Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
what is that fizzing sound in the back of my neck when i'm super hungry?	Fizzing sound?? Crazy... never experienced it!	[ "The hypothesis suggests that the air bubble in the stomach stimulates the sensory limb of the reflex at receptors in the stomach, esophagus and along the diaphragm. This triggers the hiccup, which creates suction in the chest, pulling air from the stomach up and out through the mouth, effectively burping the anima...
What effects has Dutch colonization left on the U.S. northeast?	The influence of the Dutch is a topic that I find fascinating as a tour guide in New York City. Interestingly, the territory that the Dutch claimed corresponded roughly to the area we refer to as [Lenapehoking](_URL_7_), the area where the Lenape Native Americans lived. My perspective is heavily based on the experience...	[ "While the Netherlands got caught up in the 19th century's industrial revolution, and Americans moved west to cultivate more and more land, the Van Tuyls and their neighbors were forced to subdivide their farms in order to support inheritance claims. And when the potato blight of the 1840s hit, agriculture was deva...
how do we synthesize / obtain desired genetic sequences?	Long sequences are built from shorter ones. You can basically take snippets of DNA and fuse them end-to-end to make longer ones. A lot of these assembly steps are done using enzymes from various microbes to copy long sequences and link them. The short starting parts are synthesized using fancy organic chemistry, not p...	[ "Artificial gene synthesis is the process of synthesizing a gene \"in vitro\" without the need for initial template DNA samples. In 2010 J. Craig Venter and his team were the first to use entirely synthesized DNA to create a self-replicating microbe, dubbed Mycoplasma laboratorium.\n", "In many ways genome projec...
what is the calculation to work out odds of you achieving the same outcome over and over again? like say guessing the right number between 1-5?	It gets multiplied. For one event it is 1/5 For two events it is (1/5) x (1/5) = 1/25 For three events it is (1/5) × (1/5) x (1/5) = 1/125 And so on.	[ "The odds for a possible event E are directly related to the (known or estimated) statistical probability of that event E. To express odds as a probability, or the other way around, requires a calculation. The natural way to interpret odds for (without calculating anything) is as the ratio of events to non-events i...
how does the "us debt ceiling" crisis repeat every few years?	Most other countries don't have a debt ceiling. You just pass budgets as needed and, if they're not in balance, the government borrows to cover the difference. The US is a special case as Congress needs to approve extra borrowing. So if the US currently owes $16 trillion and needs another half trillion, the Congress n...	[ "The 2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis centered on the raising of the federal government debt ceiling, and is part of an ongoing political debate in the United States Congress about federal government spending and the national debt. The crisis began in January 2013, when the United States reached the debt ceil...
how metropolises such as phoenix, tucson, las vegas, other southwestern u.s. cities, get enough water to supply the huge population with no lakes or rivers near.	All these cities share water from the Colorado River under an agreement called [the Colorado River Compact](_URL_0_). it is carried through the area by pipelines.	[ "In the arid American Southwest, the water demand of rapidly growing cities such as Los Angeles exceeded local water availability, requiring the construction of large pipelines to bring in water from far-away sources. The most spectacular example is the first Los Angeles Aqueduct built between 1905 and 1913 to supp...
what is the difference between ashkenazi jewish and other jewish people?	There are two branches of Jewish origin following the diaspora from Israel - Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. Ashkenazi Jews are the ones who ended up in Northern and Eastern Europe... places like Germany, Poland, and Russia, and comprise about 80% of Jews today. Sephardic Jews are the ones who remained in the Mediterrane...	[ "In Israel, the term \"Ashkenazi\" is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no...
the "sovereign man" movement, wherein people act like they not subject to the laws of the land. how does this work?	Lawyer here. > How does this work? It doesn't. The Sovereign Citizen/Freeman-on-the-Land/Moorish movement is a complete and utter fabrication devoid of any legal substance or intellectual rigor. Not terribly long ago, con artists began giving seminars and selling literature that ultimately formed these movements....	[ "Here individuals never entirely renounce their individual right of nature. If in the Theologico-Political Treatise Spinoza refers to the notion of a pact that would be at the root of civil society, this notion disappears in the Political Treatise. People are not brought to form a society by their free will, but ra...
what is actually done to a ps3 game like uncharted when it's "remastered" for ps4?	Not typically. More often they'll take the original codebase, update the models with nicer ones, maybe touchup bugs or well-knowni issues, maybe work on the lighting or rendering to make it look nicer, etc. It can certainly be a large undertaking, but it's by no means as big of an effort as a full code re-write.	[ "It was also included in a remastered form as part of the HD remix game \"Darkstalkers Resurrection\" for the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade. Unlike the previous release for this game on the PSN, which used the PS1 version, the remastered edition is based off the original arcade release with added feature...
Any books/resources on the European Witch trials records?	Sweden has an extensive archive regarding the country’s dark past with witch trials and mass deaths. Some really good sources are, albeit in Swedish, are listed here below. #Literary sources 1. Emanuel Linderholm (1930) “Trolldomsprocesserna i Uppland och Uppsala 1671–1676.” In Kyrkohistorisk årsskrift. 2. Ca...	[ "In gathering the data for her book, Pócs noted that she made use of \"several thousand pages of records\", all of which pertained to the Hungarian witch trials of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. This included published documents relating to \"approximately two thousand witch trials\", and several hundred furthe...
"kafkaesque."	Franz Kafka was a famous European writer who wrote many highly-praised stories. One, The Trial, is about a man who is one day arrested, without being told why, and put on trial without being told when, by a person who never meets him, leaving him hopeless to do anything. Another, The Castle, is about a man who vis...	[ "The term \"Kafkaesque\" is used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of his work, particularly (\"The Trial\") and \"Die Verwandlung\" (\"The Metamorphosis\"). Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in a surreal, nightmarish milieu which evokes feelings of senselessnes...
how should an interaction with police during a traffic stop be handled?	Keeps your hands on the wheel at 10 and 2. Say yes sir/no sir, turn off your radio, explain any actions you undertake (e.g . "I'm now reaching for my wallet/registration). Just be respectful and you should be fine. Also if they ask if you know why they pulled you over, play dumb	[ "Generally, a significant number of police officers or other officials are needed to manually direct traffic during a lane reversal (especially at interchanges, where ramp traffic in the wrong direction must intersect with other roadways that are operating normally).\n", "When an officer conducts a traffic stop b...
why is it when i sit down i magically get a lot of belly fat	I always figured it was because of our being scrunched down piled all of the belly fat into a smaller area. Compared to when we're standing there's more space to fill out. You notice if you sit up straighter, some of the pudge receeds.	[ "BULLET::::- Low body fat: Excessive exercise and crash dieting can cause scanty menstrual periods when the proportion of body fat drops beneath a certain level. It may cause a total absence of periods (also called amenorrhea).\n", "Sitting is a basic human resting position. The body weight is supported primarily...
