question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why do stairs always exhaust me so easily if i’m in pretty good shape? | You need to output a lot of energy, more than you might realize, compared to walking a similar speed on flat ground.
When walking, it takes energy to get your body moving. But the only thing holding you back afterwards is inefficiency in moving your own bones/muscles. Think of how easy it is to get a bike moving on a ... | [
"Also known as a Pure Staircase. A staircase that only goes up and down. Most used to have a door at the top. Some useless staircases exist that were useless right from completion, due to changes or mix-ups in the design.\n",
"In this case, \"the bottom of the stairs\" refers to the architecture of the kind of or... |
Looking for some books on the Dutch, Knights, Medieval Warriors/Weaponry and War, Medieval European Nobility, and Medieval Culture | A good place to start, for at least part of what you want, is Strickland's *Anglo-Norman Warfare.* I usually also recommend Gillingham's *The English in the Twelfth Century*. It's not so relevant to your precise interests, but it is good. | [
"The Institute of Manuscripts has rich and rare manuscripts collection covering all fields of the medieval sciences - medicine and astronomy, mathematics and mineralogy, poetics and philosophy, theology and law, grammar, history and geography, prose and poetry in Azerbaijani, Turkish, Arabic, Persian and other lan... |
how do the international football leagues all tie together? premier, bundas liga, etc.? is there an international club champion crowned? | Each country has many tiers of competition. The best teams from the tier move up the ladder while the worst ones from the upper ones go down to the lower tiers. In the uppermost tiers, like the Premier League (England), Bundesliga(Germany) and La Liga (Spain), the top teams (usually 3-4, but that depends on several fac... | [
"Each of the OFC member countries have their own football league systems. The clubs playing in each top-level league compete for the title as the country's club champions, and also for some countries, places in next season's OFC club competition, i.e., the OFC Champions League. Due to promotion and relegation, the ... |
how on earth does the power supply to an entire country fail? | There is a problem with turning the power back on again that makes it difficult to do it:
Many appliances in a normal home are consuming a lot more electricity for a while when you start them up. Fridge? Needs more electricity. Freezer? Needs more electricity. Some tv start up, realise that they are not supposed to do... | [
"The earth station is powered by the National Grid. If power fails, all essential equipment will run off huge batteries for up to 20 minutes, during which time four one-megawatt diesel generators will take over. The nearby wind generator farm is not part of the complex.\n",
"On 16 June 2019, a large-scale power o... |
if a president goes to jail, what happens to secret service detail? | A President will not go to jail while they are President. If they commit a crime they are impeached, and if found guilty they are removed from presidency then sent to prison if it is merited. They would not have a security detail, but they would likely be in high security and may be in solitary confinement. | [
"BULLET::::- Amid criticism related to a September 19 White House infiltration incident, the Secret Service's competence is questioned after it is revealed that an armed ex-convict was allowed on an elevator with Barack Obama during the President's visit to Atlanta, Georgia on September 16.\n",
"Disgraced Secret ... |
how can a judge request a jury not take into account certain pieces of evidence in a trial, and have their ever been unashamedly where a jury refuses to do so? | A judge does this by making jury instructions to not consider it.
Of course, the jury can't "unhear" something, and it's not always possible for someone to completely disregard something that is disturbing, but legally inadmissible. If the jury hears or sees something that is ruled inadmissible, it could be ground for... | [
"The court generally has a great deal of discretion in terms of giving the jury access to evidence and exhibits, but is barred by statute from allowing the jury to read the pleadings, and also may not personally opine on the credibility of the witnesses. The judge may also grant a motion to sequester non-party witn... |
why is this alarm scary? | It sounds like a square or sawtooth waveform to me which is generally perceived to be harsh.
ELI5 of square waveforms: Sounds are made by tiny changes in pressure happening really fast. An airplane trip is an example of large pressure changes really slow. If you were to draw out the pressure over time, most sounds ... | [
"In industrial alarm management, a false alarm (nuisance alarm) could refer either to an alarm with little information content that can usually safely be eliminated, or one that could be valid but is triggered by a faulty instrument. Both types are problematic because of the \"cry wolf\" effect described above.\n",... |
why are anime titles often translated into nonsense english? | It's very case-by-case. Sometimes it's a poor (or too literal) translation of the original Japanese. Sometimes, the original Japanese title is shitty English itself, and the English title is just a direct transliteration of that. Sometimes the Japanese authors have English titles in mind. Sometimes a good translation o... | [
"On the other hand, anime is almost always released in English-dubbed format, regardless of its content or target age group. The exceptions to this practice are either when an English dub has not been produced for the program (usually in the case of feature films) or when the program is being presented by a network... |
Were their actually "dead or alive" bounties in America in the 1800's (or the old west if you will)? If so when did they stop and why? | This was asked once a real long time ago. It wasn't heavily answered but there is one link that seems pretty good.
[Et Voila!](_URL_0_) I hope this helps. | [
"That first Carrizo station keeper, William Mailland, in a drunken fit brutally killed his Native American wife in May 1858. Fearing revenge by the local natives and arrest by authorities after he sobered up, he was said to have fled into the desert and was believed to have died, while an acquaintance claimed he ha... |
what is added to natural gas to give it its smell, and does that affect the way the gas burns? | It's called Mercaptan: _URL_0_ | [
"To decrease the risk of asphyxiation, there have been proposals to add warning odors to some commonly used gases such as nitrogen and argon. However, CGA has argued against this practice. They are concerned that odorizing may decrease worker vigilance, not everyone can smell the odorants, and assigning a different... |
when facetiming someone on speaker, how do they not hear themeself through the microphone from the other person? | It's due to "echo cancellation". The software checks the microphone input for the same sounds going out of the speaker. If it is there, it tries to subtract it out. Good speakerphones all do this. Older (or crappier) speakerphones just cut off the mic when playing anything out of the speaker.
This not only prev... | [
"Another challenge with doing live sound for individuals who are speaking at a conference is that, in comparison with professional singers, individuals who are invited to speak at a forum may not be familiar with how microphones work. Some individuals may accidentally point the microphone towards a speaker or monit... |
How does the immune system know it's allergic to something that touches the skin? | [Here](_URL_0_) is an excellent article on contact dermatitis. It is important to keep in mind that the skin is not a perfect barrier but a semi-permeable one. After prolonged exposure to non-protein antigens called haptens, CD8 T cells become sensitized and are recruited from lymphoid organs upon subsequent exposure t... | [
"An allergic response is a hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone. An allergic response may cause harmful symptoms such as itching or inflammation or tissue injury.\n",
"The symptoms of allergic contact may persist for as long as o... |
what is the point of wearing a wife-beater under a shirt? | Being chubby, I have found that if you wear a wife beater that is a size smaller than your shirt it actually kind of slims down the tummy.
