Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
Why don’t fermented foods (kimchi, sauerkraut, etc.) not have lots of alcohol?	There are different kinds of fermentation, and not all produce alcohol. For kimchi and sauerkraut, lactic acid is the main product.	[ "BULLET::::- Jains do not consume fermented foods (beer, wine and other alcohols) to avoid killing of a large number of microorganisms associated with the fermenting process. According to \"Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya\":\n", "BULLET::::- For a substance to be halal, it must not contain alcohol of any kind. However, the...
why do we measure the energy in food in calories?	We measure energy in calories because both our cells and a fire are doing the same thing - releasing energy by breaking apart molecules. The basic principle in a fire is that the bonds holding the atoms together are rapidly broken, releasing a certain amount of energy. We can harness the energy in heat to do work (ba...	[ "BULLET::::- calorie – a basic measure of energy that has been replaced by the SI unit the joule; in physics it approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C which is about 4.184 joules. The Calories in food ratings (spelled with a capital C) and nutrition are ‘big C’ Calorie...
Legality of political paramilitary organizations in the Weimar Republic	Hey there, I wrote an answer which goes into more detail about the paramilitary organisations which you can find [here](_URL_0_). In terms of legality, the organisations were broadly tolerated until they stepped over the line. Smaller groups such as Organisation Consul or the killers of Rosa Luxemburg who carried out ...	[ "Paramilitary groups were formed throughout the Weimar Republic in the wake of Germany's defeat in World War I and the ensuing German Revolution. Some were created by political parties to help in recruiting, discipline and in preparation for seizing power. Some were created before World War I. Others were formed by...
Why couldn't Austria-Hungary take Russia during the WWI?	Your chronology and facts are off here. Although it is difficult to pin down an exact start date for the Russian Civil War, it roughly started in November/December 1917 and only really began in earnest the following year. The Russian Army had begun a process of desertion and demobilization (sanctioned and unsanctione...	[ "On January 15, 1877, Russia and Austria-Hungary signed a written agreement confirming the results of an earlier Reichstadt Agreement in July 1876. This assured Russia of the benevolent neutrality of Austria-Hungary in the impending war. These terms meant that in case of war Russia would do the fighting and Austria...
Is it possible to control a nuclear explosion?	> I don't mean in terms of a bomb, but could you create some sort of chamber to control a nuclear explosion and focus all the energy in one direction creating a thrust ... Yes, this is possible, in fact there was a program to develop this kind of thruster ([Project Orion](_URL_0_)). The only reason it's not being do...	[ "The use of nuclear explosive devices is an international issue and will need to be addressed by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty technically bans nuclear weapons in space. However, it is unlikely that a nuclear explosive device, fuzed ...
the egg grading system, ie are there grade b eggs?	the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a voluntary grading service for eggs. See [Haugh Units](_URL_0_). They established certain formal egg grade standards and weight classes. Other countries have other standards. That said, there are no government standards yet for some terms, like "free range" or "org...	[ "In the United States, egg grading is performed by the USDA, and is based upon the interior quality of the egg (see Haugh unit) and the appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight (size). Egg grading is performed by candling, which involves observing the interior of egg...
How did people live in a barter system?	Yes, debt was the main method of paying for services, just like it is today. In barter economies, debts are integral to the fabric of the society; less so today because we tend to pay our debts shortly after incurring them with money, so the social component is mostly lost.	[ "The use of barter-like methods may date back to at least 100,000 years ago, though there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter. Instead, non-monetary societies operated largely along the principles of gift economy and debt. When barter did in fact occur, it was usually between eith...
how were measuring systems created? why are less convenient methods still being used?	A lot of the imperial meausres are derived from what was practical.. For example in the middle ages, an Acre was the area that could be plowed in a day with a single yoke of an oxen... Check out [this article](_URL_0_) on the history of measurement.	[ "The use of a single unit of measurement for some quantity has obvious drawbacks. For example, it is impractical to use the same unit for the distance between two cities and the length of a needle. Thus, historically they would develop independently. One way to make large numbers or small fractions easier to read, ...
If a history textbook does not include sources/citations for it's claims, how much credit and reliability can it be given?	Most textbooks don't give footnotes, actually. There's a widespread belief among publishers that footnotes make a book look difficult to read, and scare away students. As a result, many popular press books - and almost every textbook - don't provide notes for its arguments. (Though there's often a For Further Reading.....	[ "Schnell noted that in some cases the book misquotes authors regarding their conclusions and that one should therefore \"not use [it] as a secondary citation source\". Schnell also commented on the book's original price of US$150, which he considered high given its print quality. He concluded by writing:\n", "On ...
How do quantum computers perform calculations without disturbing the superposition of the qubit?	It seems to me you are asking two distinct questions > How do quantum computers perform calculations? Calculations are achieved by the application of [operators](_URL_0_) on quantum states. These can be applied to the entire superposition at once without breaking it. > How can you retrieve information without coll...	[ "Quantum computers need qubits (quantum bits) on which they operate. Generally, in order to make the computation more reliable, the qubits must be as pure as possible, minimizing possible fluctuations. Since the purity of a qubit is related to von Neumann entropy and to temperature, making the qubits as pure as pos...
Monday Mysteries \| Local History Mysteries	I live in Tampa and one that I can think of is the whole controversy surrounding the Dozier School for Boys. It was a boarding school where families would send their unruly, troublesome, and delinquent boys. Its history is FILLED with tales of abuse, sexual abuse, murder, fishy deaths etc., it basically functioned like...	[ "The Lake District Mysteries are a series of detective novels by British crime writer Martin Edwards. The books feature Hannah Scarlett and the historian Daniel Kind, and are the first series of crime novels by a British detective novelist to be set in the Lake District, a region in North-West England.\n", "North...
What kinds of evidence have to be, or should be, present if we are to determine the existence of a certain disease in the past?	If you're going to be strict about this, you require molecular genetic evidence. Diseases rarely have a set of symptoms that are unique and therefore unmistakable, and due to evolution it's hard to be certain that a given condition isn't due to microbes that have either mutated or otherwise since gone into hiding. ...	[ "Several diseases are present in the archaeological record. Through archaeological evaluation these diseases can be identified and sometimes can explain the cause of death for certain individuals. Aside from looking at sex, age, etc. of a skeleton, a paleopathologist may analyze the condition of the bones to determ...
why do i look skinnier/more attractive when i wake up in the morning?	You're on avarage taller in the morning and you often have an empty stomach. It should be that simple.	[ "Studies have shown that due to societal influences, people associate beauty with lighter skin. This is especially evident in children. This belief has led dark-skinned children to feel inadequate in who they are and inferior when compared to people with lighter skin. African American women believe they would have ...
