question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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what happens if a president is elected and they do not have a so to take the first lady/gentleman position? | Well, in the case of President James Buchanan (who was a bachelor), he had his niece be the official White House hostess, therefore making her acting First Lady. | [
"The President is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of his election. Upon his election, he immediately resigns his seat for the duration of his term. The President may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial.\n",
"A member of parliament or of a State Legis... |
how do google's driverless cars work? | A system including cameras, GPS, proximity sensors all work together to drive the car. Pretty much every road in north america is mapped on GPS. The GPS gives the rough information on the route the car should take and what to expect in terms of directions. That information is few to the computer on board that tracks th... | [
"BULLET::::- Autonomous mobile robots: Google's self-driving cars are cloud robots. The cars use the network to access Google's enormous database of maps and satellite and environment model (like Streetview) and combines it with streaming data from GPS, cameras, and 3D sensors to monitor its own position within cen... |
how does up voting photos in reddit effect their visibility in google searches? | I believe that every time you upvote an image a link to it is created in your users folder. For example you can see all of my upvotes here:
_URL_0_
Each upvote generates a new link. When a lot of users upvote an image it creates a lot of backlinks.
Google uses the amount of backlinks as one of the determining factors... | [
"Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View feature, pointing to photographs that show people leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sunbathers in bikinis, cottagers at public parks, people picking up prostitutes and people engaging in activities visible from public property which the... |
What nationalities were the Shock Troops of the British Empire during World War I? | "Shock Troops" was a term liberally used in the First World War. Most notably, the Stosstruppen or Shock troops that the Germans experimented with in 1916, and finally began forming battalions and regiments by 1917, and whole divisions in 1918. What they involve were removing the best, most experienced, most enterprisi... | [
"A special shock-troop concept was fashioned after German \"Stosstruppen\" of World War I. Their elitism, discipline and fighting qualities were well known to senior British officers. They had also studied the French and Indian War of the 1750a A force of 900 French-Canadian woodsmen and Indians defeated a hand-pic... |
How do rocket engines prevent back-flow of ignited fuel? | The fuel *can't* burn in the fuel line.... there is no oxidizer in the fuel line.
As for why a fuel/oxidizer mix can't get back into one of the lines... too much pressure going the other way. Here's a description of rocket fuel injection from [wikipedia's article on liquid propellant rockets](_URL_0_):
> Injectors ... | [
"The rocket is not throttleable. Once lit, the burn can be aborted, but the power output cannot otherwise be controlled. The thrust in fact varies, for two reasons. Firstly, as the pressure in the oxidizer tank decreases, the flow rate reduces, reducing thrust. Secondly, in the late stages of a burn the oxidizer ta... |
Are hitler and Stalin diagnosed as crazy today? | Hey, cool question. I really like that you asked "*Are Hitler and Stalin diagnosed as crazy* ***today***" not "Where they crazy?".
Hitler is often diagnosed as crazy nowadays. Shit-/incest fetish, paranoia, being depressive - all those traits are often attributed to him. In my eyes that's **wrong on many, many levels*... | [
"Some authors have described Hitler as a cynical manipulator or a fanatic, but denied that he was seriously mentally disturbed; among them are the British historians Ian Kershaw, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Alan Bullock, and A. J. P. Taylor, and, more recently, the German psychiatrist Manfred Lütz. Ian Kershaw has concluded... |
the religion of jehova's witness | Using reddit search I found:
ELI5: Jehovah's Witnesses
_URL_0_ | [
"Like many groups, Jehovah's Witnesses strive to reflect Christianity as they believe it was practiced in the 1st century, the Apostolic Age. The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society and its precursor organization, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, considers the Great Apostasy to have properly begun before the death... |
why aren't people in congress who took money from people not forced to abstain from a vote? | Because then all I'd have to do to stop something from passing is donate small amounts of money to some people who supported a bill. | [
"One of the interesting aspects of the majority's decision is that it believed Congress prohibited not civil servants from making political donations on their own but making such donations through their supervisors. Justice Bradley dissented, in part, by arguing that the law banned even voluntary contributions made... |
when you flip your rear-view mirror down in the night time, why do the headlights behind you seem less bright? | The mirror isn't flat; the glass is thicker at the top forming a wedge shape. The back of the glass is silvered to make it very reflective. When you tilt the mirror tab, the silvered portion points away from you, so you don't get a great reflection. The dim reflection you end up seeing is a reflection off the glass ... | [
"A prismatic rear-view mirror—sometimes called a \"day/night mirror\"—can be tilted to reduce the brightness and glare of lights, mostly for high-beam headlights of vehicles behind which would otherwise be reflected directly into the driver's eyes at night. This type of mirror is made of a piece of glass that is we... |
compression of video, photo and audio. | Photo: Instead of recording the exact color of every pixel, either reduce the number of colors used (gif), or make a note that the next however number of pixels are the same color, followed by a bunch of pixels that are a different color, and so on.
