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question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why is it easy and common for health insurance companies to pay for 90% of my medical bills(after the deductible has been met) but impossible and unheard of for them to pay 100%?	These plans do exist and some employers do offer them, but it's hard to find them as individual plans now, and employers are phasing them out for most employees. The Affordable Care Act specifically discourages these plans. It calls them "Cadillac" plans, and the reasoning is that when health care is totally free, peo...	[ "Providers typically charge more for services than what has been negotiated by the physician and the insurance company, so the expected payment from the insurance company for services is reduced. The amount that is paid by the insurance is known as an allowable amount. For example, although a psychiatrist may charg...
What stops spacesuits from inflating in the vacuum of space?	Because it’s carefully constructed not to. It actually was a problem during the first space walk (Alexis Leonov on Voskhod 2). After leaving the capsule, his suit swelled up and he was unable to get back in. He ended up having to let some of the air out of his suit.	[ "Spacesuits are required for astronauts to survive in space; they are the most essential piece of equipment with many features to help protect them from the dangers of space. Due to space being a vacuum, the suits are required to have oxygen, which is stored in tanks allowing astronauts to work or remain outside fo...
what's wrong with mental health care in the u.s.? what are some potential ways to fix it?	I work in a jail where approximately half of the inmates have diagnosed psychological issues. Many of which get sent of to state hospitals for mental treatment. Most of the time we (as jail staff) wait for beds to become available, while jail medical staff treat said inmates. Many of these inmates need drugs that ...	[ "The country's health system is overwhelmed by the increasing number of patients. There are not enough government mental health resources and clinicians might have just a couple of minutes to spend with each person. The traditional mental health approach in the country is to medicate patients—with high doses of sed...
how does something being in orbit around something else not violate the conservation of energy?	You are making the assumption that the earth is 'holding' the moon in orbit and that it is expending energy to do so. Earth is actually bending spacetime by having mass, the moon is 'falling' around this warped spacetime. Another way of thinking about it is that energy is only 'spent' when you challenge somethings in...	[ "An object placed in orbit around (or ) will remain there indefinitely without having to expend fuel to keep its position, whereas an object placed at , or (all points of unstable equilibrium) may have to expend fuel if it drifts off the point.\n", "The law of conservation of momentum is usually taken to imply th...
What are the main complications stopping us from using nuclear fusion?	(Edit: Wow, thank you for the gold, stranger. I didn't even think this was one of my better answers. Also, I have edited the post to clarify and correct some things based off some very good comments I received. Thank you all.) -------------- Fusion involves taking charged particles and ramming them together until...	[ "Activation energies for fusion reactions are generally high because the protons in each nucleus will tend to strongly repel one another, as they each have the same positive charge. A heuristic for estimating reaction rates is that nuclei must be able to get within 100 femtometers (1 × 10 meter) of each other, wher...
why can animals eat all sorts of crazy things (grass, rotting flesh, their own shit) but we have to eat things that are cleaner/healthier/cooked?	I think the 3 parts deserve separate answers. You don't have to eat hygienic food. Keeping good hygiene lowers your chances of catching a disease, but you'll be perfectly healthy for quite some time even if you eat unhygienic food until that unlucky day you die of dysentery. Hygiene is one of the major part of how we...	[ "Second, these animals are not tied to eating a specific type of food. For example, lynx do not thrive in human impacted environments because they rely so heavily on snowshoe hares. In contrast, raccoons have been very successful in urban landscapes because they can live in attics, chimneys, and even sewers, and ca...
how did interface(sites, ui) designs get switched from non-flat to flat designs that we see in modern interfaces?	I'm gonna assume you're asking "why did we go from one art style to another" So, computer graphics started very simple, because the computers didn't have enough memory to do much better. If you look at Windows 3.11 everything is just boxes, then when you get into Windows 95 you get stuff that looks a little more detai...	[ "In human–computer interaction, an organic user interface (OUI) is defined as a user interface with a non-flat display. After Engelbart and Sutherland's graphical user interface (GUI), which was based on the cathode ray tube (CRT), and Kay and Weiser's ubiquitous computing, which is based on the flat panel liquid-c...
Are there any Native American tribes that have legal status in both the US and Canada, or both the US and Mexico?	There are Mohawk reserves in New York State, as well as in Quebec and Ontario. Akwesasne is a Mohawk community that straddles the NY/QC/ON border, technically it is three reserves but it is one community. There is a Canada/US agreement allowing free movement of natives across the border, so they don't have to deal with...	[ "The following groups claim to be of Native American, American Indian, or Métis heritage by ethnicity, but they have no federal recognition through the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA), United States Department of the Interior Office of the So...
why is most of the world still underdeveloped	Lack of stability, to develop you need time, money and long term goals, without stability people and organisations don't have that long term view.	[ "Hirschman stressed the fact that underdeveloped economies are called underdeveloped because they face a \"lack of resources\", maybe not natural resources, but resources such as skilled labour and technology. Thus, to hypothesise that an underdeveloped nation can undertake large scale investment in many industries...
What is the slingshot effect and how does it work?	It's spacecraft "stealing" kinetic energy from the orbit of a planet or moon - I think the first diagram here is the simplest way to conceptualize it: _URL_0_ You can see how dependent multiple chained uses are on things lining up in the famous Voyager mission slingshots: _URL_1_ Which are ra...	[ "The slingshot effect can be used to give a boost of speed/energy; if a vehicle goes past a planetary or lunar body, it is possible to pick up (or lose) some of that body's orbital speed relative to the sun or another planet.\n", "A powered slingshot is the use of a rocket engine at or around closest approach to ...
How did Catholic convents and monasteries originate?	Christian monasticism has a very long and varied history, dating back close to the origins of the church. Some of the earliest known were the Coptic ascetics of the Middle East, sometimes called the Desert Fathers, a movement beginning around the 3rd century CE. These were the earliest philosophers of the Church, and...	[ "Nearly a thousand religious houses; abbeys, priories and friaries were founded in England and Wales during the medieval period; accommodating monks, friars or nuns who had taken vows of obedience, poverty and chastity; each house being led by an abbot or abbess, or by a prior or prioress. By their foundation monas...
how do people get a count for large gatherings such as the protest in hong kong, where it’s approximated that 2 million people are gathered	It’s a lot of estimating... someone will overlay a grid on a picture of the crowd. count several grids squares, get an average, then count the number of grid squares and there ya go... and decent estimate	[ "BULLET::::- Crowding is the size (the number of individuals) of a group that a particular individual lives in (equals to group size: one for a solitary individual, two for both individuals in a group of two, etc.). Practically, it describes the social environment of one particular individual. This was called \"Ind...