**tl;dr they cure Dunlop disease** | [
"A T-shirt controversy arose again over A&F's Back-to-School 2009 collection of \"humor tees\". One shirt proclaims \"Show the twins\" above a picture of a young woman with her blouse open to two men. Two other shirts state \"Female streaking encouraged\" and \"Female Students Wanted for Sexual Research\". The Amer... |
Is the infinity between 1 and 2 smaller than the infinity between 1 and 3? | One says that two infinities are of the same "size" (the technical term is [cardinality](_URL_0_)) if there is a one-to-one mapping between the two. In this case there is.
For all x in the range [1,2], consider the set obtained by taking x^(log*_2_*3). This is the set [1,3], and the function x^(log*_2_*3) is one-to-on... | [
"As becomes extremely large, the value of approaches 2, and the value of can be made as close to 2 as one could wish just by picking sufficiently large. In this case, the limit of as approaches infinity is 2. In mathematical notation,\n",
"That is, the limit as \"x\" goes to 8 from above is a sideways 8 or the in... |
how can things that aren't real (like the number "i" in mathematics, the sq. root of -1) be used to model things that are real (it's application in different fields of engineering, etc.)? | Numbers themselves are not real. The term "imaginary number" is kind of a misnomer since all numbers are imaginary. The reason we call the square root of -1 imaginary is because it defies the internal logic of mathematics being that you can't square any real number (numbers we use to represent things) and come out to -... | [
"Although the construction is called \"imaginary\", and although the concept of an imaginary number may be intuitively more difficult to grasp than that of a real number, the construction is perfectly valid from a mathematical standpoint. Real number operations can be extended to imaginary and complex numbers by tr... |
I'm a low class, low income citizen of the roman empire and I want to keep my spare coin safe without carrying it everywhere I go. How would I do it? Were banks an option for the storage of smaller sums, or were they a luxury of the elite? Perhaps I hid it under the floorboards or in a locked chest? | Additional question, if any, how much extra coin would a low income citizen get? What was the poverty line for citizens? | [
"Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure locked boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits: It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewelry worth securing.\n",
... |
cannabis induced psychosis | Psychosis is mental state in which you experience a break or disconnect from reality meaning hallucinations and/or paranoia. Some people are more susceptible or prone to mental health conditions like psychosis and substances such as cannabis or methamphetamine can trigger or induce these conditions | [
"Cannabis use is also suspected to contribute to the hyperdopaminergic state that is characteristic of schizophrenia. Compounds found in cannabis, such as THC, have been shown to increase the activity of dopamine pathways in the brain, suggesting that cannabis may exacerbate symptoms of psychosis in schizophrenics.... |
Can you show us, in layman's terms, why the square root of 2 is an irrational number? | Suppose you were to claim it's rational. That means that for some positive integers *a* and *b*, *a*/*b* = sqrt(2). I'm going to request you do three simple things:
1. Write down the values of *a* and *b* on one piece of paper.
2. Reduce *a*/*b* into lowest terms, so that *a* and *b* don't share a common factor (and, ... | [
"Plato does not attribute the irrationality of the square root of 2 to Theodorus, because it was well known before him. Theodorus and Theaetetus split the rational numbers and irrational numbers into different categories.\n",
"Geometrically the square root of 2 is the length of a diagonal across a square with sid... |
why do we think mammals are cuter than non-mammals? | There's no scientifically proven reason for why this is, but there are some theories out there. The most common one is that we find certain animals cute because they have many of the same characteristics that we find cute in babies.
Human babies need more care and nurturing than pretty much any other animal baby. Huma... | [
"Mark J. Estren, Ph.D. in psychology from the University at Buffalo, said cute animals get more public attention and scientific study due to having physical characteristics that would be considered neotenous from the perspective of human development. Estren said that humans should be mindful of their bias for cute ... |
What happens if a large amount of electricity is conducted by a small amount of water? | Tap water is thousands of times more conductive than purified water.^[1](_URL_0_)
Running high-voltage electricity through it would result in significant ohmic heating. You could boil water reasonably quickly this way. You would also see bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen as it electrolyzes, although it is probably safer ... | [
"BULLET::::- Water Energy is captured by a water turbine from the movement of water - from falling water, the rise and fall of tides or ocean thermal currents. Currently, hydroelectric plants provide approximately 16% of the world's electricity.\n",
"A 2011 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory conclu... |
is there a reason why lobsters are thrown into boiling water while alive? wouldn't it be more humane to quickly kill them before boiling or is there a reason why this is not done? | The bottom dwellers of the sea harbor a huge amount of bacteria that produces toxins which are harmful to humans. By keeping them alive until you're ready to eat em, it prevents the bacteria from decomposing the lobster and producing more toxins. | [
"Several methods are used for killing lobsters. The most common way of killing lobsters is by placing them live in boiling water, sometimes after having been placed in a freezer for a period of time. Another method is to split the lobster or sever the body in half lengthwise. Lobsters may also be killed or immobili... |
Is it easier to launch a rocket towards the sun than away from it due to it's gravitational pull? | It would be easier, but by such a tiny margin that it's not really relevant.
I made a post regarding the effect of the moon's gravity on earth [here](_URL_0_) which should answer your moon question (the answer - not a lot). Typically space program coordinators choose launch days based off weather conditions as opposed... | [
"This maneuver can only change an object's velocity relative to a third, uninvolved object, – possibly the “centre of mass” or the Sun. There is no change in the velocities of the two objects involved in the maneuver relative to each other. The Sun cannot be used in a gravitational slingshot because it is stationar... |
Why does cut wood turn silver-grey after weathering? | Multiple factors can cause this. But the primary factor is the sun's ultraviolet rays. UV degrades the wood's oils and surface cells. Breaking down the oils causes their colors to be bleached. Degrading the lignin allows water, microbes, and fungi easier access to further eat away at the wood's surface. The second wors... | [
"However, when used on oak, remaining traces of iron may react with tannins in the wood to produce blue or black iron stain, and when used on aluminum, brass, or other non-ferrous metal surfaces may cause after-rust which will dull and discolor the surface. Bronze wool and stainless steel wool will not cause these ... |
Has there ever been a mathematical conjecture that appeared true due to Heuristic justification but eventually was shown to be the opposite by a far outlying counterexample? | Yes, there's plenty. There's whole books published on counterexamples in analysis and topology. The objects of study there aren't discrete so it isn't as obvious that people assumed a counterexample wouldn't exist, but many results in the field were controversial when discovered. There's plenty of conjectures that fail... | [
"In 1985, Andrew Odlyzko and Herman te Riele conditionally proved the Mertens conjecture false: indeed, formula_8 and formula_9. It was later shown that the first counterexample appears below formula_10 (~10) (Pintz 1987) but above 10. The upper bound has since been lowered to formula_11 (Kotnik and Te Riele 2006) ... |
Why was WWII the last world war? | > mutually assured nuclear destruction
This. Although there were times were a third world war was winnable and even inevitable - e.g. when Churchill wanted to use the remains of the German Wehrmacht to fight the Russians (which he didn't really like), or at the time of the Korean War (when China decided to intervene... | [
"World War II is generally viewed as having its roots in the aftermath of World War I, in which the German Empire under Wilhelm II, with its Central Powers, was defeated, chiefly by the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.\n",
"The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the... |
Was the American Civil War fatality by disease rate normal for wars of the period? Compared to European? | Thanks in large part to Florence Nightingale, pioneer of professional nursing and info-graphics, we have detailed accounts of the casualty rates for a European theatre of war roughly contemporaneous with the American Civil war.