Audio: instead of recording every single tone of a song, only keep th... | [
"Video compression is a practical implementation of source coding in information theory. In practice, most video codecs are used alongside audio compression techniques to store the separate but complementary data streams as one combined package using so-called \"container formats\".\n",
"iFrame video and audio is... |
what does falconry actually involve? | Im a falconer. There's kind of a difference between how we take the sport on and how they do it in the arab world. In north america we use trained raptors to hunt "fur or feather" meaning either small furry animals or gamebirds and water fowl. Our method is almost just like regular hunting but with birds of prey instea... | [
"Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. Small and larger animals are hunted; squirrels and rabbits often fall prey to these birds. There are two traditional terms used to describe a person involved in falconry: a \"falconer\" flies a falcon; an... |
How does a history post-grad student go about finding their thesis topic? | It's really a case of thinking about what you find interesting, and what will hold your attention for however long you have to write the piece of work. I personally think that's the most important thing. There will be ups and downs in this time, and it will be much easier to get through it if you care about the work.
... | [
"And why must so many of us [historians] tie our historical investigations to a thesis or theory? Is it not acceptable to describe the past, comment on what appears to have been happening as best as we can recreate it, and let it go at that? Must we have a thesis, and then drive ourselves crazy (or worse, fool ours... |
How did vegetarian cultures start? | In ancient India, the brahmin ("priest") caste engaged in vegetarianism out of religious belief. The killing of animals was associated with bad karma, so brahmins maintained their diets as a sign of karmic purity. It's also important to note that the lush Indian subcontinent was uniquely suited to sustaining a vegetari... | [
"The earliest records of vegetarianism as a concept and practice amongst a significant number of people are from ancient India and the ancient Greek civilizations in southern Italy and Greece. In both instances, the diet was closely connected with the idea of nonviolence toward animals (called \"ahimsa\" in India),... |
Can I make something float? | First of all, just to clarify, gravity doesn't have a uniform strength of 9.8 Newtons. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s^2, and because F=ma (for applications near the surface of the earth), the force of gravity on earth equals mg (or 9.8m).
Now to answer your question, yes, objects can float if the summation... | [
"Bubble floats are small hollow balls which are used to control the fishing line. They may have the facility to be partially filled with water to control how much float is above the water. They are used in situations where a normal float cannot be cast, such a working close to the edge of reeds or heavy surface pla... |
Economic Inequality between Northern and Southern Europe | It actually has a lot to do with history.
The most important thing to understand, I think, is the way the Industrial Revolution spread through Europe. As you may have learned, England was the starting point. What made England special? Firstly, goods and people could be moved fairly cheaply compared to the continent: t... | [
"Socio-economic disparities in the European Union countries are considerable. Strong differences between neighboring regions create both, threats and opportunities. In terms of opportunities we understand goods, capital and labour in relatively closely defined regions; in the threats perspective it is mainly appear... |
Given Elon Musk's recent comments about finally being able to reuse rockets: Why is it so difficult to recover and reuse them? | There are lots of ways to do some kind of rocket recovery and thus many reasons not to. I can only talk about a few.
Recovery is the first problem.