How does a nerve gas mask differ from other gas mask?	So i actually do this for a living, and the other comments have partially correct info but not the whole story. Firstly, nerve agents are not the only threat, they do however have alot of notoriety. There are other things to also consider such as blister, blood, and choking agents and biological agents (like anthrax) t...	[ "A gas mask is worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling \"airborne pollutants\" and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous or particulate. Many gas masks incl...
why bus fare (for example) keeps going up	Simple answer is inflation. The price of petrol is always going up, leading to everything that relies on it having to spend more. Buses are directly affected by this as they use petrol obviously. Other energy sources like gas are always increasing in price too, costing companies even more money. This leads them to incr...	[ "One of the benefits of this change is that it has helped speed passengers on to the bus. People no longer had to wait to be issued a printed receipt as they each enter the bus. Environmentally this should help reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen because buses don't have to idle as long while passengers...
is our perception of time relative to our mass? eg: an ants lifetime seems to them, the same amount of time as what our lifetime seems to us?	There's no particular evidence to support this idea, although since it regards perception, I don't know that you could absolutely rule it out. I'd just say 'Probably not.' There are, after all, humans more than twice the mass of other humans, and we don't see much reporting of this discrepancy.	[ "The perception of time seems to be modulated by our recent experiences. Humans typically overestimate the perceived duration of the initial event in a stream of identical events. Initial studies suggested that this oddball-induced “subjective time dilation” expanded the perceived duration of oddball stimuli by 30–...
what is the difference between daydreaming and psychosis?	Daydreaming is mostly controlled, Psychosis is mostly uncontrolled. Daydreaming you still understand what is reality and what is not. Psychosis and other mental disturbances can make those distinctions much more difficult.	[ "In psychiatry, onirism refers to a mental state in which visual hallucinations occur while fully awake. It is a symptom of some parasomnias (such as REM sleep behavior disorder and breakdown syndromes), but is more often associated with drug abuse. \n", "Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, muc...
How exactly does a short-circuit damage a device?	First it is important to understand how electricity works. The rate at which electricity flows through a circuit is determined by its resistance. In fact, resistors are extremely important in circuits for this very reason, because they place limits on how much electricity can travel through a given part of the circuit....	[ "Protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses must be selected with an interrupting rating that exceeds the prospective short-circuit current, if they are to safely protect the circuit from a fault. When a large electric current is interrupted an arc forms, and if the breaking capacity of a fuse or circuit...
how does a company know how many shares to make public?	How many shares to make.public is based on what a company wants their stock price to be. So the two biggest reasons that different companies have different numbers of shares when going public is that 1) not all companies have the same valuation and 2) some companies want different levels of liquidity than others. S...	[ "While this information is usually available through Internet search engines, it must still be disclosed in detail. This disclosure is especially important for smaller companies whose stocks trade infrequently and for companies trading on multiple markets (including more than one market per type of common stock). T...
with bee populations being decimated why haven't we seen major shortages of any produce?	It's not the general bee population that's collapsing, it was the wild bee population that collapsed. Commercial beekeeping is what keeps them alive at this point.	[ "Bees play in a significant role in pollinating crops. A decline in bee population leads to a decline in crop yield, which will then result in a reduction in the food supply and cause economic hardships for farmers. Commercially produced \"B. impatiens\" is one of the most important species of pollinator bees that ...
Was the cursive script a product of the quill and inkwell system of writing?	Someone who knows how to use a quill can use it pretty skillfully, and if it's kept in good condition and properly blotted, it won't drip. A manuscript written by a skilled scribe usually looks pretty clean. Of course, we might expect to see different things depending on the type of manuscript. Something like the Ostro...	[ "Cursive script originated in China during the Han dynasty through the Jin period, in two phases. First, an early form of cursive developed as a cursory way to write the popular and not-yet-mature clerical script. Faster ways to write characters developed through four mechanisms: omitting part of a graph, merging s...
if a baby is born on the iis, and the mother and father are astronauts/cosmonauts from different countries (usa+russia), what is the citizenship of the baby?	Citizenship is determined by the citizenship of the parents rather than the location. A person born in Germany to two English parents would get English citizenship by birth. So in your example the baby would have duel US + Russian Citizenship.	[ "All Soviet and RKA cosmonauts have been born within the borders of the U.S.S.R.; no cosmonaut who was born in independent Russia has yet flown. Many cosmonauts, however, were born in Soviet territories outside the boundaries of Russia, and may be claimed by various Soviet successor states as nationals of those sta...
what causes chromosome abnormalities?	There are lots, but one major issue that contributes to many cancers is recombination. Normally recombination isn't really a bad thing, and gives us genetic diversity. When your cells are dividing to make sperm or eggs, the chromosome you have from both mom and dad line up. Because they are structurally similar, it...	[ "The most commonly reported abnormalities have occurred at chromosome 14, specifically in a region of the chromosome called band q23 (14q23). Translocations to this location lead to overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene which has been linked to both the development and progression of a number of cancers. Other chrom...
everyone in the world raises their arms/fists to represent success and victory. why is that?	It is just a human reaction. Recently, saw a video on TEd talks about body language. It said there was a study done and when someone who was blind and has always been blind won a challenge they raised thier hands up in the air, in victory. Even people who have never seen that done, react that way.	[ "\"I believe that we will win!\" is a chant commonly performed at sporting events. Originating in the Naval Academy Preparatory School, it became a tradition among fans and students of the United States Naval Academy. In 2014, the chant gained national recognition as a rallying call among United States men's nation...
slow charge vs fast charge overnight	It doesn't matter. It automatically regulates power supply to prevent anything from damaging the battery; for instance, when the phone reaches 100% it stops charging, and only starts charging when it falls below like 98%-95%.	[ "A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.\n", "The charging time depends on the battery capacity and the charging power. In simple ter...
what is the significance of splitting an atom, and how does it make nuclear weapons so much more devastating than conventional ones?	When you "split" an atom, what you're doing is making the big, heavy atom into two lighter ones. The curious thing is that the two lighter ones combined weigh less than the original. Where did the mass go? It went into E=mc^2 Now, keep in mind that c is a huge number. It's the speed of light. Which is really...	[ "The very idea of splitting the atom had an almost magical grip on the imaginations of inventors and policymakers. As soon as someone said – in an even mildly credible way – that these things \"could\" be done, then people quickly convinced themselves ... that they \"would\" be done.\n", "Nuclear fission products...
