Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
When I see gray, what wavelengths am I seeing?	Many times the color grey is generated by a mixture of compounds. Some which absorb and some which reflect. For instance if you mix white paint with black paint you will end up with a grey color because the mixture contains compounds which reflect all light and compounds which absorb all light. So at any given poin...	[ "Wavelengths and frequencies in gray indicate dominant wavelengths and frequencies, not actual range of spectrum composing a specified color, which extends farther to both sides and is averaged by receptors to give a near-spectral appearance.\n", "The normal three kinds of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells in t...
how do people get hd clips from tv to the internet?	A PC with a "Capture Card" of one kind or another. HD material from a cable/satellite box gets fed into the computer, where it's "captured", and can then be edited and uploaded. It's not legal, but it is rather easy with modern software.	[ "The Slingbox is a TV streaming media device made by Sling Media that encodes local video for transmission over the Internet to a remote device (sometimes called placeshifting). It allows users to remotely view and control their cable, satellite, or digital video recorder (DVR) system at home from a remote Internet...
Are there any animals whose blood is not red?	Yes, but it's not particularly common. A common example is the [horseshoe crab](_URL_0_), which has hemocyanin in place of hemoglobin. Vertebrate blood's red color comes largely from hemoglobin, which is bright red when oxygenated and a darker red when deoxygenated. Hemocyanin is blue when oxygenated and colorless w...	[ "Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph ...
degrees of education	Associate's Degree: 2 years Bachelor's Degree: 4 years Master's Degree: Bachelor's + 2 years Doctoral/Ph.D: Bachelor's + 4-6 years.	[ "The Master of Education (M.Ed. or Ed.M.; Latin \"Magister Educationis\" or \"Educationis Magister\") is a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. This degree in education often includes the following majors: curriculum and instruction, counseling, school psychology, and administration. It is oft...
why has easter turned into a time to celebrate finding chocolate/eggs from a bunny?	You might ask why did Easter turned into a Christian holiday "celebrating" the torture and death of their god when it is actually (and originally) about the Spring Equinox and fertility.	[ "Traditional Easter foods commonly consumed in Australia include Hot Cross Buns, recalling the cross of the Crucifixion, and chocolate Easter Eggs – symbolic of the promise of \"New Life\" offered by the Resurrection. Although chocolate eggs are now eaten throughout the period, eggs were traditionally exchanged on ...
Why we're African slaves not more common in the uk?	There was a legal question regarding whether or not the state of enslavement could exist on British soil. The situation was ambiguous, and certain West Indian plantation owners did bring slaves back to Britain with them, as personal valets/maids and the like. However, it became increasingly common, as the 18th century ...	[ "In the book \"\", the author Charles Mann cites sources that speculate that the reason African slaves were brought to the British Americas was because of their immunity to malaria. Britain did not have large numbers of African slaves, there were plenty of unemployed workers who could come as indentured servants. I...
Does a satellite experience centrifugal force or centripetal force?	It depends on your frame of reference. In an inertial frame stationary with respect to the Earth, the satellite is only subject to a centripetal force (gravity). In a reference frame co-rotating with the satellite, the centripetal force is still there, and there is additionally a centrifugal force equal and opposite t...	[ "Newton's idea of a centripetal force corresponds to what is nowadays referred to as a central force. When a satellite is in orbit around a planet, gravity is considered to be a centripetal force even though in the case of eccentric orbits, the gravitational force is directed towards the focus, and not towards the ...
how was the internet made? like how did they discover coding, etc?	Computers predate the internet by several decades, but the origins of the internet can be traced back to a US Military project in the 1960's called Arpanet. They wanted to see if they could get computers to communicate with each other. The first data packet was sent from a computer at UCLA to one at Stanford in 1969. T...	[ "As the Internet grew from a forum for sharing information to a marketplace for doing business, a technology matured that allowed computers to transact with each other more easily. Out of these Internet roots, web service technology was born.\n", "While the Internet began with a U.S. Government research project i...
Does boiling the same tap water multiple times change anything in it?	Boiling water multiple times reduces the dissolved oxygen and any other dissolved gases, as the solubility for these decreases with temperature. No new minerals are added or dissolved upon multiple boils - whatever minerals come out of your tap are mostly unchanged during the events you describe, but one major chemica...	[ "The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than and bringing it to its boiling point is also a useful indication that can be seen without the help of a thermometer, and by this time, the water is disinfect...
Russian Drug Epidemic - Krokodil - Causes Necrosis. Is there any way that this can be healed? [Medicine] [NSFL]	Let me clear my throat a little and thank you for the warnings. These people have packed on every kind of cellular stress imaginable. They are throwing acids, aromatic reactive species, most likely heavy metals, and who knows what else, directly into their circulatory system. Now, let's stop and talk a little bit ...	[ "Zelyonka is an triarylmethane antiseptic dye that was widely used medically up until the decline of the Soviet Union. The dye, often used as a milder alternative to iodine, is still available in Russian pharmacies and drug stores. The dye is very hard to wash off and can leave a stain for days afterwards, and requ...
What did people in the 'Old West' name their pets?	I'm honestly more curious about horse names	[ "Bob and Larry narrates that a long time ago, way out in the West somewhere, on a ranch known as the Okie-Dokie corral, there lived a group of cowboy brothers. One of the brothers named Reuben greets the viewers with \"'Allo, little doggies!\" After that, the rest of the brothers were introduced, who are all named ...
How did Italians preserve the tomatos needed for many of their dishes, prior to the invention of canning?	Sorry, other poster is dead wrong, tomatoes were eaten fresh only rarely before the invention of commercial canning, getting down on fresh tomatoes is a pretty modern thing, your pre-canning tomato breeds would not make for tasty fresh eating, pretty acidic. But they were certainly preserved, it's a smart question you'...	[ "The misconception that the tomato has been central to Italian cuisine since its introduction from the Americas is often repeated. Though the tomato was introduced from the Spanish New World to European botanists in the 16th century, tomato sauce made a relatively late entry in Italian cuisine: in Antonio Latini's ...
why does the burn of putting your leg in hot water seem to come a second or so after it’s been pulled out?	So there’s ‘two’ nervous systems that usually work together. This is an example of where one takes over first. - CNS = Brain. It controls the actions you think about so it takes longer to work. - PNS = No Brain. Controls reflex actions, ones you don’t have to think about, so it’s faster. The leg in hot water reaction...	[ "If the burn has been initially noticed, then HF should be washed off with a forceful stream of water for ten to fifteen minutes to prevent its further penetration into the body. Clothing used by the person burned may also present a danger. Hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a sourc...
