Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
When did human race start to use protective footwear/shoes?	This is much more and archaeological/anthropological question than a historical one. Of the top of my head I know the oldest preserved leather shoe (found in the Caucasus) is something like 5000 years old, which post-dates the advent of intensive agricultural by a few thousand years. There are also archaeological evide...	[ "Footwear has been in use since the earliest human history, archeological finds of complete shoes date back to the copper age (ca. 5.000 BCE). Some ancient civilizations, such as Egypt and Greece however saw no practical need for footwear due to convenient climatic and landscape situations and used shoes primarily ...
'stacking' blankets doesn't make me warm.	You have to be in bed long enough for your body heat to be trapped by the blankets.	[ "Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth and decoration on the outside of bed. Blankets are sometimes used as comfort objects by small children. \n", "A blanket is a piece of soft cloth large enough either to cover or to enfold a great portio...
. how can a law passed by congress supersede the constitution?	It can't in principle, but it can be done in practice, and it's very easy. Unconstitutional laws are overturned by courts when people are charged with breaking that law in court. So you make a law that says people aren't allowed to have a trial -- aren't allowed to go to court. So, under the law, you detain that pers...	[ "Those other parts of the Constitution include the extensive powers granted to Congress. Article I of the Constitution gives Congress the exclusive power to make laws, which the President then must execute, provided that those laws are constitutional. Article I, Section 8, clause 18 of the Constitution known as the...
why are calculators the only common solar powered gadgets?	A small solar panel isn't the most efficient or reliable energy source, so for a portable device to be able to be solar powered, it has to consume very little power and suffer no ill effects if the source is suddenly cut off. There simply aren't a lot of devices that fulfill both of these criteria. As it happens, scho...	[ "Solar calculators use liquid crystal displays as they are power efficient and capable of operating in the low voltage range of 1.5–2 V. Some models also use a light pipe to converge light onto the solar cells. However, solar calculators may not work well in indoor conditions under ambient lighting if sufficient li...
how is the brain active after someone has been decapitated?	Your brain (like everything else in your body) runs on oxygen. That oxygen is carried by your blood, which picks it up in the lungs before being pumped around the body by the heart. Obviously when someone is decapitated that connection is severed, but what oxygen is still in the blood in their head will continue to be...	[ "As a medical graduate student in Paris, Loye attempted to confirm the observations of Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard on the nervous system. Brown-Séquard had argued that all motor activity rested in the brain and operated through the nervous system alone. To observe the importance of the brain in the activity of th...
Why did England collapse after the Romans withdrew support in the 5th century?	A large part of the answer here has to be 'it didn't - Robin Fleming's 2010 book 'Britain After Rome' does a good job of setting out the evidence, essentially using archaeological material to argue that there was an awful lot more continuity than previously assumed, and evidence of wealthy, sophisticated societies - se...	[ "By the early 5th century, the Roman Empire could no longer defend itself against either internal rebellion or the external threat posed by Germanic tribes expanding in Western Europe. This situation and its consequences governed the eventual permanence of Britain's detachment from the rest of the Empire.\n", "Th...
When did humanity realize that photosynthesis was an aspect of plant growth and agriculture?	The sun has been associated with growth and fertility for as long as people have been writing about religion. The earliest evidence I can think of is the Pyramid Texts of Unas, a 5th Dynasty Egyptian king who ruled 2375-2345. They describe Re as a sun god who created himself and provides the deceased king with grains. ...	[ "The first primary producers that used photosynthesis were oceanic cyanobacteria about 2.3 billion years ago. The release of molecular oxygen by cyanobacteria as a by-product of photosynthesis induced global changes in the Earth's environment. Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this led to ...
How does a GPS calculate the shortest distance between destinations so fast?	Standalone GPS devices (without any additional support from server on the internet etc) will often look at the direct distance between the departure and arrival points, and if they are above a certain threshold the GPS will first find the closest highways at your departure and arrival points, to determine what highways...	[ "The application does not require connection to Internet data (e.g. 3G, 4G, WiFi, etc.) and uses a GPS satellite connection to determine its location. Routes are calculated and plotted based on real-time traffic information provided by Inrix.\n", "In GPS navigation, a \"route\" is usually defined as a series of t...
Why did Italy end up with multiple feuding city states at a time(renaissance) when many other major European powers had national governments?	Although I'm always happy to entertain more discussion, [this previous answer of mine](_URL_0_) might shed some light on the topic.	[ "In the 14th and 15th centuries, northern-central Italy was divided into a number of warring city-states, the rest of the peninsula being occupied by the larger Papal States and the Kingdom of Sicily, referred to here as Naples. Though many of these city-states were often formally subordinate to foreign rulers, as ...
why didn't people see "the dress" in the original colors of the photograph?	The lighting had a lot to do with it. Our perception of colors are based not only on the actual color of the object itself, but also on the object's visual environment (e.g adjacent colors and lighting). The dress in question appeared back-lit in the photo, so instead of merely perceiving the actual colors a lot of us ...	[ "The black-and-white photos dated back to the summer of 1982 (after her freshman year at Syracuse University) when she worked as an assistant and makeup artist for Mount Kisco, New York photographer Tom Chiapel. At the time, Williams stated that Chiapel said that \"he had a concept of having two models pose nude fo...
why won't china allow south korea to defend itself and why are south koreans angry at usa for defending their country?	China has recently claimed more expansive territorial rights than is commonly accepted internationally. Right now they're saying that "THAAD radar can't watch our airspace. It makes us less safe if South Korea, the US, and Japan can see us." Generally, countries agree to share regulation of radio spectrum through th...	[ "One of the reasons put forth to explain South Koreans' lack of support or affinity for the South Korean state is due to a popular misconception that only North Korea purged its regime of pro-Japanese collaborators of the colonial period and that South Korea did not, while in reality the former did not do so. Anoth...
how certain groups in the us became "model minorities"	It's worth noting that many aspects of the model minority stereotype are actually supported by statistics. There is a somewhat recent [Pew study](_URL_0_) about Asian-Americans. Compared to other races, they are statistically more likely to be academically successful, have higher incomes by at least one measure, and va...	[ "Racial minorities have been a large part of American history. A minority group is defined as “a category of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group.” Minorities are traditionally separated into the following groups: African Americans, American Indians, Alaska N...