Boosters which detach early land in the ocean which can corrode the components to such a degree that it is not worth repairing them. You also have to slow them down so ... | [
"Elon Musk said at the beginning of the program that he believed the return, vertical landing and recovery was possible because the SpaceX manufacturing methodologies result in a rocket efficiency exceeding the typical 3% margin. A SpaceX rocket operating in the reusable configuration has approximately 30% less pay... |
what has changed culturally/politically that people believed it when they were warned about the hole in the ozone, but not about climate change now? | The ozone layer was a fairly visible problem (look at this giant hole that wasn't there) with short term scary consequences (skin cancer for everyone!) which required very little personal or public financial sacrifice to fix (oh... we switch hair sprays.... that's not so bad). Amd since most of that could be fixed wit... | [
"The two atmospheric problems have achieved significantly different levels of understanding by the public, including both the basic science and policy issues. People have limited scientific knowledge about global warming and tend to confuse it with or see it as a subset of the ozone hole. Not only on the policy lev... |
German Grenades | It's worth noting both sides experimented with a variety of grenade styles and types. You can see some [German](_URL_7_) and [French](_URL_2_) examples. The German "discus" design and the French "hairbrush" design nare especially interesting.
Although ball-type grenades like the Mills Bomb couldn't be thrown as far as... | [
"The German designation for this grenade is unknown. It consists of a 3 5/8-inch or 4-inch aluminum body which is painted yellow and filled with explosives. It is intended for use as an offensive grenade so fragmentation is minimal relying instead on the blast effect. In this role, it was fitted with a B.Z.E fricti... |
why do phone cameras seem more zoomed out than eyes when looking at the same thing | Your eye has a lens inside them to focus the light reflected off objects onto the retina of your eye (the image). The focal length of that lens, along with the distances involved give you a viewing angle.
If you have an SLR camera, it might have a fixed focal length or a zoom (variable focal length) lens. A camera... | [
"Modest camera phones use only digital zoom and have no optical zoom at all. Usually cameras have an optical zoom lens, but apply digital zoom automatically once its longest optical focal length has been reached. Professional cameras generally do not feature digital zoom.\n",
"Nowadays cameras usually have iZoom ... |
why do international sporting organizations have french names? | Historical reasons. The modern Olympics began in the late 1800's, and FIFA was founded in 1904. While England and Germany were major players at the time, France had been a dominant cultural and military force in Europe for the previous few centuries, and was the default accepted language for international culture and d... | [
"A Belgian club's name usually includes the name of the town where the club plays as well as a prefix and/or suffix. Since Belgians speak three languages, French and Dutch being the main ones and German being the third official language, Belgian teams may use either language as the basis for their names. For histor... |
when people gain weight rapidly, do they grow new hairs to cover all the skin, or do they have the same amount of hairs spaced farther apart? | I lost about 90 pounds in the last year (about 185 now).
I was hairy before, but you couldn't really tell on my arms for example because the hairs were actually spread out quite a bit. Now it's a lot more noticeable since the hair is denser (as in closer together) and appears darker than before. Same goes for face, le... | [
"Many people underestimate the tensile strength of hair. A single strand can potentially carry a weight of up to 100 grams; in theory, with proper technique, a full head of human hair could eventually hold between 5,600 kg and 8,400 kg (12,345 to 18,518 lbs) without breaking individual hairs or pulling out any foll... |
How loud would a sound have to be to be heard around the world? | Krakatoa's last big explosion was heard 5000 km away and is estimated to have been 180 decibels.