The Crimean war was fought between October 1853 – February 1856 and the casualties for the... | [
"During the American Civil War, 81,360 Union soldiers died of typhoid or dysentery, far more than died of battle wounds. In the late 19th century, the typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago averaged 65 per 100,000 people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 people. \n",
... |
- how do sea monkeys come to life from a packet? | Sea monkeys are actually brine shrimp. The eggs they lay can dry out and remain viable for years. The stuff you pour into the water are the eggs and when exposed to salt water the eggs hatch and the shrimp start growing. | [
"They were initially called \"Instant Life\" and sold for $0.49, but von Braunhut changed the name to \"Sea-Monkeys\" in 1962. The new name was based on their salt-water habitat, together with the supposed resemblance of the animals' tails to those of monkeys.\n",
"The animals sold as Sea-Monkeys are an artificia... |
What happened to the princely states of India after independence from Britain? | By the time of the partition of India in 1947, there we less princely states compared to when the British Raj was established. During the partition, the Maharaja (ruler of the princely state) was given the decision to join either India or Pakistan.
This decision wasn't so black and white as there were many states wher... | [
"In 1947 the British finalised their , and the question of the future of the princely states was a conundrum for them. As they were not British, they could not be partitioned by the British between the new sovereign nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act 1947 provided that the suzerainty of the ... |
why are there so many holidays around 25th december? | In the Northern Hemisphere the shortest day of the year is December 21 / 22. These are celebrations of this event, because longer days mean warmer spring will soon be here. | [
"The 15 August becomes a public holiday in even years, for example 2006, 2008 and 2010. During odd years (2005, 2007, 2009), it is not a public holiday; instead, 1 November will be a public holiday, in commemoration of All Saints' Day. The decision to alternate between the two dates was a government decision to avo... |
what that shift in perceived direction while watching something spin is and why it pccurs | It depends on the lighting. Artificial lights always flicker really fast, partly because of the fact that the alternating current powering them does the same. When the flicker rate of the light is the same as the time it takes the spinner to complete a full revolution (or a third or two thirds of a revolution, assuming... | [
"Depending on the perception of the observer, the apparent direction of spin may change any number of times, a typical feature of so-called bistable percepts such as the Necker cube which may be perceived from time to time as seen from above or below. These alternations are spontaneous and may randomly occur withou... |
I found a map of the world today but I can not figure out what year is is supposed to represent. Help please! | Pre-1991 based on Yugoslavia and the USSR being there, the lack of Eritrea, presence of Czechoslovakia. All of that changed in 1991-1992. East Prussia stopped being a thing around 1945, and this is definitely post-WWII. However Gaza and the West Bank are being shows as Egypt and Jordan respectively, so this could be be... | [
"The reference year is 2016 for the United States; 2014-15 for the United Kingdom; 2011 for Japan; 2010 for Canada, Norway, South Africa; 2009-10 for Estonia, Finland, France, New Zealand, Spain; 2009 for South Korea; 2008-09 for Austria, Italy; 2006 for Australia; 2005 for Belgium; 2003-04 for Poland; 2003 for Lat... |
why is milk made from nuts low in calories and the raw nuts themselves are high in calories? | Because it's not actually milk. It's more of a tea or coffee. They pour hot water over ground up nuts. It's the same as saying that coffee is low calorie, but if you were to eat the bean, it would be substantially higher in calories. | [
"Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife. Because nuts generally have a high oil content, they are a highly prized food and energy source. A large number of seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food, or pressed for oil that is used... |
Who were Napoleon's rival generals in France? What happened to them? | Do you mean the generals who commanded when Napoleon was a general or ones he had disagreements when he was Counsul/Emperor? | [
"Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon also sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recogn... |
What did ancient Native Americans drink? | *This is information I used in a research paper about pottery and serving pieces and how they are currently exhibited in museums (hence how my flair connects to this answer.) That said....*
Cacao beans are native to Central America. The Olmec were drinking chocolate as early as 900 BCE, and the Maya in 460 CE. Nat... | [
"Alcoholic beverages were made by indigenous peoples of the Americas before the Age of Discovery. Indigenous peoples are known to have used maize, potatoes, quinoa, pepper tree fruits and strawberries to make alcoholic beverages. Despite the existence of species of the genus \"Vitis\" (to which \"Vitis vinifera\" b... |
Do Gases experience viscosity? | Yes, [gases have viscosity](_URL_0_). | [
"Viscosity, a physical property, is a measure of how well adjacent molecules stick to one another. A solid can withstand a shearing force due to the strength of these sticky intermolecular forces. A fluid will continuously deform when subjected to a similar load. While a gas has a lower value of viscosity than a li... |
What's the difference between the South and North pole of a magnet? | For a magnetic dipole, the south pole is defined as the pole into which the magnetic field lines converge and the north pole is defined as the pole out of which the magnetic field lines diverge. That's it. This is just a convention. We could have just as easily defined the two poles in the opposite way.
The historica... | [
"All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. By analogy with Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's \"north\" and \"south\" poles. The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to Earth's North Magnetic Pole the \"north pole\" (or \"no... |
why arent placebo antidepressants prescribed instead of standard ones for mild/moderate depression if they are just as effective with less side effects? | In order for a placebo to work, the patient would have to be unaware that it's a placebo. So the doctor would have to prescribe sugar pills, and the patient would have to pay for them, which is very different from signing up for an experiment where you know you might be given a placebo, and quite possibly illegal. Also... | [
"A systematic review concluded that \"tricyclic antidepressants and traditional anticonvulsants are better for short term pain relief than newer generation anticonvulsants.\" A further analysis of previous studies showed that the agents carbamazepine, venlafaxine, duloxetine, and amitriptyline were more effective t... |
why don't police officers have some type of malpractice insurance like healthcare practitioners do? | Most local governments do have insurance policies for this sort of thing, which is why they are the targets of lawsuits, not the individual officers. I suppose a few high profile lawsuits directed at the officers themselves might change this. | [
"Directors and officers liability Insurance (often called \"D&O\") is liability insurance payable to the directors and officers of a company, or to the organization(s) itself, as indemnification (reimbursement) for losses or advancement of defense costs in the event an insured suffers such a loss as a result of a l... |
Does every planet have a ring "zone" like Saturn? | Yes, basically. The zones are defined by a boundary called the Roche Limit.