Did slave traders struggle with morality? Did they ever question themselves, their practice and the people they were killing and enslaving?	You may be familiar with the famous Christian hymn Amazing Grace. This hymn was written in 1779 by the poet, Anglican priest, and slave ship captain John Newton. Newton was a seaman who prayed for deliverance from a storm in 1748, and found his prayer answered. This marked the beginning of a long and gradual conver...	[ "This was a risky activity: the ephemeral character of such profession was explained by the fact that officially outlawed slave traders were often no longer able to secure their business by simply bribing the authorities or buying the silence of associates who proved to be too greedy or ambitious.\n", "The violen...
how do solid state devices store information	[This](_URL_0_) pretty much explains it.	[ "Solid-state storage (sometimes abbreviated as SSS) is a type of non-volatile computer storage that stores and retrieves digital information using only electronic circuits, without any involvement of moving mechanical parts. This differs fundamentally from the traditional electromechanical storage, which records da...
if george washington warned us about the power of parties, how was he imagining the government to work?	A multiple party system is fine. The more groups there are, the more they have to work together as a team to meet the majority set in the rules and pass a law. Thus, the things that get passed are generally what the majority approves of. A two party system leads to black-or-white, zero sum thinking. If my team didn't ...	[ "One of Washington's most important contributions as commander-in-chief was to establish the precedent that civilian-elected officials, rather than military officers, possessed ultimate authority over the military. This was a key principle of Republicanism, but could easily have been violated by Washington. Through...
how do products like static guard work to reduce static cling?	When two objects bump against each other, there is a chance that electrons will jump from one object to the other. If the two objects are made from a different material, it is possible that one holds on to its electrons more tightly, so it is more likely to receive electrons in such an event. When your clothes are in a...	[ "Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated with the application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets used in washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antist...
Is it possible for an object to have zero kinetic energy?	> Is it possible for an object to have zero kinetic energy? Yes. The kinetic energy of an object is relative to the reference frame in which it is measured. This is because motion is relative to the reference frame, and [kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to motion](_URL_0_). If you measure the e...	[ "The speed, and thus the kinetic energy of a single object is frame-dependent (relative): it can take any non-negative value, by choosing a suitable inertial frame of reference. For example, a bullet passing an observer has kinetic energy in the reference frame of this observer. The same bullet is stationary to an ...
Why do we need large rockets like the Saturn V and Falcon Heavy to travel to the moon?	I don't know what you mean by a S-IVB as that's a stage of the Saturn IV. We could use existing rockets like a Atlas V or Delta IV Heavy (both can be man rated btw). You'd probably need a handful of launches to get everything up there. After assembling in LEO you'd go to the moon. > Would this be more costly then h...	[ "Finally the US Air Force required a booster rocket that could launch heavier satellites than either the Titan IIIE or the Space Shuttle. The Martin Company responded with its extremely large Titan IV series of rockets. When the Titan IV came into service, it could carry a heavier payload to orbit than any other ro...
Why does vacuum-energy exist? How can nothing have some energy?	Well any theory that predicts a non-zero vacuum energy also predicts that the vacuum itself has a complex non-trivial structure. Like the vacuum of quantum electrodynamics for example. It can fluctuate, it can interact, it can become polarized. It is also worth pointing out that from this perspective the vacuum isn'...	[ "The vacuum has, implicitly, all of the properties that a particle may have: spin, or polarization in the case of light, energy, and so on. On average, most of these properties cancel out: the vacuum is, after all, \"empty\" in this sense. One important exception is the vacuum energy or the vacuum expectation value...
how come you can have a good or bad sleep?	Simplest answer: variance. Better answer: there are multiple factors involved. Light sources in the room or before you go to bed mess with melatonin production, which signals your body to sleep. If you wake up in certain parts of your REM cycle, you'll feel groggy instead of rested. Nightmares can make you tense durin...	[ "Poor sleep quality can occur as a result of, for example, restless legs, sleep apnea or major depression. Poor sleep quality is defined as the individual not reaching stage 3 or delta sleep which has restorative properties.\n", "If sleeping is disturbed, the symptoms can occur. Sleep disruption may actually exac...
why google+ has so much fewer users than facebook.	There's a concept called the "network effect". Basically, the more people you have using something, the more useful it becomes. To be dead simple, people use Facebook because their friends are on Facebook. Google+ didn't offer enough of a benefit to get people to move over en masse and without enough people moved over,...	[ "Google+'s user engagement was lower than that of its competitors; ComScore estimated that users averaged 3.3 minutes on the site in January 2012, and 7.5 hours on Facebook. In March 2013, average time spent on the site remained low: about 7 minutes, according to Nielsen, not including traffic from apps. In Februar...
Would a lower class soldier in a medieval army be rewarded or punished for killing a noble or royal?	There is no hard and fast answer to this question. Medieval warfare is difficult to define and as chaotic as warfare in any other era. Individual commanders had their own ideas about how to treat enemy combatants, or made decisions based on the circumstances. Before he died Richard I pardoned Pierre Basile and accor...	[ "It was often claimed that the nobles faced greater risks than the ordinary soldiers as there was little incentive for anyone to take prisoner any high-ranking noble during or immediately after a battle. During the Hundred Years' War against France, a captured noble would be able to ransom himself for a large sum b...
why does dirt on my glasses always show as a perfect circle when my eyes don't focus on them?	That's an effect you get from point light sources (or shadows) being out of focus, and the shape is down to the shape of your own [pupil](_URL_0_). Photographers use that same phenomenon in cameras, to artistic effect, and they call it "Bokeh". [As you can see](_URL_1_) in this picture, the camera this was taken on h...	[ "Traditional curved glass lenses can bend light coming from many angles to end up at the same focal point on a piece of photographic film or an electronic sensor. Light captured at the very edges of a curved glass lens does not line up correctly with the rest of the light, creating a fuzzy image at the edge of the ...
What happened to people whose homes were bombed in WWII?	In Britain insurance did not cover bomb damage. Though Lloyd's had insured against Zeppelin (and other aircraft) attack during the First World War the increase in destructive potential of bombers between the wars led to fears of a "knock-out blow", a massive, devastating bombing attack using explosive, incendiary and p...	[ "A number of houses were damaged by enemy bombing in the early years of the Second World War. Before 1944, 86 Hounslow Road received a direct hit from a German bomb and was badly damaged, though not destroyed. In June 1944, 81 High Street received a direct hit from a V1 flying bomb. Part of the parade of shops and ...
eli 5: why does my iphone get slower each time a new iphone or software update comes out?	Because each new update uses more and more power that your phone does not have. They do this A: to advance technology and compete with other companies and B: to make you feel like your phone is slow so you go buy another	[ "In December 2017, there were reports that Apple has been using a policy of slowing down the speed of its older iPhones when issuing operating system upgrades. It has spurred allegations that the firm has been using this as a tactic to prompt users of older iPhones to buy newer models.\n", "With iOS 10.2.1, Apple...