Did the Byzantine Empire still use Roman roads?	The way you have phrased the question is rather ambiguous. If you mean to ask whether the Roman roads/road network continued to be used, then the answer would be: Yes, the Byzantine Empire continued the use of Roman roads (or most of them). So did most of the 'states' succeeding the Roman Empire in the West. In fact -...	[ "In later years, the Via Egnatia was revived as a key road of the Eastern Roman Empire; Procopius records repairs made by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I during the 6th century, though even then the dilapidated road was said to be virtually unusable during wet weather. Almost all Byzantine overland trade with wes...
why is baseball the only sport where the coaches/managers wear the same uniforms as the players?	In the early years of baseball, some managers needed to be in uniform because they were player managers.	[ "Teams may also employ individuals to work with players in other areas or activities. These positions sometimes include the word \"coach\" in their titles. Individuals holding these positions usually do not dress in uniform during games, as the number of uniformed coaches is restricted by Major League Baseball rule...
vatican ii	OK. In the ELI5 Spirit. Every so often, usually when there is a major controversy or question in the church, the bishops will come together into a council to address a specific topic or issue. When all the bishops, plus the patriarchs of the eastern churches still together with the Catholic church come together, i...	[ "BULLET::::- Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) – addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. It was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.\n", "The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, comm...
What is partially hydrogenated coconut oil?	Your misunderstanding is here: > Hydrogenation is something you do to unsaturated fats. Unsaturated sites (i.e. C-C double bonds) are catalytically hydrogenated, which can produce trans fats. Hydrogenation is something you do to unsaturated hydrocarbons containing double bonds. In fats, a C=C is hydrogenated to ...	[ "In the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) are combined with hydrogen in a catalytic process to make them more saturated. Coconut oil contains only 6% monounsaturated and 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the partial hydrogenation process, some of these are...
How did German monarchists react to the escape of Kaiser Wilhelm II. in 1918 and the abolishment of monarchism in the German Empire?	I'm using Otto Friedrich's wonderful work "Before the Deluge" as my source for all of this. If you are looking for a light overview of inter war Germany with an emphasis on Berlin, I would highly recommend this fantastic book. During the Great War, the Reichstag in Germany was suspended and the Kaiserreich was essenti...	[ "On 9 November 1918, Chancellor Max von Baden unilaterally announced the abdication of the German Emperor Wilhelm II and the renunciation of the hereditary rights to the throne of Crown Prince Wilhelm. However, he and SPD leader Friedrich Ebert both still hoped to retain the monarchy in face of the revolution. Maxi...
As you go down the periodic table, why is the atomic weight no longer exactly twice the atomic number for heavier elements?	It has to do with the number of neutrons the atom has. For example, hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 neutron for a mass of 2. As the atoms get larger, there tend to be more neutrons than protons. Uranium-238, atomic # 92, has 92 protons and 146 neutrons, giving it a mass of 238.	[ "Generally speaking, the number determines the size and energy of the orbital for a given nucleus: as increases, the size of the orbital increases. When comparing different elements, the higher nuclear charge of heavier elements causes their orbitals to contract by comparison to lighter ones, so that the overall si...
When did women having large quantities of shoes become acceptable? Early 20th century people seemed to have one or two pairs. Now they are a collector's item. When and what changed this?	It has never been "unacceptable" as long as you have the means of buying them. Empress Josephine was said to have owned 521 pairs of shoes. Other upper-class women will likely own many pairs of shoes for different occasions since wearing the right attire from head to toe was much more important back then. Most people d...	[ "The girdles and buckled belts that were popular in the fifth and sixth century, with tools and personal items suspended from the belt, have gone out of fashion by the tenth century. Women wear simple ankle shoes and slippers in the tenth and eleventh century. Archaeological evidence suggests that a variety of shoe...
Why are humans prone to venerating celebrity? Are there other animals that exhibit this behavior?	I suspect it is a "pecking order" response, since Alpha group members are by default most prominent.	[ "It may also be seen in the form of obsessively following celebrities on social media, although considered the lowest level of celebrity worship. It has been seen to have a number of negative effects with regards the development of unhealthy eating tendencies, poor body image and low self esteems especially in youn...
How did sexual reproduction happen for the first time?	Nobody _really_ knows. Nobody has ever witnessed an asexual species spontaneously develop sexual reproduction, and soft organisms don't leave much in the way of fossil traces. However, there is a theory. It is likely that in the very distant past, a single-celled organism existed which had a multi-stage life-cycle. It...	[ "The origin of sexual reproduction in prokaryotes is around 2 billion years ago (Gya) when bacteria started exchanging genes via the processes of conjugation, transformation, and transduction. In eukaryotes, it is thought to have arisen in the Last Common Eukaryotic Ancestor (LECA), possibly via several processes o...
why some socialist/communist countries forbid possessing of foreign currencies?	Because having foreign money might indicate that you are a spy accepting money from a foreign government; because under normal circumstances, there should be no reason for you to own foreign currency (e.g. why would an American have a stack of rubles hidden in their attic?) so having a lot of foreign currency is a red ...	[ "During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as \"free-riders\" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing bankn...
-eli5- can someone here explain what this guy is alluding to? -- (implications of chinese sustained denial of local currency appreciation)	There are two main parts to this: how do they fix the exchange rate, and what are the main effects of that. I'll skip the first part because it sounds like you're concerned about the second part. The main effect of an artificially imbalanced currency exchange is to make exports cheaper on one side and more expensive ...	[ "Martin Wolf has argued that \"inordinately mercantilist currency policies\" were a significant cause of the U.S. trade deficit, indirectly driving a flood of money into the U.S. as described above. In his view, China maintained an artificially weak currency to make Chinese goods relatively cheaper for foreign coun...
What is the best place to look for video footage from the early 1900s?	Try British Pathé (_URL_0_). Their archive is easy to search.	[ "The Video Data Bank collection includes video produced from 1968 to the present. The early video art represented includes many titles from the Castelli-Sonnabend collection, the first and most prominent collection of video art assembled in the United States, produced between 1968 and 1980. These works represent ex...
How is antimatter stored?	> I'm guessing in a vacuum, but it must be in a container of some sort? Yes, under very high vacuum. > And how do they move it? Do they use magnets? You can control charged particles with electric and magnetic fields. The ways charged particles (regular matter or antimatter) are generally stored are with [traps](_...	[ "Antimatter, while being the opposite of matter, has the same kind of inertia, with the forces oriented in the same direction, as normal matter. Thus, storing antimatter on board a vehicle made of matter would not achieve any kind of inertia negation.\n", "Antimatter cannot be stored in a container made of ordina...