_URL_0_
Substantial bodies that orbit within this limit are torn apart by the tidal forces of the primary's gravity - i.e., the difference in force between the side facing the primary and facing away from it.
Once torn apart, the material ... | [
"Rings of Saturn is an American deathcore band from the Bay Area, California. The band was formed in 2009 and was originally just a studio project. However, after gaining a wide popularity and signing to Unique Leader Records, the band formed a full line-up and became a full-time touring band. Rings of Saturn's mus... |
how does a ponzi scheme work? | You start off with 10 people in your kindergarten class. You see they all have candy. Now, you have some of your own, but nowhere near as much as they do. But you, being the clever 5 year old you are, think of a plan. You promise each of them that if they give you, say, two pieces of candy today, in a month you will gi... | [
"The basic premise of a Ponzi scheme is \"to rob Peter to pay Paul\". Initially, the operator pays high returns to attract investors and entice current investors to invest more money. When other investors begin to participate, a cascade effect begins. The schemer pays a \"return\" to initial investors from the inve... |
how can apple/at & t/verizon get away with charging $650 for an iphone | Apple prices the iPhone at $650 because that's what people will pay for it. Factor in the cost of parts, R & D, advertising, transport costs, employee salaries and many, many more costs and its not like they can release it for $50.
Furthermore, cell phone contracts are, to my knowledge, almost completely exclusive to ... | [
"In response to customer complaints, on September 6, 2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs wrote in an open letter to iPhone customers that everyone who purchased an iPhone at the higher price \"and who is not receiving a rebate or other consideration\", would receive a US$100 credit to be redeemed towards the purchase of any... |
how is hiv/aids treated? how do the hiv antivirals work? | You answered the first part of your question with the second part, which is antiretroviral medications. Antiretrovirals work in a number of different ways to try to get a person's viral load as low as possible. Some of them work by preventing the virus from entering cells in the first place. Others work by preventing t... | [
"HIV protease inhibitors are used to treat patients having AIDS virus by preventing its DNA replication. HIV protease is used by the virus to cleave Gag-Pol polyprotein into 3 smaller proteins that are responsible for virion assembly, package and maturation. This enzyme targets the specific phenylalanine-proline cl... |
how did 4chan become so heavily affiliated with/occupied by members of the alt-right? | Many internet forums such as 4chan serve as a home for the counter-culture and contrarian opinions and personalities.
Alt-right seems to be a backlash to a culture that is moving left and, in their opinion, seeks to accommodate and "baby" the general citizenry at the expense of individual freedoms.
It is a counter-cu... | [
"It was on websites like 4chan and Reddit that the term gained wider usage, and in 2015 began to grow in popularity. Although there had previously been a strong left-libertarian contingent to these online spaces, there was a gradual rightward turn in chan culture centred on 4chan's politics board, /pol/. According ... |
are the calories that i burn during exercise the same unit as "kcal" on food labels? | We use the word "calories" when it comes to food and exercise, but they really are kcalories. So you're just cycling for 30 minutes. | [
"In a nutritional context, the kilojoule (kJ) is the SI unit of food energy, although the kilocalorie is still in common use. The word \"calorie\" is popularly used with the number of kilocalories of nutritional energy measured. To avoid confusion, it is sometimes written \"Calorie\" (with a capital \"C\") to make ... |
how much detail can a satellite pick up from earth? | Best government spy satellite resolution is believed to be about 10 cm. Of course, the exact values are classified. | [
"In 2002, NASA released an extensive set of satellite-captured imagery, including prepared images suitable for direct human viewing, as well as complete sets suitable for use in preparing further works. At the time, 1 km/pixel was the most detailed imagery available for free, and permitted for reuse without a need ... |
Invention of Modern Maps/Cartography | You're premise isn't true. Even today maps are drawn for many different purposes. A road map is a very different tool for navigating than the [map of the London Underground](_URL_4_), for example. And you'd struggle to use the world map in an Atlas to actually find anything, because it's purpose is to convey the shape ... | [
"The history of cartography traces the development of cartography, or mapmaking technology, in human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia. People have created and used maps to help them define, explain, and navigate their way through the world. Earliest archaeological map... |
Is a mature dog more intelligent than a human baby? | Yes, the intelligence of different animals is often compared to humans at some developmental age.
_URL_0_
Intelligence is not a one-dimensional measure, however, so the real answer is that it depends on how you define your measure.
| [
"When the role of dogs expanded from just being working dogs to also being companions, humans started selective breeding dogs for morphological neoteny, and this selective breeding for \"neoteny or paedomorphism\" had the effect of enhancing the bond between humans and dogs. Humans bred dogs to have more \"juvenile... |
When my computer calculates something and uses say 1KJ of energy to compute it, is any heat taken to do the calculation? Is it all waste heat? | Basically, you're asking if your computer unavoidably needs a certain amount of energy to do a computation, the way that the energy of the desired visible light emitted by a light bulb sets an unavoidable minimum energy requirement, yes?
There are a number of theoretical limits to computation. The one most relevant t... | [
"BULLET::::- Calculus can be used to make this calculation easier if the effect of energy input to the system is linearly dependent on the temperature change, as in simple heating of a system at moderate to relatively high temperatures. Thus, the energy being transferred “per incremental change in temperature” (the... |
how the magic eye books work | Let's look at an example:
_URL_0_
First of all, notice that a Magic Eye image always has repeated patterns.
When you "get" the image, you brain has overlapped the patterns "one off" - so for example, where your brain sees the blue candy at the bottom left as seen by your left eye, it sees the blue candy _one over f... | [
"Magic Eye is a series of books published by N.E. Thing Enterprises (renamed in 1996 to Magic Eye Inc.). The books feature autostereograms, which allow some people to see 3D images by focusing on 2D patterns. The viewer must diverge their eyes in order to see a hidden three-dimensional image within the pattern. A \... |
Are there interesting examples of minorities holding power in national governments? | Liberia was run by an Americo-Liberian(African-American) minority from 1847 to 1980. They gained power via colonial enterprise when a group of Americans sought to pay for many of the freed slaves to "return" to Africa. I put "return" in quotes because for all intents and purposes, they were American, through and throug... | [
"At times, particularly during crucial legislation, the minority leader may be consulted by the opposite leader in order to more easily get things passed and ensure that provisions important to the interests the minority party be included. The level of partisanship in state legislative bodies varies greatly from on... |
how does hdr work in newer tvs? | Contrast. Giving a Higher Range means you get bigger contrast between the darkest dark and the lightest light, allowing more detail in dark regions.