How Did the Myth Surrounding the Boston Tea Party Start?	This is a truly interesting question! Background: First, to verify what you said, The Boston Tea Party was a response to a tax being lifted off of tea, not a new tax that was imposed on it. American Colonists had been paying taxes on tea for years before the Boston Tea Party happened. [When the Townsend Acts ...	[ "The Boston Tea Party has been called a \"public relations event\" or pseudo event in that it was a staged event intended to influence the public. Pamphlets such as \"Common Sense\" (1775–76) and \"The American Crisis\" (1776 to 1783) were used to spread anti-British propaganda in the United States, as well as the ...
standard shift... why does shifting into second gear before first make going into first gear easier?	It won't if the gearbox isn't worn. In the gearbox is a mechanism called the [synchromesh](_URL_0_). This brings the gears you're going to engage together up to the same speed before allowing them to slide together. The synchromesh has things called baulk rings which prevent the gears sliding into place if they're ...	[ "Another problem of changing from first to second gear is that two bands must actuate in synchronism: the planet support of the second gearset must release at the same time as the sun band is actuated. As a result, this is a gear change that tends to be rougher than the others, where just one band is released or ac...
why can the potus be caught blatantly lying, red handed, time after time, without any consequences.	Because (last I checked) lying isn't a crime. Well.. lying under oath is, but President Trump is not under oath and the only people who could try him in any case is Congress.	[ "\"Lock them in, do not let them go out, and they will not post anything\", Mr. Kadyrov said in a video to a sheepish group of men and women who kept their arms folded across their chests and their eyes firmly on the ground during the harangue.\n", "\"Infamy of fact\" is the result of a widespread opinion, by whi...
Are there any materials that exist at a Plasma Phase at the same Temp/Pressure that any other material is a Solid?	There is a technique called [plasma cleaning](_URL_1_) where a plasma and a solid are allowed to interact, and it is very useful for removing impurities from the solid. If you ionize a gas, it takes a bit of time for the ions to recombine. So continuous ionization of a gas can produce a steady state plasma at reasonabl...	[ "If both materials are typical solids, the degree of reflection will be moderate, and a significant portion of the pulse will travel deeper into the sample, where it may be in part reflected by deeper material interfaces. If one of the materials is a gas such as air – as in the case with delaminations, cracks and v...
Who led the US mobilization of its economy for war during & before World War II?	The Roosevelt Administration and Congress created a plethora of bureaus and offices designed to coordinate and liaise with already existing departments and bureaus of the government. The important ones were the Office for Emergency Management, the Office of Economic Stabilization, the Office of Price Administration, an...	[ "The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war. World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the economy, and may have hastened the end of the Great Depression in the United States. Government-financed cap...
What did the Romans know about the Chinese?	There is this [wikipedia](_URL_0_) article, for what it's worth.	[ "In classical sources, the problem of identifying references to ancient China is exacerbated by the interpretation of the Latin term \"Seres\", whose meaning fluctuated and could refer to several Asian peoples in a wide arc from India over Central Asia to China. In Chinese records, the Roman Empire came to be known...
what aol actually does, in 2015?	They're a lot like Yahoo, they produce web content for people to enjoy. They don't really DO much of anything under their own name anymore (other than maintain a disappearing, antique dial-up system that I can't imagine is making them much money anymore) but they own a lot of websites you probably use. Engadget, TUAW...	[ "On March 12, 2009, Tim Armstrong, formerly with Google, was named Chairman and CEO of AOL. Shortly thereafter, on May 28, Time Warner announced it would spin off AOL as an independent company once Google's shares ceased at the end of the fiscal year. On November 23, AOL unveiled a sneak preview of a new brand iden...
why are there security levels higher than the one the president of the usa has?	Well... Number one, don't believe everything you read or hear. Most likely, this is not entirely accurate information. 21 levels above the President? That seems highly unlikely. So many levels? What would you need that for? Think about it from a practical standpoint. And misinformation is a cornerstone of govern...	[ "The influence and role of the National Security Advisor varies from administration to administration and depends not only on the qualities of the person appointed to the position, but also on the style and management philosophy of the incumbent President. Ideally, the National Security Advisor serves as an honest ...
When speaking why do we sometimes jumble the words of a sentence?	This is called metathesis if you want to just like google search and find shit. But basically there are a lot of theories about how exactly sentences get made, but there's a general pattern of - > vague nebulous meaning area - > get words that have those meanings - > make those words into an english sentence - > s...	[ "When we unscrew a sentence, figure out what makes it tick and reassemble it, we interact with our old familiar language differently, more deeply, responding to the way its individual components fit together. Once we understand how sentences work (what’s going on? what action is taking place? who is doing it and to...
What about rabies makes it to where a blood test cannot determine if an animal or person is infected?	The rabies virus does not circulate in the blood. It takes hold in muscle tissue, and from there goes to the nerves, and starts working along the nerve tissues. No detectable amount breaks loose to float around in the bloodstream.	[ "The differential diagnosis in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of encephalitis, in particular infection with viruses such as herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses such as West Nile virus. The most important viruses to rule out are herpes simplex virus type one, varicella zos...
Why does sand on a surface create patterns when subjected to sound waves?	1. For these patterns to emerge, the sound has to be confined. What you're seeing are standing waves. The sound wave emerges from a speaker, travels through a material, encounters a boundary and is bounced back into the material (an echo). When it goes back, it encounters itself so to speak. Then an effect called int...	[ "Under the same circumstances, it is also possible to generate another acoustic phenomenon. By moving a hand gently through the dry sand of a \"booming sand dune\", this will shear the upper layer of sand off the slope and generate a burping sound emission (pulse-like, short bursts of sound).\n", "On some beaches...
Were there successful labor strikes among miners?	The Comstock Mining District in Nevada had what appears to be the [first miners union](_URL_0_) west of the Mississippi (1863). The first attempt was broken by the territorial governor, but with statehood in 1864, the miners unionized again, and controlled the apparatus of state government. This ensured that miners onl...	[ "Widespread strikes marked 1922, as labor sought redress for falling wages and increased unemployment. In April, 500,000 coal miners, led by John L. Lewis, struck over wage cuts. Mining executives argued that the industry was seeing hard times; Lewis accused them of trying to break the union. As the strike became p...