Why did Abraham Lincoln really issue the emancipation proclamation?	I hope you'll excuse me reposting something I wrote some time back, as while it is aimed much more broadly than your question here, it does cover the Emancipation Proclamation within it (if that is all you want, skip about half-way down). ----------- > [I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with th...	[ "First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln is an 1864 oil-on-canvas painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter. In the painting, Carpenter depicts Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, and his Cabinet members reading over the Emancipation Proclamation, which proclaimed the ...
what goes on mechanically in a speaker when you turn down the volume of music?	A speaker pretty much consists of a cone, an electromagnet, and a permanent magnet. You can see the cone, usually, although sometimes it's covered in fabric or metal mesh. To produce music, an electronic signal is sent to the electromagnet, telling it what direction to produce an electric field. So it either moves clo...	[ "Volume is adjusted by a wheel on the unit's right side, using a digital mechanism (it can be turned indefinitely). It also is possible to click or push the wheel, which pauses playback and turns the unit off after about one minute. When the unit is powered off and the wheel is pressed for a few seconds, playback r...
why do books about things that couldn't possibility ever happen need a "any similarities to real persons is purely coincidental" disclaimer?	Ass covering. That said, just because events in a book cannot ever happen doesn't mean there can't be a similarity to actual people. i can write a book and include a werewolf called... say Drump, who incompently leads a pack of werewolves, oh and he had a tiff with a weird hag called... Billary. Meanwhile there is als...	[ "BULLET::::- A form of verisimilitude often invoked in fantasy and science fiction invites readers to pretend such stories are true by referring to objects of the mind such as fictional books or years that do not exist apart from an imaginary world.\n", "The perception of remarkable coincidences may lead to super...
is all black coloured face/skin paint considered blackface	Blackface is usually an attempt to mock black people, so it would depend on your intent, who is looking at it (how easily offended they are), and your paint job. If you painted your face black and dressed in camouflage for a paintball outing people might not say anything. If you did it in such a way that you intention...	[ "Racial Brownface is a variation of Blackface in which a person tries to pass as Latin American, Middle Eastern, Polynesian, Native American, and/or Indian. This can be done using makeup, hair-dye, and/or by wearing traditional ethnic clothing to make a person appear as though they belong one of these \"brown\" eth...
how do obviously fake facebook profiles sending me a friend request end up making money for the people who make them?	I assume you're talking about the fake "super attractive girl in revealing clothing" profile. Most of the time these are run either by webcam girls as advertisement for their own show, or by bots run by the webcam site itself, as advertisement for the site. The girl makes money from you entering a private show with her...	[ "In August 2012, Facebook revealed that more than 83 million Facebook accounts (8.7% of total users) are fake accounts. These fake profiles consist of duplicate profiles, accounts for spamming purposes and personal profiles for business, organization or non-human entities such as pets. As a result of this revelatio...
how can you tell the chemical nomenclature when naming compounds?	_URL_0_ It's a little late in the semester to start thinking about this.	[ "The chemical names are the scientific names, based on the molecular structure of the drug. There are various systems of chemical nomenclature and thus various chemical names for any one substance. The most important is the IUPAC name. Chemical names are typically very long and too complex to be commonly used in re...
why would an "a" list actor get paid $20mil on one movie and $3mil on the next?	A lot of it comes down to the budget of the movie and what movie the actor wants to do. Lets say Bob is an A-List actor. There is a huge Hollywood blockbuster coming out this summer, and it isn't going to be a "good" movie, it isn't going to have a whole lot of artistic merit, but it will be popular and it will be fu...	[ "Scores of movie notables spent their last years here, so have far less famous people from behind the scenes of the industry. Those with money paid their own way, while others, who had no money, paid nothing. Fees are based solely on the \"ability to pay.\"\n", "Salaries for the world's highest paid film actors c...
How were the Ancient Romans able to handle complex structural calculations to construct their amazing architectural feats, given their numeric system?	It seems that statics or mechanics of materials was first developed by Leonardo da Vinci. So it's probable that romans didn't do much calculations regarding structures. Their architecture was mostly based on [arch](_URL_1_), which is hard to build but easy to make strong enough. In modern engineering it would be called...	[ "The ancient Romans also employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the Etruscans in Italy. (See Marzabotto.) The Roman engineer Vitruvius established principles of ...
How do cells know when to stop multiplying?	Typically during cell division, you also establish the fate of the resulting daughter cells. Typically what you'll have is one cell remains in a pluripotent (stem cell) state, whereas the other daughter cell differentiates into a cell type that will undergo a set differentiation and proliferation program that will prod...	[ "Quantification of the number of viable cells is done using a process mathematically identical to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), except with QGK cells, rather than copies of PCR products, grow exponentially. The time taken to reach the threshold is called the \"threshold time\", T, which i...
scientifically speaking, why are “complementary colors” complementary?	Complementary colors are at opposite ends of the color wheel. Each color contains every pigment that the other color lacks, so they provide maximum contrast. The primary colors are Red/Yellow/Blue. So complementary pairs are: * Red and Yellow+Blue --- Red & Green * Yellow and Red+Blue --- Yellow & Purple * Blue...	[ "Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each other out (lose hue) by producing a grayscale color like white or black. When placed next to each other, they create the strongest contrast for those two colors. Complementary colors may also be called \"opposite colors.\" \n", "...
What does Mars sound like? Have any of the rovers made any recording of the red planet?	They have not, but pages 17 - 29 of this journal talk about simulations of it _URL_1_ . In summary (this may not all be explained in that paper, and I can't remember all the details, but this is my understanding and there may be more up-to-date research since I looked into this) * sound on Mars would be generated at ...	[ "On 7 December 2018 \"InSight\" recorded the sounds of Martian winds with SEIS, which is able to record vibrations within human hearing range, although rather low (aka subwoofer-type sounds), and these were sent back to Earth. This was the first time the sound of Mars wind was heard after two previous attempts.\n",...
what is petrification?	Petrification, as in fossilization, is when the wood is buried and minerals in the ground water seep into the cracks in the wood, while at the same time the wood slowly rots out. By the time the wood is gone, there is stone left in the shape of the wood. Organs, like your heart, can also be petrified if your body depo...	[ "In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals. Petrified wood typifies this process, but all organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates, can become petrified...
How accurate are Marx's historical claims in "Das Kapital"?	It might help to know which arguments you're concerned about. Das Kapital is an enormous book, far more than could be treated with any sort of depth in this format without getting specific.	[ "In 1868, when Marx & Engels were trying to develop international momentum for the economic philosophy contained in this work, they contacted the Fortnightly Review via Beesly to see if it would be interested in publishing a critique of Das Kapital; at the time Marx wrote to Engels: “Prof. Beesly, who is one of the...
Whats more efficient? Letting warm water run fast or slow to get to the desired temperature?	I'm by no means an expert but I think the distance the water has to travel through pipes between the faucet and water heater play a big role in how long it takes for you to get warm water. If you have 30 feet of pipe and the water has not been used for 8 hours, that water in the pipe will be cool or cold. Now you have ...	[ "Further, due to its superior thermal stability and non-flammability, direct heat exchange from high temperature sources is possible, permitting higher working fluid temperatures and therefore higher cycle efficiency. Unlike two-phase flow, the single-phase nature of s eliminates the necessity of a heat input for p...