Were any groups other than the American Colonists affected by the Proclamation of 1763?	Yes, in fact there are two groups that the Royal Proclamation of 1763 continues to effect today. Those being the settler population (including Qubecquois) of what would become Canada, and the indigenous population of North America. The Proclamation created Quebec as a British colony, and crucially established the i...	[ "The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768, since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that...
Why did Bismarck have such influence over Wilhelm I?	I'm a bit late to this question, but I'll answer it anyway. When Wilhelm I first came to power, there was a situation with the Liberal legislators of the Prussian diet when the monarchy wanted to pass legislation to reorganize the Prussian military. Wilhelm I was hesitant to appoint Bismarck, but was convinced he was...	[ "As Hull (2004) notes, Bismarckian foreign policy \"was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser\". Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders (such as the Tangier Crisis), which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually h...
how do all-female lion prides form? can male cubs grow to be leader?	There are lone males who are wandering around who challenge for leadership of prides and a vacant space will rapidly be taken by one of these.	[ "In lions, prides are often followed by related males in bachelor groups. When the dominant male is killed or driven off by one of these bachelors, a father may be replaced by his son. There is no mechanism for preventing inbreeding or to ensure outcrossing. In the prides, most lionesses are related to one another....
What happens to water when it freezes and can't expand?	This is an interesting question, and it seems that no one has actually answered it as intended--what happens when you cool water in a container that allows no expansion? Looking at the [phase diagram of water](_URL_1_), my best guess is that ice VI would form. However, [ice VI has a higher density than water](_URL_0_...	[ "When water freezes, it increases in volume (about 9% for fresh water). The effect of expansion during freezing can be dramatic, and ice expansion is a basic cause of freeze-thaw weathering of rock in nature and damage to building foundations and roadways from frost heaving. It is also a common cause of the floodin...
How did Christian leaders become anti abortion when the Bible is accepting of abortion?	Unfortunately, I think the answer to your question is that there is a large amount of scholarly disagreement on how early Christian leaders felt about abortion. Some scholars believe the early Christians took a nuanced stance, and some have written that they believed it was a sin at all stages. (But again there was no ...	[ "Christian views on abortion has a complex history as there is no explicit prohibition of abortion in either the Old Testament or New Testament books of the Christian Bible. While some writers say that early Christians held different beliefs at different times about abortion, others say that, in spite of the silenc...
could somebody explain the stan kubrick film the shining to me?	The Shining was based on a horror story by Stephen King. In the story, a family are hired to live in a large, empty hotel to clean it and keep it fixed up during the off season. The hotel is haunted, and makes the father go insane and try to murder his family. The film was very different from other films that had co...	[ "In \"Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures\", Jack Nicholson recalls that Kubrick said \"The Shining\" is an overall optimistic story because \"anything that says there's anything after death is ultimately an optimistic story.\" Stephen King recounts hearing the same thing from Kubrick in conversation with him, and ...
the relationship between england and commonwealth nations like new zealand and canada	She's basically a figurehead. London doesn't have any control really, over these countries. [This YouTube video by CPGrey explains the whole thing very well](_URL_0_), but to put it in a more basic ELI5 level --- places like the United States and the Republic of Ireland stopped being British colonies by having a war ...	[ "Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are also Commonwealth Realms which share Elizabeth II as constitutional monarch and head of state. The countries share a number of institutional, linguistic and religious similarities such as the use of the Westminster parliamentary system of government, Common...
What does a group of neurons make up?	It depends on what part of the body you're talking about. We use different words for groups of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, a bundle of axons is called a nerve. In the central nervous system (i.e. brain and spinal cord), a bundle of axons is called a 'tract.' ...	[ "Neurons are cells with specialized features that allow them to receive and facilitate nerve impulses, or action potentials, across their membrane to the next neuron. They possess a large cell body (soma), with cell projections called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are thin, branching projections that receive ele...
At what bitrate is audio quality no longer distinguishable to the human ear?	As your link indicates, the PPI is not the correct measure for the image quality, it is the density of the pixels on the fovea centralis after projection through eye's various membranes. For audio, it is really a question about the bandwidth of the ear -- a known quantity, generally assumed to be 20 kHz -- multiplied ...	[ "Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 encoded sound also depends on the quality of the encoder algorithm as well as the complexity of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders do feature quite different q...
When shaving with a razor, what exactly prevents the blade from slicing straight through our skin?	It's the oblique angle of the blade relative to your skin. If you were to try and shave with the blade held perpendicular to your skin, you'd cut yourself.	[ "Cuts from shaving can bleed for about fifteen minutes. Shaving cuts can be caused by blade movement perpendicular to the blade's cutting axis or by regular / orthogonal shaving over prominent bumps on the skin (which the blade incises). As such, the presence of acne can make shaving cuts more likely, and extra car...
Did soldiers in Vietnam or ww2 really kill their commanders they didn't like by throwing a grenade in their tent or "friendly fire" during an engagement.	There's always room for more input, but in the meantime, u/Georgy_K_Zhukov [has an answer specifically examining fragging](_URL_0_).	[ "During the Pacific Theater of World War II, Japanese soldiers were reported to often booby-trap their dead and wounded and to fake surrenders or injuries to lure Allied troops into a trap then surprise attack them. One example of this was the \"Goettge Patrol\" during the early days of the Guadalcanal Campaign in ...
How did anglo saxons burhs become towns?	A good starting point would be Mick Aston's books (you'll recognise him from Time Team), his writing on British landscape archaeology and towns is, in my opinion, second to none. Then I'd recommend anything by John Schofield, not just because he was once my tutor :) If a town was planned like a fort then there would i...	[ "The location of the burhs were chosen to defend the main road and river routes into Wessex from Viking attack. They were also a place of refuge, being sited such that any of the Anglo-Saxon rural population would be no more than from their nearest burh. In addition the burhs became secure regional market centres a...