Since Alan Turing's time, how much closer are we to making machines "think"?	Not very, by that definition. We've made lots of progress in artificial intelligence, but to my knowledge no computer has ever successfully passed a Turing test.	[ "Alan Turing reduced the problem of defining intelligence to a simple question about conversation. He suggests that: if a machine can answer \"any\" question put to it, using the same words that an ordinary person would, then we may call that machine intelligent. A modern version of his experimental design would us...
Why did so many people move to Rhodesia after UDI and during the war?	There are a number of assumptions to address in the question, so there are a variety of points to make in an answer. Friction with Britain and the breakup of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was in the early 1960s. The Unilateral Declaration of Independence was 1965, but the bush war didn't started to heat up...	[ "The Rhodesian government, which mostly comprised members of the country's white minority of about 5%, was indignant when, amid the UK colonial government's \"Wind of Change\" policies of decolonisation, less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to inde...
how do celebrities manage social media accounts with millions of followers?	You can turn notifications off.	[ "Most high-profile celebrities participate in social networking and photo or video hosting platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat. Social networking sites allow celebrities to communicate directly with their fans, removing the middle-man known as traditional media. Social media humani...
why does mega download your file into your local cache and then save it, as opposed to downloading through your browser's download manager?	It is probably because the file stays encrypted on the server. Mega downloads the file onto your computer and at the same time it is decrypting the file so when it is done downloading/decrypting, You can tell the browser where you want it saved. Then the browser simply moves the file. If you simply download the file...	[ "The Download Cache, or downloaded files cache, is a component of Microsoft's .NET Framework that is similar to the Global Assembly Cache except that it caches assemblies that have been downloaded from the Internet.\n", "The browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual ...
How absolute was the reign of kings during the Middle Ages?	Hello ! I'll try to answer the question, even though it's a very broad one. As a French who studied medieval French politics and warfare, I'll be mainly focused on France. Short answer is : it depends. It depends on both time and place. The power of the French kings was not the same as the English king, nor of the Ho...	[ "During the century of the \"rois fainéants\", the Merovingian kings were increasingly dominated by their mayors of the palace, in the 6th century the office of the manager of the royal household, but in the 7th increasingly the real \"power behind the throne\" who limited the role of the king to an essentially cer...
why is the uk parliament being dissolved ahead of the general election?	It's a formality that signifies that each seat is now vacant and every seat is up for election. The ministers still do their respective jobs until the election results come in, they just have to put themselves forward for re-election.	[ "The last dissolution of Parliament was on 3 May 2017, to make way for the general election to be held on 8 June 2017. It dissolved after a two-thirds majority vote by the House of Commons, as required by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.\n", "Removing the power of the monarch, on advice of the prime minister, to d...
what, why, and from whence are these super tiny flies that congregate in tiny swarms at face-level?	I believe they're basically gnat orgies. They all come together in big swarms to fertilize each other. Not sure what they're doing for the rest of their time when they're not having a root. Not a gnat expert but last time I asked someone wtf was with all the bug clouds that's what I was told.	[ "In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations. These swarming insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females.\n", "\"S. surinama, \"like many other related wasp species, exhibit s...
if water makes up 70% of our earth and we have things such as water purifiers, why are we running out of drinking water on our planet?	We're not running out. The problem isn't the amount of drinking water, it's the distribution of the water. Most developed countries could probably hydrate their population 50 times over, if they wanted (assuming there's no drought). Whereas, for example, in hot African countries where water is scarce, contains di...	[ "Lawrence Smith, the president of the population institute, asserts that although an overwhelming majority of the planet's surface is composed of water, 97% of this water is constituted of saltwater; the fresh water used to sustain humans is only 3% of the total amount of water on Earth. Therefore, Smith believes t...
What were NATO's defensive plans for a conventional invasion from the Soviet Union in the 80s?	Ok, so... 1) NATO would probably not have considered the user of tactical nukes until it looked like it was completely over for them. There are only three nuclear states in NATO; the U.S., Britain, and France. France might have gone nuclear first at Germany's expense, but that's only if they actually fully partic...	[ "The atomic blitz war, targeting high population Soviet Union cities was noted as the wrong approach to defend Europe in Project Vista, as it would most likely not stop an ongoing invasion but rather provoke retaliation against European and American cities. Project Vista instead, recommended that NATO should focus ...
What was the truth behind the Allies' accusations that the German Army committed horrific war crimes/atrocities in Belgium during World War One?	This is an important and complex question. The TL;DR on it is "yes, more or less, but it gets complicated." To begin with, [here is a proclamation](_URL_3_) by the German General Otto von Emmich, distributed widely in Belgium in the autumn of 1914 as the German army crossed the tiny nation’s borders and began its...	[ "The German argument for many years was that the actions in Belgium were the result of civilian resistance. The Belgian government was to blame for this \"illegal warfare\". Echoes of this can be found as late as the 1990s in such works as \"Deutsche Geschichte\" of Thomas Nipperdey and in the 1996 edition of the \...
why has hdr been so common in cameras for so long but is only now beginning to move into mainstream tvs, smartphones and games consoles?	They're different technologies. The HDR in cameras involves taking two shots at high/low exposure, then merging them to a single photo. The HDR in video displays refers to the ability to show a wide range of brightness.	[ "In the late 1990s, as HDTV broadcasting commenced, HDTV cameras suitable for news and general purpose work were introduced. Though they delivered much better image quality, their overall operation was identical to their standard definition predecessors. New methods of recording for cameras were introduced to suppl...
if a country has birthright citizenship i.e. all those born there are automatically citizens, couldn't a woman go there on vacation/business/illegally, give birth, then the child would be a citizen giving the parent rights to stay/move there too?	Contrary to popular belief, if an illegal immigrant has a kid in the US, they're still at risk for deportation if caught, in which case the child is sent back with them. Also, pregnant women sometimes have difficulties getting Visas (particularly tourist Visas) in order to dissuade people from trying in the first plac...	[ "BULLET::::- Citizenship by birth on the country's territory (\"jus soli\"). The United States, Canada, and many Latin American countries grant unconditional birthright citizenship. To stop birth tourism, most countries have abolished it; while Australia, France, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the...
how do professional sports teams turn a profit?	You forget money from licensing, clothes, hats, figurines, etc. Plus advertising at the stadium. Sales of the private booths, Revenue from renting out the stadium to other venues, like concerts. And of course revenue from showing the games on TV. Plus I'm sure I'm missing a few other revenue sources for them.	[ "Making a profit in gambling involves predicting the relationship of the true probabilities to the payout odds. Sports information services are often used by professional and semi-professional sports bettors to help achieve this goal.\n", "BULLET::::- Involvement of those companies leads to the professionalizatio...