Why does Pythagorean's theorem work?	See [This Picture](_URL_0_) for reference. We have a right triangle with legs, one of length A the other of length B, and a hypotenuse of length C. First, draw a square whose sides have length A+B, as in the picture. We can then cut up this square in two ways, each time using four of copies of this right triangle. The...	[ "The Pythagorean theorem is derived from the axioms of Euclidean geometry, and in fact, were the Pythagorean theorem to fail for some right triangle, then the plane in which this triangle is contained cannot be Euclidean. More precisely, the Pythagorean theorem implies, and is implied by, Euclid's Parallel (Fifth) ...
Why did the Nazis use gas chambers instead of other methods of mass killing?	Well, gas chambers were arguably the most efficient method for mass extermination. This [answer](_URL_0_) by the redoubtable /u/commiespaceinvader outlines how Zyklon B became the killing method of choice for the camps. Gas as a method of mass murder had already been used in the T4 program so there were experienced p...	[ "A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have also been used. Gas chambers were used as a method o...
German was the second most common language in America prior to the World Wars, but just how common was it? If I went back to America in 1900 what are my odds of running into a monolingual German speaker?	Follow up question. How big was the pressure for German speakers to abandon their mother tongue or stop teaching it to their children? It seems unlikely to me that someone would abandon their national identity like that. I know about discrimination against the japanese and the internment camps but I don't know about th...	[ "German became the second most widely spoken language in the U.S. starting with mass emigration to Pennsylvania from the German Palatinate and adjacent areas starting in the 1680s, all through the 1700s and to the early 20th century.\n", "Prior to World War I, German was preferred as a subject for a second spoken...
Would the night sky look different if the expansion of space and therefore redshifting wasnt a thing?	To the human eye, no. The shifts in the light are small for "low" velocities and aren't perceivable by eye. In order to perceive them, things would have to be moving very fast towards or away from us. This is true of distant objects in the Universe because of expansion but those objects are too far away/too faint to se...	[ "The redshift hypothesised in the Big Bang model would by itself explain the darkness of the night sky even if the universe were infinitely old. In the Steady state theory the universe is infinitely old and uniform in time as well as space. There is no Big Bang in this model, but there are stars and quasars at arbi...
Can someone explain the quick fall of the Berlin wall?	I'd be happy to answer any specific question you may have about living with the wall and experiencing its downfall, but I am not going to write your school project for you. There are are plenty of good sources available how it happened.	[ "As expressed by Grésillon \"the fall of the Berlin Wall [marked] the end of 40 years of divided political, economic and cultural histories\" and was \"accompanied by a strong belief that [the city] was now back on its 'natural' way to become again a major metropolis\".\n", "The Fall of the Berlin Wall in Novembe...
why does the united states still choose to retain imperial units?	I'd point out that in some cases a lot of the world still does use the imperial system - nautical miles / knots and feet are still used on a globally widespread and systematic basis in the aviation industry for example. The reason why we haven't switched is because it is currently easier to just stick to convention. A...	[ "The last Imperial model was assembled in June 1975, the discontinuation resulting from dwindling sales due to a recession, the effects of the 1970s energy crisis, and the United States Congress having passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, establishing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards.\n", "Altho...
What is the history of the colonial powers treatment of Australian aborigines?	I'm not an expert on this, but I might be able to help a bit since we cover this in school here in Australia. When Captain Cook got here he declared Australia Terra Nullius which meant the Aborigines weren't recognised as owners of Australian land since officially no one lived here according to the crown. We did have a...	[ "BULLET::::- 31 January - Lord Glenelg, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies sent Governor Gipps the report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Aborigines (British Settlements). The report recommended that Protectors of Aborigines should be engaged. They would be required to learn the Aborigin...
If a super-morbidly obese person just drank water, would they be able to survive for an extended period of time off body fat?	In complete fasting, hyperaldosteronism can occur. This is a skewed ratio of potassium in the blood and is measured in the urine. Although it can be asymtomatic, here are the possibilities: Fatigue Headache High blood pressure Hypokalemia Hypernatraemia Hypomagnesemia Intermittent or temporary paralysis Muscl...	[ "A human being can survive an average of three to five days without the intake of water. The issues presented by the need for water dictate that unnecessary water loss by perspiration be avoided in survival situations. The need for water increases with exercise.Since the human body is composed of up to 78% water, i...
why does universal studios theme parks have "the wizarding world of harry potter" when harry potter is produced by warner brothers? what kind of deals had to happen here to deal with trademarks etc?	WB owns the film rights. The IP belongs to JK Rowling. Rowling originally went to Disney to add the Harry Potter park to Disney's parks. But Disney didn't want to give Rowling as much say in the park creation as she wanted. Universal did, so they got the park.	[ "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a themed area at Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles. The area is themed to the \"Harry Potter\" media franchise, adapting elements from the film series and novels by J.K. Rowling. The attraction—the second \"Harry Potter\"-themed area to exist at a Univer...
Versions of the Bible	r/AcademicBiblical and r/AskBibleScholars are the subreddits you're looking for.	[ "A Christian biblical canon is the set of books that a particular Christian denomination or denominational family regards as being divinely inspired and thus constituting an authorised Christian Bible. Such bibles are always divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Early Church primarily used the G...
if you get fit at high altitudes does that mean you are even fitter at a lower altitude?	I'm not sure about overall fitness, but if you do cardio training/exercise and increase your heart rate and rate of breathing at higher altitudes, you'll be more efficient at a lower altitude for a while. Higher altitudes have "less" air (it's less dense/more spread out) so when you get used to breathing the thinner ai...	[ "If humans move to a higher altitude, respiration and physical exertion become a problem, but after spending time in high altitude conditions they acclimatize to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen, such as by producing more red blood cells. The ability to acclimatize is an adaptation, but the acclimatization it...
what is aliasing?	I'm not an expert on this, but I'll try to explain it. Aliasing is when you misidentify a signal and get distortion. When your sample rate is to low, you don't get a complete picture of what the signal looks like. Let's look at a sine wave to make it easy. You need to measure the signal several time per cycle to be...	[ "In computing, aliasing describes a situation in which a data location in memory can be accessed through different symbolic names in the program. Thus, modifying the data through one name implicitly modifies the values associated with all aliased names, which may not be expected by the programmer. As a result, alia...
why is the xbox one so much more expensive in the uk than the us?	The dollar price will exclude sales taxes which differ state to state IIRC. $499 is about £298, +20% VAT is about £357. The remaining £72 is mostly accounted for by inefficiencies of shipping to a smaller market (e.g. less spread of cost per unit), market specific hardware changes (i.e. the bundling of UK compliant pow...	[ "The Xbox One was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on November 22, 2013, at a launch price of US$499.99, €499 and A$599 respectively with Japan, and was later released in 26 other markets in 2014. It had two mid-generation upgrades, one released in 2016 called the Xbox One S, and the other called th...