So far SETI has not discovered any radio signals from alien civilizations. However, is there a "maximum range" for radio signals before they become indistinguishable from background noise?	Maximum range is determined by the amount of power transmitted in a particular direction. According to this article, all of the earths TV stations would not be detectable beyond a few light years. _URL_0_ To be seen across the galaxy, the signal would have to be millions of times stronger, I am guessing.	[ "The entire signal sequence lasted for the full 72-second window during which Big Ear was able to observe it, but has not been detected since, despite several subsequent attempts by Ehman and others. Many hypotheses have been advanced on the origin of the emission, including natural and human-made sources, but none...
how do stem cells replicate? what are they made of?	A STEM cell is just a cell that isn't differentiated. What does this mean? Well, all of the cells in your body have the same set of DNA in them, but a neuron is obviously very different from a muscle cell. That's because although they have the same set of DNA, the neuron "reads" a different subset of DNA than a muscle...	[ "Pluripotent stem cells hold promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to da...
If I was near a black hole and spoke through a radio to someone on Earth, would my voice sound slower to that person?	Yes. The radio signal itself would be redshifted, so they'd have to tune it appropriately, but assuming they did that they'd still hear you talking slower and in a lower-pitch voice. Gravitational time dilation gets kind of complicated because there's different metrics you can use for black holes that correspond to dif...	[ "Back in WWII, U.S. fighter squadron pilots would often fly under radio silence. But things get lonely up there in the cockpit, so after a while there'd be a crackle of static as someone keyed his mike. Then a disembodied voice would reply, \"Who dat?\" An answer would come, \"Who dat say who dat?\" And another, \"...
Do race horses consciously compete to win? Do they feel / appear happy when they win and sad / disappointed when they lose?	Research in animal science indicates that horses (like many herd animals) compete to maintain their standing in what they perceive as their herd. So, in terms of racing horses (the bulk of the research has been done with thoroughbred racehorses), the goal is to "convince" the horse that being ahead of the pack is how i...	[ "After an inquiry, the stewards allowed the result to stand. \"Even though the betting public could see there were some problems there, we felt that (Better Talk Now) was obviously going to win the race, and it didn't really affect the placing of the horses,\" explained Chuck Nuber, one of Lone Star's three steward...
Why doesn't a jet lose altitude when it turns?	There's a lot of totally incorrect responses here. Full-time aerodynamicst and occasional student pilot here. One of the common misconceptions laymen have about lift on aircraft is that it's only a function of the camber of the wing (i.e. curved on top, faster flow, lower pressure.) More importantly than that is the ...	[ "When an aircraft slows to below its stall speed, it is unable to generate enough lift in order to cancel out the forces that act on the aircraft (such as weight and centripetal force). This will cause the aircraft to drop in altitude. The drop in altitude may cause the pilot to increase the angle of attack by pull...
Medieval shipbuilding times	The medieval period spanned from about 500-1500 or so, and some of the ships that you're listing off go up into the 1800s and early 1900s. So, you're just looking for just a list of all the ships made everywhere in the world for about a 1400 year period? Don't want much, eh, mate? 😉 Joking aside, could you maybe prov...	[ "The appearance and evolution of medieval warships is a matter of debate and conjecture: until recently, no remains of an oared warship from either ancient or early medieval times had been found, and information had to be gathered by analyzing literary evidence, crude artistic depictions and the remains of a few me...
if a 50 story building collapsed, what floor would i be the safest on?	The furthest sub-basement? I think you're done regardless, but I would think the foundation levels would have more reinforcement in the concrete and hopefully thicker walls.	[ "5:20:33: 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story building, collapses. The building contained New York's emergency operations center, operated by the NYC Office of Emergency Management, originally intended to respond to disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks. Due to the emergency personnel having more than e...
Would Stalingrad be considered a Pyrrhic victory?	Absolutely not; because at the end of the day, the Soviet Army Groups that fought in the Battle of Stalingrad never lost their ability to fight. Body counts and material losses, to put it bluntly, are important; but only to a certain extent. Efficacy and ability to fight on are the most important part of full spectrum ...	[ "Despite its title, \"Stalingrad\" covers the entire campaign between Germany and the Soviet Union from June 1941 to May 1943. Often criticized for lack of realism, Stalingrad is the granddaddy of the many eastern front games that have since been published.\n", "\"Stalingrad\", centered on one of the most famousl...
how does inflation work? couldn't someone just print off money, spread it around, and just not tell anyone?	How are you going to give people money without telling them that you're giving them money?	[ "Conceptually, inflation refers to the general trend of prices, not changes in any specific price. For example, if people choose to buy more cucumbers than tomatoes, cucumbers consequently become more expensive and tomatoes cheaper. These changes are not related to inflation; they reflect a shift in tastes. Inflati...
why is netflix throttling such a controversial issue?	It's when the ISP is hand picking what websites are fast or slow that really gets people. It's an incredible amount of power where companies that used to be just neutral pipes to turn into places that hand pick what websites can or can't exist. The fact that many of the largest ISPs are media companies and the sites ...	[ "Individual Netflix productions have also faced controversy over their content. Critics argued that \"13 Reasons Why\" glamorized mental health issues such as suicide, depression and post-traumatic stress. In 2018, Netflix was criticized for using stock footage from the 2013 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster in \"Bird Box...
if alcohol is very effective when it comes to killing germs and bacterias, why isn’t it effective to fight a bacterial throat infection by gargling with a alcohol?	It actually is, depending on the alcohol. Listerine is alcohol, and that is exactly what it is designed to do. You dont want to use a germy wheatie or sugary alcohol. But vodka for example, will work. It's not ideal due to cost but there isnt much of a reason not to. Itll also torch your throat given enough time.	[ "Side effects of alcohols include skin irritation. Care should be taken with electrocautery as ethanol is flammable. Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol. It is effective against a range of microorganisms though does not inactivate spores. Concentrations of 60 ...
stephen hawking’s properties of expanding universes	His thesis was just released and it is basically what he has been studying to prove since 1966. It considers the implications and consequences of the expansion of the universe, and its conclusions include things you may have seen as news on Reddit before, e.g. that galaxies cannot be formed through the growth of pertur...	[ "Stephen Hawking showed in 1965 that the theory is incompatible with an expanding universe, because the Wheeler-Feynman advanced solution would diverge. However at that time the accelerating expansion of the universe was not known, which resolves the divergence issue because of the cosmic event horizon. The discove...
