Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
Why do heavier patients need higher doses of medication?	It relates to body fat content and how lipophilic drugs are. Things like general anaesthetics and ethanol are highly lipophilic, and readily distribute into fat. This basically gives the drug a much larger volume to distribute into, thus the concentration of drug in the blood plasma/at it's target site will be lower, s...	[ "Although some medications are best dosed by actual body weight (e.g., succinylcholine), most resuscitation medications are distributed in lean body mass (e.g., epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, etc.) so that IBW as accurately predicted by length, not the actual body weight, would appear preferab...
a presidential pardon decades after death	Basically it's just to officially acknowledge that the person was innocent. It brings some justice to the family	[ "Approximately 20,000 pardons and commutations were issued by U.S. presidents in the 20th century alone. Pardons granted by presidents from George Washington until Grover Cleveland's first term (1885–1889) were handwritten by the president; thereafter, pardons were prepared for the president by administrative staff...
Everything else equal, what effect does tire size have on a vehicle's gas mileage?	First things first it depends on what you mean by tire size. The standard for labeling size is tread footprint/sidewall height/rim size. Changing any one of the measurements effect weight of the tire, which in turn effects gas mileage by allowing the same amount of power to pull less weight. The measurement most li...	[ "The amount a tire meets the road is an equation between the weight of the car and the type (and size) of its tire. A 1000 kg car can depress a 185/65/15 tire more than a 215/45/15 tire longitudinally thus having better linear grip and better braking distance not to mention better aquaplaning performance, while the...
when something breaks the sound barrier. what is the visible cone shaped thing behind it?	Are you talking about [this](_URL_0_)? If so, it's called a vapor cone or a shock collar. It's a cone of water vapor that can form when a plane flies at high speeds (transonic but not necessarily supersonic, although some airflow will be supersonic) through moist air. The area behind the shock wave has a low air pressu...	[ "The acoustical science of noise barrier design is based upon treating an airway or railway as a line source. The theory is based upon blockage of sound ray travel toward a particular receptor; however, diffraction of sound must be addressed. Sound waves bend (downward) when they pass an edge, such as the apex of a...
how does oxygen reach the brain?	The red cells in your blood pick up oxygen in your lungs, then the heart pumps the blood around your body, including to the brain.	[ "The formation of oxygen radicals in the brain is achieved through the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway. This reaction occurs as a response to an increase in the Ca concentration inside a brain cell. This interaction between the Ca and NOS results in the formation of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which...
what is mb/s and how is it related to mb/s	Mb/s is Megabits per second. MB/s is MegaBytes per second. A Byte is 8 bits, so MB/s is faster by a factor of 8x.	[ "The MBR originated in the PC XT. IBM PC-compatible computers are little-endian, which means the processor stores numeric values spanning two or more bytes in memory least significant byte first. The format of the MBR on media reflects this convention. Thus, the MBR signature will appear in a disk editor as the seq...
How is it that if Earth exerts a force of gravity on you of 600N, then you also exert a force of gravity on Earth of 600N?	Could you elaborate on your question? That is, the question of "how is this fact a fact" is very difficult to answer with anything except "well... that's the fact."	[ "The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is the weakest at th...
Question regarding Wasps/stinging insects: How did the biology of a stinging insect evolve correctly to produce a formula that would effectively hurt or "sting" its victim?	Its a series of steps and adaptations. They evolve a more potent venom and a stronger stinger when its main prey or attacker devolps to have a natural resistance or thick exoskeleton. Its essentialy a very long process of one-uping the other species. Oh and mods can go ahead and delete this if they want im at work on m...	[ "Stinging insects produce a painful swelling of the skin, the severity of the lesion varying according to the location of the sting, the identity of the insect and the sensitivity of the subject. Many species of bees and wasps have two poison glands, one gland secreting a toxin in which formic acid is one recognize...
Why did Christianity (Nestorianism) fail to create a significant and lasting Chinese Christian population, while Islam did?	I can't comment on Islam, but I can explain why Chinese christianity did not last to the modern day (of course, there are plenty of Christians now, but they only date back to European missionary activity). First, about its origins. My source for the first part of this is a tablet in a museum in Xian (or rather, the in...	[ "It was also reported that competition with the Roman Catholic Church and Islam were also factors in causing Nestorian Christianity to disappear in China; the Roman Catholics also considered the Nestorians as heretical,\n", "It was reported that competition with the Catholic Church and Islam were also factors in ...
why are us troops being deployed to poland?	Because Russia. Like it or not, NATO is primarily the Club of Countries the US Promises To Protect. Its ludicrously massive military is what everyone wants on their side. After Russia's adventures in the Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, there are suspicions within NATO that either Poland or the Baltics might suddenly find ...	[ "Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia stand up against EurCon, which gradually deploys combat troops to their borders. France also negotiates with Russia to stop natural-gas shipments to Poland. The United States comes in to support Poland by sending an LNG tanker to Gdańsk; French covert operatives, however, b...
Did civilizations like Rome and Greece participate in espionage?	Yes, quite extensively. Rose Mary Sheldon, professor of history at Virginia Military Institute, has written [a number of publications](_URL_8_) on Roman intelligence (broadly construed, and thus not always including what we would think of as espionage). [Here](_URL_10_)'s an article of hers that cites many examples, in...	[ "Following the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940, Section D of British intelligence began recruiting Greeks for clandestine espionage and sabotage activity for the event that Greece might succumb to the Axis Powers in mind. Given its purpose, this activity was kept secret from the Greek government—the dict...
how do people build programs inside of minecraft?	Early computers were basically a bunch of switches that were either ON or OFF. By arranging some amount of switches ON, you would store that information. In MineCraft, you can build circuits using RedStone -- a powder which you can form lines of, that carry power from a RedStone Torch, or some form of trigger (pressu...	[ "The program is designed to assist a game master in managing table-top role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and \"Tunnels & Trolls\". A user can enter material into the menu-driven program's tables, including random monster appearances, treasure tables, battle elements, and the creation of new monsters...
Why were smaller penises desirable in classical civilisation?	You might enjoy /u/PapiriusCursor's answer to [Ancient Greek men thought the ideal male body possessed a small penis. Do we have any idea what Greek women thought?](_URL_0_).	[ "The ancient Greeks believed that small penises were ideal. Scholars believe that most ancient Greeks probably had roughly the same size penises as most other Europeans, but Greek artistic portrayals of handsome youths show them with inordinately small, uncircumcised penises with disproportionately large foreskins,...
