizontal transm... |
WWI battles in France, spring-fall of 1919 | The dates are wrong. "1919" is almost certainly referring to 1918.
The 306th Machine Gun Battalion was part of the 77th Infantry Division. The division arrived in France in April 1918 and entered combat a few months later in June. It saw especially heavy fighting in September to November 1918 during the Meuse-Argonne ... | [
"During World War II, Fall Rot (Case Red) was the plan for the second phase of the conquest of France by the German Army and began on 5 June 1940. It had been made possible by the success of \"Fall Gelb\" (Case Yellow), the invasion of the Benelux countries and northern France in the Battle of France and the encirc... |
Were there Protestant Jacobites in the 17th and 18th centuries? | The English Tory party during the Whig supremacy (1715-1760) was a predominately Jacobite party and they were also staunchly Anglican. According to Anglican/Tory theory, James III (the Old Pretender) was the legitimate ruler due to hereditary descent.
The Tories in Parliament cooperated with opposition Whigs after be... | [
"Jacobite consorts are those who were married to a Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland since the abdication of James II in 1688. By Jacobites they are thus regarded, if female, as rightful Queens Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland. Since the death of Marie-Jenke, Duchess of Bava... |
how were anti-psychosis medications discovered? | Just a student so take what I'm about to say with a grain of salt. Chlorpromazine was used as an antihistamine is the late 1940s. It was observed that preoperative clients would become calm if they were given the drug before surgery. Chlorpromazine was then used to treat schizophrenia starting in 1952. The symptoms of ... | [
"In the 1950s the first modern antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs were developed: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), which was one of the first widely used antipsychotic medications to be developed, and iproniazid, which was one of the first antidepressants developed. The research on some of these drugs helped to form... |
How does an Electron spin if it is 0-dimensional? | Electrons, and other fundamental particles, are not actually "spinning". What "spin" is is the quantity of intrinsic angular momentum associated to the particle. Electrons have other intrinsic quantities, like intrinsic electric charge and intrinsic mass. These are just the values of electric charge and mass that every... | [
"The spin of the electron is an intrinsic angular momentum that is separate from the angular momentum due to its orbital motion. The magnitude of the projection of the electron's spin along an arbitrary axis is formula_1, implying that the electron acts as a fermion by the spin-statistics theorem. Like orbital angu... |
Has there been any scientific research behind the phenomenon of 'being in the zone'? | Yes, it is called a state of flow. Wikipedia article [here](_URL_0_. It seems reddit is mistaking the first ) as the end of the link, but if you click the link wikipedia should ask "Did you mean: " and provide the correct link. | [
"Around 1885 an associate of Charcot, Albert Pitres, another famous French neurologist at the Salpêtrière hospital, in a throwback to phreno-mesmerism, went even further, claiming that he had discovered \"zones hypnogènes\", or \"hypnogenetic zones\" which, he said, when stimulated threw people into the hypnotic st... |
why does a man's penis hurt if he continues masturbsting/having sex after orgasm. | Sexual arousal is primarily mediated by neurotransmitters in the brain, and orgasm dramatically alters the levels of these. Specifically, when aroused, dopamine is released in large amounts, increasing as one gets closer to orgasm. When orgasm is reached, the brain releases a flood of prolactin, which is essentially th... | [
"Sexual frustration can result from an individual's lacking one or more of the organs needed for achieving sexual release. This may occur when a male is born without a penis or has it removed, or when a female's clitoris is removed for cultural or medical reasons.\n",
"An involuntary orgasm may occur as the resul... |
why are bank accounts seemingly free? where is the profit for the bank if i don't have a lot of money? | Banks make money off of having your money. The federal reserve requires that banks can only make loans if they have X% of the loans they make in solid cash backed reserves known as "required reserves". The percentage is usually between 10% and 15% so your money may be worth a couple grand in money the bank is now allow... | [
"BULLET::::6. Since banks have more free reserves, they may loan out the money, because holding the money would amount to accepting the cost of foregone interest When a loan is granted, a person is generally granted the money by adding to the balance on their bank account.\n",
"Author Ric Edelman writes: \"You do... |
how do museums get items for exhibits? | Most of them are loaned to them by private collectors. Many people buy art as an investment (or because they are passionate for it) and then loan it to museums for exhibitions.