Why don’t everyday movements cause sub-concussive impacts?	This is counterintuitive, but if the density of the egg in your example is roughly the same as the density of the fluid (so that it can float in it) then shaking the jar wouldn't make it bounce, it would keep floating roughly in the middle no matter what you do. Sudden acceleration only causes problems proportional to...	[ "Other issues arise when one attempts to locate a movement's impact in all arenas. Impacts are most often studied at the political level, and yet it has been proven that they have individual, cultural, institutional, and international effects as well. Lastly, and most importantly, there is the issue of causality. I...
why are commercials so bad? why dont companies hire comedians or any other kind of professional to create commercials for them?	Cost. Using big stars or producers is expensive, add on the cost of the time slot for the commercial and it cuts into company money. The smaller the business, the lower quality production	[ "BULLET::::- Advertising: Some moviegoers complain about commercial advertising shorts played before films, arguing that their absence used to be one of the main advantages of going to a movie theater. Other critics such as Roger Ebert have expressed concerns that these advertisements, plus an excessive number of m...
What exactly are virtual particles? For example, a Weyl Fermion is apparently exciting for semiconductor applications, but what properties does it have that make it so?	Virtual particles appear in perturbative field theory. When calculating observables in a field theory, it is almost always impossible to solve the problem exactly, so you develop a method to compute things approximately (this is called perturbation theory). The most useful way to do this is to introduce Feynman diagram...	[ "Optical properties of semiconductor quantum dot-inorganic nanotube hybrids reveal efficient resonant energy transfer from the quantum dot to the inorganic nanotubes upon photoexcitation. Nanodevices based on one-dimensional nanomaterials are thought for next-generation electronic and photoelectronic systems having...
why is the water contained in a source like soda any less beneficial?	Soda is > 90% water (probably 98% or so). If you want to drink 8 glasses of water a day, 8 sodas would do it but the sugar and sodium would be terrible for you're health. Someone who says they don't drink any water, just soda, or that drinking soda doesn't count as water has no idea what they're talking about. It w...	[ "Bottled noncarbonated drinking water competes in the marketplace with carbonated beverages (including carbonated water) sold in individual plastic bottles. Consumption of water often is considered a healthier substitute for sodas.\n", "By itself, carbonated water appears to have little impact on health. While ca...
how are some mods in gaming compatible to new game versions while other mods need to be updated? (eg. skyrim - compatible after patch but minecraft - mods need updates)	It depends on what those mods were doing to the game files, and what was changed in those files between versions. For example, if you alter the "running speed" value in the movement script, it's not likely the company is going to change the way movement works between versions, so your mod will still work. For a count...	[ "Mods (short for modifications) are an optional upgrade for characters within the game. Once the player's account reaches level 50, Mods become available to any of their characters that are level 50 or above. There are different categories of mods, each of which yields a different primary effect on the stats of the...
Why do specific laws apply to the universe?	Physicists are much better at answering 'how' than why. E.g: "How do magnets work?" "How does gravity work?" Why is a much more philosophical question and is, in a sense, much less defined (and therefore less interesting :P) than actually learning how things work.	[ "Since the current laws of physics are only known to be valid in this universe, it is possible that the laws of physics are different in parallel universes, giving a God-like entity more power. If the number of universes is unlimited, then the power of a certain God-like entity is also unlimited, since the laws of ...
what exactly happens to your skin when it reacts to posion ivy?	It's called a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, more commonly known as an allergic reaction. This is a special type of allergic reaction that is not caused by histamine like most allergies are. This type of reaction is due to T cells attacking your own cells because they have an antigen (poison ivy) in them and your i...	[ "The pentadecylcatechols of the oleoresin within the sap of poison ivy and related plants causes the allergic reaction; the plants produce a mixture of pentadecylcatechols, which collectively is called urushiol. After injury, the sap leaks to the surface of the plant where the urushiol becomes a blackish lacquer af...
What makes some cancer "inoperable"?	Sometimes the cancer can occur in places where it would otherwise kill the patient. Like a tumor deep inside the brain might require a surgeon to do too much damage getting it out, or risk breaking up the tumor and causing it to spread in the body (the cancer cells can take up residence in other places, including the w...	[ "Overdiagnosed patients cannot benefit from the detection and treatment of their \"cancer\", because the cancer was never destined to cause symptoms or death. They can only be harmed. There are three categories of harm associated with overdiagnosis:\n", "Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many ...
resting membrane potential. why it hyper/hypopolarizes?	The potassium and sodium ion concentrations are what cause the neuron to fire. Or actually they allow the action potential to propagate along the nerve. A nerve cell starts off polarized,meaning the outside of the membrane is positively charged and the inside is negatively charged. the outside contains excess sodium ...	[ "This phase is also known as the \"plateau\" phase due to the membrane potential remaining almost constant, as the membrane slowly begins to repolarize. This is due to the near balance of charge moving into and out of the cell. During this phase delayed rectifier potassium channels allow potassium to leave the cell...
How fast was the decline of civilisation in Europe (including Britain) after the fall of the Roman empire?	This is a difficult question to answer, due to the size of the empire and how different regions reacted differently to the decline of Roman authority, but generally I would say that though decline was visible in the West, it was a gradual one. In the Eastern Mediterranean, not much has changed at all - Egypt was as pro...	[ "By comparison, what is now the territory of China experienced 0.1 per cent annual growth from 1 CE to 1800 CE. After population decline following the disintegration of the western half of the Roman state in the fifth and sixth centuries, Europe probably re-attained Roman-era population totals in the twelfth and th...
do people in other countries have the same view of the moon that i do if we look at it at the same time?	Because the moon is tidally locked (the sun only shines on one side at any given time), only one side of the moon is illuminated. This is why we had to send spacecraft to the far side of the moon to see what it looked like. In other countries, the moon may be in a different position in the sky due to its position on E...	[ "Generally, the Moon can be viewed even with the naked eye, however it may be more enjoyable with optical instruments. The primary lunar surface features detectable to the naked eye are the lunar maria or \"seas\", large basaltic plains which form imaginary figures as the traditional \"Moon Rabbit\" or familiar \"M...
why is it now 4k and 8k instead of 2160p and 4320p	Well, for one thing, it's easier to say, and easier to remember. But I believe the real reason is that using the horizontal pixel count a more consistent number to use over vertical, since number of vertical pixels changes according to the aspect ratio of a movie, e.g. 1.78:1, 1.85, 2.35:1, etc all have a different h...	[ "The term \"2160p\" could be applied to any format with a height of 2160 pixels, but it is most commonly used in reference to the 4K UHDTV resolution of due to its association with the well-known 720p and 1080p HDTV formats. Although is both a 4K resolution and a 2160p resolution, these terms cannot always be used ...