How devout were ancient people when it came to their religion(s)?	My reference point is pre-Christian, which has it's own problems, but can shed some light on your question. Ancient Greek religion is largely understood in the socio-cultural terms that /u/Fireproofspider has already referred to. "Belief" isn't a term that really enters the religious equation until Christian times. ...	[ "In terms of religion, the populace adopted the Roman pantheon, although the Celtic sungod, Belenus, had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion and it was perhaps some of these Jews who became the first Christians. Meanwhile, soldiers brought the martial cult of Mithras.\n", "There is, however...
how is the videogame skyrim seemingly endless?	A small portion of the quests are procedurally generated. This means that there are is technically an infinite amount of meaningless fetch quests that reset every \~3-ish in-game days. Every gathering node is preset and finite, though, they just respawn.	[ "The game's screen consists of black and white pixel graphics and is presented in a manner similar to the \"virtual pet\" concept conceived by Bandai's Tamagotchi. To play in conjunction with \"Final Fantasy VIII\", the player must find Boko in the world of \"Final Fantasy VIII\". Once accomplished, the player rece...
In terms of anatomy, why are some voices husky and some smooth?	If you mean husky as in rough (a long-term smoker's voice would be an extreme example of this), the answer is that there are asymmetries along the edges of the vocal cords. So when the vocal cords adduct, the mucosal wave that kind of vibrates between the cords is off and the sound comes out rougher. This kind of asymm...	[ "In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry) is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They nor...
why is a long one hour walk (4 miles) as tiring as a hard workout, but the walk burns far, far less calories?	Unless you're walking over rough terrain or up steep inclines a 4 mile walk should not be tiring on the level of a strenuous workout. In general your perceived exertion is a good guide for how fast you're burning calories	[ "Jogging may also be used as a warm up or cool down for runners, preceding or following a workout or race. It is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. For example, a runner who completes a fast 400 metre repetition at a sub-5-minute mile pace (3 minute km) may drop to...
scars	They would and do exfoliate, eventually. The “lifespan” of a scar is dependent on how deep in the skin it is, and the size of the scar. As time passes, all or parts of the scar tissue will be pushed out. This is why some scars disappear over time, especially with proper skin care. However, if a scar is particularly dee...	[ "Hypertrophic scars occur when the body overproduces collagen, which causes the scar to be raised above the surrounding skin. Hypertrophic scars take the form of a red raised lump on the skin. They usually occur within 4 to 8 weeks following wound infection or wound closure with excess tension and/or other traumati...
If gravity is the weakest fundamental force, how is it able to have a noticeable impact across such greater distances?	Because there is no anti gravity. The earth is made of a huge number of particles with different electric charges, but on average they all cancel out so that the earth as a whole has no net charge. Because of this the electrostatic attraction of the earth to other planets/stars is very small. In contrast, all the mass...	[ "The effective range of the weak force is limited to subatomic distances, and is less than the diameter of a proton. It is one of the four known force-related fundamental interactions of nature, alongside the strong interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation.\n", "Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamenta...
major differences between eastern orthodox and catholicism besides religious leader's authority?	Authority is the big one. * Catholics mostly^1 use the Roman Rite liturgy; Orthodox groups tend to have their own liturgies. * Catholics still say the Holy Spirit proceeds "from the Father and the Son"; Orthodox usually draw more subtle nuances and may say the Holy Spirit proceeds "from the Father through the Son". ...	[ "The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the position that it is their communion which actually constitutes the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. Eastern Orthodox Christians consider themselves the heirs of the first-millennium patriarchal structure that developed in the Eastern Church into the model of the ...
why do so many law enforcers/military personnel support their governments during popular uprising?	Milgram's experiment: _URL_0_	[ "In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has overthrown elected governments overreaching its constitutional mandate protected by the Constitution to \"act in aid of civilian federal government when called upon to do so\", the army has been involved in enforcing martial law against the elected governments in ...
Why can you lift a bigger weight after warming up?	Do we know that this is the case? Or is it that you can lift more weight safely after warmup?	[ "Weight lifting can effectively demonstrate the effects of post-activation potentiation. For example, if a person lifts a light weight, and then lifts a heavy weight, before lifting the light weight again, the light weight will be relatively easier to lift and feel lighter the second time it has been lifted. Becaus...
Why are some groups of animals, like rodents, not sexually dimorphic? (or at least as obvious as other mammals) How have social systems pressured changes in sexual dimorphism? How are species that aren't sexually dimorphic able to differentiate sexes before encounters?	How are you defining "dimorphism"? Are you approaching it with human bias towards visible differences? Remember that there are other important sensory and behavioral clues to look for. Smell, in particular during estrus, is quite powerful, as are certain innate behaviors associated with mating, such as becoming more a...	[ "Sexual dimorphism occurs in many rodent species. In some rodents, males are larger than females, while in others the reverse is true. Male-bias sexual dimorphism is typical for ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, solitary mole rats and pocket gophers; it likely developed due to sexual selection and greater male-male ...
free radicals, oxidative stress, and anti oxidants.	Oxygen is a corrosive gas. It literally steals electrons from other atoms (ie oxidizes them). Our body uses oxygen this way to forcefully pull electrons through several chemical reactions, such as breaking down digested carbohydrates into biochemical energy. This is why you breathe. Unfortunately, oxygen doesn't care ...	[ "Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, either by generating reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues, for example an overdose of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen) can fatally damage the live...
how do other websites use reddit's content without backlash?	It depends on what kind of content you are talking about. First there is the question about what is and what isn't covered by copyright, and also who would own said copyright. Take something like memes. It could be argued that most memes do not reach the level of originality needed, and therefor is not covered by copy...	[ "Reddit (, stylized in its logo as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, and images, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created board...