As in the window frame I guess that pieces of the twin towers were auctioned for a good cause after the incident. The museum probably bought ... | [
"A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these items available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.... |
why does hot meat/food taste better than raw? | The act of "cooking" can have wildly varied effects, and so there's not just one answer. In some foods, such as carrots, it's been shown that cooking them releases more antioxidants. But in other foods, such as some meat products, it can *reduce* the availability of vitamin B12. The upside, however, is that it *softens... | [
"Meat has usually been cooked in water which is just simmering, such as in stewing; higher temperatures make meat tougher by causing the proteins to contract. Since thermostatic temperature control became available, cooking at temperatures well below boiling, (sous-vide) to (slow cooking), for prolonged periods has... |
when passing a person in a narrow hallway, why is it that sometimes you pass with no trouble, and other times, you have to stop and do a little dance since you keep trying to pass the same way? | Once someone realizes that they are in the way their usual reaction is to move the other way to get out of the way. Problem is if both people do this you are just moving into each others way.
When you meet someone in the hall if both people decide to move each person has two ways they can move.
Both move to their... | [
"Never walk across the dance floor while people are dancing. When you get up to meet your dance partner, move to the outside edge of the dance floor. It is important to be mindful of those already dancing.\n",
"When the path is crowded, stopping suddenly, will instantly cause a jam in pedestrian traffic, as those... |
Why is the 1942 Dieppe raid always forgotten? | The Dieppe raid isn't forgotten about. The raid is mentioned, sometimes at great length, in most legitimate WWII books and documentaries. Look for yourself, everything from the World at War, to WWII: A Complete History. It is mentioned in countless books as well.
It just doesn't get the same attention as D-day beca... | [
"In August, the Vichy authorities announced of whom had been killed, missing, and had been taken prisoner. After the war, Dentz stated that had been killed, which would mean and against a British claim of of all natures. The Vichy Air Force lost most destroyed on the ground, the navy lost one submarine and defected... |
I'm a plantation owner in the South around the early 1800's. I've been swayed by abolitionists and want to free all my slaves. Will I get push back from my friends and plantation neighbors? Will society ostracize me? Will I be getting death threats? | Follow up question, has a situation like that ever happened in the Deep South in the 1840s or earlier? If so, how did these free slaves avoid being poached by neighboring plantations that dominated the region? | [
"[t]o be an Abolitionist was not for the faint-hearted. The slaveholders represented for the first half of the nineteenth century the most closely knit and most important single economic unit in the nation, their millions of bondsmen and millions of acres of land comprising an investment of billions of dollars. Thi... |
Why doesn't DNA get tangled inside the nucleus? | We actually have enzymes called topoisomerases that prevent our DNA from getting too knotted, by passing strands through each other. Viruses don't have these enzymes, so occasionally when they splort out their DNA, it's knotted. | [
"Nuclear DNA is normally wrapped tightly around histones, making it hard or impossible for the transcription machinery to access the DNA. This association is due primarily to the electrostatic attraction between the DNA and histones as the DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged and histones are rich in lysine... |
What organism on earth has the shortest lifespan? | My initial thought was a virus or bacterium, but that would require a discussion on 'alive' and 'dead'. And then we would need to consider cysts, sporulation, and similar stasis methods.