What would have Mary called her son?	Jesus is his name as passed through a number of transitions through other languages. The original Hebrew or Aramaic name would be something like Yoshua. Some modern groups make a big deal of calling Jesus by his "real" name. Earlier centuries didn't worry about that though. It was common for names of biblical figures,...	[ "The birth of Mary is narrated in the Quran with references to her father as well as her mother. Mary's father is called \"Imran\". He is the equivalent of Joachim in Christian tradition. Her mother, according to al-Tabari, is called \"Hannah\", which is the same name as in Christian tradition (Saint Anne). Muslim ...
why don't artists just release their entire album as singles to increase chart performance and song sales?	A lot of artists produce songs which are meant to be listened together and in sequence as they enhance and compliment one another. If they were sold individually and listened to individually they would sound a lot worse because the artist would have failed to create an atmosphere needed to enjoy some of their works. S...	[ "As the decades passed, the recording industry concentrated more on album sales than singles sales. Musicians eventually expressed their creative output in the form of full-length albums rather than singles, and by the 1990s many record companies stopped releasing singles altogether (see \"Album Cuts\", below). Eve...
what is the physiology behind being gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender?	We're not really clear on it yet. There's some studies that suggest that transgendered people have brains that are physically closer to that of the sex they identify as, and some theories about hormone differences while in utero altering brain chemistry, but there's no real concrete answers yet.	[ "The concepts of gender identity and transgender identity differ from that of sexual orientation. Sexual orientation describes an individual's enduring physical, romantic, emotional, or spiritual attraction to another person, while gender identity is one's personal sense of being a man or a woman. Transgender peopl...
How were the craters on the side of the moon facing earth created?	[Here are Earth and Moon, to scale](_URL_0_) Does that answer the question?	[ "The crater was discovered in January 2008 during the first flyby of the planet by \"MESSENGER\" spacecraft. It contains a large (), nearly circular pit crater. Multiple examples of pit craters have been observed on Mercury on the floors of impact craters, leading to the name pit-floor craters for the impact struct...
what type of data is obtained from underground nuclear tests?	The main purpose of a test is find out whether the device can be safely armed and successfully detonated. The tests are performed underground for environmental and safety purposes, but can make taking precise measurements difficult. If buried at an adequate depth, yields can be roughly estimated based on the size o...	[ "Nuclear Data Incorporated was a manufacturer of scientific measuring devices for high energy physics laboratories. Application areas included X-ray analysis and radiation monitoring. In the 1960s, they built minicomputers to automate their laboratory devices, such as the ND 812. Over time they replaced these custo...
How dense does air get in the compressor of a jet engine?	For an isentropic (idealized) compressor, the density change is equal to the pressure change raised to the power of 1/gamma (1/1.4 for air). So a (high end) compressor ratio of 40:1 will give a density ratio of 14:1. At sea level, you're looking at 1.2 kg/m^3 ambient density, so it'd be compressed to ~17 kg/m^3. Less ...	[ "Air was initially compressed (and heated) by the inlet spike and subsequent converging duct between the center body and inlet cowl. The shock waves generated slowed the air to subsonic speeds relative to the engine. The air then entered the engine compressor. Some of this compressor flow (20% at cruise) was remove...
Why did the Romans have so much trouble with the Germanic tribes?	I wouldn't say I'm an expert on the Germanic tribes, but having read fairly extensively on Caesar, Varus and Germanicus, I can give you some background. The Romans actually did a pretty good job of whipping German butt. At the end of the first century BCE, Tiberius (soon to be emperor) and his legates had done a damn...	[ "The Empire's historical relationship with Germanic tribes was sometimes hostile, at other times cooperative, but ultimately fatal, as it was unable to prevent those tribes from assuming a dominant role in the relationship. By the early 5th century, as a result of severe losses and depleted tax income, the Western ...
How did mammoth hunting cultures harvest the meat?	you should also try to ask this over at r/askanthropology but the current thinking is that the mammoth would be butchered where it fell. Bison (Bison bison), were much smaller and they tended to be butchered where they fell as well. There is a paper where they experimented by butchering a dead zoo elephant but I don'...	[ "Several woolly mammoth specimens show evidence of being butchered by humans, which is indicated by breaks, cut marks, and associated stone tools. How much prehistoric humans relied on woolly mammoth meat is unknown, since many other large herbivores were available. Many mammoth carcasses may have been scavenged by...
Do electrons really 'relolve' around the nucleus?	> If an electron exists as an electron cloud, how can it 'revolve' around the nucleus? You've just realized one of the gaping holes in the Bohr model. > Or do they not revolve at all? Not really. They just have certain probability distributions that describe where they're most likely to be. > If so, why do we sa...	[ "A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of electromagnetic attraction between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s orbitals (and p ones, t...
How were hurricanes tracked in the 17th and 18th centuries?	hurricanes were not 'tracked' in the 17th and 18th centuries. There was little understanding of cyclonic storms and no means of instantaneous communications. A track could be made well after the fact, but that was not 'tracking' in the sense we use the word today.	[ "The List of Atlantic hurricanes in the 17th century encompasses all known and suspected Atlantic tropical cyclones from 1600 to 1699. Although records of every storm that occurred do not survive, the information presented here originated in sufficiently populated coastal communities and ships at sea that survived ...
The question that my professors/teachers have never been able to answer. What's the lowest temperature a flame can have.	You question is nearly impossible to answer because there really isn't a good formal definition of a flame or fire. It's more of an, "I know it when I see it" thing. There are plenty of chemical reactions that give off both heat and light that can occur at low temperatures. If you managed to get a photoluminescent...	[ "Note these are theoretical, not actual, flame temperatures produced by a flame that loses no heat. The closest will be the hottest part of a flame, where the combustion reaction is most efficient. This also assumes complete combustion (e.g. perfectly balanced, non-smokey, usually bluish flame)\n", "In the study ...
what happens after you burst a blood vessel? does the vessel itself reform or do you have a gap there forever?	It's called a bruise. The blood leaks out under your skin and makes a spill. The body patches up the vessel, or seals it off if it's too damaged. Then it cleans up the mess, that's why the bruise turns colors as the crashed blood cells get cleaned up, like after a highway crash. Then you are fine. Other nearby ves...	[ "Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia ...