What would happen if you could get rid of the Higgs bosons in an object?	The Higgs boson does not give particles mass. There are not Higgs bosons inside ordinary matter. The Higgs mechanism is associated with the default value that the Higgs field takes throughout space. The Higgs boson arises as a sort of deviation of the Higgs field from its default value.	[ "To produce Higgs bosons, two beams of particles are accelerated to very high energies and allowed to collide within a particle detector. Occasionally, although rarely, a Higgs boson will be created fleetingly as part of the collision byproducts. Because the Higgs boson decays very quickly, particle detectors canno...
why are steel surfaces relatively inhospitable to bacteria and other germs whereas stuff like acrylic are not?	I believe it has to do with the surface and how porous it is/isn't. Bacteria need tiny holes to hang out in (which also traps stuff they feed on), otherwise they get brushed away easily and there is less available 'food' for them. Also some metals give off ions that apparently kill bacteria. I know silver does, no...	[ "Materials research into superior antifouling surfaces for fluidized bed reactors suggest that low wettability plastics such as Polyvinyl chloride (\"PVC\"), high-density polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate (\"plexiglas\") demonstrate a high correlation between their resistance to bacterial adhesion and their h...
why does visible heat* have a shadow if it isn’t causing an absence of light?	When air gets hot, it changes the density so you have swirling patches of hotter & cooler air. Air of different densities passes light differently, creating those shadows.	[ "In principle, we cannot directly see a difference in temperature, a different gas, or a shock wave in the transparent air. However, all these disturbances refract light rays, so they can cast shadows. The plume of hot air rising from a fire, for example, can be seen by way of its shadow cast upon a nearby surface ...
why do car windows get a grid pattern on them	Whenever the glass is rapidly cooled during the tempering process there are these air jets that blow cool air on the glass. This creates distortions in the glass that are almost invisible, until you put on polarized glasses. Different automakers have different (patented) patterns or cooling methods to reduce this disto...	[ "BULLET::::- The wheel window style refers to when architects started to putting glass within the oculi structure creating an actual window. This was due to when architects tried increasing the diameter of the oculi to let in more light, the problem of wind and rain became very apparent.\n", "A stacking window ma...
How does evolution increase biological complexity?	Your 'relatively simple' example is actually perhaps the most complex; the jump from single to multiple cell is probably the most significant. Hence why it took so long (something in the order of a couple of billion years). From there on it's just a case of structural specialisation. Evolution is simply the express...	[ "More generally, the growth of complexity may be driven by the co-evolution between an organism and the ecosystem of predators, prey and parasites to which it tries to stay adapted: as any of these become more complex in order to cope better with the diversity of threats offered by the ecosystem formed by the other...
how does opening new lines of credit help your credit score?	It increases your cap making it easier to maintain a lower percentage use of your overall credit. Lower overall use increases your score.	[ "BULLET::::- Credit scores are already artificially modified; that is, it is a made-up system. There is no difference between adding an authorized user tradeline and opening a new account; they both affect your credit score.\n", "Although all the four credit information companies have developed their individual c...
can a communist economy work with a democratic system?	Ideally, all communist nations are democratic, since the idea is that everyone works towards a common goal and everyone is equal. Post- Stalin USSR and post- Mao China were/ are democratic, in that you can vote for the leader. There's only one party, however so this winds up being a choice between John Anderson and And...	[ "A communist economic system would be characterized by advanced productive technology that enables material abundance, which in turn would enable the free distribution of most or all economic output and the holding of the means of producing this output in common. In this respect communism is differentiated from soc...
is there an easy explanation or visual for the organization of the us army?	Organisation of ranks? Organisations of armies, corps, divisions, battalions, etc? There's lots of things that fall under this question.	[ "A Corps area was a geographically-based organizational structure (military district) of the United States Army used to accomplish administrative, training and tactical tasks from 1920 to 1942. Each corps area included divisions of the Regular Army, Organized Reserve and National Guard of the United States. Develop...
If I smell a strong scent while eating, does it influence how I taste the food?	You only have five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Everything else is smell, which is why things taste bland when you're congested.	[ "Unlike smelling, which occurs upon inhalation, the sensing of flavors in the mouth occurs in the exhalation phase of breathing and is perceived differently by an individual. In other words, the smell of food is different depending on whether one is smelling it before or after it has entered one's mouth.\n", "Aro...
French (or Allied) perspective of WWI trenches	[Under Fire](_URL_0_) was a novel written by the Frenchman Henri Barbusse, and was actually published during the War, in 1916. Under Fire is technically not a memoir, but rather, is a work of fiction, with an unnamed narrator. However, it is pretty clearly influenced by Barbusse's time on the frontline. Barbusse'...	[ "For much of the Great War, trench warfare was almost static, giving rise to the need for large scale maps for attack, defence and artillery use. Initially, British trench maps showed the German trench systems in detail, but only the British Front line. Later in the war, more of the British trenches were shown. The...
Is there a part of the brain that controls the perception of time?	Great question, and the simple answer is that many different parts of the brain help you to perceive time... because time is crucially important for many types of behaviors we engage in. One area of the brain, the [suprachiasmatic nucleus \(SCN\)](_URL_0_) affects circadian rhythms -- tracking day and night cycles. Ot...	[ "Although the perception of time is not associated with a specific sensory system, psychologists and neuroscientists suggest that humans do have a system, or several complementary systems, governing the perception of time. Time perception is handled by a highly distributed system involving the cerebral cortex, cere...
why do we not all adopt a race-nationality identification like african-american (ex. asian-australian)?	It's too broad. Under that you could say I'm a European-American, but to be honest I don't really see myself as European at all despite my ancestry. I just wish we didn't classify race at all and just went by nationality. If you are a US citizen, you are an American. If you are an Australian citizen, you are Australian...	[ "According to the 2010 United States Census, 6.2% or 19,107,368 Americans chose to self-identify with the \"some other race\" category, the third most popular option. Also, 36.7% or 18,503,103 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the U.S. Census does not ...
why are hand dryers in public restrooms considered more hygienic than paper towels? having forced air blowing germs all over the place doesn't seem very hygienic at all.	It turns out that you are correct. Not only do they blow germs from outside the blower... What happens when someplace is dark, warm, and moist? Mold grows. So you're getting mold spores and waste from INSIDE the dryer on your hands, too. _URL_0_	[ "Research conducted in 2008 indicated that European consumers much prefer hand towels over hand dryers in public washrooms. 63% of respondents said paper towels were their preferred drying method, while just 28% preferred a hand dryer. Respondents overwhelmingly considered paper towels to offer faster hand drying t...
the different divisions of the nervous system.	The Nervous System(NS) is composed of 2 major divisions which are: (1) The Central NS; which is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. They are both enclosed in bony structure (skull and vertebra) because of their importance. They control either voluntarily or involuntarily almost all body functions and inte...	[ "The central nervous system consists of a brain and paired ventral nerve cords that connect to the brain and run along the length of the body. The brain is a ring of four ganglia, masses of nerve cells, positioned round the rhynchocoel near its front end – while the brains of most protostome invertebrates encircle ...