New tvs are able to be much brighter than old tvs could. Plus, it is contrast without i.e. light bleeding from lighter to darker regions | [
"BULLET::::- HDR or high dynamic range is new system using a compositing and tone-mapping of images to extend the dynamic range beyond the native capability of the capturing device. This may be done by using a triple exposure for the film and then compositing the three back together. Compositing can be done in a wo... |
why do so many people turn to alcohol when facing a dark time considering the awful ramifications on the mind/body? | Early stages of intoxication produce a mild euphoria and sense of well-being. Later stages of intoxication tend to render one largely "numb" to topics beyond one's immediate surroundings.
It's not hard to understand why both of these effects can be desirable to one seeking a temporary escape from their problems. | [
"Alcohol causes generalized central nervous system depression and associated cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory impairment. It slows and impairs cognition and reaction time, impairs judgement, interferes with motor function resulting in motor incoordination, loss of balance, and slurred speech, impairs memory fo... |
why creatives tend to be more prone to depression and procrastination | One common reason is a mental condition known as "bipolar" or "Manic depressive disorder".
Think about the best you've ever felt. Ever. That's what people with this condition feel like on a normal good day: great days go up from there.
Now think about the worst day you have ever had. That is what people with this con... | [
"The creative process, which is a key component that allows widening of the mind to lead to building personal resources, is often studied in respect to both sides of the emotional spectrum. Studies demonstrate that those who are more naturally creative experience much wider mood swings, spending a lot of time in bo... |
How is it that electromagnetic waves can travel through space without needing a medium? If they are able to do so because they are also particles, then why describe them as waves at all? | We know we can feel electric forces and magnetic forces at a distance. The concept of a field is the classical way to explain how these forces can work, since we need some way of describing the rules for how much force you feel as you move relative to a magnet or charge.
Now, if someone moves a magnet or a charge at ... | [
"Mechanical and electromagnetic waves may often seem to travel through space; but, while they can carry energy, momentum, and information through matter or empty space, they may do that without transferring any mass. In mathematics and electronics waves are studied as signals. On the other hand, some waves do not a... |
consciousness | Not ELI5 material as this is far too philosophical before we can delve into the science part of it but all I can say is that it's an emergent property.
> Really I'm just curious as to, theoretically, if there was an exact duplicate of myself, how would that work?
By saving the state of your brain, think of it like... | [
"Consciousness is a loosely defined concept that addresses the human awareness of both internal and external stimuli. This can refer to spiritual recognition, psychological understanding, medically altered states, or more modern-day concepts of life purpose, satisfaction, and self-actualization.\n",
"The concept ... |
how to use the pirate bay | Use a torrent program that can handle magnets, such as uTorrent. Then, only click on the little magnets or things that say get magnet link. | [
"The Pirate Bay allows users to search for Magnet links. These are used to reference resources available for download via peer-to-peer networks which, when opened in a BitTorrent client, begin downloading the desired content. (Originally, The Pirate Bay allowed users to download BitTorrent files (torrents), small f... |
If the length of one day is increasing 1.7 milliseconds every century or so, does this mean that Earth's rotational period was only 7 hours long when life began? | Approximately, yes.
After the giant impact which likely formed the moon (see footnote), about 4.5 billion years ago, the earth would have had an approximately 5 hour day, and it has been steadily getting longer, giving angular momentum to the moon to steadily tidally lock the earth to the moon. I'm not entirely sure ... | [
"Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to other, distant, stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation.... |
is there any chance of finding substances on other planets that are completely new colours that we haven't experienced before, and would our eyes be able to recognise it? | There aren't going to be frequencies of light that are completely outside of our well understood physics, no. There are all sorts of colours we can't see, but that's not the same thing. Ultraviolet, radio waves, infrared, microwaves, etc: all 'colours' of light that we can't currently see. | [
"Light and heat detected from planets must be distinguished from natural sources to conclusively prove the existence of intelligent life on a planet. For example, NASA's 2012 \"Black Marble\" experiment showed that significant stable light and heat sources on Earth, such as chronic wildfires in arid Western Austral... |
why do headphones, even high end studio monitors, have such wild frequency response curves? | Getting flat frequency response from headphones is next to impossible.
One issue is the fact that they use only a single driver. Monitors have at least one mid/low range driver and a separate tweeter. Those drivers are designed to handle specific portions of the frequency range, and a crossover inside the speakers is ... | [
"Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high frequency response means that the low midband d... |
If I fall asleep during the day, I wake up depressed and furious. Why? | This happens to me as well. Personally, it's because I'm usually too hot if I nap during the day, so I sleep fitfully. | [
"BULLET::::- Insomnia: While the inability to fall asleep is often a symptom of depression, it can also in some instances serve as the trigger for developing a depressive disorder. It can be transient, acute or chronic. It can be a primary disorder or a co-morbid one.\n",
"Nearly every day, the person may sleep e... |
Death of Edward 6th | As far as I know, there has not been a consensus on his death. I've been mostly interested in his sisters in my readings (Mary I: England's Catholic Queen by John Edwards: Yale University Press; there are many books about his sisters), but from what I've read there are three theories that have a good basis in modern m... | [
"Ultimately, Edward's dynasty survived him by little more than two years, despite his military and administrative genius. Edward was one of the few male members of his dynasty to die of natural causes. Both his father and brother were killed at the Battle of Wakefield, while his grandfather and another brother were... |
Can someone give me a simplified list of the rights and freedoms stated in the magna carta? | The vast majority of the Magna Carta is spent dealing with specific complaints of the barons, and as such most of the 63 clauses are dedicated to those complaints. For example clauses 2 and 3 deal with the collection of what amounts to an inheritance tax; heirs were required to pay a fee to inherit their lands and titl... | [
"Magna Carta is an English charter originally issued in 1215 which influenced the development of the common law and many later constitutional documents, such as the 1689 English Bill of Rights, the 1789 United States Constitution, and the 1791 United States Bill of Rights. \n",
"The Declaration of Right, also kno... |
Why isn't the James Webb space telescope heat shield made out of gold? | The heat shield will have to fold up to fit into the rocket and then [unfold once it's in space](_URL_0_). The material properties at the relevant temperatures to allow this process must be considered, not just reflectivity.