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)
> The sound of the eruption was so loud it was said that if one was within ten miles, they would go deaf. | [
"For sound waves in air, the speed of sound is 343 m/s (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). The wavelengths of sound frequencies audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are thus between approximately 17 m and 17 mm, respectively. Somewhat higher frequencies are used by bats so they can resolve targets sm... |
the economics of the cost of private education. | What school is claiming that? For $90k you could get every student their own private teacher, a computer, and all the supplies they need and still probably have $10k left over. | [
"The United States has one of the most expensive higher education systems in the world, and also one of the most successful in terms of the boost to earnings from higher education. Public colleges have no control over one major revenue source — the state. In 2016-17, the average cost of annual tuition in the United... |
how come noise cancelling headphones don't increase hearing loss when there is actually more sound being produced around your ears? | That's the whole point of the opposite amplitude, the two waves cancel each other out and the eardrum doesn't move at all as a result. So the additional sounds actually result in less movement of the eardrums, and thus are easier on your ears. People who work in noisy environments (like a data center), even if the volu... | [
"Active noise-cancelling headphones use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They... |
Is there a maximum possible magnetic flux density? | There is the [Schwinger limit](_URL_0_): Above 4 billion T things get strange.
And then there is the Planck magnetic inductance, 2\*10^53 T. That's at least the maximum where our known laws of physics have a chance to work. | [
"Using the Biot–Savart law, it can be shown that the magnetic flux density formula_1 induced by a solenoid of effective length formula_2 with a current formula_3 through formula_4 loops is given by the equation:\n",
"It is worth noting that the magnetic charge density can be infinite at the edges of the sample, d... |
Will listening to a recording of information while sleeping every night lead to me memorizing that information? Can the brain absorb information in a noticeable way during sleep? | _URL_0_
> Since the electroencephalography studies by Charles W. Simon and William H. Emmons in 1956, **learning by sleep has not been taken seriously**. The researchers concluded that learning during sleep was "impractical and probably impossible." They reported that stimulus material presented during sleep was no... | [
"The cortex cannot cope with the vast amount of information received throughout the day without developing \"parasitic\" thoughts that would disrupt the efficient organisation of memory. During REM sleep, these unwanted connections in cortical networks are wiped out or damped down by the Crick-Mitchison process mak... |
are more celebrities dying this year than average? or is it just observe bias or something? | Statistically more celebrities are probably not dying more than in previous years, but there may be a connection based in how popular / unique these celebrities were. | [
"Many make observations about celebrities (especially those who have recently died; one letter printed after the deaths of Gianni Versace and Princess Diana remarked on both their violent deaths and friendship with Elton John, stating \"I tell you what. If I was George Michael right about now, I'd be shitting mysel... |
where do/did words come from? | There are a *lot* of answers to that. Here are some:
* Some people believe the first words were caveman grunts or warning calls. It's easy to see how "gaaah!" for "there's a tiger coming, let's run!" could become a word *meaning* 'tiger' or 'run'.
* It's not interesting, but the main way a language gets words is takin... | [
"Many of the common words such as 'papoose,' 'squash' and 'moccasin' were popularized in 1643, even back in England, with the publication of Roger Williams' \"A Key into the Language of America\" and as a result, are often given a Narragansett etymology. Most words were likely borrowed independently until a common ... |
To what degree did the Allies and the USSR cooperate in WW2? | They absolutely collaborated during the war, and while it's hard to say that they would have lost or exactly how the war would have been different, it would nevertheless have made the fighting substantially more difficult. I would say it's a misnomer to think of the USSR as separate from the Allies, because Soviet troo... | [
"The wartime Allies initially worked together under the auspices of the Allied Control Council (ACC) for Germany. Cooperation between the Western Allies and the Soviets ultimately broke down because of disagreements over Germany's political and economic future. In May 1949, the three western occupation zones were m... |
How are we so sure about the fate of different types of stars when the Universe is not yet old enough for us to witness the death of certain stars? | We're not absolutely certain, you're right. Observations would help us be more accurate, and there's a lot of detail we don't have, even hypothetically.