How do mitochondria change their internal proton count to initiate electron chain transfer ?	By that, I assume you’re talking about the proton gradient? In which case the ions cross the complexes that are in the inner membrane, and move into the inter membrane space. Those ions of course come from the NADH that oxidate into NAD+ when the come in contact with the complexes, passing their electrons and their hyd...	[ "Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient. This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the a...
why couldn't giant mirrors (like the entire industrialized world focusing on producing giant mirrors) eradicate global warming by reflecting the suns rays for a while?	How would you make those mirrors? In some kind of industrial plant, right? And to smelt all that glass you'll need some big natural gas burners. And you'll burn a lot of it which will produce an extraordinary amount of carbon in the atmosphere. When you're all done you'll have some great mirrors. But mirrors reflec...	[ "The use of space mirrors as an anti-global warming measure is a proposed technology for climate change mitigation by deflection of sunlight. It was one of a series of proposals for controlling global warming made to the United States government in 2001.\n", "Using space mirrors as a space sunshade to reduce the ...
How did powerful families come by their power in the first place?	I can't talk about the Rothschilds or the like, but I certainly can talk about [the Tudors](_URL_5_) and [the Plantagenets](_URL_1_) and the like. Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII of England, of the House of Tudor, was the victor of the [the Wars of the Roses](_URL_3_) between the House of Lancaster and the Hou...	[ "The family reached the height of its power in the 15th Century when facing off against the monarchy. They were able to set up a system of Mayordomazgos independent of the crown and based in the Castillo de Pedraja which belonged to the family. During this time, there were a great many power struggles going on in t...
Sibling birth order: does it affect anything?	The only thing I know of is the potential link between fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation. _URL_0_ > In several studies, the observation is that the more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he will have a homosexual orientation.[1] It has sometimes been called the older broth...	[ "The social interaction that occurs as a result of birth order however is the most notable. Older siblings often become role models of behaviour, and younger siblings become learners and supervisees. Older siblings are at a developmental advantage both cognitively and socially. The role of birth order also depends ...
what's going on in milwaukee ?	A young African American man was being pursued by the Police. He displayed and aimed a weapon at the Officer. He was promptly shot. He passed away. The community rioted since their perspective is that any shooting under any condition is unlawful. As it turns out the young man has a record and the gun was stolen. ...	[ "\"Milwaukee\" is a public artwork by Cleveland, Ohio artist George Mossman Greenamyer (b. 1939), located at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee; Golda Meir Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.\n", "The Milwaukee River is a river in the state of Wisconsin. It is about long. Once a locus of i...
Maximum rotation of a pulsar	Speed of light is always a limit, but not here. Here, the limiting factor is the fact that at ~1500 rotations per second, gravitational radiation would release more energy than accretion could compensate. For an average 12km pulsar, that's less than half the speed of light, and even that's pushing it.	[ "Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that have a magnetic field. A narrow beam of electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the poles of rotating pulsars. If the beam sweeps past the direction of the Solar System then the pulsar will produce a periodic pulse that can be detected from the Earth. The energy radiated b...
Are animals immune to poison ivy?	Humans are generally allergic to an oil in poison ivy called urushiol. Other animals are not affected, and many actually eat poison ivy. Sources: [1](_URL_1_), [2](_URL_0_)	[ "Birds are apparently immune to this poison. The plant is not palatable to animals and is avoided unless little else is available, or if it is in contaminated hay, but horses, sheep and cattle have been poisoned by eating fresh leaves or green fodder, and pigs have been poisoned by eating the roots.\n", "Ethoprop...
What rate would glaciers be growing or melting without human intervention?	Before I start, I'm no glaciologist, but I can address some of your points and maybe hope that someone more knowledgeable can come along and set me straight if I get anything wrong, and maybe add some sources... It's important to realise that all glaciers are melting. Due to the huge pressures of the ice, temperatur...	[ "“Glacier mass-balances show consistent decreases over the last century in most regions of the world and retreat may be accelerating in many locations\" with an average loss of ten meters per year, nearly twice as fast as ten years ago. Glaciers currently cover ~10% of the Earth's surface, or ~15 million km² and ho...
why is a p/e ratio called price to earnings and not just price to profit?	Profit can vary wildly from one reporting period to another. So many aspects of business can impact it both positively and negatively. In addition some things might lower profits during only one quarter, which if you only tracked profits might make it seem the company had begun performing poorly. Earnings are simpler...	[ "The price-earnings ratio, also known as P/E ratio, P/E, or PER, is the ratio of a company's share (stock) price to the company's earnings per share. The ratio is used for valuing companies and to find out whether they are overvalued or undervalued. \n", "The price to earnings ratio (P/E), or earnings multiple, i...
how does the internet’s wayback machine work?	Correct me if I'm wrong, but this is how previous projects that were similar worked. They have bots (automated software) that crawl the web looking at different webpages and archiving them. Every time it takes a snapshot of a webpage (usually including its source code and, if I remember right, copies of images as well)...	[ "The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. \n", "The use of the term \"Wayback Machine\" in the context of the Internet Archive h...
what is "sequestration" in the context of current events?	Basically its been decided that the US has too much debt, were spending too much money. To fix the economy, many think that the US Government has to start paying off some of the debt that it has been racking up. There are two ways to do this, either increase the amount of money that it makes or cut money that it spends...	[ "The term \"budget sequestration\" was first used to describe a section of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Reduction Act of 1985 (GRHDRA). The hard caps were abandoned and replaced with a PAYGO system by the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, which was in effect until 2002. Sequestration was later included as part of th...