EDIT: Adding another point given by /u/evensevenone for visibility, since gold doesn't reflect... | [
"For space missions, gold is particularly useful because it is good at reflecting light, which will help to detect celestial objects from far away and gold does not oxidize so it will not tarnish, unlike most other metals. Due to both benefits, the James Webb Space Telescope uses a lot of gold for its mirrors. NASA... |
How often in their 25 years of service did the average Roman soldier experience combat? Was it frequently or did they mainly sit around and wait for something to happen? | I would love to give a really detailed answer to this for you, but I'm at work so I don't have my books! However, I can offer you a few bits and pieces that might expand your understanding of the legions and their duties a little.
While some Republican soldiers fought a lot (like Scipio's or Caesar's veterans), most ... | [
"The numbers and effectiveness of the regular soldiers may have declined during the fourth century: payrolls were inflated so that pay could be diverted and exemptions from duty sold, their opportunities for personal extortion were multiplied by residence in cities, and their effectiveness was reduced by concentrat... |
why the reddit random button isn't random at all? | Well the biggest thing is that true randomness is incredibly hard to tell a computer how to do. A computer uses algorithms to do anything which are by definition not random. A lesser reason is because random doesn't mean what people think it means. In truly random events (like flipping a coin) certain patterns will eme... | [
"Random's user interface is made of ever-changing topic blocks that contain keywords and images. By choosing any of the blocks the user will see related web content. By closing the web content the user can access new related topics. The user interface allows people to get more information about a specific topic are... |
with advil as an example, if liquid-gels work considerably faster than the regular tablets, and they use the same amount of ibuprofen (200mg), why would anyone choose the much-slower acting tablets? why do they even sell them? | Solid tablets are usually a LOT cheaper than gel capsules or liquid capsules. Many people may decide that any quicker release delivery mechanism isn't woth the cost. | [
"Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage for... |
What is the closest distance that 2 objects in space could orbit each other? | It depends on how strong the satellite is, i.e. how much force it may withstand without breaking into pieces. When it gets very close to the central attracting body, [tidal forces](_URL_0_) stretch it. The Moon is doing this to Earth all the time, and that's why we have tides, and at the same time the Earth is doing it... | [
"As two objects orbit each other, the periapsis is that point at which the two objects are closest to each other and the apoapsis is that point at which they are the farthest. (More specific terms are used for specific bodies. For example, \"perigee\" and \"apogee\" are the lowest and highest parts of an orbit arou... |
Why does water push a hose nozzle backward instead of forward? | Conservation of momentum. The water leaving the hose has momentum in a given direction. If momentum is to be conserved in the hose/water system, the hose must gain the same amount of momentum in the opposite direction (the sum of the two vectors must be constant). | [
"When water is supplied to the hose, it flows through the nozzle body to the opening, where it would normally flow straight forward in a stream. Just after leaving the opening it encounters the plug, which deflects the water sideways through an angle. After travelling a short distance the water encounters the outsi... |
is it legal and/or possible for the british monarch to be voted prime minister also? | We don't vote for Prime Ministers so it can not be done according to our unwritten constitution. We vote for an MP who represents us locally, these MPs back their party leader, the leader with the most backers will likely form government unless Parliament is hung, I can go further on this if you are interested.
To... | [
"The monarch appoints a Prime Minister as the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, guided by the strict convention that the Prime Minister should be the member of the House of Commons most likely to be able to form a Government with the support of that House. In practice, this means that the lead... |
how there are more numbers between 0 and 1 than there are integers? | An easy way to think of this one is that for any integer, you can place a decimal point in front of it to produce a number between 0 and 1. This proves there are at least as many numbers between 0 and 1 as integers. By adding zeros between the decimal and first non-zero value, you see that for every integer, you can ge... | [
"It has been conjectured that there are only a finite number of numbers with only digits in the 2-9 interval whose multiplicative digital root is not 0; the largest of these is 77,333,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222 (44 digits.)\n",
"Therefore, if 1 were not the smallest number greater than 0.... |
Diplomacy and respect between Christians and non-Christians in Early Medieval Europe | We have a nice example from the Crusade era in 1167 which may be up your street:
During this time both the Latin **kingdom of Jerusalem** (crusaders) and their regional rival, **Nur ed-Din**, had designs on **Egypt**, which was economically rich but militarily frail. The young Egyptian caliph **al-Adid** and his pragm... | [
"During the Middle Ages and until the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were Catholic kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the Papal States. In 1479, King Edward IV appointed John Sherwood as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomati... |
why do creole languages always use phonetic spelling? | They use phonetic spelling because there isn't time for irregularities to
arise. If you look at the complexities in English spelling, for example,
most of them are either remnants of older English (e.g. "knight" was originally
pronounced as it was spelt) or copied from other languages. Tracing back far
enough, almo... | [
"Creole is used frequently in poetry and drama. Frankétienne, for example, writes his plays only in Creole. An oral language, Creole is particularly suited in these genres elevating the voice. (Even if many Haitians speak and understand Creole, not all can read it.) In novels, the two languages are sometimes used t... |
why do you need to put liquids in a plastic bag in airport security? | I believe the plastic bag was to lumit the total amount off liquid. This prevented a terrorist from boarding a plane with hundreds of 4 ounce bottles which could be poured together on the plane. I suspect there was a precise figure but I don't know it but clearly a quart size plastic bag holding 4 oz liquid container... | [
"As of 26 September 2006, the Transportation Security Administration adjusted the ban on liquids, aerosols and gels. Travellers are permitted to carry liquids through security checkpoints in containers of 3.4 ounces (100 mL) or less that fit comfortably in one quart-size clear plastic zip-top bag. This procedure ca... |
Can insects, reptiles, or fish have actual emotions such as happy, sad, angry, or scared? | It can be hard to say. Fear appears to be an extremely common feeling among most animals who have a central nervous system, appearing in pretty much all three, and happiness is another common one(much less than fear,) which insects probably don't feel. Anger and sadness? It's hard to say how many feel this, because the... | [
"Chemicals such as hormones can have powerful effects on the behaviour of an individual. Researchers have considered the effect that such chemicals can have on Siamese fighting fish. This section will examine three studies, each of which indicates that chemicals can significantly affect the behaviours of Siamese fi... |
why chocolates tastes sweeter when they are at room temperature as compared to when they are frozen? | Some flavors are stronger at different temperatures. Sweetness is one of them. The warmer something sweet is, the more our taste buds pick up on that part of the flavor. Bitterness is another; old coffee at room temperature tastes quite bitter, but when chilled/iced, that part of the taste is muffled.
_URL_0_
_URL_1_ | [
"Since sugar came to the Americas sometime after chocolate did, chocolate was said to have an acquired taste as it comes off as bitter without added sweetener. The Spaniards created a drink consisting of chocolate, vanilla, and other spices which was served chilled. This drink cannot be compared to modern-day hot c... |
Why can't tires be recycled? | Tires get recycled all the time. We have local industries (this is not a large city) that take them apart, melt down the steel, and use the rubber to make all kinds of items like parking dividers, floor mats, concrete additives, etc etc.