Is IQ a predictor of personality traits, such as empathy or antisocial behavior?	Sort of. But it's not quite as simple as it might seem and we'll need to cover a little about statistics. Antisocial behaviour: _URL_6_ > Terrie Moffitt and colleagues studied 4,552 Danish men born at the end of World War II. They examined intelligence test scores collected by the Danish army (for screenin...	[ "The American Psychological Association's 1995 report \"Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns\" stated that IQ scores accounted for (explained variance) about a quarter of the social status variance and one-sixth of the income variance. Statistical controls for parental SES eliminate about a quarter of this predictive ...
why prisoners generally have a better quality of life than poor and homeless people	I agree that this is begging the question "Do they have a better quality of life?" Yes, they have guaranteed food and shelter, and probably some other nice amenities too. BUT prisons are violent places on the inside. Prisoners are often reminded that they're not "real" citizens. And if you're in max security, where you...	[ "Some sociologists argue that prisons create a unique social environment that do not allow inmates to create strong social ties outside or inside of prison life. Men are more likely to become frustrated, and therefore more mentally unstable when keeping up with family outside of prisons. Extreme forms of solitary c...
why didn't the democrats pass gun control laws when they held majorities in congress in the 2009-10 session?	1) The parties do not agree among themselves (either party) what proper gun restrictions should be. So just because they had a majority does not mean they can agree on a bill to pass. 2) Some types of bill require a Super majority, not a simple majority. They may have not been able to get one. 3) Gun laws end up me...	[ "Senators Joe Manchin (D-WV) and Pat Toomey (R-PA) attempted to pass a more limited gun control measure that would have expanded background checks, but the bill was blocked in the Senate. Despite Obama's advocacy and subsequent mass shootings such as the Charleston church shooting, no major gun control bill passed ...
why do only some people seem to be overly sexual whenever they are drunk?	Alcohol lowers people's inhibitions/self control. While they might be thinking about it sober, they tend to keep it under control. Alcohol makes it harder to do that. That doesn't necessarily mean they're secretly giant sex fiends- it can be one thing leads to another. For the most part, almost everyone notices sexu...	[ "Psychologically, alcohol has also played a role in sexual behavior. It has been reported that women who were intoxicated believed they were more sexually aroused than before consumption of alcohol. This psychological effect contrasts with the physiological effects measured, but refers back to the loss of inhibitio...
When going gray, does hair grow as gray hair or does hair lose its color?	Hair cant 'turn gray'. Hair is essentially dead cells with more or less melanin. There are also different types of melanin, producing e.g. either brown or orange colors. Think of it just like skin. There is a bunch of alive cells, called the matrix, which grow and essentially are pushed upwards, just like you find i...	[ "The change in hair color occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. The stem cells at the base of hair follicles produce melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin. The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of graying....
How did horses in the "Wild American West" survive given the barren environment?	Movie locations have a bias toward the most arid areas of the American Southwest (or using European stand-ins for those locations in the case of spaghetti westerns), because more fertile areas are currently taken up by cities and farmland which wouldn't be appropriate for time period that the film is supposed to be tak...	[ "Upon the arrival of horses, the Native Americans likely used them for hunting, depleting the existing game, including bison, pronghorn sheep, and elk. Despite being named for being a horse heaven, wild horses can only be seen grazing in some portions of the Horse Heaven Hills, especially to the west end of the ran...
Why are there multiple oceans and not just one ocean?	Ultimately the currents and waters, and even the long-distance or local marine life blend across the boundaries. it really is one big ocean. The division into logical oceans helps with geographic discussions more than anything else.	[ "One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans. Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica. Water in th...
Does a person suffering from amnesia retain the personality traits formed from/during the experiences they can no longer remember?	Wow, no comments still... It really depends on what types of traits you mean. H.M. (Henry Molaison) is the best studied case of amnesia, though he had both retrograde amnesia (memory loss), and complete anterograde amnesia (cannot make new memories). After a surgery, he lost certain memories of his past, and most of...	[ "The form of amnesia that is linked with recovered memories is dissociative amnesia (formerly known as psychogenic amnesia). This results from a psychological cause, not by direct damage to the brain, and is a loss of memory of significant personal information, usually about traumatic or extremely stressful events....
what makes a country be a world power?	There is only one 'Superpower' - that is, a country capable of acting as a Power in any part of the world - America. A 'Great Power' is a nation who's foreign policy shapes the policy of those around them. It's not an absolute quantity of power. China is a Great Power because what they do influences those around them ...	[ "A focus on a World Power will consist of a socioeconomic and political study of a G20 country (excluding the United Kingdom). This focus will be on the country's constitutional arrangements and opportunities for participation, the nature of recent socioeconomic issues and attempts to revolve them and the internati...
when we are in a state of unconsciousness (fainting, blacked out drunk) how are we able to remember to breathe during those times?	The part of the brain that controls breathing (the medulla oblongata) stays active while you are unconscious. This part controls involuntary breathing. This is why it's not possible without a ton of practice to take control over things like heart rate and breathing; there are safeguards in place so that people don't, f...	[ "Unconsciousness may occur as the result of traumatic brain injury, brain hypoxia (e.g., due to a brain infarction or cardiac arrest), severe poisoning with drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol and other hypnotic or sedative drugs), severe fatigue, anaesthesia, and other caus...
Would a human stomach be able to digest food with acids other than HCL?	As far as I know, the reactions (such as peptide hydrolysis) are acid-catalyzed, and the chloride plays no important role. So other acids could work just as well. Your stomach likely produces hydrochloric acid because it's the simplest strong acid to produce, not that it actually produces the compound, as H^+ and Cl^...	[ "A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily. Gastric acid secretion happens in several steps. Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi. Gastric acid is then secreted into the lumen of the gastric gland ...
Photons move at the speed of light, so there is no relative time lapse. How do they oscillate at all?	Let's ignore "photons" for the moment, as this stumbling block occurs even for classical pictures of light. I'll [repeat something I said earlier](_URL_1_): > It's not useful to think of the reference frame of a photon, because it doesn't have one. Our equations work to describe anything in any reference frame. For ...	[ "In a classical description, photons emanating from their subluminal source (for example, a particle-antiparticle collision) experience zero acceleration, as they always travel at the speed of light. However, since the Planck time is the least conceivable delay, the \"instantaneous\" production of a photon pair can...
why are cell phone towers found in pairs?	* Most cell sites are privately owned and space on them is leased by carriers. * Most cell sites host antennas from multiple carriers. * Not all carriers can reach agreements with all site owners. * Despite your observations, many sites don't have another site close by.	[ "Mobile phones communicate with cell towers that are placed to give coverage across a telephone service area which is divided up into 'cells'. Each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighbouring cells, and will typically be covered by 3 towers placed at different locations. The cell towers are usually i...