What are industrial diamonds? Are they the same as the diamonds used in jewellery, or are they artificial?	They're the same as natural diamonds, except most are made artificially. The major difference is for industrial applications, how they appear is irrelevant, so a lot of them are what might be considered "ugly" for jewelry but are just fine for machinery.	[ "Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and heat conductivity, with the gemological qualities of clarity and color being mostly irrelevant. About 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about 100 million carats or 20 tonnes annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones are relegated for industrial use (kn...
how do zero gravity flights work and why do they make people sick?	What we call "zero gravity" in space isn't actually zero gravity. Rather, it's a constant freefall around the earth. Gravity is pulling the space station down, it's just also moving so fast sideways that you fall towards the earth without actually hitting it. Everything in the station is moving together, so there is...	[ "During takeoff and reentry space travelers can experience several times normal gravity. An untrained person can usually withstand about 3g, but can blackout at 4 to 6g. G-force in the vertical direction is more difficult to tolerate than a force perpendicular to the spine because blood flows away from the brain an...
How did voting in early America logistically happen?	I think you are imagining that voting still took place in one day in early America -- which it did not. [America's first election took place over a series of months](_URL_0_). Between December 15th, 1788 and January 10th, 1789, states chose their delegates to the electoral college. Then, on February 4th, 1789 the ele...	[ "In the 19th century, a number of new methods for conducting American election campaigns developed in the United States. For the most part the techniques were original, not copied from Europe or anywhere else. The campaigns were also changed by a general enlargement of the voting franchise—the states began removing...
When scientists successfully cure rats and mice of particular ailments, how difficult is it to take the step to repeating it in humans?	Your question is so broad as to be almost unanswerable. It depends on the disease and the rodent model. In neuroscience, it is very difficult to make the transition for certain diseases like schizophrenia or autism, where the mouse models generally aren't very good. For Alzheimer's, several drugs have advanced int...	[ "Studies have shown that after destroying about 90% of their dentate gyrus (dg) cells, rats had extreme difficulty in maneuvering through a maze they had been through, prior to the lesion being made. When being tested a number of times to see whether they could learn a maze, the results showed that the rats did not...
Periodic Table And Atomic Stability	The great thing about the periodic table is that it's periodic. As you go down vertically, the elements have the same (or similar) physical and chemical properties. This relates to how electrons arrange themselves around the nucleus. For example, if you go down the first column, lithium, sodium, potassium, etc are all ...	[ "In this region of the periodic table, \"N\" = 184 has been suggested as a closed neutron shell, and various atomic numbers have been proposed as closed proton shells, such as \"Z\" = 114, 120, 122, 124, and 126. The island of stability would be characterized by longer half-lives of nuclei located near these magic ...
What spurred American society becoming less proper/formal over time?	While you wait for answers which might provide you with a more 'classical' insight based on more formal history and sociology, I'll give you a few pointers from a literary and pop-cultural one, which might help expand the depth of understanding of this phenomenon. Whatever the causes, we can note that certain kinds of...	[ "In the late 19th century, the United States encountered a changing work force. The U.S. was the dominant global economy and leading industrial power. From 1865 until 1918, the United States saw an influx of European immigrants. This presented an issue, since the combination of poor immigrants and individuals scram...
The Rashidun and some other caliphates controlled the entire Arabian peninsula. Why did the Ottomans only control the costal areas?	Control over Mecca and Medina legitimized the house of Osman's claim to rule the Islamic world. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire, starting with Murad I, styled themselves as the Caliph of Islam in addition to holding Imperial titles for this reason. But control of the Holy City came later. Selim I, the Grim broug...	[ "The Ottoman Empire continued to control most of the peninsula. However, Arabia had its own rulers: a group of tribal chiefs in Najd and its surrounding area, and the Sharif of Mecca ruled the Hejaz. The Otaibah cooperated with Al Saud of Najd, but sided with the Sharifs of Mecca (who took refuge with the tribe in ...
What is the least common amino acid in our bodies and why is it this way?	I'm not sure about human proteins, but tryptophan appears the least frequently in proteins. I don't have an explanation why, but possible reasons might be that it is the most complex to synthesize or that its side chain is very rigid. Tryptophan residues are also very sensitive to mutations and often such mutations wil...	[ "There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, however some of these share similar characteristics. For example, leucine and isoleucine are both aliphatic, branched hydrophobes. Similarly, aspartic acid and glutamic acid are both small, negatively charged residues. \n", "There are nine essential amino acids which...
What would be considered a large amount of money in the 1920s?	According to the Bureau of Labor, average household income remained fairly flat in the fifteen years following World War I, at an average of $1,524, with almost the entirety of that being eaten up by average household expenditure of $1,512. Compare this to 2013 figures from the same source, which show an average househ...	[ "In the words of one economic historian, \"The only industry which thrived was that concerned with the production of paper money.\" The amount of currency in circulation from the beginning to the end of 1920, rose from about 225 billion rubles to 1.17 trillion. This represented a 25-fold increase over the amount of...
why do people in the western world see alcohol as fine, but other, objectively less harmfull drugs as extremely dangerous?	Propaganda from the govt in the past so they could get the people on their side and a lot of it people still believe	[ "A December 2010 article determined that alcohol had the worst medical and social effects compared to other recreational substances such as heroin and crack cocaine. The drugs marijuana, ecstasy, and LSD scored far lower in terms of related harms. The authors did not advocate alcohol prohibition, but they suggested...
is it possible to improve your eyesight without surgeries?	Optometrist here, I get this question often. (1) Regarding eye exercises (vision therapy, basically physical therapy for the eye muscles), that is more for restoring abnormal focusing (accommodative) systems (sometimes treated by giving kids bifocals) or restoring abnormal eye teaming (binocularity) systems (like whe...	[ "Although these treatments are very successful (in slowing or stopping further vision loss), they do not cure diabetic retinopathy. Caution should be exercised in treatment with laser surgery since it causes a loss of retinal tissue. It is often more prudent to inject triamcinolone or anti-VEGF drugs. In some patie...