Not to mention the more assuredly 'alive' side, bacteria, replicate symmetrically (splitting into two identical halves), which proc... | [
"Clonal immortality apart, there are certain species whose individual lifespans stand out among Earth's life-forms, including the bristlecone pine at 5062 years or 5067 years, invertebrates like the hard clam (known as \"quahog\" in New England) at 508 years, the Greenland shark at 400 years, various deep-sea tube ... |
What foods have remained largely unchanged through human history? | Rice. There are now variations on how to cook rice but the basic principle of how to cook rice remains relatively the same. | [
"It is also likely that a precursor form of this food existed in Mesoamerican cultures, given the known consumption of cacao-based foods within these ancient societies, e.g., a chocolate coated nut or berry.\n",
"An Edible History of Humanity is a book written by Tom Standage that encompasses the history of the w... |
“My nostrils dilate while savoring the acrid odor of gunpowder and blood.” “I’d like to confess, Papa, at that moment I discovered that I really like killing.” Did Che Guevara actually say (or write) this? | The first quote is from the Motorcycle Diaries. He really does say that, but he then goes on to talk about how he is preparing his being as a 'sacred' place where the 'reverberations' of new hope can be felt and heard. He is talking about how he is desirous of taking part in a Revolution which would topple the huge inj... | [
"BULLET::::- Toxicity from anesthesia due to the use of lidocaine, a skin-numbing drug, can cause lightheadedness, restlessness, drowsiness, a ringing in the ears, slurred speech, a metallic taste in the mouth, numbness of the lips and tongue, shivering, muscle twitching and convulsions. Lidocaine toxicity may caus... |
why are some cars more efficient? why can't be just make all cars the most efficient? | In engineering everything is a trade-off. They have to balance a car between passenger/cargo capacity, power/performance, weight, safety, fuel efficiency, luxury, cost and probably a bunch more I can't think of atm. For example to make a car quieter (luxury) you need more sound deadening material and thus weight. W... | [
"Energy-efficient vehicles may reach twice the fuel efficiency of the average automobile. Cutting-edge designs, such as the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as , four times the current conventional automotive average.\n",
"The estimated energy efficiency for an a... |
how do gemologists tell lab-grown gems from natural gems when the crystal structure is the same? | Naturally formed gems are not perfect.
They have atoms of other elements dispersed within their crystal structure.
When a gem is grown in the lab, it is usually 100% pure. There are no imperfections, (or nearly none). So when a gemologist observes the crystal structure, and they see no impurities, it is almost cert... | [
"Gemstones include rubies, diamonds, rhodochrosite, opal, emerald, and amethyst among others. Fossils include shark teeth, coprolites, or fossilized dung, petrified wood, dinosaur eggs, trilobites, and a baby dinosaur of the genus \"Psittacosaurus\". One display features all 12 birthstones with a version of each in... |
where does all of the dirt and grime from our clothes go in the washing machine? wouldn't all of it just be redistributed among all of the clothes? | Soap dissolves in both water and oil. It surrounds the dirt particles, even if they are oily, so they don't stick to anything. Then the soap and dirt particles are washed away by water. | [
"Many home washing machines use a plastic, rather than metal, outer shell to contain the wash water; residue can build up on the plastic tub over time. Some manufacturers advise users to perform a regular maintenance or \"freshening\" wash to clean the inside of the washing machine of any mold, bacteria, encrusted ... |
quantum physics and semiconductors | The key principle is the "*band gap*". According to classical physics, if you have an electron in an atom, you can give it just a bit more energy. And that "little bit" can be any value. But that's not how things actually work. Since electrons have to obey the laws of quantum mechanics, the electrons in an atom can on... | [
"Applications of quantum mechanics include the [[laser]], the [[transistor]], the [[electron microscope]], and [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]]. A special class of quantum mechanical applications is related to [[macroscopic quantum phenomena]] such as superfluid helium and superconductors. ... |
Is there anything legitimate relating to the popularity of the Fibonnaci Sequence? | [This](_URL_0_) page debunks a lot of the false claims about it. | [
"Fibonacci sequences appear in biological settings, such as branching in trees, arrangement of leaves on a stem, the fruitlets of a pineapple, the flowering of artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone, and the family tree of honeybees. Kepler pointed out the presence of the Fibonacci sequence... |
full text of tpp, what it means to the people and countries involved? | A few highlights of the TPP:
1. Lower tariffs generally (good for consumers and export-oriented producers, bad for industries that compete heavily with imports)
2. Signatories agree to enforce intellectual property restrictions for a longer period of time (good for pharmaceutical industry, bad for consumers of generic... | [
"The contents of the TPP go far beyond the standards drafted by the World Trade Organization. The TPP includes a negative-list of all sectors covered for the liberalizing trade, except for those clearly stated. The TPP includes new regulation for online commerce, treatment of foreign investors, far more comprehensi... |
why does almost everyone agree that sweet tastes good? | Your body has evolved to love sugars and fats because they're quick, easy energy. If you were starving to death and had the option between a bar of chocolate and a bunch of kale, the chocolate is the thing that would keep you moving, because you'd need those sweet, sweet calories.