Are any of Einstein's predictions yet unproven, and if so, which would be the most groundbreaking if proven correct?	Gravitational waves were only recently detected directly; we've had pretty good indirect evidence for many years. I would nominate hidden variable theory. Einstein never really accepted quantum mechanics as a fundamental theory of the world, and said that there must be something deeper going on, something which unlike...	[ "But Einstein came to much more far-reaching conclusions from the same thought experiment. He believed the \"natural basic assumption\" that a complete description of reality would have to predict the results of experiments from \"locally changing deterministic quantities\" and therefore would have to include more ...
Civilian Sailing & Pleasure Boating During WWII?	I can't speak to restrictions on pleasure boating in the USA, but in Britain, civilian sailing in coastal waters was generally restricted. However, these restrictions changed over time, and depended on which part of the country you were in. On the outbreak of war, the British government published several Notices to Ma...	[ "During both World Wars, and into the late 1960s, the Navy League operated numerous hostels and Sailor’s Homes, on both coasts. The Navy League Ditty Bag, (a small gift bag full of clothing, food and sundries) was a welcome comfort to sailors throughout this time.\n", "Following the war, Chris-Craft introduced a ...
Is AskHistorians valuable to the professionals (the Historians)?	It's pretty hard to find the one other professional historian who might have enough specific knowledge about your area of expertise to answer something you youself couldn't. I focus specifically on French Canadians and the First World War - I probably know as much about it as the top.. 1000 people in the world? 100? I...	[ "r/AskHistorians is a subreddit on Reddit where users may ask questions or start discussions about history, and is \"one of the largest history forums on the internet\". It was founded in 2011 and has remained highly active ever since, having over 700,000 subscribers. Unlike other Reddit communities, it aims to \"p...
if apple and samsung have all of these patent disputes, then why does apple use samsung's products in their imacs.	It all comes down to money. Both Samsung and Apple believe they are losing money when the other company is using their patents, so they sue. At the same time though, when Apple uses certain Samsung components in their devices, they do that because using those components saves them more money than making them themselv...	[ "A \"patent war\" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interfaceand possibly the hardwareof Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile, Google, Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsof...
what makes people believe so hard that wrong information is true?	Ideology. The average person has very little way to verify whether most of these things are true or not. So what they believe is entrenched in a matrix of their overall worldview. If you are convinced that the natural is good and the artificial is bad and that the government is trying to cover this up it is easy to cle...	[ "One possible reason that people fall victim to knowledge neglect is because people tend to have a truth bias, meaning that people tend to believe that the information they hear is true. With the truth bias, people are inclined to believe that plausible information is true, regardless of the source of such informat...
why are light primary colours rgb different to pigment primary colours ryb.	The primary colours of light - red, green and blue - each individually trigger a different type of receptor in our eyes. By mixing different amounts of each light, you trick our eyes into thinking we are seeing many different colors. Pigments work the same way - but by soaking up colors of light instead of emitting th...	[ "Theoretically, only RGB-implemented colors which might be really spectral are its primaries: red, green, and blue, whereas any other (mixed) color is inherently non-spectral. But due to different chromaticity properties of different spectral segments, and also due to practical limitations of light sources, the act...
why do hotels have open wifi with a landing page to type the password, instead of a regular passworded wifi network?	Many hotels have you log in with your room number and last name, so that only current guests can get access. For the ones with a single password, it's probably so they can make you agree to the terms of use.	[ "An increasing number of hotels are building their own websites to allow them to market their hotels directly to consumers. Non-franchise chain hotels require a \"booking engine\" application to be attached to their website to permit people to book rooms in real time. One advantage of booking with the hotel directl...
Why does a rechargeable battery require a longer initial charge, and what happens when/if I don't allow it to get that longer charge?	Lithium ion batteries have a neat property where the voltage difference between terminals remains almost constant independent of the charge of the battery. This means you can't tell how much is left in the battery based on the voltage. In order for you to know when your battery is fully charged, the sensor has to be ca...	[ "Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small fraction of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible \"side reactions\" that consume charge carriers without producing current. This phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge. Further, when batteries ...
how is "tiered internet" different from paying more for higher download speeds?	Eli 5 version. Paying for higher speed when you are the user means you expect that you are going to get that speed whether you fo to google, netflix, youtube or some pirate download site. Not having net neutrality means that if Netflix does not pay extra, you do not get netflix at the speed you paid for. So the is...	[ "Users must subscribe to the website to access file downloads. While the base level subscription is free and provides access to all areas, there is some limitation on download speed. First-class memberships are offered that feature unrestricted downloading and higher speeds.\n", "Tiered service is one of the stra...
what makes someone an actual "adult"?	Living with your parents is the same thing as having roommates, as long as you are self sufficient, work, etc. You're being a basic adult. Living with your parents, not working, and them taking care of you is not being a basic adult. Who cares who the roommates are if you cant afford to live alone you cant live alone...	[ "Biologically, an adult is a human or other organism that has reached sexual maturity. In human context, the term \"adult\" additionally has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a \"minor\", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as ind...
How do historians generally feel about Jared Diamond?	There have been many threads in the past detailing the variety of problems, you can find them in [the FAQ](_URL_0_). The short version of historians' views of Diamond is that he operates under a set of problematic assumptions which are a matter of disciplinary training. He's fundamentally a scientist, and is thus look...	[ "Diamond was an outspoken and controversial figure, described by one of his successors as \"the kind of a man who made a good many enemies\". On 8 January 1920 he was arrested and charged with publication of an article in the \"Catholic Herald\" that allegedly encouraged assassination in Ireland. \n", "Diamond ha...
Does the time it take for an animal to mature usually correlate with how long it will live?	Evolutionary theory does support the general correlation between time to maturity and length of life span. The place to look to find out more about this would be the evolution of life history traits. There are other factors involved, but essentially it boils down to whether or not the environment (eg., level of stochas...	[ "Sexual maturity is reached at around 20–25 years in captivity, possibly 40 years in the wild. Life expectancy in the wild is thought to be over 100 years, making it one of the longest-lived species in the animal kingdom. Harriet, a specimen kept in Australia Zoo, was the oldest known Galápagos tortoise, having rea...