However, all of our observations of white dwarves are pretty consistent: there are not continuing nuclear reactions happening there. Without anything adding energy, a... | [
"Theories about how WR stars form, develop, and die have been slow to form compared to the explanation of less extreme stellar evolution. They are rare, distant, and often obscured, and even into the 21st century many aspects of their lives are unclear.\n",
"Stellar remnants are objects associated with the death ... |
the difference between the degrees and the warm/cold settings on a split system air-conditioner. | Warm=keeping room temp above set temp
Cool=keeping room temp below set temp
The temp you set the thermostat to isn't necessarily going to be the room temp, it's just the temp that activates the system. | [
"Split-system air conditioners come in two forms: mini-split and central systems. In both types, the inside-environment (evaporative) heat exchanger is separated by some distance from the outside-environment (condensing unit) heat exchanger.\n",
"Other common types of air conditioning system are multi-split syste... |
Why are airships/blimps/zeppelins not used for transporting freight? | Mostly for economic reasons. The leakage is not a major issue, as there are commerically operated airships right now. We used to fill these airships with hydrogen, but that went awfully wrong. Helium does not provide the same lift, is a lot more expensive, but easier to contain and does not react. There are some logist... | [
"It has periodically been suggested that airships could be employed for cargo transport, especially delivering extremely heavy loads to areas with poor infrastructure over great distances. This has also been called roadless trucking. Also, airships could be used for heavy lifting over short distances (e.g. on const... |
What's happening in batteries when they seemingly run out of charge but hours later they have "residual charge" enough to power on again? | The "self-recharging" features of batteries is most noticeable in a car battery. In some cases you can crank the engine until the battery seems totally dead, then come back an hour later and crank it again. The higher the drain on the battery (a car's starter motor is an incredibly high-drain device!), the greater the ... | [
"Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small fraction of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible \"side reactions\" that consume charge carriers without producing current. This phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge. Further, when batteries ... |
After splitting a magnet in half you cannot reconnect the two pieces back together at the original break point, why? | While the other answers aren't wrong, I'm pretty sure they are the wrong answer to your question. If i understand you correctly, you aren't asking why any old broken object doesn't fuse back together like they seem to be answering. Rather, you are asking why when a magnet breaks does it often have a repulsive force to ... | [
"Components with more connections cannot be removed intact in the way described above unless the wire leads are long and flexible enough to be pulled out one by one. For a component such as a Dual-Inline Package (DIP), the pins are too short to pull out, and solder melted on one joint will solidify before another c... |
why do pigments look like another colour when they’re a powder? | Well, I can't say I've noticed what you describe, but the explanation would be the following:
Let's start with electromagnetic radiation: Electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. It has a property called wavelength — the distance ... | [
"Pigments appear colored because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of visible light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the entire spectrum of visible light with a wavelength in a range from about 375 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or 780 nm. When this light encounters a pigment, parts ... |
when the supreme court rules on gay marriage, what will happen to the lower court rulings, and the states, if the supreme court decides that states can constitutionally ban gay marriages? | In the past when a gay marriage ban has been lifted then applied again those who legally married still were married. It's possible this would happen nationally if the SCOTUS ruled that way. But further marriages would still be illegal where the state bans being considered had made them illegal.
Exactly how much of a... | [
"Federal courts have interpreted the U.S. Constitution to place some limits on states' ability to restrict access to marriage. In \"Loving v. Virginia\", the United States Supreme Court overturned state marriage laws that barred interracial marriages on the basis that marriage is a \"basic civil right...\" and that... |
why is mp3's still ripped in 128kbp/s and not simply in either 320kbp/s or straight flac? | While hard drive space is irrelevant for desktops and laptops, it is still an issue for smaller devices like smartphones. The quality of MP3s is what people are used to, so it is still advantagous to stick to it. | [
"Mp3Splt can split MP3 (VBR supported), Ogg Vorbis and native FLAC files without decoding, thus avoiding digital generation loss (see also lossless editing). It can be used to split large MP3, Ogg Vorbis and native FLAC blocks to make smaller files or to split entire albums to obtain individual tracks.\n",
"Audio... |
how does facebook (and other social media sites) compile a creepily accurate suggested friends list even when you are a new user and have given the site minimal personal information? | Did you give them your phone number? Even if it isn't public, if some idiot installs the facebook app on their phone and has it in their contacts, facebook will link you. Same for email address - if someone has that in their phone's contacts or gave facebook access to their emails (e.g. has both the gmail and facebook ... | [
"A study was conducted at Northeastern University by Alan Mislove and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, where an algorithm was created to try and discover personal attributes of a Facebook user by looking at their friend's list. They looked for information such as high school and coll... |
why we use rms to express ac voltages | I started to type up a complicated response to this, but then I realized this was ELI5. If you want the full answer Like You Are An Electrical Engineering Student I can actually explain the math behind it.