if you're cooking a pizza for 25-27 minutes, why is the difference between 25 and 27 so huge?	Guess: 25 min is how long it takes for the majority of surface moisture to evaporate, leaving behind an unprotected layer of dry and therefore burn-prone crust and toppings. Edit: to elaborate on this, you cant really toast something while it's still wet. Before you can get that beautiful layer of golden-brown crust...	[ "In contrast to a Chicago-style pizza, which is usually smaller in size, typically no more than 1 foot (12 inches, 30 cm) in diameter, the average size of a New York-style pizza is typically larger, ranging between 1 1/2 to 2 feet (18 to 24 inches, 45 to 60 cm) in diameter, with some even larger, giant New York-sty...
what is the fate of a cell after a virus hijacks it?	Compromised cells are doomed. When they detect a viral breach, they initiate a self destruct mechanism and launch a warning flare. Then it's a race to see how the cell dies. The virus orders the cell to crank out viral clones until the entire cell is filled with them, at which point it ruptures and the new copies en...	[ "Once a virus is in a cell, it will activate formation of proteins (either by itself or using the host) to gain full control of the host cell, if it is able to. Control mechanisms include the suppression of intrinsic cell defenses, suppression of cell signaling and suppression of host cellular transcription and tra...
What started the trend of U.S highschool marching bands dressing as napoleonic soldiers	Because the earliest non military marching bands still emulated military bands in everything from music selection to drill standards. And US military uniforms for decades were influenced by European trends and things shakos were part of the uniform for nearly a century. Indeed they are still worn as part of the dress u...	[ "The American military band traditions date from the British era. From the American Revolutionary War onward military bands – and field musicians playing drums, fifes and bugles – marched in the same manner as their French counterparts. Ever since the American Revolution ended in 1781, American military bands march...
how were premium subscription (spice, playboytv) channels "scrambled" back in the day? what was the method to do this and how were they "unscrambled"?	Well, back in the day, you didn't really have pay per view. You either paid for the channel (including less racy channels like HBO) or you didn't. If you paid for the channel, a technician came out to your cable box and installed a descrambler, which decrypted the signal and allowed your channel. The signals were sc...	[ "In February 1983, Universal Subscription Television abruptly went out of business on WQTV due to a significant loss of paying subscribers to prevalent infringement of its subscription television signal. It was very easy to duplicate the signal due to its simplistic scrambling method, known as \"gated sync suppress...
What were bars and pubs like in Soviet states?	I asked my dad who lived in Ukrainian SSR. So: 1. No, you could buy as long as you have the money (and a lot of working class didn't have a lot of it). However, there was a special law prohibiting drinking during work day, and one could be arrested for not being at work, if he couldn't prove his right for being there ...	[ "Canada has adopted some of the newer U.S. bar traditions (such as the \"sports bar\") of the last decades. As a result, the term \"bar\" has come to be differentiated from the term \"pub\", in that bars are usually 'themed' and sometimes have a dance floor. Bars with dance floors are usually relegated to small or ...
When did animosity between the U.S and England end for the most part?	You might be interested in [this](_URL_0_) section of our Popular Questions page.	[ "Relations between the United States and the United Kingdom warmed significantly in the period leading up to World War I. After multiple border and influence disputes in the 19th century, particularly that of the Anglo-American border dispute in Venezuela, interests in the western hemisphere aligned. Public opinion...
What is the termial velocity of a falling human on other planets?	I compiled a table for a few planets/moons, assuming [quadratic drag](_URL_1_ (as the other comment explains). The primary source is this [helpful Wikipedia table](_URL_0_). The parameters are for a skydiver without a wingsuit, horizontally oriented, as suggested [here](_URL_4_). I calculate atmosphere densities assu...	[ "Using the figure of 56 m/s for the terminal velocity of a human, one finds that after 10 seconds he will have fallen 348 metres and attained 94% of terminal velocity, and after 12 seconds he will have fallen 455 metres and will have attained 97% of terminal velocity. However, when the air density cannot be assumed...
If I could travel in a perfectly straight line through our observable universe, what is the likelihood that I would actually impact something large, such as a star or planet or nebula?	Very little! In fact, when Voyager 1 was a little into it's journey and had to travel through the asteroid belt, it had a one in a billionth chance of colliding with an asteroid- they would of had to almost aim for an asteroid. Damn you Star Wars....	[ "Our star will likely not be directly affected by such an event, but the Earth may be easily affected by a nearby collision. Astronomers say that if a stellar collision happens within 100 light years of the Earth, the resulting gamma-ray burst could possibly destroy all life on Earth. This is still very unlikely th...
when did minimum wage employment become an option for a career?	You're imagining a past that isn't actually true: 1. there have always been a larger number of adults making minimum wage, or near minimum wage jobs in the U.S. than would be acknowledged by the "american dream". The percent of people making minimum wage today is VASTLY smaller than the percent who were making it - f...	[ "In the United States, this provision, as well as the minimum wage, was first instituted by the Fair Labor Standards Act. The act was passed in 1938, during the Great Depression. Overtime pay was intended as a penalty or fine upon the employer, not as a bonus to the employee. Hoping to increase employment opportuni...
How to phones/two way radios/ other communication devices not get confused by their own signals?	Either transmit and receive are on different frequencies or they are done at different times. _URL_0_ Regular walkie-talkies do get crosstalk from multiple transmitters, but the push to talk button turns off your receiver.	[ "Communication may be \"simplex\" (in one direction only, with no provision for the receiving device to send information back to the transmitting device), \"full duplex\" (both devices send and receive at the same time) or \"half duplex\" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).\n", "Personal two-way radi...
if humans possess bilateral symmetry,why aren't we ambidextrous?	For 99% of stuff we'd ever do we are ambidextrous. You can do almost everything with your right or left hand just fine. The amount you are better with your right hand is extremely minor and only matters for really made up stuff like hand writing. It's just that civilization made really minor hand control a really imp...	[ "Humans innately tend to see and have a visual preference for symmetry, an identified quality yielding a positive aesthetic experience that uses an automatic bottom-up factor. This bottom-up factor is speculated to rely on learning experience and visual processing in the brain, suggesting a biological basis. Many s...