Question about Muons	When we collide particles in a collider, we control the momentum (and thus the energy) of the bunches of the incoming particles. Quantum mechanics/particle physics has this odd rule that whatever is not explicitly forbidden must happen some fraction of the time. So, when two particles collide, there is a ton of energy...	[ "Like all elementary particles, the muon has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge (+1 \"e\") but equal mass and spin: the antimuon (also called a \"positive muon\"). Muons are denoted by and antimuons by . Muons were previously called mu mesons, but are not classified as mesons by modern particle physici...
Have children of sitting monarchs ever wed?	One famous example was the marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette, in 1770. Louis XVI was sixteen and the grandson of Louis XV, the sitting king of France. Only one of Louis XV's sons lived until adulthood, but that son died in 1765. Thus, Louis XV's grandson became the crown prince of France. Marie Antoinette ...	[ "Depending on the rules of the monarchy the heir presumptive might be the daughter of a monarch (if males take priority over females and the monarch has no sons), or the senior member of a collateral line (if the monarch is childless); the birth of a legitimate child to the monarch will displace the former heir pre...
why do phones lose battery faster when it is hot/sunny?	I would agree with the first poster and add my own "yes and" When phones are using power a byproduct is heat. So when the battery gets hot it speeds up the discharge process.	[ "older phones tend to draw more battery power in the vicinity of iBeacons, while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment. In addition to the time spent by the phone scanning, number of scans and number of beacons in the vicinity are also significant factors for battery drain, as pointed out b...
why do fast food restaurants only bring back some of their best burgers for a 'limited time'?	Perceived scarcity causes people to pay a higher price. By implying that something is around for "a limited time", even if they can reasonably make it all the time, they can charge a higher price and people will still go buy it.	[ "Newer locations have a larger fast food menu, far beyond the original offerings. Since 2003, the company has been owned by Galardi Group Franchise & Leasing, a franchisor based in California that also owns Wienerschnitzel hot dog restaurants. Wienerschnitzel has begun to incorporate Tastee-Freez soft serve product...
how come movies and music are sped up and the pitch is increased on tv and radio?	I have also noticed that many times small scenes are cut out of movies (on network channels) to also widen the movie/commercial ratio. It's interesting too because the networks will put a one and a half hour movie into a two hour time slot and still cut scenes out.	[ "Usually 24 Hz material from film is usually sped up by 4%, when it is of feature film origin. The sound is also raised in pitch slightly as a result of the 4% speedup but pitch correction circuits are typically used.\n", "Depending on the sound system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrac...
why are plants and insects more deadly in hotter, more tropical climates?	There is much more density of animal and plant life in tropical areas, much more population and variety. Animals and plants both thrive but there is tremendous competition and many, many predators, so animals who have creative ways to defend themselves have more of an advantage, while desert or forest creatures ar...	[ "With certain species of plants having a disadvantage with a warmer climate, their insect herbivores may also be taking a hit. Temperature will directly affect diversity, persistence and survival in both the plants and their insect herbivores. As these insect herbivores decrease, so will the higher levels of specie...
About rotational force of the Earth	Any amount of force would do it, but the time it takes for the earth to come to a complete stop would depend on the amount of force applied.	[ "Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 meters) called polar motion, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar Circles and also on the Equator.\n", "The Earth's rotational velocity is not constant over time. Any motion ...
As the Ottomans expanded into Byzantine territory what happened to the Byzantine nobility/large landholders?	Apostolos Vakalopoulos, Konstantinos Vakalopoulos and Dimitris Dimitropoulos have a 5-part series of books that describe the history of Byzantium and Greece from 1204-2002. [The 2nd tome, "The Greek Nation 1453-1669"](_URL_1_) has many details on what you are looking for, and I highly suggest you take a look at the who...	[ "From 1299, the newly founded Turkic state of the Ottomans had been slowly but surely capturing territory from the Byzantine Greeks. The loss of Nicaea was the beginning of a series of Ottoman expansion that lead to final dissolution of the Byzantine Empire and its scattered Greek successor states.\n", "In 1453, ...
Is history changing?	This is not just a question of what happened, but also how things are remembered. Let’s look at what happened. [Hank Green’s]( _URL_1_) high school teacher responded to the claim that the Civil War was over state’s rights by asking, “A state’s right to what sir?” In short, the right to have slaves. There had been prev...	[ "Previous historians had focused on cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of nationalization of history, as part of national revivals in the 19th century, resulted with separation of \"one's own\" history from common universal history by such way of perceiving, understanding and tre...
how do mitochondria work?	[Mitochondria](_URL_0_) create an electrical and chemical gradient within themselves, and harness the flow of that gradient to produce ATP. Think of it like a water mill: just like falling water pushes the wheel and causes it to rotate and mill grain, positively charged hydrogen atoms flow down a gradient to produce ...	[ "Mitochondria are thought to be organelles that developed from endocytosed bacteria which learned to coexist inside our cells. These bacteria maintained their own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for components of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is found in the inner mitochondrial membran...
Where does the extra energy in fluorescence go? Also, is possible for a photon to be re-emitted at a higher frequency?	Sunglasses do not turn UV light into visible light. Sunglasses absorb UV light. Fluorescence is what you observe with a black light. Shine a UV light on something which fluoresces, and you see it appear to "glow." Ultraviolet photons (higher energy than visible photons) are converted into visible photons and invisi...	[ "In fluorescence, a molecule absorbs a photon and gets excited to a higher energy state. After a short delay (the average represented as the fluorescence lifetime formula_7), it comes down to a lower state by losing some of the energy as heat and emitting the rest of the energy as another photon. The excitation and...
What was the prevailing view in the age of pirates reguarding sexuality? I ask this in reference of the show "Black sails".	I think one of our other historians would probably be better at explaining the view of sexuality during this period - but I'll say two things. One, for pirates, there is no documentation saying that homosexuality was something of note among pirates. There is no evidence that pirates differed from the gen...	[ "Tim Goodman of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said, \"This ambitious pirate story is helped immensely by going beyond the pay cable freedoms that often bog down lesser shows in boobs, blood and sex. \"Black Sails\" steers itself out of that realm after a few episodes and makes a play for bigger, more complicated stori...
The ISS needs to be "boosted" from time to time to keep its altitude, is the the case with every satellite?	No, only satellites in low Earth orbit (a few hundred km up). Anything in a higher orbit than that won't experience any residual atmospheric drag (or so little that it will have no effect over the lifetime of the satellite.) Satellites do need some method of station-keeping though.	[ "Orbits with an altitude below 120 km generally have such high drag that the orbits decay too rapidly to give a satellite a sufficient lifetime to accomplish any practical mission. On the other hand, orbits with an altitude above 600 km have relatively small drag so that the orbit decays slow enough that it has no ...