Do any non-human animals "remember" things in a way like humans, or only through conditioning? Can an animal "remember" another animal that harmed it? Can an animal plot revenge?	Crows remember shit for years. [here](_URL_0_) Another example is a silverback that, through sign language, described his mother being killed by poachers. He was full grown. [here](_URL_1_) ...now if only my dachshund would remember us saving her when she was a pup next time she has the urge to leave us a "treat" on ...	[ "A study published in 2014 by neuroscientists based at the University of Minnesota suggested that rats are capable of feeling regret about their actions. This emotion had never previously been found in any other mammals apart from humans. Researchers set up situations to induce regret, and rats expressed regret thr...
How much radiation does a single banana give off? How many bananas would it take to kill someone and how long would that process take?	You basically couldn't kill someone by just piling bananas around them. The amount of radiation you need to get someone to kick the bucket is on the order of 2-5 Gy (joules per kg). Even using natural K metal (with a small % of K40), being surrounded by an infinite sphere wouldn't even come near a harmful dose. You'd n...	[ "The radiation exposure from consuming a banana is approximately 1% of the average daily exposure to radiation, which is 100 banana equivalent doses (BED). The maximum permitted radiation leakage for a nuclear power plant is equivalent to 2,500 BED (250 μSv) per year, while a chest CT scan delivers 70,000 BED (7 mS...
how is youtube a sustainable business model? if view count remains constant but video storage costs continue to increase, wouldn't this lead to a permanent loss?	Storage costs are going down exponentially. Every year the cost of storing 1 GB of data is half what it was the previous year. YouTube loses money every time someone uploads a long video that nobody watches, but it doesn't matter because they make insanely high profits off of the top 1% of the most popular videos. A...	[ "In June 2009, \"BusinessWeek\" reported that, according to San Francisco-based IT consulting company RampRate, YouTube was far closer to profitability than previous reports, including the April 2009, projection by investment bank Credit Suisse estimating YouTube would lose as much as $470 million in 2009. RampRate...
does absolutely everyone on the sidelines of an nfl game have a reason to be there?	No. Some people including some family members and celebrities are occasionally allowed on the sidelines. Most of the people there are necessary though.	[ "Residents choose teams around the country to support; David Carter, sports business professor at USC, compared area fans to \"the NFL's version of the United Nations\". Many are from elsewhere in the United States and tend to support teams from their previous cities. 10% of Los Angeles County residents who followe...
facebook scams. what do the accomplish by getting you to share a post?	They are often designed to build up likes and followers then the owners of the page (usually located in a developing country not always though) will sell the page to scammers who can reach a giant audience (iPhone giveaways porn spam snake-oil weight loss solutions etc)	[ "Social networking sites have created issues among getting hired for jobs and losing jobs because of exposing inappropriate content, posting photos of embarrassing situations or posting comments that contain potentially offensive comments (e.g., racist, homophobic or defamatory comments), or even political comments...
how do web browsers work?	When you request _URL_0_, the server sends back a bunch of textual data. Plain text is boring to look at, so a simple markup language was created named html. The browsers job is to parse through the html and display it nicely. Some browsers display things differently than others (that's why many people hate internet...	[ "A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. It further provides for the capture or input of information which may be returned to the presenting system, then stored or processed as necessary. The method of accessing a particular page...
When the United States annexed the former territory of Mexico (California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), why were the Spanish names of cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco retained?	generally speaking, pre-existing towns or settlements weren't renamed, and san francisco is the exception. [according to the 1847 ordinance changing the name of the town,](_URL_0_) "yerba buena" was renamed "san francisco" to prevent confusion. [look, for instance, at this 1839 American map of the US and Mexico-- the...	[ "When the United States acquired the territory comprising Arizona and New Mexico by treaty with Mexico in 1848, those lands not already privately owned, including Spanish and Mexican land grants, nor reserved by treaty for the various Indian tribes, became a part of the \"public domain\" and open under various laws...
Books on U.S.-Native American wars	I quite enjoyed: Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Vintage Books, 1999). It covers one of the earlier conflicts to take place and explores some of the different perspectives and sources on the conflict.	[ "Jacquin published 20 books, including: \"American Indians, The Indian Policy of the United States (1830–1890)\", and \"The American people: origins, immigration, ethnicity\". These are reference books on the history of Native Americans, including the blending of cultures and the initial conquest of the American We...
municipal fiber internet. is it funded by the government or is funded by taxes? or do you just pay for it like you would for any other service (i.e. comcast, xfinity, etc...)? how does a town go about getting it (that is if they are in a state that doesn't ban it)?	As the name suggests Municipal Fiber Internet is provided by the municipality (local government). The organization and funding of this is up to the municipality as is the same for any municipal utility like water, sewage and roads. It is not uncommon for the local taxes to pay for some of it however most strive for the...	[ "By 2013 commercial fiber optics based connections have become commonplace in major city areas usually distributed in house by VDSL2, speeds of 100/10 Mbit/s usually costing about €30/month, and often available by multiple competing ISPs offered in different packaging. More and more rural towns also have fiber avai...
why do salt water and fresh water bodies stay seperate	Land for the most part. Lakes are fed by rainfall, and they occur most often in mountain valleys. Rain falls down the mountainsides making creeks and rivers that feed into the lake, and the water has no where else to go. When rivers feed into the ocean the fresh water mixes and eventually becomes salt water. This i...	[ "The presence of common salt, sodium chloride, helps to preserve salted fish, through inhibition of bacterial growth. When the solution of salt, or brine, is more concentrated—specifically, has a lower water potential—than the fluid of the fish tissue, osmosis will occur. Water molecules will pass from the fish tis...
Im interested in theory of pre-historic advanced civilizations is there any reading material that you could recommend?	Hey there! You're right that it's not a commonly accepted theory, and for good reason. There's no evidence. Most arguments for it are based on "We don't know anything about this era.. So it could be?" This mentality hardly lends itself to any kind of scholarly research, which is based on making conclusions from observ...	[ "In the book \"Did the Gods wear shoes\" the author explored the possible existence of prior civilizations. In his sequel \"They who came before us\" he provides the basis for that possibility. The book focuses on prehistoric mason works around the world. The author uses many detailed pictures along with personal o...
how powerful does a nuclear warhead have to be to destroy our planet?	Planets are pretty big thing and pretty hard to destroy. Even if you somehow managed to shatter a planet to pieces the pieces would just be drawn back to each other to reform a planet unless you pushed the pieces very, very hard away from each other. There is a theory that Earth was impacted by a very large and fast ...	[ "The second, a full-scale nuclear war, could consist of large numbers of nuclear weapons used in an attack aimed at an entire country, including military, economic, and civilian targets. Such an attack would almost certainly destroy the entire economic, social, and military infrastructure of the target nation, and ...