& #x200B;
The issue is that there are many more discarded tires than there is d... | [
"Waste tires are made of a material which can have another economic use. This means that tires which are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or damage, can be recycled to serve a new economic purpose (rubber asphalt and concrete, fuel alternatives, carbon sources, etc.). \n",
"Tire recycling or rub... |
why people are so anti farmed fish, yet they have no problem with farmed animals? | The problem is that farmed fish are perceived by some as doing a massively good job of polluting their environment while consuming a tremendous amount of resources (plus some people don't like 'farmed anything').
The first is because the water where the fish are raised immerses them in a highly mobile environment. Cow... | [
"Fish farming is the raising of fish for food in underwater enclosures, otherwise known as aquaculture. There are environmental hazards such as waste, damage to ecosystems, and negative effects on humans. Because they are so densely packed together, the fecal matter that accumulates can create algal blooms, or dead... |
how do buildings under construction not get all warped and structurally unsound during heavy rain? | As a carpenter, wood is actually much studier than you'd think. Obviously you don't want to expose the raw materials to the elements for a long period of time (over a week, give or take) but wood is fairly resistant. As for the heavy winds, we use "wall braces" to keep the walls in place. Additionally, walls are design... | [
"Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during maintenance. There are several other reasons behind building damage like accidents such as storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining, water withdrawal or poor foundations and landslides. Buildings also may suffer from fire damage and ... |
what does an investment banker do? | If you want to sell your house, you may decide to hire a mortgage broker to help you figure out how much your house is worth on the market and then show your house to potential buyers. If you want to buy a house, you may decide to hire a mortgage broker to show you different houses based on what you want and can afford... | [
"An investment bank is a financial services company or corporate division that engages in advisory-based financial transactions on behalf of individuals, corporations, and governments. Traditionally associated with corporate finance, such a bank might assist in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as... |
why do authors go through book publishers to sell their content? | Traditionally, it was very very difficult for an author to publish their book and get it sold in stores. The logistics involved in getting a printer, getting stores to buy that book, having that book shipped to stores, having the book advertised, were so complicated that it just made sense for authors to get through tr... | [
"An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online. These authors can use free services such as Smashwords or Amazon's CreateSpace to have their book available for worldwide sale. There is an obvious attraction for first time authors who have b... |
how do tv ratings work in the uk? | Television ratings in the UK are measured by an organisation called BARB. They have a [page with very informative videos explaining how they get their figures](_URL_0_), but to answer your specific questions:
> What if people record a show but never watch it, would that be counted?
No. A recorded programme that is ... | [
"Television ratings in Australia are used to determine the size and composition of audiences across Australian broadcast and subscription television, primarily for the purpose of informing advertisers what programming is popular with the audience they are attempting to sell their product or service to.\n",
"In th... |
How were damage control duties split up aboard WWII vessels? | The Shinano had such poor damage control because it was not a fully crewed and combat-ready ship. When it was torpedoed, it was in the process of being moved to Kure for a) protection from air raids and b) final fitting out and equipping. It did not have a full crew of men, the ship was brand new and not completed, and... | [
"The fire-control system for these ships was little advanced over their First World War-era predecessors. A pedestal-mounted, manually operated Destroyer Director Sight and a separate rangefinder positioned to its rear were situated above the bridge; the director transmitted training angles and firing impulses to t... |
How did inflation occur faster than the speed of light? Didn't the universe carry what we have come to call mass by this point? | There's nothing in the theory of relativity that prevents the distance between two points from increasing at a speed greater than the speed of light, so long as the distance is increasing due to [metric expansion](_URL_1_) rather than through relative motion (see my comment [here](_URL_0_) for an elaboration on that po... | [
"BULLET::::- Inflation (cosmology), the expansion of space in the early universe at a rate much faster than the speed of light; the inflationary epoch lasted from 10 seconds after the Big Bang to sometime between 10 and 10 seconds\n",
"Current commonly accepted physical theories imply or assume the photon to be s... |
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain is often mocked for declaring "Peace in our time," upon Hitler's promises. What's the truth about how foolish Chamberlain really was? | Here is an answer to a question from last week paraphrased as "Did Chamberlain actually think that he could avoid war, or did he use the Munich Agreement to give Britain more time to prepare for a war he knew was coming?"
---------------
When we talk about the „appeasement“ of Hitler, you have to remember that the w... | [
"Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome \"peace for our time\", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken. In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ... |
the eurozone crisis. whats going on? | Greece accumulated a shit load of debt. They can't cover that debt. They need the rest of the eurozone to bail them out. Other countries(Germany) don't want to, but they share the same currency as Greece, so Greece failing would also hurt them.
| [
"The eurozone crisis resulted from the structural problem of the eurozone and a combination of complex factors, including the globalisation of finance, easy credit conditions during the 2002–2008 period that encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices, the financial crisis of 2007–08, international trade i... |
What happened to the Hitler youth after WW2? | /u/lightning14 has provided [an annotated bibliography](_URL_0_).
/u/kieslowskifan answered [How were the children \[in\] the Hitler Youth Denazified?](_URL_1_)
The first thread also includes a response by /u/Shino_336, who quoted it in the latter, but you have to click to "view all comments". | [
"With the surrender of Nazi Germany, the Hitler Youth was disbanded by Allied authorities as part of the denazification process. Both Schirach and Axmann were condemned as war criminals by the leading Allies powers after the end of the Second World War in Europe, in particular for the role the two played in corrupt... |
How far in advance were the USSR wary of a potential German invasion before Operation Barbarossa commenced? | There were repeated attempts from various quarters throughout early 1941 to warn Stalin of an impending German invasion, which he and his high command almost invariably ignored. They potentially had months to prepare, but completely squandered that time.
Most notoriously, the Tokyo spy ring run by GRU officer Richard ... | [
"Operation \"Barbarossa\", the German invasion plan, called for the capture of Moscow within four months. On 22 June 1941, Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, destroyed most of the Soviet Air Force on the ground, and advanced deep into Soviet territory using \"blitzkrieg\" tactics to destroy entire Soviet armies.... |
What are the differences between the mechanisms of bipolar depression and of unipolar depression? | For starters, i believe the serotonin hypothesis applies more to unipolar depression. This is somewhat contradicting another working hypothesis in the field, namely that unipolar and bipolar depression are parts of a continuum of disease, and that some cases fall in the middle. So called bipolar type II is basically c... | [
"The social zeitgeber hypothesis therefore proposes, that in bipolar disorder the fundamental circadian instability can be moderated by the stabilization of daily rhythms and zeitgeber. According to the hypothesis a disruption (e.g. life events) could trigger depressive, hypomanic or manic episodes. A regular daily... |
How Does Potential Energy Work in Space? | It still rises but approaches a constant at an infinite distance, which is usually set to zero (so that potential is always negative). Of course, as another planet or massive body is encountered, the probe is attracted to it and the potential energy with respect to this body is lowered.