Considering the Earth is 1000's of KM in diameter, how can an asteroid just 100m in diameter cause "world-ending effects"? (Article Linked Below)	Glib answer: Considering a human might weigh 80 kg, how can a bullet weighing just 7g cause "life-ending effects"? Proper answer: There are two parts to this. Firstly, it's not the size or mass that matters: it's the kinetic energy. If an asteroid is moving very fast compared to the Earth, it can hit the Earth very h...	[ "For larger asteroids ( 100m to 1 km across), prediction is based on cataloging the asteroid, years to centuries before it could impact. This technique is possible as they can be seen from a long distance due to their large size. Their orbits therefore can be measured and any future impacts predicted long before th...
Can lorentz contractions and time dilation make interstellar travel a reality, at least for the passengers of a ship?	Assuming you could accelerate to that speed and decelerate at the destination in a timely manner without killing the passengers it would work just fine in theory. In practice there's a whole lot of issues like shielding from radiation and dealing with debris slamming into you at relativistic speeds that you'd have to ...	[ "Relativistic time dilation allows a traveler to experience time more slowly, the closer his speed is to the speed of light. This apparent slowing becomes noticeable when velocities above 80% of the speed of light are attained. Clocks aboard an interstellar ship would run slower than Earth clocks, so if a ship's en...
why can a cellular signal provide a wifi hotspot but a device plugged in with ethernet with wifi capabilities cannot?	I know Windows and Linux can -- it is also an advertised feature on a number of USB wireless dongles. It's called ad-hoc networking.	[ "Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals.\n", "A better option for e...
why do lawyers use legal size paper (8.5" x 14") instead of letter size paper (8.5" x 11") like everyone else? in countries that use a4 as their standard paper size, do lawyers there use some other obscure size too?	Accounts vary. Some would say simply because lawyers like to be different and like institutional memory. Same reason why latin phrases are so common. Others say it was so a lawyer could print a standard sized document on a sheet of legal paper and there would be several inches at the top and bottom for notes and revis...	[ "Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, the A and B series of ISO 216, which includes the commonly used A4 size, are the international standard used by almost every country. However, in many countries in the Americas as well as in the Philippines, th...
In a sealed room, would I or a candle die first as the oxygen runs out?	A candle burns by vaporizing and burning the wax, and in most candles the wick burns, too, as the wax level drops. I couldn't find the [limiting oxygen concentration](_URL_1_) for candle wax and wicks, but wax is a long polymer something like polyethylene so for the sake of argument let's assume it burns out at about ...	[ "Joseph Priestley, a chemist and minister, discovered that, when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it (which gave off CO), the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly \"injure\" air. He then showed ...
why do you get nauseous when you wake up super early?	It may not be because you woke up super early, but because you woke up without completing a sleeping cycle. See: _URL_0_ Edit Added better link that is reputable.	[ "Confusional arousal is a condition when an individual awakens from sleep and remains in a confused state. It is characterized by the individual's partial awakening and sitting up to look around. They usually remain in bed and then return to sleep. These episodes last anywhere from seconds to minutes and may not be...
why cant you grow certain fruits/vegetables from seed?	In this case, it has to do with the way the genetics of the tree works. I'll stick with apples, but avocados are similar. Basically, your standard wild apple is basically a crabapple. Small, not very tasty. Over time people have bred these and occasionally found an apple that is particularly good. It happens to ...	[ "Comprising 80% of the fruit mass, açaí seeds may be ground for livestock food or as a component of organic soil for plants. Planted seeds are used for new palm tree stock, which, under the right growing conditions, can require months to form seedlings. Seeds may become waste in landfills or used as fuel for produc...
a/c is on, but it's colder outside than it is inside. should i open the windows to make it cool faster?	depends. The a/c also dehumidifies. If it is cold and wet outside than no. Cold and dry yes.	[ "An alternative explanation for the orientation of the window is that getting at least one corner of a window up as far as possible in the interior of the house allows hot air (which rises to the top of the room) to escape on summer afternoons. However, this reasoning seems suspect, as Vermont is not as hot as many...
Why did the US send troops into Russia during the Russian Civil War? What was their goal?	Hello! You may have seen some of my responses on the other thread. I objected to calling this intervention an "invasion" because I believe that misinterprets American motives for sending men to Russia, as well as their actions there. I'm glad you asked the question here, because it will allow me to give a more scholarl...	[ "During the Civil War, Russia came to the aid of the Union, threatening war against Britain and France if they officially recognized the Confederacy. Cassius Clay, as minister to Russia during that time, was instrumental in securing Russia's aid. Emperor Alexander II of Russia gave sealed orders to the commanders o...
What's the difference between theoretical history and philosophy of history?	In the Anglophone humanities disciplines, "theory" tends to mean "critical theory" (Foucault, Derrida, Benjamin, Heidegger, etc.) whereas "philosophy" tends to designate other themes (but can include White, Hegel, what have you). Of course the critical theorists are (continental) philosophers themselves, so in principl...	[ "Philosophy of history is a branch of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history. Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development—that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history. Philoso...
why does solid matter heat up under severe compression but gasses cool down under compression?	Gasses don't cool down under compression, they heat up. When you cool gas it will compress, and when you expand gas it will cool. But compressing gas makes it hotter, and heating gas makes it want to expand. If you ever touch a tank of compressed air that was recently filled you'll notice that it is quite hot to the...	[ "Compression of air creates heat; the air is warmer after compression. Expansion removes heat. If no extra heat is added, the air will be much colder after expansion. If the heat generated during compression can be stored and used during expansion, the efficiency of the storage improves considerably. There are thre...
Is evaporation rate related to partial pressure or total pressure?	Evaporation rate is related to partial pressures. It’s driven by a difference from equilibrium. For substances evaporating, it’s how far they are from equilibrium. You can get a rate of evaporation if you know the partial pressure of the substance, it’s saturation pressure, the surface area evaporation takes place.and ...	[ "The partial pressure gradient is the variation of partial pressure (or more accurately, the concentration) of the solute (dissolved gas) from one point to another in the solvent. The solute molecules will randomly collide with the other molecules present, and tend over time to spread out until the distribution is ...