Why have Jews been expelled in so many countries?	Let's start at the beginning. In 722 BCE, the Northern Kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians and the majority of its population was apparently expelled. These are the "Ten Lost Tribes". This sort of forced migration seems to be part of standard part of Assyrian management of newly conquered territories. In about ...	[ "In Jewish history, Jews have experienced numerous mass expulsions and they have also fled from areas after experiencing ostracism and threats of various kinds by various local authorities seeking refuge in other countries.\n", "There are multiple reasons for this mass emigration from Eastern Europe and the most ...
why is it legal to drink 1 beer and then drive, but illegal to drink 1 beer while driving?	I always figured it was because it's not very practical to pull someone over and ask,"Is that your first beer? Okay good, just checking. Have a nice day." Easiest way to enforce that law is to have a 0 tolerance policy on open containers/drinking & driving.	[ "In the UK \"drink driving\" is against the law, while in the US, where the action is also outlawed, the term is \"drunk driving\". The legal term in the US is \"driving while intoxicated\" (DWI) or \"driving under the influence (of alcohol)\" (DUI). The equivalent legal phrase in the UK is \"drunk in charge of a m...
why do dogs (and foxes) like balls so much?	It's part of an old instinct to chase small quick animals. They are naturally attracted to things that are small and move quickly and their natural instinct is to chase them	[ "Like others of their group, they had a peculiar yodel. Foxy in appearance, their main distinction among dogs is their novel tail. Short, bushy and carried erect, it has been described variously as a shaving brush or a whisk broom.\n", "Fox hunting with hounds has been happening in Europe since at least the sixte...
please. how do you milk an almond to make almond milk?	With a screw press. Roughly chop, then sqeeze them like olives or peanuts to get the moister out. The remaining paste can be used as a thickening agent.	[ "The basic method of modern domestic almond milk production is to grind almonds in a blender with water, then strain out the almond pulp (flesh) with a strainer or cheesecloth. Almond milk can also be made by adding water to almond butter.\n", "Almond milk is a plant milk manufactured from almonds with a creamy t...
how does gps jamming work? like what the russians did during the recent nato exercise.	The same as normal jamming, they sent out a bunch of signals on the frequency that GPS satellites use to confuse the receivers- like trying to hear a code someone is telling you(The GPS signal) when someone is shouting in your ear(The Russian Jamming.) 01001 01100 01001 01011 00101 10100 10010 00001 01001 01110 10011...	[ "GPS's vulnerability to jamming is a threat that continues to grow as jamming equipment and experience grows. GPS signals have been reported to have been jammed many times over the years for military purposes. Russia seems to have several objectives for this behavior, such as intimidating neighbors while underminin...
what is wireless spectrum scarcity and why is it a problem now?	[this](_URL_1_) gives you a great explanation, but i'll give you the TLDR Spectrum is allocated from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Basically different devices require a certain amount of bandwidth to send signal. When you create 4G (or even faster forms) you need more assigned spectrum. > What puts strains on this spectrum and...	[ "Spectrum scarcity has emerged as a primary problem encountered when trying to launch new wireless services. The effects of this scarcity is most noticeable in the spectrum auctions where the operators often need to invest billions of dollars to secure access to specified bands in the available spectrum.\n", "Wir...
why does my back itch if i'm not wearing a shirt, but nothing else on my bare body does?	> Looked it up and didn't really find anything Obviously you didn't try WebMD... it's cancer, definitely cancer.	[ "The exact mechanism of the condition is unknown. Some studies have suggested the itching occurs in response to increased fibrinolytic activity in the skin, inappropriate activation of the sympathetic nervous system, or increased activity of Acetylcholinesterase.\n", "The T-shirt was an expression of the scriptur...
Are Pharma companies evil like everyone says?	You are asking a loaded question. A company is a group of people, policies, etc. I'm curious as to what criteria you would weigh in making a determination if a company is 'evil'?	[ "Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients is a book by the British physician and academic Ben Goldacre about the pharmaceutical industry, its relationship with the medical profession, and the extent to which it controls academic research into its own products. It was published in the UK in S...
why can we see faraway light source (e.g. cars, lamps, stars) clearly when it doesn't seem to illuminate my position?	The difference is this: For you to see light, the light has to be strong enough to reach your eye and produce a reaction there. For it to illuminate you, it would have to reach you, scatter off you, reach someone else's eye, and produce a reaction there. During the scattering, the light is spread out more, so it become...	[ "A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it and they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or pedestrians. A beacon light's ...
Were the pyramids really gold capped?	When it first came out, someone asked if the pyramids would still have caps at that time. [So I hope this answer is at least partially useful, though no doubt we have other ancient accounts that are older.] (_URL_0_) I'm not sure what the last mention of the gold caps would be, though.	[ "Wheeler argues that the claims of an extraordinary origin for the pyramid are unfounded, writing, \"The facts are (probably) that the Gympie \"Golden\" pyramid is actually an ordinary hill terraced by early Italian immigrants for viticulture that has been disfigured by erosion and the removal of stone from the ret...
do people who hear for the first time, after something like getting hearing implants, know what the other people are saying?	When the senses are developing there is a time called the [critical period](_URL_0_) in which sensory neurons physically become associated with certain parts of the brain, with the result being that different functions can be mapped to distinct regions of the brain. This is called topography. If there isn't any senso...	[ "Jennifer Winter (Marlee Matlin), deaf since birth, has had a revolutionary implant placed in her ear, to help her hear for the first time. The device doesn't help her to hear normal conversation and sounds, but she does hear something, and no one believes her.\n", "Speech perception can be corrected prior to lan...
How successful were the programs of forced sterilization of Native American women?	So from the context of your post, I feel like you're asking this sincerely. I'd like to start out by saying "successful" isn't a good word to use. Perhaps it wasn't your intention, but using the word "success" carries with it a connotation of justification. These types of programs are never justified. A brief discussio...	[ "Forced sterilization was a procedure done by the Indian Health Service [IHS] and corroborating physicians on Native Americans in the 1960s and 1970s. The IHS doctors sterilized Native American women through coercion or sterilized them without consent using a variety of tactics. The tactics included failure to prov...