why do most people start to enjoy the taste of beer as they get older?	Children are predisposed to prefer sweet, as it indicates sugar and therefore high energy to volume ratio. As we get older, we lose some of this drive for fast, powerful energy sources. We can tolerate more complex flavors, especially bitter like coffee or alcohol. Personally, I think it also has to do with sufferin...	[ "It is believed that the impact of alcohol on aging can be partly explained by alcohol's activation of the HPA axis, which stimulates glucocorticoid secretion, long-term exposure to which produces symptoms of aging.\n", "Age is another strong factor that contributes to musical preference. Evidence is available th...
if you were to die in space, would you decompose or stay the same?	Decomposition occurs mostly due to microbes digesting your body. Reactions not coming from other organisms are minor and slow compared to active consumption. Microbes used to Earth conditions will not survive in space very long. Very cold, lots of radiation, no oxygen. They'll be able to salvage a few joules and a few...	[ "The human body can briefly survive the hard vacuum of space unprotected, despite contrary depictions in much popular science fiction. Human flesh expands to about twice its size in such conditions, giving the visual effect of a body builder rather than an overfilled balloon. Consciousness is retained for up to 15 ...
Historians, what do you think about Terry Dreary's history books?	The assumption, of course, is that objective history is actually possible. There have been fundamental changes in how we few history in post-Rankean (i.e. postmodern) historiography. I'm not going to take a side on the issue (objective v. subjective history), but it is important to keep in mind that the possibility of ...	[ "The book has become an example of how supposedly factual works can trip up researchers, historians, and librarians. It was described by the \"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology\" in 2006 as a creative exercise that cannot be substantiated or relied on.\n", "MacDonald is the author of 2 novels: \...
how does an alternating current flow? if the electrons are constantly moving equidistantly forward and back, how is it travelling?	They do, but they don't really 'flow' in the way you think, the water flowing is a fairly poor analogy because it sets up our minds to think of electrons as if they are H20 molecules, but at the scale we are talking about electrons act nothing like liquid water. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) They 'move' at about 1.2 inches a...	[ "Therefore, in this wire the electrons are flowing at the rate of . At 60 Hz alternating current, this means that within half a cycle the electrons drift less than 0.2 μm. In other words, electrons flowing across the contact point in a switch will never actually leave the switch.\n", "In classical electromagnetis...
why can't customer service go directly to a person?	It's not difficult, but it's really expensive. Humans require a wage, require office space in a populated area, require benefits and so on and computers don't. So having a computer route you to the right place to begin with and leaving the human for the parts that only a human can do saves the company a lot of money.	[ "In some countries, providers are required by law or regulation to provide a means of opting out of a service once it has been commenced. Most typically, this is achieved by sending a stop message (most typically, simply STOP) to the same number as the service itself.\n", "Customer service may be provided by a pe...
why is korea's english name korea if its korean name is hanguk? (in other words, where did the name come from?)	It came from the country that predated modern Korea, which is "Goryeo". Western explorers transcribed the name from the Chinese. Goryeo to the western ear sounds exactly like Korea. edit: Also, hanguk is south Korea, and entirely new. Korea in the 1900's was "Joseon", which is what North Korea calls itself today.	[ "The name \"Korea\" derives from the name \"Goryeo\". The name \"Goryeo\" itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, which was pronounced by the visiting Persian merc...
Why is metal, especially power metal, so rich with fantasy themes?	also try this over at r/askanthropology	[ "Themes that frequently feature throughout other metal subgenres, such as religion and politics, are comparatively rare in power metal - albeit not unheard of. Power metal's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology, camaraderie and hope, personal struggles and emotions, war and death, or combinations of ...
How do volcanologists determine that a volcano became dormant millions of years ago?	In reality within volcanology we only ever talk about active and extinct - dormant is pretty meaningless. Even active and extinct are only ever really used colloquially. The term extinct tends only to apply to systems that we believe have no active magma plumbing system. Now, we can look at local sediments to see if t...	[ "The volcano is older than the last glacial period that ended 11,000 years ago, but probably younger than 100,000 years. Though its lava flows show residual magnetism, the volcano does not display evidence of activity within the past 10,000 years, suggesting that it may now be extinct. The lavas, intrusive volcanic...
what is yeast and how do we use it?	Yeast is a single celled organism that eats sugar and excretes alcohol and carbon dioxide. The CO2 is useful for making bread dough rise, and the booze is useful for getting drunk.	[ "\"Yeast\" is also a type of fungus that grows vegetatively via single cells that either bud or divide by way of fission, allowing for yeast to multiply in liquid environments favoring the dissemination of single celled microorganisms. Yeast forms mainly in liquid environments and anaerobic conditions, but being si...
Can glasses/surgery bring you beyond 20/20 vision?	the limits of foveal resolution give a normal person up to ~20/10 acuity; 20/20 is considered 'normal' but not 'best', and it's routine for your refractive correction to give you 20/15. it depends on properties of your refractive error that may be too hard to correct with normal glasses. someone with 20/10 in both eyes...	[ "Management can occur with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery. Glasses are easiest while contact lenses can provide a wider field of vision. Surgery works by changing the shape of the cornea. Far-sightedness primarily affects young children, with rates of 8% at 6 years and 1% at 15 years. It then becomes more c...
Did cannonballs actually explode?	If we're being literal constructionists here, no, a "cannonball" would not explode. What the protagonist of that story found was technically a shell. What's the difference? What we think of as a cannonball would generally, at least during the time period I study, be called a "shot." Cannons on ship or shore would fir...	[ "According to legend, while visiting the Hanover Mill Works to inspect his cannonballs being forged, Commodore Stephen Decatur sighted a flying creature and fired a cannonball directly upon it, to no effect.\n", "On December 6, 2011, while conducting an experiment on the effectiveness of various projectiles when ...
Does the moon have a different apparent vertical orientation in the two hemispheres?	Yes. Yes I suppose it would appear "upside down" in the southern hemisphere (assuming you are from the northern hemisphere). Wow. I never thought about that.	[ "The near side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that is permanently turned towards Earth, whereas the opposite side is the far side. Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth – a situation known as synchronous rotation, or...
what causes that buzz sound when a mic is close to it's speaker?	The sound coming out of the speakers is fed back into the microphone, then out of the speakers again and so on.	[ "Frequently, distant conversations and other background noises have been heard behind the buzzer, suggesting that the buzzing tones are not generated internally, but are transmitted from a device placed behind a live and constantly open microphone. Because of the occasional fluctuating pitch of the buzzing tones it...
do smarter people have deeper morals, or the opposite?	No study has been conducted to your exact topic as it is very difficult to define morals in the first place. I do not have an exact answer to this, but maybe I can offer some insights. But there is a general correlation of intelligence and lies. A more intelligent person can use lies to effectively control the action...	[ "Beheshtifar, Esmaeli, and Modhadam (2011) reported that there is a significant amount of research to support that leadership effectiveness is positively correlated with intelligence. This means that more intelligent people are likely to be good leaders. However, the researchers suggest that smarter people are not ...