So we've evolved a taste for sweet... | [
"Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable, except when in excess. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, ketones, and sugar alcohols. Some are sweet at very low c... |
why do worms always crawl on the hot sidewalk to die? | I think you are confusing cause and effect. The worms crawl out of the ground when it rains, so that they don't drown. Some of them get trapped in the concrete and can't find their way back to the dirt before the water dries up... Then they dry out and die | [
"Though the snailcase bagworm doesn't cause the damage of related species such as the evergreen bagworm, they are a nuisance to humans by attaching to the sides of homes and buildings. Once the larvae are full-grown and moving to pupate, they cannot be controlled with insecticides. The best way to keep them off the... |
How can there be volcanoes in the middle of a continental plate, like the one in Hawaii? | It is a [hotspot](_URL_0_). Below the crust there is a place that is unusually hot, this melts the crust and leads to a volcano. The crust slowly moves across the hotspot, the mountain corresponding to the volcano moves away from it, and a new volcano forms next to it while the other one slowly erodes. Over time an isl... | [
"The Hawaiian Islands are a group of volcanoes that have risen up over a hot spot, which is a section of the Earth's surface that has exhibited volcanism for an extended period of time. Volcanic chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form as a result of the movement of a tectonic plate across fixed hot spot beneath th... |
what is the legal justification for the us killing qassem soleimani? | Self-defense. If US citizens were in clear and imminent danger from actions that this man was about to take, and such danger would be removed by his death, the President of the United States was well within his power to defend us.
That's an answer to your question about legal justifcation, not an opinion. Certainly no... | [
"On 2 May 2011, Haniyeh condemned the killing by American forces of Osama bin Laden, leader of Al Qaida and said that the operation is \"the continuation of the American oppression and shedding of blood of Muslims and Arabs\". He stated, \"We condemn the assassination and the killing of an Arab holy warrior.\" Poli... |
Cetacean experts: Wikipedia alludes to the possibility that dolphins can transmit actual images of their surroundings to other dolphins using ultrasound. To what extent is this true? | Whether or not it's true, that press release isn't a reliable source, so I've removed it from both the [Ultrasound](_URL_0_) and [Dolphin](_URL_1_) articles. If anyone here knows of peer-reviewed research that makes the same claim, that will be another matter… | [
"It has been reported that bottlenose dolphins can recognize identity information from whistles even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. ... |
the psychology behind waifu-ism | Real people are messy, unpredictable and needy. Your digital or imagined waifu is always there, always perfect.
While you can't touch them, they can fulfill certain other emotional needs. They can be validating, loving, funny, sincere and more importantly, always be that. Digital waifu doesn't have bad days. Doesn't... | [
"MDF provides emotional support, education and resources to affected individuals and their families, and conducts outreach to raise awareness about DM in the medical community and the general population. Notable examples include the first ever Consensus-based Care Recommendations for myotonic dytstrophy, the MDF To... |
why is it that transparent materials adopt reflective qualities in the correct light? for instance, looking through a window at night. | The surface of glass always reflects stuff. During the day the light from the outside is so bright that you can't see the dim reflections from the inside.
But during the night, the inside of your house is much brighter than the outside. So the reflection will be bright while the outside stays dark. | [
"In some instances, the materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. Other reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.\n",
... |
Do we get heavier as we get closer to the Earth's core from the surface? If so, is it a significant change in weight? | The gravitational field of the Earth as a function of distance from the center looks something like [this](_URL_0_).
So as you move downwards, you start to get heavier at first, reaching a maximum just outside the outer core. Then your weight drops to zero as you approach the center. | [
"Temperature and pressure play a huge role in the deformation of rock. At the conditions under the earth's crust of extreme high temperature and pressure, rocks are ductile. They can bend, fold or break. Other vital conditions that contribute to the formation of structure of rock under the earth are the stress and ... |
I need some clarification on a document that claims individualised homeopathy is significantly better than placebo treatments. | Some placebos can work better than other placebos.