In the Americas, why are Spanish-speaking countries so small and numerous, but there are two enormous English-speaking countries?	After Simon Bolivar drove out the Spanish in South America, he was briefly president of much of Spanish-speaking South America. His vision was for it to be a united country. Other political factions felt differently. Further north, Mexico and Central America were briefly united after independence -- they were all admi...	[ "Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people. The United States has the world's fifth largest Spanish-speaking population, outnumbered only by Mexico, Colombia, Spain, and Argentina; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million, second only to Mexico. Throughout the Southwestern United States, ...
why are eggs almost universally sold in packs of 12? what made farmers agree to sell this way?	TLDR; Convenience, 1 shilling = 12 pennies, 1 egg = 1 penny. No need to make change. Under a system that came to be known as English units, which was a combination of old Anglo-Saxon and Roman systems of measurement, eggs were sold by the dozen. It made sense to sell them that way because one egg could be sold for a p...	[ "From the farmer's point of view, eggs used to be practically the same as currency, with general stores buying eggs for a stated price per dozen. Egg production peaks in the early spring, when farm expenses are high and income is low. On many farms, the flock was the most important source of income, though this was...
What's the advantage of having a long lifespan?	Human bodies, especially our brains, take a very long time to develop. We "traded off" our speed of evolution in order to get a more complex body/mind. Part of the reason that huge plants/animals have the longest life spans is so that they don't need as fast of a metabolism to grow to full size. A 1000-kg animal with ...	[ "One prominent and very popular theory states that lifespan can be lengthened by a tight budget for food energy called caloric restriction. Caloric restriction observed in many animals (most notably mice and rats) shows a near doubling of life span from a very limited calorific intake. Support for the theory has be...
Are animals aware of their own shadows and the shadows of other animals and objects?	I think the best comparison would be to a mirror. It answers the same basic question but is more explicit. Most animals cannot recognize themselves in a mirror although there are a few exceptions, mostly birds and primates. About half of all magpies, for example, are able to recognize themselves in the mirror. Interes...	[ "Mimicry and camouflage enable animals to appear to be other than they are. Prey animals may appear as predators, or \"vice versa\"; both predators and prey may be hard to see (crypsis), or may be mistaken for other objects (mimesis). In Batesian mimicry, harmless animals may appear to be distasteful or poisonous. ...
Other than living in a simulation, what other possible implications does this have?	He published an article about this in Physics World, 2010: [Symbols of Power: Adinkras and the Nature of Reality](_URL_0_)	[ "Bostrom argues that \"if\" \"the fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one\", \"then\" it follows that we probably live in a simulation. Some philosophers disagree, proposing that perhaps \"Sims\" do not have conscious experiences the same way that uns...
What role did Persia and Persians play in Greek mythology?	There are no Greek Myths relating to the Persians or Persia directly.	[ "According to Herodotus, the Persians numbered 300,000 and were accompanied by troops from Greek city states that supported the Persian cause (including Macedonia, Thessaly and Thebes). Herodotus admits that no one counted the Greek allies of the Achaemenids, but he guesses that there were about 50,000 of them. Mar...
Could someone explain the differences between and advantages/disadvantages of the different antiseptics? iodine vs alcohol vs peroxide, vs etc?	[Here](_URL_0_) is a well-cited review of several antiseptics, including the ones you mentioned :)	[ "BULLET::::- Iodine is usually used in an alcohol solution (called tincture of iodine) or as Lugol's iodine solution as a pre- and postoperative antiseptic. Some studies do not recommend disinfecting minor wounds with iodine because of concern that it may induce scar tissue formation and increase healing time. Howe...
how does "lottery wheeling" work?	The only part of the Wikipedia article you need to pay attention to says that wheeling does not change the expectation value of the ticket. That means that the probability of paying more for the ticket than you win is still nearly 100% and the more you play, the more you are expected to lose.	[ "Lottery wheeling (also known as lottery system, lottery wheel, lottery wheeling system) is used by individual players and syndicates to distribute a subset of the possible lottery numbers across multiple tickets to ensure that at least one of these tickets will contain a winning combination if several draws are in...
How can I have 80 billion direct ancestors going back to just the 13th Century?	You were made by 2 people, who were made by 4 people, who were made by 8 people... etc. Not including siblings.	[ "In 1994, near the Awash River in Ethiopia, Tim D. White found the then-oldest known human ancestor: 4.4 million-year-old \"Ar. ramidus\". A fossilized almost complete skeleton of a female hominin which he named \"Ardi\", it took nearly 15 years to safely excavate, preserve, and describe the specimen and to prepare...
the difference between public and private sector labor unions	A public sector labor union is a union comprised of government workers. A private sector labor union is a union comprised of private employees. The biggest difference is that public sector labor unions largely negotiate with other government employees or politicians for their contracts. Private sector employees nego...	[ "In the United States, labor relations in the private sector is regulated by the National Labor Relations Act. Public sector labor relations is regulated by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and various pieces of state legislation. In other countries, labor relations might be regulated by law or tradition. \n", ...
given how hard it is to start and run a successful small business nowadays, how were so many immigrants able to come here with nothing, and and still start up businesses in the cities where they settled?	In the old days there were extremely few regulations, and they were not well enforced. If you wanted (for example) to buy some stuff and sell it retail from a wagon on the street, you could just start doing that.	[ "Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the US. According to one report, \"immigrants have started more than half (44 of 87) of America's startup companies valued at $1 billion or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent (62 of 87) of these c...
How long did it take to create marble sculptures? Weeks, months, or years?	"Months to years, it depends". Many of the famous Renaissance sculptures took between one and three years. Almost three years for Michelangelo's David (september 13th 1501-early spring 1504), about two for Moses, and almost two for the Pietá (1498). Donatello spent more than two years on each of Zuccone, Saint George a...	[ "The accounts of the construction of the Parthenon make it possible to know that the marble intended for the pediments began to be extracted from the quarries of Mount Pentelikon in 439-438 BC.; sculpture work starting the following year. The accounts also show that excavation and transportation expenses were annua...
why do doctors flick syringes before injecting someone? is this just a thing they do in tv shows?	They are checking for air bubbles. Injecting a air bubble into a blood vessel can easily kill a person.	[ "Modern use for syringes goes beyond the doctor’s office, hospitals or medical operating rooms. They have evolved into other industries such as for cooking when injecting liquids for fillers in certain foods. Other uses include printers, for re-filling of the cartridges which are often difficult to perform without ...
the difference between single phase and three phase power	Both are forms of alternating current (AC) Alternating current cycles from +120V to -120V, 60 times per second (assuming you live somewhere that uses 120V 60 Hz for mains power) Single phase power means that all of the power in the wire alternates from +120V to -120V. Three phase power has three wires, all alternat...	[ "Single-phase generator (also known as single-phase alternator) is an alternating current electrical generator that produces a single, continuously alternating voltage. Single-phase generators can be used to generate power in single-phase electric power systems. However, polyphase generators are generally used to d...
can smelling something be unhealthy? like if there's a very bad smell, is there anything dangerous about the act of smelling it?	Yes. Stuff like paint- and glue fumes can be highly toxic. I don't think that "regular" bad smells like rotting fish or excrement are dangerous even in large quantities, but both foster a myriad of harmful microbes so the smell is evolution telling you to stay away.	[ "Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there, and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered, are distortions to the sense of smell (olfactory system) that, in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and usu...