Literacy among Roman soldiers. How was it taught? (And several other questions about Roman soldiers.)	Those are a lot of questions that a lot of Roman military specialists would love to know the answer to. To start off with, if you want a good, readable and well regarded history of the Roman military you should try the books by Adrian Goldsworthy--I think his big book is The Complete Roman Army. I can only really t...	[ "The tablets are written in Roman cursive script and throw light on the extent of literacy in Roman Britain. One of the tablets confirms that Roman soldiers wore underpants (\"subligaria\"), and also testifies to a high degree of literacy in the Roman army.\n", "The army actively sought out recruits with useful s...
why does feeling lonely make you want to spend more time alone?	Its an evolutionary trait. When we're feeling lonely, we experience a heightened sensitivity to danger and threats in a social context. The reaction that makes us want to spend extended time alone is called "preventative rejection", and in theory is protecting us from further rejection and negative interactions with ...	[ "The loneliness in Orbison's songs that he became most famous for, he both explained and downplayed: \"I don't think I've been any more lonely than anyone else ... Although if you grow up in West Texas, there are a lot of ways to be lonely.\" His music offered an alternative to the postured masculinity that was per...
why do some people get numerous jury summons, while others don't? what's the system exactly?	I did an article on that very subject after going to jury duty and meeting many people who, like you, were there for the 4th, 5th and 6th time. The jury pool on that day was also glaringly white in a county that has a 40% minority population. So I did some digging and discovered that, in our county, we have a 66% no ...	[ "When a person is called for jury duty in the United States, that service is mandatory and the person summoned for jury duty must attend. Failing to report for jury duty is illegal and usually results in an individual simply being placed back into the selection pool in addition to potential criminal prosecution. Re...
why do world records get broken more often at the olympic games? shouldn't they have a roughly equal chance of being broken during any of the events in between?	One way isn't actually by breaking the record, it's by presenting an alternate set of records as "Olympic Records". This artificially increases the importance of events where you can break the actual "World Record", but also the "Olympic Record", if it's weaker. This gives the impression that there are more record-se...	[ "World records were broken thirty times. Some were beaten \"off competition\" after the competition ended. Often, records were broken multiple times in one category. In such case, only the final record is listed here.\n", "A total of four world records in athletics and eleven Olympic records were broken during th...
How big was Vinland?	Vinland is a term used by Vikings to refer to what historians believe is North America. There are no borders of Vinland, as it was not a country, but just a term for a general area. The term is said to be used to describe the area around Newfoundland and Labrador. The most- well known establishment in Vinland is L'An...	[ "The definition of marla varies between India and Pakistan. In India, the unit was standardized to 25 square yards. Its use in India is in decline, with the guz, square meter, acre and hectare being the more commonly used units. Bangladesh uses the same definition of marla as in India. In most of Pakistan, it is st...
how do antibiotics know where to specifically target?	The antibiotics is not targeting anything. However it is the bacteria which is affected by the antibiotics. Similar to how a virus does not target unvaccinated people but targets everyone however vaccinated people are immune. Antibiotics is poisons for bacteria but not for humans. So if you take antibiotics it will tar...	[ "BULLET::::- a quantitative way based on dilution: a dilution series of antibiotics is established (this is a series of reaction vials with progressively lower concentrations of antibiotic substance). The last vial in which no bacteria grow contains the antibiotic at the Minimal Inhibiting Concentration.\n", "Sev...
May I ask that during the battle of Vimy Ridge, I heard rumors that the Canadian troops gave the German hell. Like they are the combine of US and Brits characteristics. Is it true? Thank you	I can probably answer your question, but it is worded unclearly. Can you consider rephrasing and elaborating?	[ "The Germans did not see the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the Spring Offensive, and it remained unde...
How did the Germans get through the Ardennes forest during the battle of the bulge. Was there roads through the forest or did they just smash through creating their own paths?	They used what roads were available. The ground was covered in a heavy blanket of snow so I'm sure the tracked vehicles were able to move cross country in some areas (especially as they got closer to the main American line). Some German tanks were very well suited to cross country movement in heavy snow due to their un...	[ "The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces were to advanc...
What is the oldest known species of insect?	[Rhyniognatha hirsti,](_URL_0_) which existed around 400 million years ago during the Devonian Period, is the oldest known insect. Originally, it wasn't even considered an insect, but further investigation by Engel and Grimbaldi (2004)^1 found that it contained mandibular characters that place it in Insecta. --- 1....	[ "Rhyniognatha hirsti is often considered the world’s oldest known insect. It emerged very early during the Early Devonian Period, around 400 million years ago, when Earth’s first terrestrial ecosystems were being formed.\n", "The oldest known fossil insect that unequivocally resembles a Coleopteran is from the Lo...
the path to amd's failure and success throughout the years.	Im going to make this super simple, not because i think you wouldn't understand if i wouldn't simplify it, but rather so that people that don't know a lot about cpu's can read it as well, To explain why AMD is failing to keep up i first need to explain the basics of processors, you may have heard of the term CPU die, ...	[ "Better business performance is yet another benefit of using ERM. Companies that adopt an ERM approach have seen improvements in areas requiring key management decisions from capitol allocations to product development and pricing to mergers and acquisitions. As a result, this leads to the benefits and improvements ...
why is the tour de france in yorkshire?	The Tour de France is the most important cycling race of the year. It initially became that by paying out a lot of prize money. Starting in other countries has become a way to keep that position and increase awareness of the race. It's their way of solidifying their position of the de facto world championship of cyclin...	[ "The Tour de Yorkshire is a road cycling race in Yorkshire, England which started in May 2015. It is promoted by the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) and is rated as a 2.HC event as part of the UCI Europe Tour. From 2015 to 2017 it was a three-day race but in 2018 it expanded to four days, starting on Thursday 3 May...
How do Diamonds form?	The carbon is not being crushed and heated in the presence of O2 gas. Does this help?	[ "Diamonds in the mantle form through a \"metasomatic\" process where a C-O-H-N-S fluid or melt dissolves minerals in a rock and replaces them with new minerals. (The vague term C-O-H-N-S is commonly used because the exact composition is not known.) Diamonds form from this fluid either by reduction of oxidized carbo...