Did Alexander the Great really fight in every battle and siege he waged?	Alexander the Great by Philip Freeman is a good read. It's directed at laymen and thus is less dry than most strictly academic works. I can only answer for what Freeman's work says, so if he was wrong, I hope someone can post a correction. 1. Yes, according to the sources we have he fought in all the major engagement...	[ "The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon (\"The Great\"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India. Due to the sheer scale of these wars, and the fact that Alexander was generally un...
how is the criterion collection able to restore movies that are 50 plus years old to blu ray quality?	35mm film still has more detail contained on it than any digital camera can capture. It captures far more texture and nuance, this is why some directors (Tarantino being a popular example) still use "real" film. This is comparable to the old records vs. digital format debate in audio recordings. Celluloid film d...	[ "On November 1, 2011, the restored movie was released on Blu-ray, with lossless audio. Extras include a commentary on the Blu-ray disc production, plus a DVD with 95 minutes of extra songs and featurettes on the making of the movie.\n", "A limited-edition DVD release additionally included a copy of the screenplay...
Has there been any research into the origin of viruses that cause the cold?	Human Rhinoviruses are so different from any other kind of rhinovirus that it gets really difficult to work out which animals we got it from. The truth is, it probably evolved from human enteroviruses that live in the gut, and merely adapted itself to a new niche. [Here is an article for you]( _URL_0_)	[ "One main motivation for the study of viruses is the fact that they cause many important infectious diseases, among them the common cold, influenza, rabies, measles, many forms of diarrhea, hepatitis, Dengue fever, yellow fever, polio, smallpox and AIDS. Herpes simplex causes cold sores and genital herpes and is un...
how can a judge make a decision without letting his own beliefs and opinions interfere with his decision?	A judge is allowed to use the wisdom picked up from her life. There is no bar against it. A judge is often called on to judge things like credibility--out of the two witnesses with conflicting testimony, which witness does the judge believe more? Usually, at the end of an evidentiary proceeding, the judge will give...	[ "Because every judge in the court is entitled to hand down a judgment, it is not uncommon for groups of judges to reach the same conclusion (i.e. whether to allow or dismiss the appeal) in materially different ways, for example if a panel of 9 judges heard a case with 4 judges dismissing the appeal, 3 finding for t...
Why is there an EpiPen (and generic alternatives) shortage?	EpiPens are a medical device. Medical devices don't really have a "generic" regulatory option so any company that decides to sell a EpiPen knock-off needs to do all the testing over again except less testing for the drug. Moreover, some companies decide to file patents around the device component, so you might not be...	[ "Gottlieb pursued policies to address barriers to the approval of complex generic drugs, including generic, functionally equivalent alternatives to EpiPen. Under his leadership, in August 2018 the FDA approved the first generic competitor of EpiPen, and later, in January 2019, the agency approved a generic competit...
why do we sometimes, out of the blue, have the urge to breath deeply?	When at long periods of rest your body can start to breath less and less l. After a time your brain goes fuck I need air and tells your lungs to reset themselve l. This can also be the cause of yawning sometimes (not the only cause thow)	[ "The urge to breathe in normal humans is mainly controlled by blood carbon dioxide concentration and the acidity that it causes. A rise in carbon dioxide concentration caused by the inability to inhale fresh gas will cause a strong reflex to breathe, accompanied by increasing distress as the level rises, culminatin...
How did American politics move so far to the right?	I would say that a lot of it comes down to the First Red Scare. In the early 20th century, the Industrial Workers of the World (an anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary labor union) was growing large and the Socialist Party of Eugene Debs was getting around 7% in U.S. elections, with hundreds of mayors, state representativ...	[ "From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called \"populist protest phase\" emerged with sporadic electoral success. During this period, far-right parties drew to them charismatic leaders whose profound mistrust of the political establishment led to an \"us-versus-them\" mind set: \"us\" being the nation's citizenry...
How exactly does fluticasone nasal spray work?	[From the package insert:](_URL_0_) Fluticasone propionate is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory activity. Fluticasone propionate has been shown in vitro to exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor that is 18 times that of dexamethasone, almost twice that of beclom...	[ "Flunisolide nasal spray is absorbed into the circulatory system (blood). Corticosteroid nasal sprays may affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in humans. After the desired clinical effect is obtained, the maintenance dose should be reduced to the smallest amount necessary to control symptoms, whi...
If a human had to live on only one food (eating as much as necessary, but all the same thing), what would the best to live off? (Assume otherwise healthy adult).	I may be mistaken, but I read an article that said a human could live off baked potatoes and butter indefinitely as it provides all the necessary nutrients	[ "In the 21st century, an increasing number of adults in developed countries eat most or all of their meals alone. It is unclear whether people eating alone eat more, less, or the same amount of food compared to people eating in groups, partly because of differences in whether they are eating alone at home or eating...
WW2 buffs, were there any instances of any bombers doing gunships runs like a AC-130 would?	The short answer to this is "No". There wasn't a comparable weapon - an aircraft designed for heavy, air-to-ground fire over long durations - to the AC-130 gunship during World War II. The AC-130's predecessor, the AC-47 "Spooky", or more popularly, "Puff the Magic Dragon", while using the C-47 as its platform - an air...	[ "Coming into service towards the end of the war, most the Type 3s were retained on the home islands as part of the bolstering of Japan's defenses against Allied air raids and against the perceived thread of Allied invasion. These guns were deployed to cover military targets around Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe and the Yawata ...
When (or how) does a religion become mythology?	Technically speaking, every religion have mythology (a set of myths and stories), but in common use, the word mythology is typically used for the myths of religions which have no more active followers. So in short, Norse religion became mythology when the Norse became Christianized. A living religion consists of muc...	[ "Mythology is the main component of Religion. It refers to systems of concepts that are of high importance to a certain community, making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred. Religion is the broader term, besides mythological system, it includes ritual. A given mythology is almost always associated wit...
what would have happened in china if you got pregnant with a second child?	You would pay a one time fine at the birth of your child (or when it was discovered) and you would pay extra taxes.	[ "In 2017, it was reported that an American woman who had agreed to act as a surrogate for a Chinese couple birthed two babies initially believed to be twins. Before the adoptive parents could return home to China, however, it was discovered that one of the babies was in fact the biological son of the surrogate. Doc...