1980s How did hair metal become so predominant in the popular music of the late 1980s?	You might want to ask over at _URL_1_ Let me give you my theories. Hard Rock and Heavy Metal took a big hold on the US mainstream early on. Black Sabbath and Deep Purple were stadium acts in America after all. Then American bands like Montrose, Kiss and Van Halen came up with something that ditched a lot of the blu...	[ "As the 1990s began, hair metal was dominating the charts, especially formulaic bands like Extreme. In reaction to that, the first few years saw a sea change in American popular music. Nirvana's \"Nevermind\" along with Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden launched the defiantly anti-mainstream grunge moveme...
why can't we generate fake voices as well as we can generate realistic looking cgi?	The benefit of CGI is that you can use it to create scenes that you couldn't easily produce with traditional methods, but it still takes artists a lot of work to do it. Hypothetically, I guess it is possible to engineer a realistic-sounding voice, but there's no point in doing so when having a voice actor is just as go...	[ "Its ability to clone voices has raised ethical concerns about WaveNet's ability to mimic the voices of living and dead persons. According to a 2016 BBC article, companies working on similar voice-cloning technologies (such as Adobe Voco) intend to insert watermarking inaudible to humans to prevent counterfeiting, ...
What happened to the first churches from the bible?	Just to clarify, the seven churches of Asia aren't the first churches described in the Bible. That was the church in Jerusalem, as you can read in the Book of Acts. But regarding the seven churches of Asia, Christianity - and most of those churches - remained strong through the Byzantine Empire. After the conquest b...	[ "The earliest known records of the church's existence date back to the 16th century. The church has remodeled and expanded over the years. There was a massive fire due to lightning strikes in both 1811 and again in 1843. After the last one, the church was almost entirely rebuilt with only small portions of the old ...
If there are no, or minimal resistance, as in space, what are the limiting factors to the "top" speed of a certain propulsion system?	First off, ~~it's~~ the maximum speed of the vehicle is 35 miles per second. As far as I know, the only physical "speed limit" in space (you simply can not go any faster than this) is the speed of light... Up to that point, as long as you keep adding thrust, you keep accelerating. Take the Ion Drive for example, i...	[ "When in space, the purpose of a propulsion system is to change the velocity, or \"v\", of a spacecraft. Because this is more difficult for more massive spacecrafts, designers generally discuss spacecraft performance in \"amount of change in momentum per unit of propellant consumed\" also called specific impulse. H...
Do we have any record of pre-columbian martial arts in the New World?	We know that they had martial arts. Apart from it being strongly implied, even necessarily so, by the existence of skilled professional warriors, we know that these skills were systematically taught. For example, Bernardino de Sahagún noted that military skills (along with other skills and knowledge, including law, the...	[ "When the Spaniards first arrived in the Philippines, they already observed weapons-based martial arts practised by the natives, which may or may not be related to present-day Arnis. The earliest written records of Filipino culture and life, including martial arts, come from the first Spanish explorers. Some early ...
linux users, what's the controversy surround ubuntu and/or canonical?	iirc, the search bar in Unity sends the text to Amazon and shows products that might be relevant to the user. of course there is an option to disable this but the *nix community doesn't take kindly to such behaviour being baked into the distro by default. it also raises questions on the future path that Ubuntu/Canonica...	[ "Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and some other countries. This is the result of an incident in which William Della Croce, Jr., who was not involved in the Linux project, trademarked the name and subsequently demanded royalties for its use. Several Linux backers retained legal...
How do Y chromosomes change from father to son?	Your question is sort of complicated and I'm not really sure where to get started. > how do male's Y chromosomes have any variation from their father's In female germ-line cells the X–X pair participates in [chromosomal crossover](_URL_1_) during meiosis while in males most of the X–Y pair does not. [[1...	[ "The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes (allosomes) in mammals, including humans, and many other animals. The other is the X chromosome. Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produc...
What did Scandinavian christians of the 13th-16th centuries think of their viking ancestors? Were they a source of pride or were they just considered pagan barbarians?	For the thirteenth century, the best sources we have to answer this kind of question are the sagas, and based on those stories, the best answer is, "It's complicated." Many of the sagas are set in either pre-Christian or recently-Christianized Scandinavia, and at least one, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, is primarily conce...	[ "The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European Christendom altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours. One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been sl...
Would trash decompose in outer space?	Decomposition is basically a different process for certain kinds of refuse. If it's organic, or a compound that's "edible" by bacteria (bacteria don't "eat" the stuff they decompose, rather they release certain enzymes and chemicals that break down the matter, then they proceed to consume what they can), and the refuse...	[ "Space debris describes particulates in the vacuum of outer space, specifically particles originating from human activity that remain in geocentric orbit around the Earth. The International Association of Astronauts define space debris as \"any man-made Earth orbiting object which is non-functional with no reasonab...
how do "satisfaction guarantees" protect companies from people lying about their satisfaction?	They don't! It is in fact very easy to lie or exaggerate a problem and get free stuff you're not really entitled to. But for the most part, people rarely do this, only jerks do. Also, most people don't care enough to put in the effort of calling up a company to complain about something and try to get a free replacemen...	[ "A service guarantee is a marketing tool service firms have increasingly been using to reduce consumer risk perceptions, signal quality, differentiate a service offering, and to institutionalize and professionalize their internal management of customer complaint and service recovery. By delivering service guarantee...
why do sports such as boxing and ufc win belts for being champion? when was this ever a thing and why belts?	The best info I've found on the subject, though there's not much in the way of citations in this one-paragraph column: ESPN Magazine (_URL_1_). The gist: there are records of awarding prizes to fighters as early as the 8th century BCE, including a two-handled cup (which sounds a lot like a modern trophy). The first re...	[ "On 1 September 1999 the BBBofC changed the criteria for winning a belt outright; boxers must now win four—rather than three—championship contests in the same weight division. The rule also stipulates that one of the four wins must be a mandatory contest. The BBBofC general secretary John Morris cited the rising co...
why are most logos on shirts located on the left pec?	It is because of our traditional handshake. We reach across our bodies with our right hand to shake, which covers the right chest area. Hence left side to be seen by viewer.	[ "The main shirt sponsor was the Stobart Group, and the word 'Stobart' was written across the front of the shirt. The strip also had four coloured lines (1 black, 2 red and another black line) stretching up the left hand side of the shirt; these four lines were similar to the three red lines the Stobart Group use on...
why does someone who's depressed because they're lonely also not want to socialize?	Generally because these people are afraid of being in social situations. These people, are often socially anxious or awkward. What is important to understand, as a side note, is that the root of social anxiety is the fear that people are constantly judging you when really they're not.	[ "Transient (state) loneliness is temporary in nature, caused by something in the environment, and is easily relieved. Chronic (trait) loneliness is more permanent, caused by the person, and is not easily relieved. For example, when a person is sick and cannot socialize with friends would be a case of transient lone...
what does it mean when video games run on different engines? i.e. crytek, unreal.	The game engine is the underlying software that handles all of the graphics rendering and physics of the game. Game developers then take that engine and use it to build their gameplay 'rules' and art/textures on, thus creating a finished game.	[ "Some game engines only provide real-time 3D rendering capabilities instead of the wide range of functionality needed by games. These engines rely upon the game developer to implement the rest of this functionality or assemble it from other game middleware components. These types of engines are generally referred t...
why is molten salt(?) used for heat transfers?	1. Relatively large heat capacity: on the order of 1 J/gK 2. Relatively dense: on the order of 2 g/cc 3. Very good working range: depending on your choice you get a few hundred degrees of working temperature between "melts" and "boils/otherwise breaks" 4. Relatively cheap 5. It turns out that a LOT of compounds are tec...	[ "Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough of a concentrated solar power plant, so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. It was demonstrated in the Solar Two project from 1995–1999. The system ...