My great uncle enrolled in the Charlemagne Waffen SS Division, is there online ressources I could check to find out what happened to him ?	Hi, hopefully someone can drop by to help with something more specific, but you might find these resources helpful : the sub has a wiki for finding military records [here](_URL_0_). You might also try x-posting to /r/genealogy for more tips.	[ "Gottlob Christian Berger (16 July 1896 – 5 January 1975) was a senior German Nazi official who held the rank of \"SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS\" (lieutenant general), and was the chief of the SS Main Office responsible for \"Schutzstaffel\" (SS) recruiting during World War II. Following the war, ...
I kept hearing about significant infantry combat doctrine changes during the first world war. What were the main changes among western military from 1914 to 1918?	There's a lot of talk on this and there's an idea here that many seem to struggle with greatly as it directly challenges this idea of "trench warfare" as a "thing". For each army it is different certainly so we'll speak for now only on the British and German side of things w.r.t. the Western Front. The French case is j...	[ "The addition of mechanization to army forces led to rapid changes in doctrine. During World War I the defensive firepower of infantry forces and especially their associated artillery made manoeuvrability almost impossible without overwhelming numbers. Any breakthrough could be countered by reserve forces that move...
Feyman diagrams and gauge bosons?	Yes, the axis represents time. Feynman diagrams are not a literal depiction of what’s happening, so the fact that the positron arrow looks like it’s pointing backward in time doesn’t mean that any particle is literally moving backward in time. The gluons are the gauge bosons of the strong force, and the photon is the ...	[ "Gauge theories are important as the successful field theories explaining the dynamics of elementary particles. Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a ...
Why is it that high current is dangerous but high voltage (to a certain limit) is not as dangerous?	We can be killed by 0.01A across the heart. An amp is quite a lot really. When you are electrocuted, what kills you is amperage across the heart. Enough amperage and it interferes with the heart's natural electrical signals, stopping it. Voltage and amperage are two different aspects of the same thing. Think of it in...	[ "A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial current. The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V. Also, physics demonstration device...
Why do we not perceive the expansion of the universe?	We're not growing larger. Space inside our bodies is expanding, yes, but our cells aren't "anchored" to this space. They're anchored to each other. If you spread your arms wide, your fingertips are continuously moving towards each other at the same rate that new space is appearing within you. Imagine this: Take two l...	[ "The expansion of the universe reaches an infinite degree in finite time, causing expansion to accelerate without bounds. This acceleration necessarily passes the speed of light (since it involves expansion of the universe itself, not particles moving within it), causing more and more objects to leave our observabl...
does a house ever finish settling?	Short answer: no Long answer: I believe it is never settled because it's the materials of the house expanding due to the heat of the day and then contracting when it's cooling down at night	[ "The old house, dating from the Revolutionary War-era, turns out to be structurally unsound and has to be torn down before the previous owner's $6,000 mortgage is paid off. The Blandingses hire architect Henry Simms (Reginald Denny) to design and supervise the construction of the new home for $18,000 ($187,000 in 2...
Did the Spartans suffer from demographic decline because their women were less willing to have children?	The answer to your question is no, and the best way to describe the linked comment is "horribly wrong". Horrible because it blames Spartan women for a development that was wholly the result of laws and customs drawn up, enacted, and enforced by Spartan men. Women's subjection to these laws and customs meant that they w...	[ "However, from the very beginning, it was clear that the Spartan hegemony was shaky; the Athenians, despite their crushing defeat, restored their democracy but just one year later, ejecting the Sparta-approved oligarchy. The Spartans did not feel strong enough to impose their will on a shattered Athens. Undoubtedly...
in the shell sort algorithm, why are the numbers 1,4,10,23,57,132,301,701,1750 used? they seem to be ambiguous and are really confusing me...	Shell sort partitions the data. The exact partition is not that important, but the properties of the partition (i.e. "gap sequence") do affect the runtime. "Gonnet and Baeza-Yates observed that Shellsort makes the fewest comparisons on average when the ratios of successive gaps are roughly equal to 2.2." You need to...	[ "Shellsort is a generalization of insertion sort that allows the exchange of items that are far apart. The idea is to arrange the list of elements so that, starting anywhere, considering every \"h\"th element gives a sorted list. Such a list is said to be \"h\"-sorted. Equivalently, it can be thought of as \"h\" in...
Why are British colonies in the Caribbean so homophobic?	I feel this is a loaded question as Montserrat, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands all consider homosexual activity perfectly legal. So perhaps the question should more focus on why Jamaica itself is so homophobic as being a British Colony past or present seems to not be a v...	[ "All other colonials not already resident in the UK or the Crown Dependencies lost the rights of abode and work in the UK when the Act went into force. This caused anger in the affected colonies as the Act, which resulted from the desire to prevent ethnic-Chinese people in Hong Kong with UK and Colonies Citizenship...
Why is angular momentum one-sided even if a spinning object is symmetrical?	It is convention only, to allow scientists to talk to each other without having to describe which coordinate system they are using every time. Let me explain. The direction of the angular momentum of an object doesn't mean anything by itself. What matters is that when object A with angular momentum interacts with obj...	[ "Like linear momentum, angular momentum is vector quantity, and its conservation implies that the direction of the spin axis tends to remain unchanged. For this reason, the spinning top remains upright whereas a stationary one falls over immediately.\n", "If two or more axes have the same direction, the axis with...