Why do we hear so much about Hiroshima, but virtually nothing about Dresden?	Well, there's a few reasons. Some facts on the bombing, before we get into it: > The claim of up to 250,000 casualties made by British historian David Irving who later gained notoriety as a Holocaust denier after the 1963 publication of his book The Destruction of Dresden was shown to rely on a report doctored d...	[ "\"Hiroshima\" is an anti-war song performed by British band Wishful Thinking, written by David Morgan and produced by Lou Reizner, which tells about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The track was recorded at the Chappell Recording Studios in London in 1970. It was first released in 1971 as a single from their albu...
Was Helen of Troy a real person, or was she a personification of the land?	In the first place, there's absolutely no reason at all to imagine that these two alternatives are the only possible ways a mythical character might have come about. Outside mythical and extremely fictionalised sources, there's no actual evidence to corroborate the existence of such an individual, or indeed of anyone ...	[ "Helen returned to Sparta and lived for a time with Menelaus, where she was encountered by Telemachus in Book 4 of \"The Odyssey\". As depicted in that account, she and Menelaus were completely reconciled and had a harmonious married life—he holding no grudge at her having run away with a lover and she feeling no r...
how do we know all these wiki leaks emails are real?	Since I haven't seen someone make this comment I'll point out that many important emails have been verified cryptographically, using DKIM. I'm not really the best person to explain DKIM, so I'm hoping someone can piggyback on this comment. Basically it is an authentication method that allows the recipient of the email...	[ "BULLET::::- That after the emails were leaked to WikiLeaks, it was decided to not leak more, but to engage in misinformation: \"Rather the tactics would be to spread rumours and misinformation about the content of what already had been leaked and make up new content.\" (Dossier, p. 15)\n", "In August 2013, follo...
Books of compiled medieval depictions, paintings, statues, etc, 7th through 16th centuries?	You mean like [coffee table books](_URL_0_)? Otherwise, maybe /r/ArtHistory will be of more help.	[ "a Latin text containing detailed descriptions of various medieval arts, a text commonly known as the \"Schedula diversarum artium\" (\"List of various arts\") or \"De diversis artibus\" (\"On various arts\"), probably first compiled between 1100 and 1120. The oldest manuscript copies of the work are found in Vienn...
Are there any instances of a species being introduced to a foreign ecosystem with beneficial results?	The benefits are often economic. Horses and other livestock in America and many agriculture crops are very beneficial economically. I imagine that you are talking about environmental benefits though and the outstanding example that I can think of is european honey bees (not africanized). They havent displaced a signifi...	[ "The Hawaiian vine example also illustrates that alien species can be involved in animal-plant mutualisms. In fact, alien species are often dependent on mutualisms to establish themselves in new habitats (particularly on islands), and especially those alien species requiring animal mediated pollination (Richardson ...
hockey fights.	There are many reasons for a hockey fight to break out, but only a small amount actually make any positive impact in the game. The majority of fights do little-to-nothing except excite fans for a few moments. Historically, hockey fights were a way for players to rouse their team and motivate them. For example, if Tor...	[ "Fighting in ice hockey is an established tradition of the sport in North America, with a long history that involves many levels of amateur and professional play and includes some notable individual fights. Fighting may be performed by enforcers, or \"goons\" ()—players whose role is to fight and intimidate—on a gi...
Were there any bars or something similar in Rome around the year 1 BCE?	Afaik there were thermopolias and cauponas where you could get some food and drink. A thermopolium was a restaurant/snack bar with some tables and a street counter for to-go orders. Often they also had brothels on the upper floor. The caupona was a smaller establishment more wine inclined, so closer to a modern bar....	[ "The exact origin of the \"four bars\" symbol is obscure, and for long it has been explained by legends, now proven false. The first undisputed evidences are from the Alfonso II (king of Aragon and count of Barcelona) reign.\n", "A bar is first mentioned in 1293 and was probably only a chain or bar between a row ...
What actually happened to the Dwemers?	Essentially, they became the Numidium's 'skin', completing it as a work of art and Un-Doing.	[ "Vanger promises to provide Blomkvist with evidence against Wennerström in return for discovering what happened to Vanger's grandniece, Harriet, who disappeared in 1966 during a family gathering at the Vanger estate on Hedeby Island, when the island was temporarily cut off from the mainland by a traffic accident on...
Lise Meitner was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission along with Otto Hahn--however, she was never awarded the Nobel Prize like Hahn was. How much did she contribute towards the discovery and why was she not awarded the prize?	How much did she contribute: she contributed the physical understanding (in part with Frisch) of nuclear fission, and many of the related calculations, along with her earlier work (in Berlin) of setting up the experimental apparatus, etc. It's a big contribution. Hahn's contribution was also large. If I were weighing t...	[ "On 15 November 1945 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that Hahn had been awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei.\" Based on their correspondence, many historians have documented their view of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Mei...
Has there ever been a spy who turned because he preferred working for the enemy, maybe treated better?	At the time of the Judean rebellion against the Greeks which is now celebrated among Jews as Hanukkah, there was indeed one similar story, in which representatives of one Jewish clan, intending to defeat an enemy, became so sympathetic to the enemy that it caused a reconciliation! After the creation of the holiday, Je...	[ "One of the most notorious German spies interned in Ireland during the war, Günther Schütz, described him as \"absolutely brilliant\". As far as Schütz and the other German spies whose cells he entered during the Emergency knew, their quiet-spoken and polite interrogator was \"Captain Grey\", a mysterious military ...
lymph nodes	Lymph nodes are part of your immune system which can be thought of as a kind of military for your body, it is there to protect you from invaders (bacteria, viruses, parasites). If you think about it like this then the lymph nodes are like the bases or command centers. Military intelligence comes in through the lymph, a...	[ "A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system. Lymph nodes are widely present throughout the body and are linked by the lymphatic vessels as a part of the circulatory system. They are major sites of B and T lymphocytes and other white blood ce...
Was Pompey a Populares during the Triumvirate? If so, why did he become leader of the Optimates in the Civil War?	The real question to be had here is what was a popularis? For this I'll borrow Tatum's definition, which is pretty succinct and cuts to the chase nicely. Tatum correctly notes that the popularis politician is frequently misunderstood by students of the Roman world when they first encounter him, because of "the mode...	[ "Pompeius was a friend to Cicero, whom he studied together with. Cicero considered this Pompeius as a great learner, who was an average orator. When the civil war broke out between Pompey and Julius Caesar, Pompeius supported Pompey. After the battle at Pharsalia Greece, he fled with Pompey, along with Pompey’s rem...
how do bowling alleys (lanes?) not dented/cracked? hundreds of weighted balls get dropped on them daily	[Maple is extremely hard, dense, and shock-absorbent. The lanes are also refinished frequently to protect them.](_URL_0_) Apparently they're about 2 or 3 inches thick.	[ "As bowling balls are quite heavy to throw, some alleys provide portable slides from the top of which the ball is pushed down rather than thrown. Use of these slides is often combined with the use of bumpers. These slides are used by children and the disabled to assist their throw. They are also referred to as \"ra...