Did professional assassins exist in medieval Europe? If so, where would they be trained? How would one become an assassin?	In the sense of the blade-wielding master of espionage who could plow through a dozen guard single-handedly? No. That, unfortunately, is something that only exists in the realm of legends and [entertainment media](_URL_7_). The word "assassin," as you might already know, entered into many European languages via the ...	[ "The assassin first appeared in the \"Blackmoor\" supplement for the original \"Dungeons & Dragons\" game, as a thief sub-class. It had greater weapon options and more hit points than a thief, but fewer followers, and less skill in the thief special abilities. The class also had an ability to create a very convinci...
why is saying hello to people socially so important ?	It isn't. But it's the most socially neutral equivalent of a greeting. Greetings or acknowledgement at first meets are important. If you don't acknowledge someone you are sending pretty much the opposite signal of a greeting, and depending on the person that can be a can of worms. There are tons other ways to greet som...	[ "When greeting people in a home, it is considered improper if the guest ignores anyone present. Guests are expected to acknowledge and greet every person at a social occasion, including children and babies.\n", "BULLET::::- Guests are honoured delightfully and treated with love and respect. So, relatives, colleag...
What percentage of the worlds land mass is used for the production of food?	153,335,392,000 Hectares are used for food (arable & permanent crops) 1,300,346,805,000 Is the total land surface Thats 11.79188439% Source: [FAOSTAT](_URL_0_)	[ "The FAO concludes that nearly 30 percent of all available agricultural land in the world - 1.4 billion hectares - is used for produced but uneaten food. The global blue water footprint of food waste is 250 km, that is the amount of water that flows annually through the Volga or 3 times Lake Geneva.\n", "Estimate...
What are the most concerning potential shortages in natural resources?	> Helium? Lithium? Sand? None of those are required for our survival. Compare this to the [loss of insect biomass](_URL_0_) or a [shortage of farmland](_URL_0_) due to climate change. Either of those things would mean that humanity will eventually run out of food. That means mass starvation and wars for whatever us...	[ "The overarching thesis on why there is no resource crisis is that as a particular resource becomes more scarce, its price rises. This price rise creates an incentive for people to discover more of the resource, ration and recycle it, and eventually, develop substitutes. The \"ultimate resource\" is not any particu...
how does the binary options scam work?	After sifting through a few pages, it's just gambling, plain and simple.	[ "Binary options are often considered a form of gambling rather than investment because of their negative cumulative payout (the brokers have an edge over the investor) and because they are advertised as requiring little or no knowledge of the markets. Gordon Pape, writing in \"Forbes\".com in 2010, called binary op...
Need help with advanced ceramics(?)	Manufacturing methods are pretty broad, depending on material. Many are made in similar, but more carefully controlled, ways to pottery: a slurry that is formed or cast, etc., and then fired, often under even higher temp and possibly under controlled atmosphere. A more unique route, which is also worth looking into, w...	[ "\"Glass-ceramics\" are polycrystalline ceramic materials prepared by the controlled crystallization of suitable glasses, normally silicates. Depending on the starting glass composition and the heat-treatment schedule adopted, glass-ceramics can be prepared with tailored thermal expansion characteristics. This make...
Were there many historically significant battlefields in WWI and WWII?	There was quite a sizeable battle in Verdun in 1792. A better example might be Metz where there was a big battle in both the Franco Prussian war and the second world war. Besides that, it wouldn't be too hard to find battlefields in Belgium or northern France whereseveral battles could have taken places.	[ "Much of the battlefield, almost , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Another area, embracing two sections of the battlefield that had been designated historical archaeological sites, was added to the original designation in 2006. The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefi...
There are obvious reasons behind human beauty (fertility, child raising) but why do we perceive non-human things (natural vistas, cute animals) as beautiful?	_URL_0_ Despite not being human, "cute" things still display neoteny, which as mammals we have a vested evolutionary interest in, given the importance we place on raising offspring. One could "layman speculate" that this is exacerbated in humans, which care for their young much longer than other mammals, and human i...	[ "In evolutionary aesthetics theory, there is evidence that perceptions of beauty are determined by natural selection and therefore Darwinian; that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's genes.\n", "...
What was the Jazz scene in 1920s/30s Shanghai like?	Jazz at this time was the thing to do for nightlife, and Shanghai was the centre of jazz in China. Jazz was introduced to the city through the foreign concessions in the 19-teens. The International Settlement and the French Concession both regularly had jazz musicians, often coming from the United States. The intere...	[ "Shidaiqu reached peak popularity during 1940s. Famous jazz musicians from both the US and China played to packed dance halls. Chinese women singers grew in celebrity. Additionally, nightclubs such as the Paramount Dance Hall became a meeting point for businessmen from Western countries and China would meet. The we...
why do rock bands often have a carpet on the stage?	Stages are very hard. The rugs provide a softer surface to stand on. There is usually an additional layer of padding under the rug as well.	[ "Some musicians use non-folding, professional stands for all of their rehearsals and gigs, even though this may require them to take more trips to load their gear into the hall. The reason some musicians choose to use non-folding stands is because they are more stable, even with heavy parts or scores, they are more...
why can you hear the voices in the apartment above you so easily, but not the voices in the apartment below you?	Because sound travels through the solid medium ( the floor slab). On the floor above, people are directly in contact with the surface; while on the floor below, you're only depending on the noise traveling through air and noise traveling in air is divided into reflected, absorbed and transferred, major percentage of wh...	[ "BULLET::::- Lack of sound depth: any background noise (in the room, in the car) is flat and wrongly interpreted by the brain. The effect is similar to what happens when trying to hear someone speaking in a noisy crowd on a mono TV. The effect is also similar to talking on the phone to someone who is in a noisy env...
if companies already know that most(if not all) people don't read terms of service, whats stopping them from hiding a hidden rule on page 500 of 3000 that makes you sign over all your possessions?	It would be considered an unconscionable term and thrown out in any reasonable court.	[ "The FTC has indicated through this case that while this fiction may be adequate to form a contract, it is not adequate to avoid deceptive practices. Unread agreements do not relieve companies of their duty not to deceive consumers by omitting material terms. The ruling suggests that companies have a duty to approp...