How formative was Tolkien to the genre of high fantasy?	Tolkien is unquestionably the most influential figure in high fantasy, and I think it is not unreasonable to say that he and C.S. Lewis were the originators of the subgenre. The Chronicles of Narnia and The Lord of the Rings were both published during the mid-1950s. Earlier in their respective literary careers, Hobbit ...	[ "He then contextualizes Tolkien's works by broadly sketching the history of written fantasy from its earliest appearance in the epic poetry of the ancient world through the heroic poetry of the Dark Ages and the prose romances of the medieval era, down to the fairy tales, ghost stories and gothic novels of the earl...
why does scanning take so long if photocopying or taking a photo of something is so quick?	Because you have a cheap scanner. Cheap scanners are slow. Expensive high end scanners are very fast.	[ "The scanning techniques are generally slower in acquiring images, due to the scanning process. As a result, efforts are being made to greatly improve the scanning rate. Like all scanning techniques, the embedding of spatial information into a time sequence opens the door to uncertainties in metrology, say of later...
why do heroin users have to switch veins? what does the heroin do to “kill” the vein?	It's not the heroin. It's poking the same spot with a needle over and over again without giving it enough time to heal. It can get more complicated where if you do give it time to heal after you've abused it too much it will develop scar tissue which makes it harder to inject there.	[ "After injecting herself with heroin using a syringe, the user will extract approximately 5 ccs of blood from her vein, which another user will inject into her vein. It is unclear if there is enough heroin in the small volume of injected blood to get high or if the high that many users claim is a result of traces o...
how are things n% water?	Heat it until the water evaporates, check its mass before and after and calculate the percentage	[ "Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water. The quantity “1 ppm” can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution. When worki...
Why do shadows "kiss"?	This is because the sun is an "extended" light source, as opposed to a point light source. Because of this, there is an area called the [penumbra](_URL_1_), where the shadowing object creates a partial shadow. When two penumbras meet, it makes the "kissing" darker shadow. See also [Shadow Blister Effect](_URL_0_)	[ "Rather than depicting death as a winged angel the sculptor instead chose a skeleton. The eroticism of the kiss is hard to escape - the sculpture shows youth welcoming death as a partner. The sculpture is at once romantic and horrifying, which leads to the varying views of the people that view it. It attracts and r...
how usa is one of top polluters in most sources but is consistently ranked relatively favorably (in the middle) for how polluted it is?	A lot of it is just how big the US is and how much the population and industrial centers are spread out. If I have a country that is 100 square miles and pollutes x amount, and a country that is 1000 square miles and pollutes 5x amount, the second country pollutes 5 times as much as the first country but said pollutio...	[ "According to the WHO, India has14 out of the 15 most polluted cities in the world in terms of PM 2.5 concentrations. Other Indian cities that registered very high levels of PM2.5 pollutants are Delhi, Patna, Agra, Muzzaffarpur, Srinagar, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Patiala and Jodhpur, followed by Ali Subah Al-Salem in Kuwai...
the waco siege.	a ups driver was delivering packages to the compound and one broke open showing weapons, inert grenades and black powder. UPS reported this to the sheriff who contacted the ATF. This info along with reports of automatic fire from the compound led to sucspision that the Brach Davidians were illegally modifying weapons...	[ "The Waco siege was the siege of a compound belonging to the religious sect Branch Davidians, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993. The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Ce...
Napoleonic Era and Uniforms (Nit-Picky Questions)	So, there's a million questions. It would be beneficial if you reworded your question for a single question and ask a few over a few days.	[ "In 1828, the greyish-blue trousers worn during the later stages of the Napoleonic Wars were replaced by dark blue \"Oxford mixture\" trousers for winter wear. White duck trousers were worn in summer until 1845. Although the fantastic profusion of gold and silver lace on officers' uniforms was checked, decorations ...
what is the evolutionary benefit to a species, such as the praying mantis, to have the female kill the male after copulation?	By eating the male, the female gains a lot of nutrients, which will enable her to have healthier and stronger offspring. In this way, there is a higher chance that the genes of both the male and the female are carried on.	[ "Copulation in a monogynous male is a sacrificial system. They not only cause genital damage to themselves but in many cases die during copulation spontaneously such as \"Argiope aurantia\" or are cannibalized by the female. This can be observed in many spider species such as the red back spider which consumes the ...
if someone is on death row and has a medical issue causing them the die sooner than their execution date, why would they be given medical help?	Up until the moment the executioner turns the key, the state must provide care for their convicted felons. The logic behind this is that up until that last moment, the execution is not 100% certain. There are years of appeals, and the governor might still pardon the convicted at the last moment. Also, allowing someo...	[ "Physicians can cause a patient's death \"actively\" (for example, by administering a fatal drug) or \"passively\" (by withholding food, water, or medical care that would prolong life). This option may be offered to patients who are terminally ill and are severely disabled or in great pain with no hope of recovery....
it's common knowledge that exercising regularly and pushing yourself is good for your health and heart, but how does that logic work that the harder you work your heart, the healthier it becomes, instead of wearing it out?	The human body is a fascinating thing. It has been developed to be able to adapt to different lifestyles. When working out, you are essentially telling your body that for your lifestyle, you require stronger muscles. The body has learned to oblige to this, thus makes muscles stronger by adding more protein to the muscl...	[ "Physical health is also something that needs to be worked on daily, whether it is exercise, healthy eating, or relaxation. states that blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate will all decrease when one is relaxed. This means that a person's heart does not beat as fast and their breathing is shallow, helpi...
How much variety is there between single celled organisms? Would two of my red blood cells be completely identical down to the smallest measure?	Two different questions really. Red blood cells aren't organisms. 1) Vast. 2) Potentially, but unlikely	[ "All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets. Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid c...
Sickle Cell Anemia and UVR / Melanin Evolution Correlation?	It is because the sickle cell hemoglobin gene when it is heterozygous (meaning only one copy of one of your chromosomes and the other chromosome has a normal hemoglobin) protects against malaria. Since malaria is much more prevalent in tropical locations and so is darker skin, the sickle cell trait is selected for by e...	[ "The most important genetic alteration associated with poor prognosis in uveal melanoma is inactivation of BAP1, which most often occurs through mutation of one allele and subsequent loss of an entire copy of chromosome 3 (monosomy 3) to unmask the mutant copy. Because of this function in inactivation of BAP1, mono...
why is it that when my battery dies on my iphone it takes 10 minutes to turn back on while connected to a charger?	Apple makes sure that the phone is charged to a minimum % (3%-5%?) before it turns on, to make sure it doesn't die again when you unplug it.	[ "If a battery has been completely discharged (e.g. the car lights were left on overnight) and next is given a fast charge for only a few minutes, then during the short charging time it develops only a charge near the interface. The battery voltage may rise to be close to the charger voltage so that the charging cur...