Why were guns created in Europe, instead of Asia?	> Why did these innovations not take place in Asia? They did. It isn't that gunpowder made it to the West, and then cannons and handguns were invented in the West, but gunpowder made it to the West because it was already being used in guns. For example, in the Mongol siege of Jin Kaifeng in 1232, guns were being us...	[ "The evolution of guns led to the development of artillery during the 15th century, pioneered by states such as the Duchy of Burgundy. Firearms came to dominate early modern warfare in Europe by the 17th century. The gradual improvement of cannons firing heavier rounds for a greater impact against fortifications le...
Why are math and physics considered liberal arts subjects?	Liberal arts does not mean "humanities" as opposed to "sciences." The term, for one thing, long predates the entry of "science" into the western vocabulary. The artes liberales, where ars means "skill" (as is usual; Hogwarts isn't teaching students Defense Against Dark Paintings and Statuary), were and are a series...	[ "The BA in Liberal arts is a four-year program that combines classical texts from both Eastern and Western traditions, as well as courses in mathematics, natural science, and music. Students also study Classical Chinese and Sanskrit, thereby familiarizing themselves with the original languages of many of the texts ...
How do we know how organic molecules look like, and how do we also know how reaction mechanisms proceed?	Okay, I'll try to explain it the best way I can without going through the meticulous details of how analytical instruments work. Basically, if you propose a structure for a molecule, you imply certain physical relationships. In an NMR, those relationships are proton couplings and with a COSY spectrum, you can tell whic...	[ "In determining structures of chemical compounds, one generally aims to obtain, minimally, the pattern and multiplicity of bonding between all atoms in the molecule; when possible, one seeks the three dimensional spatial coordinates of the atoms in the molecule (or other solid). The methods by which one can elucida...
why do some men's button-up shirts have the last buttonhole horizontal while the rest are vertical?	Stress concentration. Buttonholes are weakest along their long dimension. If you pull on that vertical buttonhole, it will want to rip in the corner of the buttonhole. The lowest button is usually the one under the most stress due to trousers, [shirt garters](_URL_0_), and beer bellies, and it doesn't have neighbo...	[ "A high quality traditional shirt has long tails, extending almost to the knees at the back, and so has seven or eight buttons. The vertical strip of fabric running down the front opening is called the placket, and gives a more symmetrical appearance to the joint between the left side, on top, and the right. This l...
How important were Special Forces in WW2?	Black and Green Ops are really hard to rate in such a manner. In WWII in specific, the line between Black/Green/Regular Operations became intensely blurred as well. Many formations that could conduct a stereotypical, independent raid or sortie were also used, by design or necessity, as larger combat formations in a tra...	[ "Special forces emerged in the early 20th century, with a significant growth in the field during the Second World War, when \"every major army involved in the fighting\" created formations devoted to special operations behind enemy lines. Depending on the country, special forces may perform functions including airb...
How is a Damping Coefficient Interpreted in Equations Concerning Harmonic Motion?	I think the phrase should be "with resistance proportional to instantaneous velocity". One way of commonly modelling drag or resistance is to assume that the resistance an object feels is linearly proportional to it's velocity at any given moment. This is sometimes called [Stokes drag](_URL_0_). The idea behind it i...	[ "The equation describes the motion of a damped oscillator with a more complex potential than in simple harmonic motion (which corresponds to the case formula_13); in physical terms, it models, for example, a spring pendulum whose spring's stiffness does not exactly obey Hooke's law.\n", "Damped harmonic motion is...
How does Morocco get the honor of being America's first ally, yet we were in cahoots with France during the Revolutionary war?	Morocco's early relations with the US were actually somewhat mixed. [Michael Oren writes](_URL_2_) that the ruler of Morocco at the time, Sidi Muhammad bin `Abdallah, > claimed to have been the first monarch to have recognized American independence and the first Muslim leader to seek a formal treaty with the young...	[ "During the American Revolutionary War, the pirates attacked American ships. On December 20, 1777, Morocco's sultan Mohammed III declared that merchant ships of the new American nation would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage into the Mediterranean and along the coast. The Mo...
how do herbivorous animals that birth only one offspring at a time, maintain higher populations than their predatory counterparts that birth multiples in a litter?	because plants are a more common form of food and requires less energy to collect. predators have to compete with eachother to survive and most of the time an entire litter doesn't survive	[ "Larger herbivores like pronghorn and deer are also known to exhibit irruptive growth; this occurs in populations with high reproduction and delayed density dependent inhibition. The time that a species is most likely to irrupt in population growth is when a population is first inhabiting an area or when predators ...
What happens to the movement areas in the brains of paralyzed individuals?	Also what are the movement areas apart from the motor cortex?	[ "The upper motor neuron syndrome signs are seen in conditions where motor areas in the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally. These include spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and acquired brain injury including stroke. The impact of impairment of muscles for an individ...
Where did the sugar molecules in DNA and RNA come from originally?	Good question. These days, the sugar molecules in DNA and RNA (called ribose in the case of RNA; deoxyribose in the case of DNA) come from the human body. They are produced inside our cells using energy from food. Before there were human bodies or cells to manufacture ribose, it could be produced chemically from forma...	[ "Glycolaldehyde, the first example of an interstellar sugar molecule, was detected in the star-forming region near the centre of our galaxy. It was discovered in 2000 by Jes Jørgensen and Jan M. Hollis. In 2012, Jørgensen's team reported the detection of glycolaldehyde in a distant star system. The molecule was fou...
What would need to change or evolve in order for us to be able to see light outside of the visible spectrum with our naked eye?	The molecules that absorb specific colors/wavelengths of light are found in the cone and rod cells of the retina. They are called opsins or [photopsins](_URL_0_) for the color proteins in the cone cells and [rhodopsins](_URL_3_) for the black/white night vision in the rod cells. Really all that would need to happen wo...	[ "Wavelengths of light outside of the visible spectrum are not useful for illumination because they cannot be seen by the human eye. Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the eye is represented by the luminosity function. This ...
what is actually going on when water "opens up" whiskey?	It's dilution, pure and simple. Because most whiskey has high alcoholic content, there is likely to be some "burn" in the taste or smell. By adding some water, you dilute that, which allows some of the more subtle flavor to emerge (because the more aggressive flavors are lessened). In theory, you could dilute an enti...	[ "\"Whiskey in My Water\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Tyler Farr. It was released on November 2013 by Columbia Nashville as the fourth and final single from his debut album \"Redneck Crazy\". Farr wrote the song with Phillip LaRue and Jon Ozier. The song garnered mixed reviews from critics wh...