For example:
If I tell a patient that they will be getting a sugar pill and hand a white pill with no markings to them, the placebo effect will be minimal.
However, if I tell a patient that I'm getting the world's greatest doctor (House MD) to diagnose them, and then... | [
"A review found no effectiveness of homeopathic treatments and no difference compared with placebo. The authors concluded that, based on rigorous clinical trials of all types of homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments, there is no convincing evidence that supports the use of homeopathic treatments.\n",
... |
Medieval peasant vacation time. | I can't give you the exact number for medieval times right now. They varied wildly anyway, as each diocese had their own calendar. By the 18th century, Catholic (and Protestant) rulers were worried that their populace had too many religious feast days.
By 1708, there were 37 universal feast days in the Catholic churc... | [
"Every summer, St Ive's holds a medieval \"fayre\", with jugglers, jousting and other entertainments. Medieval tents are set up on the top field and demonstrations show how simple tasks like the washing up and making a tent peg would have been done.\n",
"During the Middle Ages, thousands of people visited this we... |
this may be obvious, but why aren't our educational systems creating more millionaires? | For the most part, the "1%" have thousands of people working for them. It's simply impossible for the majority of people to rise to the top.
School trains us for the things which most people will need in their life. (Well, that's the theory - we could debate how successfully it does that, but that's a different questi... | [
"\"\"Our current educational system has not been able to keep pace with the global and technological changes in the world today,\" Lechter said. \"Money is a life skill. We must teach our young people the skills - both scholastic and financial - that they need to not only survive, but to thrive in the world.\"\"\n"... |
why doesn't gravity pull us all into one point in the universe? | It's a very weak force, and gets markedly weaker with distance. Over large distances gravity is overwhelmed by the expansion of space itself, and just can't overcome that. | [
"Moreover, gravity couples to all energy equally strongly, as per the equivalence principle, so this makes the notion of ever really \"switching-off\", \"cutting-off\" or separating, the gravitational interaction from other interactions ambiguous, since, with gravitation, we are dealing with the very structure of s... |
are marine animals at risk of infection when wounded the same way that land animals are? | Not sure if this is 100% right or not but I know fresh water fish have a slime on the outside of there body that keeps them for getting infections/helps heal | [
"Marine mammals, such as whales and manatees, risk being struck by ships, causing injury and death. For example, a collision with a ship traveling at only 15 knots has a 79% chance of being lethal to a whale.\n",
"Like any organism, marine mammals are susceptible to viral infections. In 1988 and 2002, thousands o... |
What is stopping the vacuum of space from pulling everything off of the earth? | The Earth has a gravitational pull due to its collective mass. Vacuums are the absence of particles and do not have a force associated with them. Perhaps you are thinking of opening a box full of air in a vacuum and all of the particles escaping. That's because the pressure inside the box is forcing the particles out, ... | [
"Outer space is the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets, and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits, following the initial formation stage. However, even the deep vacuum of intergalactic space is not devoid of matter, as it contains a few h... |
Are humans the only species to lie? | It's hard to know what is a lie if we can't understand the animal. However, a lot of talking parrots can exhibit behaviour that we could call lying, such as [Alex](_URL_0_):
> This suggests that parrots, like children, get bored. Sometimes, Alex purposely answered the questions incorrectly, despite knowing the correc... | [
"The capacity to lie has also been claimed to be possessed by non-humans in language studies with great apes. In one instance, gorilla Koko, when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed. Deceptive body language, such as feints that mislead as to the intended direction of... |
What happens to the chlorine in chlorinated drinking water once it enters the body? | Well, it doesn't really become a gas like that. The chlorine that is added into water reacts with water and forms HOCl and HCl, hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid respectively.