The potential energy is conv... | [
"Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space. These forces, that are called \"conservative forces\", can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as... |
why does our skin form little triangular patterns? and why is this pattern most pronounced on the back of our hands? | Your skin needs to be stretchy in order to accommodate all of the different types of movement that humans do. If you think about it, when you change the shape of your hand (by making a fist, for example), you are changing the surface area the skin needs to cover. To avoid splitting the skin open when this happens, we ... | [
"Smooth muscle cells are found in the walls of hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder and uterus, and in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system, and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. These cells are also present i... |
why is lemon juice made with artificial flavor and dishwashing liquid made with real lemons? | Mostly, you are just getting confused by marketing.
Juice and soap companies are businesses. They are out to make something for the lowest cost which they can sell for the most money. Mostly, the lowest cost is going to be artificial ingredients whipped up in a lab.
Lemon juice is a food product, and subject to cert... | [
"Lemon juice, rind, and peel are used in a wide variety of foods and drinks. The whole lemon is used to make marmalade, lemon curd and lemon liqueur. Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings,... |
how does the olympic committee determine who medically qualifies as a paralympian? | In Australia an athlete who wishes to compete in Para-sport must have an eligible impairment that leads to a permanent activity limitation.
Physical Impairment.
Types of physical impairments for Paralympic sport are limb loss or limb deficiency, muscle weakness, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, joint restrictions, shor... | [
"Sports chiropractic is a specialty of chiropractic. It generally requires post-graduate coursework and a certification or diplomate status granted by a credentialing agency recognized in a practitioner's region. Assessment and diagnosis of sports-related injuries by a sports chiropractor involves a physical exam a... |
why do some speakers have an very broad frequency response? | Sound engineer here.
Frequency response reaching beneath our hearing range might be beneficial mainly because of two reasons
1. Frequency response isn’t a stiff limitation. E.g. 25 - 25000 Hz means the speaker is capable of reproducing the sound in that range within a given margin (usually 3 dBs). It means, for exam... | [
"Directivity is an important issue because it affects the frequency balance of sound a listener hears, and also the interaction of the speaker system with the room and its contents. A very directive (sometimes termed 'beamy') speaker (i.e., on an axis perpendicular to the speaker face) may result in a reverberant f... |
How did the Franks, and not the Romans, Manage to Conquer/Settle "Germania"? | For a very long time (between ca. 400 and 800), the Franks had no interest in expansion east of the Rhine. Charlemagne only managed to do so after a very long campaign, and even then it can be argued that the conquest was not very long-lasting, because the descendants of the local Saxon aristocracy took over the easter... | [
"After the final defeat of the Goths, the Franks, led by the brothers Leutharis and Buccillinus, attempted to invade the recently reconquered lands. From the \"Liber Pontificalis\": \"They (The Franks) in like manner wasted Italy. But with the help of the Lord they too were destroyed by Narses. And all Italy rejoic... |
Is there a theoretical maximum magnetic field strength? | Quantum electrodynamics in general cannot set a limit to the magnetic field strength for dimensional reasons. If there was a limit, say B_max, it would be a fundamental constant with units of the magnetic field, built out of hbar, c, and μ_0\*, but you can check this is impossible. In particular, a magnetic field has u... | [
"In 1930, TC1 decided that the magnetic field strength (H) is of a different nature from the magnetic flux density (B), and took up the question of naming the units for these fields and related quantities, among them the integral of magnetic flux density.\n",
"Note that the strength of the magnetic field \"B\" ne... |
why do western movies picture robots and cyborgs like evil beings, but japan portraits them as the good guys? | This isn't correct at all. Western depictions of cyborgs/robot are often positive (Chappie, WallE, Short Circuit), and depictions in Japanese media are often negative (Bubblegum Crisis is the only one I can think of now because it's been a while since I watched anime). You are seeing a correlation where one does not ex... | [
"Robots in films are often sentient and sometimes sentimental, and they have filled a range of roles in science fiction films. Robots have been supporting characters, such as Robby the Robot in \"Forbidden Planet\", Data in \"Star Trek\", sidekicks (e.g., C-3PO and R2-D2 from \"Star Wars\", JARVIS from \"Iron Man\"... |
why is it that when we wake up, we don't remember anything and our body is basically in "autopilot"? | I assume you mean in the middle of the night, like to go to the bathroom, so that's the question I'll try to answer.
We have a certain cycle of stages of sleep. If you take a short nap, known as a power-nap, you will feel refreshed because your mind went through the entire first cycle of sleep. The cycle that starts a... | [
"\"The fact that brain processes cause consciousness does not imply that only brains can be conscious. The brain is a biological machine, and we might build an artificial machine that was conscious; just as the heart is a machine, and we have built artificial hearts. Because we do not know exactly how the brain doe... |
if there are infinite numbers between 0 and 1, how can even 1 second pass? | I highly recommend Numberphile's [video on Zeno's Paradox](_URL_0_).
While the mathematics of the problem is well understood, it's still debated whether it has been completely resolved from a philosophical perspective. | [
"If the last digit in the number is 0, then the result will be the remaining digits multiplied by 2. For example, the number 40 ends in a zero (0), so take the remaining digits (4) and multiply that by two (4 × 2 = 8). The result is the same as the result of 40 divided by 5(40/5 = 8).\n",
"BULLET::::- Some studen... |
How would one legally migrate to another kingdom in the early middle ages? | "I don't believe they could just move to the other kingdom and start cultivating the land"
**Short Answer**
At the very start of the medieval period, there was nothing stopping someone from trekking across Europe to set up a new farm if they wished it. The bureaucracy and legal institutions did not exist to even *ha... | [
"Modern settlement originated in Anglo-Saxon times when it consisted of Havering Palace and the surrounding lands that belonged to the king. The palace itself is known to have existed since at least the reign of Edward the Confessor when it was one of his primary residences. The area formed a liberty from 1465 whic... |
Is it true that our universe has a framerate and a resolution? | No, it's fuzzier than that. There's no distinct "edges" between voxels, or moments which we can pinpoint as the beginning and end of one "frame". For one thing, that would imply some sort of grid, or coordinate axes; it would mean that "diagonal" movement would be obviously different from "orthogonal" movement. But phy... | [
"BULLET::::- The AIM Model proposes that all of the universes’ possible brain-mind states can be exemplified with a three-dimensional state space, with axes A, I, and M (activation, input, and mode), and that the state of the brain-mind at any given instant of time can be described as a point in this space. Since t... |
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