Why Delta-V and not Acceleration?	Acceleration is the measure of how quickly your velocity is changing, whereas delta-v is the total required change in velocity in order to complete a maneuver. So if in order to get to a certain orbit you will need to increase your velocity by 1000 m/s, an acceleration of 10 m/s/s will allow you to complete the maneuve...	[ "formula_37 (delta v) is the integration over time of the magnitude of the acceleration produced by using the rocket engine (what would be the actual acceleration if external forces were absent). In free space, for the case of acceleration in the direction of the velocity, this is the increase of the speed. In the ...
On the day of the Berlin Wall's construction, were citizens who were visiting the other side stuck there?	No, because they were legally citizens of West Germany, and could therefore leave at will. Some East Germans who were in the West at the time decided to stay there, though. See [here](_URL_1_), [here](_URL_3_) and [here](_URL_0_). Edit: also [here](_URL_2_)	[ "BULLET::::- On the final day that the Berlin Wall was open to visitors traveling from West Berlin to East Berlin, 70,000 people came over from West Germany to see their relatives. For two weeks, under an agreement between East Germany and West Germany on September 24, 1964, West Berliners were allowed to travel pa...
why does an orchestra need a chief to perform? what is the man with a stick doing?	The conductor (person with the stick) sets the pace for all the different areas of instruments, to keep the whole group playing at the same tempo/timing. He or she also directs each instrument section in how loud or quietly they should play their part. The conductor of an orchestra is similar to the director for a mo...	[ "Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, often made easier for the musicians to see by use of a conductor's baton. The conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The conductor also prepares the orchestra b...
why does corn pop and expand into yummy cinema treats?	The hard kernel provides resistance, allowing pressure to build then pop. The pressure is caused by the moisture content creating steam. The resulting airy foam is the starchy inside of the kernal, which is very briefly exploded then solidifies into an airy mass. Other grains will puff (see: puffed wheat cereal) b...	[ "Since 1854, the ancestors of Richard Kelty (1936-2015) had been growing a heirloom popcorn variety out of small kernels, whose hulls would disintegrate after being popped, resulting in a richer taste. The popcorn had been introduced to the Kelty family by Native Americans, who shared it with them. The Kelty family...
Could salt water be chemically desalinized?	sure, there is no reason a priori that this couldn't be done. In fact, salt metathesis reactions are an example of this. I don't know of any practical method for doing this, however. _URL_0_	[ "BULLET::::- US and German scientists develop a simple and efficient new method for desalinating seawater, using a small electric field to separate salt from water without needing complex filter membranes.\n", "Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One by-product ...
If a magnetic field requires a moving electric charge, how does a permanent magnet work?	First of all, a magnetic field doesn't necessarily require a movement of charge. All it needs is a change in electric flux with time. Second of all in an atom, the electrons are "spinning" around the nucleus, usually in random directions. Every single one of them is like a tiny bar magnet (the more technical term is d...	[ "The magnetostatic field produced by any arrangement of stationary permanent magnets is a conservative field. This means any magnetic object which moves in a closed-loop path in the field, like the ball in this device, gains no energy from the field, and in the absence of friction ends with the same total energy (k...
why is piracy and copyright law such a derisive issue on the internet? shouldn't artists be entitled to distribute how they want and charge what they feel is appropriate?	It's considered OK because people like their free stuff and they're willing to do mental gymnastics in order to justify their actions. It really is immoral to just download content without compensating the creator. There is something of an exception when it's not reasonably possible to buy the content through normal c...	[ "Fair use is a limitation and exception to the copyright law. According to the \"Hofstra Law Review\", “If mashup artists could prove that they use others’ songs or clips to criticize, comment, or teach, then mashup artists might be able to use the copyrighted material without authorization.\" \n", "There is stil...
What are the benefits or detriments of using Asphalt covered concrete highways?	Asphalt is like a protective glove on the top of the concrete. In Chicago you will notice that on the strictly concrete roadway the concrete has been worn into channels where the cars drive all day everyday. Concrete has the ability to last a long time which allows for the material to breakdown through tire erosion ve...	[ "An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1200 vehicles per day. Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, and perceived ease of repai...
Just finished making a high temperature superconductor for solids lab. How exactly does the Meissner effect (pic inside) work?	Although no dynamical explanation yet exist it's not actually a repulsion in the usual sense that keeps the magnet suspended. Because magnetic fields are excluded from the superconductor it locks into position. You can push the superconductor closer to the magnet, or further away, and it will stay there to. You can als...	[ "The combination of the superconductor-thermocouple technique up to 18 K, with the Thomson-coefficient-integration technique above 18 K, allowed determination of the absolute Seebeck coefficient of lead up to room temperature. By proxy, these measurements led to the determination of absolute Seebeck coefficients fo...
How was the clean up of the Dunkirk beach done?	The Germans cleaned up, hardworking as ever. As in need of new equipment as Germans were, they practically pressed anything intact into service. The British left behind eight divisions' worth of equipment in Dunkirk, including nearly 900 field guns, about as many AT guns, 300 heavy artillery pieces, 700 tanks, 500 ant...	[ "Cleanup crews used salt water from a fireboat to wash away the molasses and sand to absorb it, and the harbor was brown with molasses until summer. The cleanup in the immediate area took weeks, with several hundred people contributing to the effort, and it took longer to clean the rest of Greater Boston and its su...
why does the engine of this plane rumble?	Resonance frequency, basically the structure is receiving a little push in step with how the material normally flexes since each push is perfectly timed it is like pushing someone on a swing at the perfect time when the swing has reached its peak. _URL_0_	[ "Aircraft gas turbine engines (jet engines) are responsible for much of the aircraft noise during takeoff and climb, such as the \"buzzsaw noise\" generated when the tips of the fan blades reach supersonic speeds. However, with advances in noise reduction technologies—the airframe is typically more noisy during lan...
Is the super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way spinning in the plane of the rest of our galaxy? Would this just be a coincidence, or does one or the other have ability to influence the other into matching it?	A black hole's spin is determined by the matter which has fallen into it (and by its initial spin, for example when a stellar core collapses to form a BH, it has some spin). Since most of the matter which has fallen in came from the plane of the galaxy, we tend to assume that the SMBH's axis of spin is roughly aligned ...	[ "Stars at the centre of the Milky Way are so densely packed that special imaging techniques (such as adaptive optics) were needed to boost the resolution of the VLT. Thanks to these techniques, astronomers were able to watch individual stars with unprecedented accuracy as they circled the Galactic Center. Their pat...

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