The chlorine is able to get into the bad stuff in the water and react, forming different compounds to disinfect the water. These substan... | [
"It is possible to convert chlorine to chloramine by adding ammonia to the water after adding chlorine. The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramine. Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification, as ammonia is a nutrient for bacterial growth, with nitrates being generate... |
Objective history books | this sub has a book list
_URL_0_
which is pretty good but i think what you "should" do is pick a slightly narrower field and ask for a reading list there. As for bias that's not something you can really eliminate (but you can easily eliminate most of the bad reductionist history passed on from social media/random ema... | [
"Thus, the book presents an overview of the themes and lessons observed from 5,000 years of world history, examined from 12 perspectives: geography, biology, race, character, morals, religion, economics, socialism, government, war, growth and decay, and progress.\n",
"The focus on a particular moment in history a... |
Is there a difference between the "space" between planets in a solar system, between solar systems in a galaxy, and between galaxies in the universe? | The amount of gas in different parts of space is different. No space is an absolutely perfect vacuum, it's all varying shades of gray. There's the solar wind near Earth, particles blasting in our direction coming from the sun.
In between stars, the stellar winds are weak, and there's gas called the interstellar medium... | [
"orbit around a star or star system. Generally speaking, systems with one or more planets constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as dwarf planets, asteroids, natural satellites, meteoroids, comets, planetesimals and circumstellar disks. The Sun together with the planets... |
how do public and private ip addresses work? | Exactly!
Your "public IP" could be compared to the physical address of your house ("123 Example Road, Exampleville, Examplecountry" for example).
Your "private IP" would then be what you call each room in your house ("James Harden Jr.'s Bedroom" for example).
There won't be a duplicate for your house's address, but ... | [
"Private addresses are commonly used in residential IPv4 networks. Most Internet service providers (ISPs) allocate only a single publicly routable IPv4 address to each residential customer, but many homes have more than one computer or other Internet connected device, such as smartphones. In this situation, a netwo... |
If a super-hydrophobic surface is placed on a hull of a boat or ship, will it minimize the drag and encrease speed and fuel efficiency? | [Skin Friction Drag](_URL_1_) is a type of drag that occurs whenever an object move through a fluid medium.
It occurs because of the No-slip Condition, which states that at the very boundary of where the fluid and the object meet, the velocity of the fluid is exactly zero relative to the object.
So since fluid at the o... | [
"If the hull is designed to operate at speeds substantially lower than hull speed then it is possible to refine the hull shape along its length to reduce wave resistance at one speed. This is practical only where the block coefficient of the hull is not a significant issue.\n",
"Reducing the displacement of the c... |
do animals perceive us as being smarter than them? | There's a documentary about dogs that shows an experiment about the connection between dogs and humans. Dogs and wolves were both trained to open a Plexiglas puzzle to retrieve a treat. An examiner was present during these experiments.
After a series of puzzles were offered, the subjects were offered an unsolvable p... | [
"Animals differ widely in many learning and cognitive tasks in ways that reflect their evolutionary history and their instinctual behaviors in natural environments. For example, dogs and rats easily learn to avoid an electric shock from the floor by moving to another part of the experimental chamber when they hear ... |
Can we draw any parallels between the previous civil war and the current Syrian civil war? | While I think this could be an interesting discussion, you probably aren't really going to get any bites on this since it's breaking this sub's 20 year rule. | [
"The Syrian Civil War (, \"al-ḥarb al-ʾahlīyah as-sūrīyah\") is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with domestic and foreign allies, and various domestic and foreign forces opposing both the Syrian government and e... |
what exactly determines my internet speed? | How much slower? If you're only getting ~1/8th the speed you were promised as your "up to" speed, it's just because you're making the common mistake of directly comparing megabits (what your ISP offers) and megabytes (which is what most people see). A byte is 8 bits, so if your speed is 20 down/3 up, you're getting a... | [
"Speed, for the purpose of this article, is how quickly a server can deliver an article to the user. The server that the user connects to is typically part of a server farm that has many servers dedicated to multiple tasks. How fast the data can move in this farm is the first thing that affects the speed of deliver... |
what are conductors of symphonies doing? dancing with their hands? | They're doing different things at different times because the players in the band or orchestra are playing differently. When you're playing, you can hear yourself more than anything else, and don't really hear the big picture. The conductor is positioned to hear every section and can tell one section to back off, anoth... | [
"Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire ranging from 17th-century dance suites, 18th century divertimentos to 20th century film scores and 21st-century symphonies. Orchestras have become synonymous with the symphony, an extended musical composition in Western classical music that typically contains multiple mov... |
why did audio quality become so much better in the late 90s/early 2000s? | funny... actually sound quality in general has gone down.