Why is a sped-up audio file lighter than its normal-paced counterpart?	Ignoring confusion caused by standard lossy compression (eg the files being mp3s or whatnot), the audio file you're getting actually contains less information than the original one. This is because you're trying to pack twice as much data into the same unit of time but the waveform is only sampled at 44.1 kHz, so you'r...	[ "The design of the cloop driver requires that compressed blocks be read whole from disk. This makes cloop access inherently slower when there are many scattered reads, which can happen if the system is low on memory or when a large program with many shared libraries is starting. A big issue is the seek time for CD-...
there are 48,828 american troops in japan and 37,704 in germany, what are they doing?	The US has bases all over the world, and these bases need all sorts of personnel to operate. American troops also may be on loan to other militaries for training/coordination efforts, coalition activities, NATO stuff, American embassies, etc.	[ "Japanese Americans were generally forbidden to fight a combat role in the Pacific theatre; although no such limitations were placed on Americans of German or Italian ancestry who fought against the Axis powers. Up to this point, the United States government has only been able to find records of five Japanese Ameri...
Where did the fashion of wearing monocles come from? Where did it go?	There are a few fashion-flaired posters in the sub (/u/chocolatepot, /u/cecikierk, /u/colevintage). That said, I know that it ties into the antiquarianism popular among the gentry; similar glasses were used to magnify older primary texts and examine details of artefacts, so wearing a lens like that was a signifier of b...	[ "The monocle, which was first called an \"eye-ring\", was initially introduced in England in the early 19th century; although it had been developed in Germany during the 18th century. A young Austrian named studied optics in London and took the monocle idea back to Germany with him. He started making monocles in Vi...
How are they able to make glass so incredibly clear, with seemingly little to no impurities?	Modern glass has so little impurities because the ingredients have so little impurities. The materials used can have their purities measured in parts per billion. Also, people have been making glass for hundreds of years. That's quite a bit of time to refine the making of glass. Each time glass was made, a little mo...	[ "If correctly shaped and manufactured, glass can be a functional material: comfortable to wear, tough, and safe for the body. However, cheaper glass beads that are not covered in a metal shell can easily break into shards. If you drop glass jewelry on the floor, you probably won't be able to use it again. Also if y...
how does mining for metal work?	There are metal-containing minerals called Ores that are naturally occurring. These have higher than average metal concentrations than regular rock. These deposits are dug out, scraped up, or otherwise extracted from mines on or under the surface. The ore is then [processed](_URL_0_) to get it to a point where it ...	[ "Mining – extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined.\n", "Ores recovered by mining...
what exactly is happening when a video game is loading?	Simple ELI5 Answer. Suppose I have a box of Lego, and my son wants to make a Death Star with them. The box of Lego is the game's contents saved in a hard disk (HDD), the process of making a Death Star is the gameplay content that will be visible to the player (my son) at the time. Now I have 2 ways to do this: ...	[ "Loading screens that disguise the length of time that a program takes to load were common when computer games were loaded from cassette tape, a process which could take five minutes or more. Nowadays, most games are downloaded digitally, and therefore loaded off the hard drive meaning faster load times, however, s...
if we all came from africa, what parameters do genetic heritage tests use to decide if someone is of asian descent vs. african vs. european descent etc.?	There are inherited genetic markers - that started out as random, favorable mutations - that happened after people first left Africa. By the time the second wave migrated out of Africa, there were new markers in both the Africans and the first groups that had migrated toward Asia thousands of years earlier. As groups g...	[ "Michael Bamshad et al. of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, found that \"107 sub-Saharan African, 67 East Asian and 81 Western European\" individuals genetically clustered with \"ancestry from a single population\" at levels of \"almost 100%\", but among \"263 individuals from South India\" the...
how do bookies at an event keep track of wagers when everyone's shouting at them and handing them money?	It's overly dramatized in movies. You can't actually just shout at a bookie and throw them money and expect your bet to be recorded.	[ "In areas where sports betting is illegal, bettors usually make their sports wagers with illicit bookmakers (known colloquially as \"bookies\") and on the Internet, where thousands of online bookmakers accept wagers on sporting events around the world.\n", "Sports bettors place their wagers either legally, throug...
How long would a human from 10,000 years ago survive with todays medicine?	Today's medicine can only keep a person alive for so long, One thing that you can't account for is there level of actual immunity to certain diseases or illnesses that we have today. Take for example when Europe started to colonize parts of america and there was great disease throughout the natives as they hadn't exp...	[ "About 90% of people survive to age 20, and close to 50% survive beyond age 50. In 2001, according to one study performed in Jamaica, the estimated mean survival for people with sickle cell was 53 years old for men and 58 years old for women with homozygous SCD. The specific life expectancy in much of the developin...
why don't computers use cable instead of ethernet to communicate.	They used to. _URL_0_ Coax cable only has two lines - the center and the ring. Ethernet (CAT5/CAT6) cables have 8, in 4 twisted pairs. Twisted pairs allow for less interference and therefore higher throughput.	[ "Computer networks are used to have two-way communication by having computers exchange data. Ways that this is possible is wired interconnects and wireless interconnects. Types of wired interconnects are Ethernets and fiber optic cables. Ethernets connect local devices through Ethernet cables. Fiber runs undergroun...
why do we become infatuated with/"fall in love" with celebrities?	I don't think you're going to get an amazing answer to this here based on the two that have been posted so far basically making fun of you for it. I'd say the answer you're looking for is either psychological or can be explained through neuroscience to some extent, thus potentially /r/askscience or /r/asksocialscience ...	[ "In the past, love has not always been the real reason for people coming together. In some cultures, arranged marriages were common to adhere to and propagate caste systems or to join kingdoms. Today, love is the root of all romance, and it is over-emphasized through these films. It tells viewers that love conquers...