Why didn't germany Invade through Italy into France?	There were many factors, not the least of which was that Italy was still a neutral power; it didn't join Germany's war until after Paris had fallen. Hitler tried to convince Mussolini to join the war for months but dropped these demands as the invasion of France succeeded beyond his expectations. If Germany had broug...	[ "When Germany was on the verge of victory over France in 1940, Italy also declared war and invaded southern France. Italy obtained control of an occupation zone near the common border. Corsica was added in 1942. The Vichy regime that controlled southern France was friendly toward Italy, seeking concessions of the s...
How would someone scrawl a note on their hand in the 1870s?	> (and I'm assuming a fountain pen or quill pen would be too sharp) No, neither of them is particularly sharp and you generally use less pressure to write with one than you do with a ball point pen. You are just applying a thin line of ink to a surface. Fountain pens were expensive though and quill pens (made by...	[ "The Note of Hand, or Trip to Newmarket is a 1774 comedy play by the British writer Richard Cumberland. A farce it was the final play performed by David Garrick at the Drury Lane Theatre before his retirement. The play mocked some of the leading Whig politicians of the era such as Charles Fox and the Duke of Devons...
Why does triple bonding make organic compounds reactive like ethyne but molecular nitrogen essentially inert?	Carbon-carbon triple bonds (enthalpy 839 kjmol^-1 ) are a lot weaker than nitrogen-nitrogen triple bonds 945 kjmol^-1 ). 106 kjmol^1 is a very large difference! It makes a massive difference to their relative reactivity. However carbon-carbon triple bonds aren't reactive per se, they are just more reactive than carbo...	[ "In heteronuclear diatomic molecules, mixing of atomic orbitals only occurs when the electronegativity values are similar. In carbon monoxide (CO, isoelectronic with dinitrogen) the oxygen 2s orbital is much lower in energy than the carbon 2s orbital and therefore the degree of mixing is low. The electron configura...
how are grass and plants able to stand on their own?	It’s called Turgor pressure. It’s the natural “hydraulics” of the plant world. That’s why plants wilt without water but once you water them they straighten up.	[ "growing up above the ground or especially above water. Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see rhizome). Therefore, the root is best defined as the non-leaf, non-nodes bearing parts of the plant's body. However, important internal structural differences between stems and ...
what are the differences between the voyager spacecraft and other spacecraft?	None, they are old but robustly built. Their capabilities equivalent to today’s satellite probes as a Model T is to a Prius. As it is some of the instruments have stopped functioning and others have been shut off to save power.	[ "The Voyager spacecraft each weigh . Of this total weight, each spacecraft carries of scientific instruments. The identical Voyager spacecraft use three-axis-stabilized guidance systems that use gyroscopic and accelerometer inputs to their attitude control computers to point their high-gain antennas towards the Ear...
why does heat take just seconds to damage your body, but cool takes minutes/hours to damage your body?	Look at it like a phone and charger. If you put a load of energy into the phone (more than it's rated for), it'll do serious damage almost immediately. If you use an underrated charger, it'll put only a little energy in, but the phone will use more than it's getting and eventually die. Heat is just a form of energy,...	[ "Heat urticaria presents within five minutes after the skin has been exposed to heat above 43 degrees Celsius (109.4 degrees Fahrenheit), with the exposed area becoming burned, stinging, and turning red, swollen, and indurated.\n", "At temperatures greater than , proteins begin losing their three-dimensional shap...
How much of what we know about Marie Antoinette's lifestyle is fact and how much is exaggerated or propaganda?	It has become pretty easy to distinguish fact and fiction when it comes to Marie-Antoinette as the 'dust settled' due to the fact that many of her closest confidantes survived the revolution. A lot of her correspondence with her mother Empress Maria Theresa survives, as does correspondence between the Austrian Count Me...	[ "The view on Marie Antoinette's role in French history has varied widely throughout the years. Even during her life, she was both a popular icon of goodness and a symbol of everything wrong with the French monarchy, the latter being a view that has persisted to this day far stronger than the former. However, there ...
How did four become the general standard number of tines for a fork?	I'm not sure if this is too vague for you, but Henry Petroski talks about it in his [book](_URL_0_) (google books excerpt). It kind of boils down to efficiency in picking up food without being too large or broad for the mouth, again, but it does relate to the changing function of forks (from serving meat to individual ...	[ "A smaller version of such forks with shorter, closer-spaced, thinner tines (but a full-sized handle) is known as a \"border fork\" or \"ladies' fork\", and is used for lighter work such as weeding amongst other plants. Forks with broader, flatter tines are made for lifting potatoes and other root crops from the gr...
"We, who are about to die, salute you!" - Did gladiators really say that?	Someone did say that, but not gladiators. It comes from Suetonius's "Life of the Twelve Ceasar". A group of prisonner is supposed to have said that to Claudius, the fourth roman emperor, during a naumachy (a fake naval battle, in wich prisonners, sentenced to death, were used as foot soldier). There is no mention of th...	[ "Kyle concurs that no other sources record the \"supposed gladiator salute\" in any other context \"and it did not come here from true gladiators\". Treated as a commodity, they were not elite gladiators but captives and criminals doomed to die, who usually fought until all were killed. When the salute or appeal fa...
Good resources related to Renaissance German social history?	Nuremberg does have a fair degree of studies delving into its Renaissance experience. Many of these books delve into the artistic life of the city. The prosaically entitled Nuremberg: A Renaissance City, 1500-1618 edited by Jeffrey Chipps Smith is emblematic of these type of books. Organized around an exhibition of ...	[ "Walter Schlesinger (April 28, 1908, Glauchau – June 10, 1984, Weimar-Wolfshausen, near Marburg) was a German historian of medieval social and economic institutions, particularly in the context of German regional history (\"Landesgeschichte\"). Schlesinger is widely recognized as one of the most influential and pro...
I've heard it said in this sub that feudalism did not exist in the medieval period of Europe. What word would one use to describe their governmental system? Does feudalism describe any historical governmental system?	> I've heard it said in this sub that feudalism did not exist in the medieval period of Europe. It didn't exist in the medieval period at all. You can read detailed explanations about why medieval historians believe this elsewhere on this sub (check the FAQs and my own post [here](_URL_0_)). In short, there are two...	[ "Although derived from the Latin word \"feodum\" or \"feudum\" (fief), then in use, the term \"feudalism\" and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Middle Ages. The classic definition, by François-Louis Ganshof (1944), \"feudalism\" describes a set o...
why do video games require more gpu power to to display at higher resolutions?	You are half right. Some of the initial work carried out by the GPU, specifically the geometry transformations, are in vector form and these are largely resolution agnostic. However, the main bulk of the work carried out by the GPU is rasterization. Rasterization is the process of taking the 3-d geometry and turni...	[ "Generally, PC games are only limited by the display's resolution size. Drivers are capable of supporting very high resolutions, depending on the chipset of the video card. Many game engines support resolutions of 5760×1080 or 5760×1200 (typically achieved with three 1080p displays in a multi-monitor setup) and nea...