But reproduction equipment has gone up in quality.
Better cuality DAC´s from companies like Wolfson, Cirrus Logic and AKM have allowed portable devices like cellphones and DAP´s to have better sound quality,
Mass improvent in quality of lower end speakers ... | [
"Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). Furthermore, sufficient quality may be achieved by a lesser quality setting for lectures and human sp... |
In western movies, characters often order an entire bottle of whisky at the bar. Did whisky have a lower alcohol content; where patrons more alcohol tolerant in the old west; or is it just a movie trope? | Many saloons functioned as bars/pubs in the modern sense of the word while also selling products for off-site use (as a modern liquor store does). A patron could buy whiskey by the glass or opt to purchase a bottle. I have not seen any analysis of alcohol content, but I see no reason to assume that it was anything but ... | [
"BULLET::::- In the classic 1931 Warner Brothers talkie The Public Enemy, James Cagney and Edward Woods are seen smuggling crates of \"Old Grand-Dad\" bourbon, this while Prohibition was still in place. An early example of Product placement of liquor in sound film.\n",
"Film critic Vincent Canby wrote of the film... |
Are there any characters similar to Achilles in Non-Western Mythology? | Well, in your title you say "non-western" and in your text you say "non-Greek." I can help you with the latter, but not the former.
In Celtic mythology there was Cuchulainn, a hero of unstoppable might who trained with a witch, whose hair would stand on end when he fought, and whose blood would erupt from his head whe... | [
"In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus ( ; , \"Achilleus\" ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's \"Iliad\". He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia. \n",
"Achilles was a Greek hero who was considered the most form... |
Why was pedophilia/pederastry considered exceptable in the ancient world? (i.e. Greco-Roman & Middle Eastern pederastry) | This is only really tangentially related, but this thread has a fantastic, must-read writeup on same-sex relations (which were generally pederastic) by /u/PaxOttomanica in the Islamic world/Persianate culture up into the modern era that might shed some light on the Middle Eastern aspect: _URL_0_ | [
"Pederasty is a phenomenon that can be found historically in places such Ancient Greece, Rome, China, and Japan. There have also been such inclinations and behaviors found in the Middle East as well. During the pre-modern period (1500-1800 CE) there was a widespread conviction that beardless youths were a temptatio... |
How do cells attach to the plate when you start a cell culture? | Cell culture media usually has serum (commonly something like 10-15% fetal bovine serum). That serum contains a lot of proteins that are able to deposit on the surface of the cell culture plate (usually tissue culture polystyrene). The TCPS is also usually treated to increase the number of free functional groups and ... | [
"Several methods are available to plate out cells. One technique is known as \"streaking\". In this technique, a drop of the culture on the end of a thin, sterile loop of wire, sometimes known as an inoculator, is streaked across the surface of the agar leaving organisms behind, a higher number at the beginning of ... |
What are gluons, taus, neutrinos etc.? | Gluons are the gauge bosons of the strong interaction. They're the field quanta of the field that holds baryons — particles made of quarks — together, and also to a lesser extent atomic nuclei.
The tau is the third-generation charged lepton. You can think of it as an electron, only more so.
Neutrinos are uncharged le... | [
"A gluon () is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. It is analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. In layman's terms, they \"glue\" quarks together, forming hadrons such as protons and ... |
when i have a small cut, sore or bruise why do i have the urge to poke at it? | From what I can tell, both are somewhat psychosomatic responses, though one makes more "scientific" sense than the other. Bruising, a common affliction, happens when we rupture blood vessels under the skin (usually by whacking a limb on something). This injury results in inflammation, which triggers pain receptors in t... | [
"In addition to the pain, many major characters try to beautify pain in a way that diminishes what was done. For example, Sethe keeps repeating what a white girl said about her scars on her back, calling them “a Choke-cherry tree. Trunk, branches, and even leaves” (16). She repeats this to everyone, suggesting she ... |
the holographic principle and string theory | I'll link you to a similar concept, and before everyone jumps all over my shit for this... I will make the disclaimer that I am NOT an expert BUT, this is a pretty good explanation of dimensional projections in a general sense of the word and may help OP with tackling the abstractness of string theory and the newest si... | [
"The holographic principle is a tenet of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region—such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. First proposed by Gerard 't... |
If chloroplasts make ATP AND synthesize sugars, then why do plants need mitochondria even when growing in the light? | ATP is an extremely short storage type of a molecular. However, sugar (and I'm talking about starch here) can be stored for a very long time without much trouble. Once the plant needs the energy the starch gets converted into sucrose to supply all the energy needs.