What is happening during the onset, peak and duration of a local anesthetic?	Local anesthetics, like lidocaine, work by stabilizing the membrane of cells. What this means is that they reversibly decrease the rate of depolarization and repolarization of excitable membranes. One such type of membrane is the cell membrane of pain-sensing neurons. By blocking the ability of the nerve membrane to de...	[ "Induction of anesthesia is facilitated by diffusion of an inhaled anesthetic drug into the brain and spinal cord. Diffusion throughout the body proceeds until the drug's partial pressure within the various tissues is equivalent to the partial pressure of the drug within the lungs. Healthcare providers can control ...
why does ukip have so many meps as opposed to other government positions?	UKIP supporters really, really, really hate the EU. Most everyone else just doesn't care about MEPs. So UKIP voters are more energized in European elections than the general public.	[ "UKIP had 24 MEPs elected at the 2014 European elections, which was its highest tally to date. By the time of the 2019 elections, it had three MEPs following multiple defections. It won no seats in those elections and there are now no UKIP MEPs in the European Parliament.\n", "In the 2009–14 parliament, UKIP rank...
- why is, what seems like rape so prevalent in the animal kingdom?	Because most animals don't have morals. Humanity has gotten to a point of intelligence and society that we don't need to allow ourselves to just procreate willy-nilly. Cats, dogs, and other animals rape as part of procreation because they don't have the morals, the intelligence, the sense of caring for others, that s...	[ "It has been noted that behavior resembling rape in humans is observed in the animal kingdom, including ducks and geese, bottlenose dolphins, and chimpanzees. Indeed, in orangutans, close human relatives, copulations of this nature may account for up to half of all observed matings. Such behaviors, referred to as '...
why don't vending machines keep their change topped up from the money people put in?	Filtering a coin box and setting it up so that it can provide change is possible, but requires a more expensive model of vending machine. Most vendors are willing to pay for a cheaper model because guess what, people are still going to use it.	[ "Vendors have a wide variety of machines to choose from. The selection of a machine is important because it can affect sales, time spent servicing the machine, willingness of locations to allow placement of the machine, and a variety of other factors affecting overall profits. Like a car, once a vending machine is ...
What did ancient teenagers do for fun?	You mean a 'really' ancient civilisation such as the Greeks or the Egyptians, or will a more recent example do? Roman teenagers from the 17th/18th/early-19th centuries grew up in the street and the society they lived in was rife with violence. Every rione (ward) of the city usually had a long-standing rivalry with a...	[ "In Ancient Iran, youths under 24 years of age received thorough training in the sport of their time which included miming, horsemanship, polo, dart throwing, wrestling, boxing, archery, and fencing. They were taught under conditions of severe hardship so that when the need arose they could endure the adverse condi...
why do egg-whites foam when we whisk them and do not when there is just a very tiny amount of egg yolk in it?	The foam form the whites is formed by proteins from the protein-rich egg-white. The yolk contains fats that destroy the protein foam (also called an emulsion). You can try this by mixing in a tiny amount of cooking oil into the egg-whites: it will have the same lack-of-foam effect as a tiny amount of yolk.	[ "The physical stress of beating egg whites can create a foam. Two types of physical stress are caused by beating them with a whisk, the first of which occurs as the whisk drags the liquid through itself, creating a force that unfolds the protein molecules. This process is called denaturation. The second stress come...
how do we not run out of telephone numbers?	How did you get that figure? Did you do 10 factorial or something? Isn't it as simple as 10^10? Edit: you did do 10!, that's for a combination of things that exclude what's already been used and can't be used again. So a line of x amount of people has x! Combinations, you can use it that way because there can't be ...	[ "This is the process whereby a telephone subscriber whose telephone line is maintained by one company, usually a former monopoly provider (e.g. BT), can choose to have some of their calls automatically routed across a different telephone company's network (e.g. Talk Talk) without needing to enter a special code or ...
What memorials/monuments, if any, has the USA donated to other countries that is not about the US in anyway.	I think that the Marshall Plan was a pretty swell thing for the U.S. to do. It's not a commemorative statue, but you could probably find a list of many public projects that were completed as a result of the money. Almost all of the money was given in the form of grants and European countries, to my knowledge, were only...	[ "American War Memorials Overseas (AWMO) was founded in 2008 and is a non-profit corporation working to document, promote, and preserve non-government supported War Memorials honoring Americans outside of the United States. American War Memorials Overseas is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation and as such is entirely ...
What exactly was the Battle of Actium?	Not to discourage any further answers but while you wait you'll probably enjoy these older posts: [What was Mark Antony's intention when he gave Rome's lands to Egypt in 34BC? And why did it take Rome two years to start a war against him?](_URL_6_) [What were some of the rumors about Cleopatra during the civil war be...	[ "The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece. Octavian's fle...
seeing as video/picture quality is constantly increasing (1080p, 4k etc..), is there a limit to the quality that the human eye can notice a difference?	Theres alot of conversation about this actually... You really need to focus on DPI, since 1080p is very different on a 20" tv vs an 80". But then it matters how far away it is, and how good your vision is... Some would say we already eclipsed that limit with 1080p tvs at normal viewing distances. Yet... its trivial...	[ "However, in any situation where standard-definition video cameras are used, the quality is going to be poor because the maximum pixel resolution of the image chips in most of these devices is 320,000 pixels (analogue quality is measured in TV lines but the results are the same); they generally capture horizontal a...
how do studios get to film in places as dense as new york without interrupting business and traffic, while also not being interrupted during filming?	I've got 10+ years working in the industry, my father was a camera operator and my grandfather was a Director/Producer of stage, TV and Film. The studio, via the production coordinator/manager, makes an agreement with the city, and they provide Police assistance to close down the area the crew wants to film in. Someti...	[ "While filming on busy New York City streets presents countless challenges, the unit has, over the years, developed a strong working relationship with the film industry. The unit makes an effort to ensure that New York City remains a popular location for filming.\n", "The New York City Transit Authority denied pe...
why do large amounts of flammable material in a small space explode (ex: gasoline can) when ignited instead of just lighting on fire and burning like wood	Burning causes things to expand, heat up and release gases. if its in an enclosed space such as a pipe, grenade casing, gas can, etc... then the pressure from these reactions builds up causing the big bada boom.	[ "When this mixture of fuel and air is ignited, especially in a confined space such as a warehouse or silo, a significant increase in pressure is created, often more than sufficient to demolish the structure. Even materials that are traditionally thought of as nonflammable (such as aluminum), or slow burning (such a...

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