What prevents intramolecular phosphodiester bonds in DNA?	The one or two of the phosphates break off of the tri- or diphosphate nucleotide, providing the energy necessary for the enzyme-catalyzed phosphodiesterfication. There are several reasons that the 3' and 5' ends of the same strand won't be caught up: 1. It's not highly probably for them to encounter each other, i.e. t...	[ "In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed, the DNA-AMP intermediate must be cleaved off. To accomplish this task, there is a nucleophilic attack on the 5’-phosphate from the upstream 3’-hydroxyl which results in the formation of the phosphodiester bond. During this nucleophilic attack, the AMP group is pus...
A question about 70's terrorism and security	There wasn't a whole lot in the way of practical knowledge or the budget for heavier physical security in many of those situations. Most of the tactical teams that are fairly famous today didn't exist back then, and there wasn't much in the way of gear marketed to police forces, so when they had something other than a ...	[ "In the United States, the Homeland Security Advisory System was a color-coded terrorism threat advisory scale. The different levels triggered specific actions by federal agencies and state and local governments, and they affected the level of security at some airports and other public facilities. It was often call...
is it more efficient to put your food in the middle, or the outer portion of the rotating tray in your microwave	The wavelength of the radio frequency energy in the microwave is 12.24 cm. The energy is bouncing back and forth inside the oven but inside the oven, the waves appear (if you could see them) to stand still, and are called standing waves. Each standing wave has anti-nodes spaced 1/2 wavelengths (6.12cm) apart, and at th...	[ "Other popular options include lunch boxes made of glass and metal lunch boxes, each offering different advantages. For instance, glass lunch boxes are usually heavier and prone to break, but are nonetheless microwavable, thereby allowing the option to heat food using a microwave . In contrast, metal lunch boxes, w...
when a slightly overweight person loses weight how does their skin get tighter?	There's elasticity to skin. Just like there's elasticity to a rubber band. Look at a rubber band. If you stretch out a rubber band by only a little bit, even if it's for a suuupper long time, it'll go right back to its original form with ease when you let go. If you stretch out a rubber band by A LOT for...	[ "Excess skin is an effect of surplus skin and fat after expansion during pregnancy or adipositas and following loss of weight. Further reasons can be aging effects, genetic disorders or an intentional expansion for skin reconstruction.\n", "He is sceptical about the use of liposuction for certain areas, warning: ...
what are computer specs? what is cpu, gpu, ram and all that other computer talk and how does it computer?	The important components of a personal computer are the hard drive sometimes called the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD), important for storing large volumes of information in a compact manner. The Random Access Memory (RAM), important for taking data from the hard drive and holding it for use by the pr...	[ "A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles....
How are Multiple Personality Disorder sufferers able to change their tolerance for medication?	Although this is a claim that gets thrown around about Dissociative Identity Disorder - the current name for Multiple Personality Disorder - fairly frequently (along with other, even wilder ones, such as some alters being diabetic while others are not), to the best of my knowledge the evidence for it is virtually non...	[ "Due to the different effects of the different classes of drugs, the SMH postulates that the appeal of a specific class of drugs differs from person to person. In fact, some drugs may be aversive for individuals for whom the effects could worsen affective deficits.\n", "E. The impairments in personality functioni...
why/how can gas stations place a $125 hold on my account when i buy significantly less than that amount of gas?	Credit card pre-authoritization-- it is how credit cards work. Gas is a metered sale. Most times when you shop at a merchant, you pay with your credit card and it is approved/declined on the spot. "Pay first." Gas stations, by habit allow you to fill up first then you pay-- the problem with this is if you do not have...	[ "Individual gas stations in the United States have little if any control over gasoline prices. The wholesale price of gasoline is determined according to area by oil companies which supply the gasoline, and their prices are largely determined by the world markets for oil. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sel...
What was the Eastern Roman Empire’s immediate reaction to the fall of Rome?	The Eastern courts reaction to the fall of the Western Empire (if that's what you're referring to and not the Sack of Rome in 410) could probably be best described as a regretful shrug. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire wasn't a sudden, catastrophic event. It was a very long, gradual process that seems obvious ...	[ "There are contradicting opinions whether the fall of the Western Roman Empire was a result or a cause of these onvasions, or both. The Eastern Roman Empire was less affected by invasions and survived until the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. In the modern period, the Migration Period was increasing...
Shouldn't the UK be at war with the USSR?	More of course can be said, but [this](_URL_0_) previous answer may be of interest for you.	[ "However the Cold War brought the possibility of war with the Soviet Union, which would require similar legislation to allow NATO countries to defend themselves effectively. Hence pre-drafted legislation governing every aspect of life in the United Kingdom, consisting of the Emergency Powers (Defence) Bill, Defence...
How did the Stasi find recruits with no affiliation to the Nazi party?	From [an earlier answer of mine](_URL_0_) Although the accusation that the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS) consisted of former security personnel of the Third Reich dates back to the very inception of the MfS in 1950, for the most part, very few of the MfS's personnel came from that particular cohort. Unlike ...	[ "Stasi officers reportedly had discussed re-branding East Germany as a democratic capitalist country to the West, but which in practice would have been taken over by Stasi officers. The plan specified 2,587 OibE officers (\"Offiziere im besonderen Einsatz\", \"officers on special assignment\") who would have assume...
What would a European traveller find in Istanbul's markets in the 16th century?	I am out of home now, but I can give you some sources from memory: in Spanish, the most interesting one is the novel Viaje de Turquía (anonymous, but likely written by Francisco López de Gómara), where although the characters are ficticious, the settings are actually accurate. Some other interesting authors are Teodo...	[ "During the 19th century it was again home to many European traders, and housed many embassies, especially along the Grande Rue de Péra (today İstiklâl Avenue). The presence of such a prominent European population - commonly referred to as Levantines - made it the most Westernized part of İstanbul, especially when ...
Why are there no (or at most very few) marine insects?	One of the best supported theories of insect origins is that they evolved from a herbivorous arthropod lineage that left the water when the first land plants did. In this way the true insects evolved closely linked to land plants, for example theres evidence that the first flying insects evolved at the same time that p...	[ "In addition to microbes, insects have come to flourish in areas of the ocean that they previously could not. The sea skater, for example, has been able to reproduce on the hard surface provided by the floating plastic.\n", "A large number of insects live either part or the whole of their lives underwater. In man...
why do cellphones in movies have fake os's	The same reason they you don't see them use google when searching for things but always use some generic search engine. There are strict laws regarding product placement in movies and TV shows. In France it's against the law to even mention facebook or twitter on TV.	[ "The phones have found repute and intrigue in major technology blogs, such as Gizmodo and Engadget, where they are usually labelled as KIRF or counterfeit. Sciphone devices are usually found running a proprietary operating system, however many newer models, such as the Sciphone N12, N16, N17, N19, and N21, are runn...
how do "sobering" moments work?	It can't. Sobering moments don't work. A slap won't work Coffee won't work Cold water dunk won't work You are still as drunk as you were before.	[ "Soothers, tranqs, boosters, Sober-Up, etc.: Various drugs are condoned and assigned to police personnel. They can choose not to take them, but the drugs can change their energy levels with almost no side effects besides fatigue when they wear off. They are taken orally with no noticeable taste or scent, and can be...