And even more basic - what would plants do during t... | [
"In plants, ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The process is called photophosphorylation. The \"machinery\" is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton-motive force. ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in ox... |
Can aerodynamic lift be used to increase a road vehicle's fuel efficiency? | The main focus of aerodynamics for cars is to reduce drag at high speeds as without a severe overhaul to the design a car will not produce a noticeable amount of lift at highway speeds. Along with this reducing the force the vehicle exerts on the road (by producing lift as you suggest) would decrease the traction the t... | [
"The reduction of drag in road vehicles has led to increases in the top speed of the vehicle and the vehicle's fuel efficiency, as well as many other performance characteristics, such as handling and acceleration. The two main factors that impact drag are the frontal area of the vehicle and the drag coefficient. Th... |
how can colleges require students to buy new books for hundreds of dollars year after year with books often having little to no changes between each publication? | Because fuck you, that's why. | [
"Some students save money by buying used copies of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive, and are available from many college bookstores in the USA, who buy them back from students at the end of a term. Books that are not being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of ... |
Concerning WWII Propaganda telling people to keep their mouth shut... | The main reason behind why the average person was reminded why it was best to keep quiet about innocent and harmless sounding pieces of information is that while one small piece of information may be useless to enemy intelligence, it can be of value when combined with other small bits of information. A big part in inte... | [
"In \"Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion\", Marlin notes that atrocity propaganda is used to demonize wartime enemies. He writes, for example, that during World War I, British propaganda accused German soldiers of publicly raping women in the town square, decapitating babies and forcing parents to watch as the... |
a while back some people here told me that there were African American medical doctors before the end of the 19th century. Why would a medical school in 1900 accept a black applicant if they didn’t have to? | It isn't med school, but the University of Michigan law school admitted a black student in 1868. He graduated two years later. No one forced the school to accept him. They just did. Some places are just more progressive. It's incorrect to assume that all Americans were raging racists before the 1960s.
_URL_0_
| [
"Evans enrolled at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1893. She received her M.D. in 1897 and moved to Columbia, South Carolina, where she was the first African-American woman to establish a medical practice in the state. Prior to the Civil War, most African Americans were enslaved, and very few free Af... |
why do some floating-point operations result in long decimals? | Because not all numbers can be represented precisely in binary, just like not every number can be represented precisely in decimal.
For example, `1 / 3 = 0.333333333333333333`. We can't write "a third" in base-10 decimals, we have to approximate it.
And the same is true for base 2 numbers. Just like we can't write "a... | [
"In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation so as to support a trade-off between range and precision. For this reason, floating-point computation is often found in systems which include very small and very large real numbers, which r... |
What is the minimum size of a rain cloud? | how do i make rain in a bottle? | [
"A typical raindrop is about 2 mm in diameter, a typical cloud droplet is on the order of 0.02 mm, and a typical cloud condensation nucleus (aerosol) is on the order of 0.0001 mm or 0.1 µm or greater in diameter. The number of cloud condensation nuclei in the air can be measured and ranges between around 100 to 100... |
what is radiology? | Radiology is a branch of medicine which uses *images* to detect and monitor disease.
Examples of radiology include:
* X-Rays (and the images they create - radiography)
* MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
* CT (Computerised Tomography) or CAT (Computerised Axial Tomography) and
* Ultrasound.
MRI and CT/CAT are similar... | [
"Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of radioactivity on biological systems. The controlled action of deleterious radioactivity on living systems is the basis of radiation therapy.\n",
"Radiophysics (also modern wri... |
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