How does a battery/cell run out?	A battery stores charge. One side is negatively charged, and the other is correspondingly positive. When the battery is operating, charge moves from one side, through the circuit, to the other side. As this happens, the negative side winds up with less negative charge and the positive side with less positive charge ...	[ "Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a rechargeable battery acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged, or a generator as a power source and a motor as...
Are there any tips or advice that those with a PhD in History could give to future PhD candidates?	There are so many things, but here are a few: 1) If you want to get an academic job then you need to start building your CV as early as possible. This means: attending and presenting at conferences (I gave about 15 papers during the 3 years of my PhD); getting at least one article (ideally more) published in a good jo...	[ "Since 2010, the institute has awarded the \"Rolf Kentner Dissertation Prize\" to Ph.D candidates with outstanding work in the field of American studies. The dissertation prize is sponsored by Rolf Kentner, the chairman of the Schurman Society for American History, and each year, a winner is endowed with 1,000 Euro...
Why are the majority of bacteria rod-shaped, spherical, or spiraled?	The most prominent shapes by far are the rods (bacilli) and spheres (cocci), which I think can be explained by evolutionary pressures. If you take the material that makes up a cell membrane (polar lipids; half soluble the other half insoluble) and put them in aqueous solution (water), they will spontaneously form a sph...	[ "Most bacterial species are either spherical, called \"cocci\" (\"sing\". coccus, from Greek \"kókkos\", grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called \"bacilli\" (\"sing\". bacillus, from Latin \"baculus\", stick). Some bacteria, called \"vibrio\", are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-s...
why is it good to visit the chiropractor?	It's not, go see a physiotherapist if you have any muscular or joint issues. Chiropractory is snake oil	[ "There were around 50,330 chiropractors practicing in North America in 2000. In 2008, this has increased by almost 20% to around 60,000 chiropractors. In 2002–03, the majority of those who sought chiropractic did so for relief from back and neck pain and other neuromusculoskeletal complaints; most do so specificall...
why do youtube channels partner with "networks"?	Because of the possibility to get strikes, or copyright infringements, since some of them have direct access to YouTube workers, they can resolve problems way more quickly. Networks also help YouTubers to get higher paying advertisements.	[ "Multi-channel networks (MCN) are companies that work with YouTube channels and assist with funding, rights' management, audience development, and monetization. They are neither affiliated with nor endorsed by Google, and receive a portion of the advertising revenue that they help generate for their affiliated YouT...
Why do the Nordic countries have different languages? Are they mutually intelligible?	"A language is a dialect with an army" Had there not been a political division, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian would almost certainly be considered dialects of a common language. Edit: Yes, they are almost entirely mutually intelligible. The difference between Swedish and Norwegian, assuming a standard/usual dialect o...	[ "Norwegian is similar to the other languages in Scandinavia: Swedish and Danish. All three languages are to a degree mutually intelligible and can be, and commonly are, employed in communication among inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the co-operation within the Nordic Council, inhabitants o...
where euler's equation/identity derives from	The classic proof is to use what's called a Taylor Series. You can approximate any function as a polynomial. The fundamental theorem of algebra tells us that there are exactly N points that an Nth order polynomial crosses 0. (Meaning in the equation y = a1 + a2x + .... +aN x^N there are N points where Y equals 0). ...	[ "Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is considered to be an exemplar of mathematical beauty as it shows a profound connection between the most fundamental numbers in mathematics.\n", "There is no standard notation that distinguishes an equation from an identity or other use ...
If PI has an infinite, non-recurring amount of numbers, can I just name any sequence of numbers of any size and will occur in PI?	"As it turns out, mathematicians do not yet know whether the digits of pi contains every single finite sequence of numbers. That being said, many mathematicians suspect that this is the case" - _URL_0_	[ "It has been conjectured that there are only a finite number of numbers with only digits in the 2-9 interval whose multiplicative digital root is not 0; the largest of these is 77,333,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222,222 (44 digits.)\n", "Based on these restrictions, the number of candidates for \"...
If a muscle is cut, does it regenerate?	Muscle is actually an incredibly regenerative tissue, even more impressively so when you consider that your skeletal muscle cells, under healthy and noninjured conditions, don't undergo cell division. However, they're peppered with small progenitor cells called "satellite cells" throughout the tissue. These guys norm...	[ "The process of muscle regeneration involves considerable remodeling of extracellular matrix and, where extensive damage occurs, is incomplete. Fibroblasts within the muscle deposit scar tissue, which can impair muscle function, and is a significant part of the pathology of muscular dystrophies.\n", "The nerve be...
I've heard that Tian men square massacre didn't happen, what is meant by this?	You would have to ask whoever said that to you, otherwise it's hard to know what they meant by it. It wouldn't surprise me if there were PRC apologists who deny/minimize it, although I don't think I've heard anyone do that.	[ "The Tiananmen Square massacre occurred just four months later, on June 4, 1989. After the incident, Xiao Lu's gunshots became incredibly politicized, referred to as “the first gunshots of Tiananmen”, and the China Avant-Garde Exhibition described as “the little Tiananmen Square”. The reason for this reaction is th...
why is it that i can gain 1lbs a day by over eating and eating junk food, but can't lose 1lbs a day by restricting my diet and eating healthier foods?	A pound of body fat equates to approximately 3500 calories. Since a "recommended diet" is 2000 calories. It's not incredibly difficult to eat 5500 calories although people rarely gain a pound a day. On the other hand, eating -1500 calories might prove more difficult.	[ "When junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions. A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation betwee...
Did Elizabeth Báthory really kill 650 people, or were those numbers blown way out of proportion?	Elizabeth Báthory was an unstable personality, but the claims of killing and torturing over 600 people was just a method of the Habsburgs to claim the Báthory-Nádasdy fortune she was bound to inherit after the death of her husband, Nádor Nádasdy. The first written source describing the events have been created a centur...	[ "In August 1810 Burney developed pains in her breast, which her husband suspected could be due to breast cancer. Through her royal network, she was eventually treated by several leading physicians, and a year later, on 30 September 1811, she underwent a mastectomy performed by \"7 men in black, Dr. Larrey, M. Duboi...

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