What are some controversial translation errors surrounding the bible?	To clarify, are you asking about translation errors or translation controversies? I realise you say errors in your title, but it's not clear to me if that is in fact your question. Perhaps you mean, "significant translation errors in history that had considerable impact"?	[ "In 2004, historian Jason BeDuhn examined New Testament passages that he believed \"bias is most likely to interfere with translation\" from nine of \"the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world\". For each passage, he compared the Greek text with the renderings of each English translation, and look...
How has a tardigrade survived at -273 Celsius when (I assume) most elements reach their freezing/boiling/melting point at those temperatures?	Surviving while completely frozen is not an unusual feature at all, it's just something we aren't used to seeing, since most of us are focused on macroscopic plants and animals that can't handle such extreme cold. But cells are routinely frozen, and many insect eggs and very tiny animals (~1mm or less, such as some ne...	[ "BULLET::::- Dehydration – the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10 years, although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered \"survival\", in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss. When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composi...
is there anything that says you can't cheat in a us election? if cheating was proven true, would it have any effect on the results?	It is illegal to vote multiple times. Illegal to vote under someone else's name. Illegal to vote in a jurisdiction you do not live in. Illegal to stuff the ballot with false votes. Illegal to take away votes from a competitor. And many other laws regarding voting. So yes there are lots of laws that say you cannot cheat...	[ "The easiest and most common types of cheating require no skill of manipulation, but rather merely the nerve. Such methods include shorting the pot, avoiding house fees, and peeking at other players' cards. However, it is very difficult to prove because when confronted, at least the first time, the cheat often call...
what's to stop someone from outside us from simply taking a "vacation" and never leaving?	Nothing. Until your money runs out. Then you need a job. Which requires you to have a visa, or other valid document. Which you won't have, because you never did the paperwork. You can offcourse do various "non-official" jobs, but then your risk getting caught by police, or any other authority that deals with money, job...	[ "Recent developments in communication technology—internet, mobile, instant messaging, presence tracking, etc.— have begun to change the nature of vacation. Vacation today means absence from the workplace rather than temporary cession of work. It is now the norm in North America and the United Kingdom, to carry on w...
how we can breed dogs in all shapes and sizes, yet we can't make a cat-sized elephant.	Because we haven't been trying for tens of thousands of years to breed elephants.	[ "Outside of the breed standard, dogs shorter or taller than the named variations have been bred. Smaller dogs are sometimes called \"Micro\" and larger ones are called \"XXL\", but neither are recognized by the kennel clubs as legitimate varieties.\n", "Most countries' breed standards prefer symmetry and balance ...
How was the Rosenberg case seen before the declassification of VENONA?	For whatever reason, Reddit has been eating this thread's comments. Here are my various replies given: --- The government did not declassify anything from VENONA for the trial. The entire trial was based on cooperative witness testimony (mainly that of David Greenglass and Harry Gold). They did declassify aspects rel...	[ "In the 1983 book \"The Rosenberg File\", he and co-author Joyce Milton conclude that Julius Rosenberg was guilty of espionage and that Ethel was aware of his activities. A second edition, published by Yale University Press, in 1997 incorporates newly obtained evidence from the former Soviet Union. Radosh and Milto...
How would a fight between two hoplite armies work?	There's a decent description of that sort of thing [here.](_URL_0_)	[ "The strength of hoplites was shock combat. The two phalanxes would smash into each other in hopes of quickly breaking the enemy force's line. Failing that, a battle degenerated into a pushing match, with the men in the rear trying to force the front lines through those of the enemy. This maneuver was known as the ...
What would be some good reading material for a lay person about bronze age Ireland?	I really enjoy reading Francis Pryor's "Britain BC" _URL_0_ It covers a longer time-span than just the Bronze Age, but it is quite well written.	[ "The Bronze Age is thought to have been when most of the 1,200-odd crannogs in Ireland were begun, although many sites seem to have been used, continuously or intermittently, over very long periods, even into medieval times. These are timber homes built in shallow lakes for security, often with a narrow walkway to ...
why do humans like to watch things break, get destroyed, or crash?	The neurologist Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, suggested that humans have a "death drive" or destrudo which is the opposite of libido, the drive to create life. The concept is still highly controversial. I interpret it as humans are attracted to destruction because of the huge of amount of entro...	[ "Disaster survivors tend to worry about looting. Their increased anxiety can cause them to spread reports whether they definitely know of any or not. While most people who are asked admit to not having personally witnessed or experienced looting, many claim of being aware of it elsewhere. The belief in looting can ...
how do ants know where to make an anthill.	I'm no ant expert but from my understanding where ever the queen goes the rest of the colony goes too. And all that dirt on an ant hill is from the worker ants moving dirt out to make their little ant highways in the ground.	[ "The ant appears to use an internal pedometer to count its steps in a harsh environment where odors quickly vanish, enabling it to \"count back\" to its nest. When stilts were glued on to the ants legs, they overshot the distance of their nests, while ants with cut legs traveled short of their nest. It's suspected ...
herd animals	Some of it is game theory. If a predator appears, perhaps the best thing to do is to attack it. But for any individual animal, the best thing to do is hang back. After all, there's always a risk if you are the one at the front of the herd you'll still get killed by the predator, even if your herd mates kill it. And...	[ "Herd behavior is the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction. Herd behavior occurs in animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools and so on, as well as in humans in demonstrations, riots and general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, episodes of mob ...
why/how does covering a bomb with one's own body 'muffle' the explosion?	The most deadly aspect of a grenade is the shrapnel, the metal case of the grenade that is sent flying away at high speed, essentially thousands of little sharp metallic bullets. Jumping on the grenade is going to cause most if not all of that shrapnel to get sent into you, if any does manage to make it through you it...	[ "BULLET::::- Spread Bomb: Press bomb button when not holding shot button. It produces a large explosion which damages or destroys all enemies on screen, and makes all enemy projectiles disappear for the entire duration of the explosion.\n", "When the bomb is exploded outside the atmosphere, generally any altitude...

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