How large does an object in space need to be in order to gravitationally bind an average human to its surface?	"Bind an average human" seems to be the crux of your question. Lets instead ask "Whats the biggest object a human can escape the gravitational pull of?" For this we need 2 items: the escape velocity of an object, and the average speed a human can reach. A small amount of googling tells me that the average jumping he...	[ "In practice, the ratio formula_16 is often extremely small. For example, the Schwarzschild radius of the Earth is roughly 9 mm (3/8 inch), whereas a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit has a radius formula_5 that is roughly four billion times larger, at 42,164 km (26,200 miles). Even at the surface of the Earth, t...
How close could you get to the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*, without being pulled in?	Black holes aren't magic vacuum cleaners, they behave gravitationally exactly like the amount of mass/energy that created them. If our sun was suddenly crushed into a black hole, the Earth's orbit would remain unchanged as the amount of mass hasn't changed. What makes a black hole a black hole is not the amount of gr...	[ "CO-0.40-0.22 is a high velocity compact gas cloud near the centre of the Milky Way. It is 200 light years away from the centre in the central molecular zone. The cloud is in the shape of ellipse. The differences in the velocity, termed velocity dispersion, of the gas is unusually high at 100 km/s. The velocity dis...
if metals don't form molecular bonds, how do alloys work?	Alloys work when the metals fill in the gaps between each other. There won't be a copper/iron bond in copper/iron alloy, but there will be copper and iron mixed around very thoroughly in a copper/iron alloy.	[ "Two materials may form a compound at the joint. The strongest joints are where atoms of the two materials share or swap electrons (known respectively as covalent bonding or ionic bonding, respectively). A weaker bond is formed if a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an atom of nitrogen, oxygen, or fluor...
Can you actually be addicted to a game?	Depends on how much pleasure you get from it! First, lets define *addiction:* > Addiction is defined as the continued use of a mood altering substance or behaviour despite adverse consequences ANYTHING can be addicting as long as you experience pleasure. When I say pleasure, I mean the physiological respo...	[ "Game addiction can lead to mental and physical problems. In March 2005, a gamer named Zhu was stabbed by a fellow player, Qiu, in Shanghai. Qui had bought a dragon saber sword from the game \"The Legend of Mir 3\" from Zhu on eBay.\n", "Griffiths has also proposed that another reason why online video games are p...
At what height does a geosynchronous orbit start to experience weightlessness?	Any time you are in orbit you will be feeling weightless, at any height. This is because orbiting is actually free falling. The only difference is that you are not only falling down, you are also moving forward fast enough that you don't fall into the earth you miss it. _URL_0_ In this [image](_URL_1_) you can see a...	[ "Eleven minutes and 34 seconds after launch the crew were in their Earth parking orbit 92.5 by 91.5 nm (171.3 by 169.5 km). An orbit of this height is not sustainable for very long due to friction with the Earth's atmosphere, but the crew would only spend three hours before reigniting the S-IVB third stage to put t...
What disease is this? Picture link in text.	Looks like [neurofibromatosis](_URL_0_)	[ "Since 2005, the disorder has been recognized by name in the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics and the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in their adaptation and extension of the WHO's \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\" (ICD):\n", "Disease X ...
what's the difference between rj-45, cat5, cat6, and ethernet cables?	Ethernet cables are just a catch all term for eight-wire cables. They can be CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6, even CAT7. CAT5/CAT5e/CAT6/etc. is a designation for the type of wire used in the cable, with higher numbers capable of handling higher speed with less interference issues at longer distances. RJ45 is the designation of t...	[ "Category 5 cable, commonly referred to as Cat 5, is a twisted pair cable for computer networks. Since 2001, the variant commonly in use is the Category 5e specification (Cat 5e). The cable standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for most varieties of Ethernet over twisted pair up to (Gigabit...
how come photons have no mass (0.000...), don't interact with the higgs field, but are caught by black holes?	Gravity isn't just an attraction between masses. it's also a bending of the fabric of space. So even though a massless photon is traveling in a straight line, gravity's effects redefine what "straight line" means. In the case of a black hole, if that straight line path takes it past a black hole's event horizon, the p...	[ "It is worth noting that the Higgs field does not \"create\" mass out of nothing (which would violate the law of conservation of energy), nor is the Higgs field responsible for the mass of all particles. For example, approximately 99% of the mass of baryons (composite particles such as the proton and neutron), is d...
why is it so controversial to display rape in media (movies, television, etc.) moreso than equally horrific crimes such as murder or torture?	The easy answer is that TV viewers have long been de-sensitized to violence, but not so with rape. Furthermore, we've long idolized the violent (war heroes, superheroes, etc.), but we don't lionize rapists (although Genghis Khan was pretty impressive on both fronts). Likely, the root of this comes from the fact that v...	[ "It is a highly controversial topic. Many believe that exposure to graphic violence leads to desensitization to committing acts of violence in person. It has led to censorship in extreme cases, and regulation in others. One notable case was the creation of the US Entertainment Software Rating Board in 1994. Many na...
Why does an air bubble in water becomes smaller and changes shape (flater) when traveling upwards?	An air bubble rising in water, or any fluid with a greater density (this the rising bubble) does not get smaller. In fact the bubble of air expands as it rises due to less and less pressure as it crawls up from the depths. The shape changes as the air expands in short due to the entropic nature of a gas but the easy ...	[ "Due to internal attractive forces of a liquid, air bubbles within the liquids are compressed. The resulting pressure (bubble pressure) rises at a decreasing bubble radius. The bubble pressure method makes use of this bubble pressure which is higher than in the surrounding environment (water). A gas stream is pumpe...
the process of selecting what face goes on the us dollar	By law, the person appearing on any U.S. Currency has to be dead. That's literally all I know on the subject. _URL_0_ Edit: just found a link that might be of some use to you.	[ "Rivera articulates the details of the bribe through the wads of dollar bills circulating around the hands in the center. Dollar bills are visible in the satchel of the Director of the CIA as he whispers into the ear of the US Secretary of State; they float between hands in the center and the viewer is unsure from ...
how do all these spam emails make it into my inbox even with filters and blocking?	Spam filters are usually looking for specific key words, and spam can get around this fairly easily. You may want to try keeping a white list (only addresses in the white list get through). You occasionally check your spam box for things you want to white list.	[ "Spam filtering integrates with Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Windows Mail, and The Bat!. E-mail content is analysed and scored, and e-mail with scores above two specified thresholds are either marked as \"!!spam\" or \"??probably spam\". The \"Mail Dispatcher\" feature shows subject and sender information fo...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.