What's the average age of a species? What non-human factors determine when a species ends?	> I remember reading that sharks as we know them today have remained unevolved for millions of years. No living thing has remained unevolved for millions of years. Evolution is happening constantly, and it never stops happening. What you really read was probably something like "sharks have looked pretty much the sam...	[ "The age of the species is subject to considerable debate. Some scientists argue that vertebrate species with small populations cannot persist for long, and estimate the age of the species to be 360 years. Recent genetic analyses indicate that this species may have first colonized the hole within the past 1,000 yea...
why do people like jesse jackson and al sharpton march for white on black crime but not black on black crime?	From the first couple pages of Google results, here's Jesse Jackson and black on black crime in [1984](_URL_2_), [1994](_URL_0_), [2007](_URL_4_), and [2012](_URL_3_) Here's Al Sharpton---my understanding the more "radical" and less generally respected of the two---in [2008](_URL_1_). It's a simple fact of life that...	[ "White passed as white as a NAACP investigator, finding both more safety in hostile environments and gaining freer communication with whites in cases of violations of civil and human rights. He sometimes became involved in Klan groups in the South to expose those involved in lynchings and other murders. In the Litt...
elon musk's/tesla's hyperloop...	Ooh, I understand it quite well :) [pdf link](_URL_0_) Multiple special vehicles ride through the tube. This tube, initially stretching from San Francisco to Los Angeles, has low air pressure so that the vehicles don't have to use so much power to go through it. The vehicles have a big electric motor, a turbine and ...	[ "\"Hyperloop\" is an alternative system that Elon Musk has championed. He has criticized the high-speed rail project as too expensive and not technologically advanced enough (trains that are—according to Musk—too slow). On August 12, 2013 he released a high-level alpha design for a Hyperloop transit system concept ...
why is most of the juice available in the supermarket a mix with cranberry juice?	I also want to know this. I went to the store one day because I wanted juice that didn't taste like cranberry. So naturally I tried to find juice without cranberry in it. The only one I could find was cherry juice mixed with apple juice. Guess what. That mix tasted exactly like cranberry juice.	[ "For Canadian markets, cranberry juice is regulated as a processed product under fruit juices. Cranberry juice must be made from sound, clean, and ripe cranberries. One or more of the following dry sweetening ingredients may be added: sugar, invert sugar, and dextrose. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agen...
Where do Newtonian physics stop and Einsteins' physics start? Why are they not unified?	As a rule of thumb there are three relevant limits which tells you that Newtonian physics is no longer applicable. 1. If the ratio v/c (where v is the characteristic speed of your system and c is the speed of light) is no longer close to zero, you need special relativity. 2. If the ratio 2GM/c^(2)R (where M is the ma...	[ "Einstein's theory was motivated by the assumption that every point in the universe can be treated as a 'center', and that correspondingly, physics must act the same in all reference frames. His simple and elegant theory shows that time is relative to an inertial frame. In an inertial frame, Newton's first law hold...
Why was Scipio Africanus so disliked by his political peers?	Scipio's not exactly the only Roman aristocrat to be prosecuted following great service to the state. Actually, it's kind of common. The Roman aristocracy relied on the individual magistrate or promagistrate to get anything done, but was highly suspicious of the individual standing head-and-shoulders above his peers. T...	[ "The Scipiones were also famous for their interest in the Hellenistic way of life. Scipio Africanus was criticized by many in the Senate for his love of luxury and his Greek style of wearing the toga. Yet it was he and his friends who introduced the idea of formally educating women and children in Greek. They also ...
Evolutionary, will we be fatter or thinner in the future?	How fat we get is more of a reaction to our environment rather than our evolution. A creature with a lot of food available will (assuming they eat it) get fat, while one that has to expend a lot of energy to get food will be lean. From an environmental point of view, animals who are out in the wild often have a specif...	[ "The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that, due to dietary scarcity during human evolution, people are prone to obesity. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reser...
is the buddha still 'alive'?	There are different buddist schools. In Theravada buddhism, anyone that reaches nibanna is removed from circle of life and is never born again.	[ "A Buddha is a being who is fully awakened, and has fully comprehended the Four Noble Truths. In the Theravada tradition, while there is a list of acknowledged past Buddhas, the historical Buddha Sakyamuni is the only Buddha of our current era and is generally not seen as accessible or as existing in some higher pl...
what was the fault in brazil's defense ?	their strategy of panicking and running around in a state of confusion, while bold, was ultimately spectacularly unsuccessful	[ "This tight system however involved a \"collapsing\" approach that while packing the Italian penalty area and denying the Brazilian forwards much space, left relatively large gaps in midfield. See \"Standing Off\" defensive discussion above. Brazil's superb skills exploited this weakness, showing especially that an...
is the world really round\spherical (exactly 360 degrees)?	It's not exactly spherical. If it were, there would be no variations in terrain like mountains or valleys. In fact the Earth is slightly shaped like an oval. But it's mostly spherical.	[ "Spherical coordinates are useful in analyzing systems that have some degree of symmetry about a point, such as volume integrals inside a sphere, the potential energy field surrounding a concentrated mass or charge, or global weather simulation in a planet's atmosphere. A sphere that has the Cartesian equation has ...
special relativity says the mass of a moving body _url_0_ has the mass of the universe been increasing since the big bang?	I'm assuming you think the mass of the universe is increasing because of expansion. You can't talk about 'the universe' as an object, even taking into account relativity, because the universe is the thing that all the objects are in. The expansion of the universe is talking about the space itself expanding, so it doesn...	[ "Although some authors present relativistic mass as a \"fundamental\" concept of the theory, it has been argued that this is wrong as the fundamentals of the theory relate to space–time. There is disagreement over whether the concept is pedagogically useful. The notion of mass as a property of an object from Newton...
What is the farthest direct parallax measurement of an object?	GAIA hasn't released parallax measures of distant stars yet, that's going to take some more time. While optical parallax has been limited to the nearest 100 pc or so, parallax from radio measures can go significantly further by using interferometry, where multiple radio telescopes across the globe are linked up to act ...	[ "Parallax () is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects when observed from differ...
do animals (especially those who mate for life) feel love like we do?	What happens when we die? Nobody can actually perceive the reality of a dead person just like nobody can perceive the reality of a swan. This question will only bring opinionated answers not factual ones.	[ "Humans are not the only species in the world that can feel love and its effects. Non-human animals can feel love as well, although it is less complex and less creative. Many animals feel emotions. When a dog wags its tail or licks its owner after being parted for a few hours, this is interpreted as happiness. When...
the height of the average american male has risen roughly 3 inches in the past 200 years. is this an example of evolution, coincidence, or something else?	It is probably due to better nutrition. People are more likely to reach their genetic potential.	[ "Historians have used height to measure living standards during this time as average adult heights can point to a population's net nutrition - the amount of nutrition people grew up with as compared to biological stress which can cause lower heights in adulthood, stemming from things like food deprivation, hard wor...
What was the impact of the First World War on eastern Europe	World War I had some pretty big consequences for Eastern Europe in all sectors of life, including the economy, culture, and politics. I'll focus on the most obvious consequence: the redrawing of borders in Eastern Europe. The dissolution of the of the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires allowed the Allies to ...	[ "A major result of the First World War was the breakup of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, as well as partial losses to the German Empire. A surge of ethnic nationalism created a series of new states in Eastern Europe, validated by the Versailles Treaty of 1919. Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia...
how are we able to animate so much more realistically now than ten, fifteen, etc. years ago?	It's due to a combination of better software and better hardware. As animation became more popular, newer and better methods were developed. For example, the way animators now move a person is through a inverse or forward kinematics rig. This basically lets the animator assign "bones" to different parts of a model, an...	[ "Though animations can be created easily using Custom Animations provided in Microsoft PowerPoint, it may be much more tedious to complete a project in PowerPoint than in professional animation programs such as Adobe Flash due to the absence of key frames and tweening in the former.\n", "The popularity of using a...
What tactics did medieval European armies use when fighting horse archers? Did European armies ever employ horse archers?	The Byzantines used Horse Archers as well as Cataphracts. They adapted their armies to be very Calvary based due to their fighting with the Sassanids. That said horses were very expensive to buy and maintain and horse archers were not all that effective in the heavily wooded German regions. Horse archers need a lot ...	[ "The Roman Empire and its military also had an extensive use of horse archers after their conflict with eastern armies that relied heavily on mounted archery in the 1st century BC. They had regiments such as the Equites Sagittarii, who acted as Rome's horse archers in combat. The Crusaders used conscripted cavalry ...
Does raising acetylcholine increase or decrease dopamine?	Where? Acetylcholine is not generally just freely diffusing throughout the CSF, as there is a relatively large amount of chemicals that break it down diffuse in the CSF. Also it's not like you could just eat acetylcholine and get more at your synapses or something.	[ "Citicoline lowers increased glutamate concentrations and raises decreased ATP concentrations induced by ischemia. Citicoline also increases glutamate uptake by increasing expression of EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in vitro in rat astrocytes. It is suggested that the neuroprotective effects of citicoline after a...
Why does an aluminum pot turn dark grey if left on the stove for too long?	Oxidation, Al2O3 is grey.	[ "Capping can hide problems rather than fix them. Aluminum and vinyl are impermeable materials so the natural transfer of moisture through the wood trim will be trapped when it reaches the capping material. The quality of paint on some aluminum coil stock begins to chalk or fade in about five years so the claim of b...
When did women first start outnumbering men as teachers?	Not OP, but to qualify the question: At least in the United States, teachers at early "public" schools seem to have been mostly male. At the very least, this is how 19th century writers like Hawthorne depicted their 18th-century ancestors. By the mid-19th century the "schoolmarm" stereotype appears in contemporary fi...	[ "Men predominated as teachers until the early 19th century, but by the mid-19th century most teachers were women. Women could be teachers only if they were unmarried; as soon as they married, another teacher was hired. Women were paid half the salaries as men.\n", "Women teachers in the National Union of Teachers...
why is toronto the only canadian city with sports teams in the mlb and nba?	Other teams have been successful in Canada, but not in the long run. There's more money in the States. Montreal Expos in MLB and Vancouver Grizzlies in the NBA come to mind. Both teams were relocated to the States.	[ "Toronto, Ontario, is home to several professional, semi-professional, and university sports teams. It is notable among Canadian cities in sports for having several professional and semi-professional teams associated with United States leagues.\n", "The city has a broad range of professional sport franchises, wit...
what do boy/girl scout actually do?	Eagle Scout here. At the first few levels, the Scout learns the basics of surviving in the woods, making fire, and getting skills in self-discipline and motivation. At First class, the Scout begins learning about leadership skills and what it takes to run a group of peers and get them to do things together. Star is...	[ "Scouting's main purpose is to develop young members into independent and responsible adults. This is achieved using a training program with many outdoor recreation and practical activities, teamwork in small groups (patrol system), and by actively using the \"learning by doing\" method.\n", "The role of the Scou...
were anatomically modern humans from 200,000 years ago exactly the same as us, except without language and culture?	They were close enough that we could bump junk with them and produce viable offspring. There would be some differences (200,000 years is enough for SOME drift) but they would be pretty similar to us. They would be on the short side, and have a lot of injuries and scars that we don't have... but fundamentally they are...	[ "The discovery of some of the earliest evidence for the presence of anatomically modern humans found anywhere in Europe was reported in 2007 from the deepest levels of the Kostenki archaeological site near the Don River in Russia, which has been dated to at least 40,000 years ago. Arctic Russia was reached by 40,00...
What were the long term effects of D-Day?	If you mean going beyond the war itself you end up with decades of US soldiers being stationed in mainland Europe. Without Operation Overlord (DDay actually means the day on which a campaign starts and was not the name for the invasion of Europe) it's possible that the Soviets would have overrun a lot more of Europe t...	[ "Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger.\n", "After D-Day deployed to Advanced Landing Grounds in F...
why can’t the panama canal just dig a deep canal and remove the locks?	Oceans are in constant motion. This means that they surge up and down. Because the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean aren't connected anywhere but the Panama Canal, you're channeling the entire difference in wave height at any given time through the canal. Without the locks, that means you'd mostly get a fast running chan...	[ "The Panama Canal locks () are a lock system that lifts a ship up to the main elevation of the Panama Canal and down again. The original canal had a total of six steps (three up, three down) for a ship's passage. The total length of the lock structures, including the approach walls, is over . The locks were one of ...
as diseases like polio are eradicated why do we still need to vaccinate against them.	The main reason is that the diseases we vaccinate against have not been eradicated. For example, while the incidence of polio has reduced by 99% since we began vaccination programs, there are still about 50 confirmed cases per year. While extremely unlikely, there is still a small chance that someone can be infected. I...	[ "Choosing not to vaccinate is largely to blame for the recent outbreak of measles. Parents choosing not to vaccinate prevents herd immunity, which is what patients who suffer with immunocompromising diseases rely on to protect them. To prevent the measles outbreak of 2019 from getting worse it is necessary for anti...

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