Basically, an AC voltage is almost always less than its peak value. Think of a wave in the ocean, the peak value ... | [
"The term \"RMS power\" is sometimes erroneously used in the audio industry as a synonym for \"mean power\" or \"average power\" (it is proportional to the square of the RMS voltage or RMS current in a resistive load). For a discussion of audio power measurements and their shortcomings, see Audio power.\n",
"Inve... |
This may be a dumb question, but if losing weight requires simply eating less calories than your body burns, what are the biggest differences from eating healthy or poorly? | This is complicated because your question isn't entirely clear. If by "health", you mean weight gain/loss, it is very hard to overeat truly healthy food. have you ever tried eating 3000 calories of meat and vegetation? your stomach and satiety hormones simply won't let you. healthier food also tends to impact insulin l... | [
"A commonly asserted \"rule\" for weight gain or loss is based on the assumption that one pound of human fat tissue contains about 3,500 kilocalories (often simply called \"calories\" in the field of nutrition). Thus, eating 500 fewer calories than one needs per day should result in a loss of about a pound per week... |
why does the us federal reserve want to raise intrest rates if unemployment falls below 4%? | The Fed has a dual-mandate: keep unemployment low and keep inflation low. Generally economists think that the US is at full employment if the unemployment rate is around 4%. This is because you figure that at any point in time you have about that many people "frictionally" unemployed. Meaning they are moving from one p... | [
"The U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation. U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments (monetary policy) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate. There may be an economic trade-off between unemployment and inflation,... |
how are not-for-profits/nonprofits allowed to pay their workers? isn't salary profit? | No, profit is everything after expenses that normally goes into the pockets of the people who own the corporation and makes them wealthier. Non-profits are allowed to turn a profit, but they have to take that profit and re-invest it into the corporation to further its goals instead of handing that money out to the sha... | [
"Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers who perform tasks for charities, hospitals or not-for-profit organizations, are generally not considered employed. One exception to this is an internship, an employment situation in which the worker receives training or experience (and possibly college credit) as ... |
why do american's take halloween and costumes so serious? why is it such an important event in the year? | The simple answer is that it's fun. A lot of people like to get artistic with their costumes and have fun dressing up with family and friends. | [
"Halloween is a work day in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and not celebrated until recently. For the past few years, it has been popular among younger generations. Since wearing masks has become highly popular among children and teenagers, e.g. in many Bosnian schools, both elementary as well as high schools (secondary s... |
what is happening when i can tell someone is looking at me from across a busy room? | You have this feeling, of not knowing what is behind you, many times. Most of the time, you take a quick glance, see nothing, forget all about it, and go on. Sometimes you see something, like someone looking at you, and you remember. As all you remember is the few times you glanced and saw something, then you think tha... | [
"BULLET::::1. \"When presenting information or asking questions of a group, make eye contact with each person at the table or as many people as possible in the room. This gesture gives a message of interest and connectedness.\n",
"Information separate to what is presented in a scene also has an effect on the area... |
Given that uranium 235 has a half life of 703.8 million years, now long would all nuclear weapons have to be left alone before they would be considered inert? | The circuitry, chemical explosives, and probably even the structural integrity of the weapons would likely fail before the U-235 decayed to the point where it was no longer a viable weapon. It should be noted there are other long-term effects, esp. with plutonium, which "self-irradiates" and can affect its own composit... | [
"Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48 years.\n",
"The half-life of U-238 is about 190 times as long as that of U-236; therefore, U-236 s... |
why do gas stoves start at the highest heat setting instead of the lowest? | For lighting. The gas comes out at maximum so it will reach the pilot flame and ignite right away.
| [
"An alternative stove based on the down-draft principle and typically built with nested cylinders also provides high efficiency. Combustion from the top creates a gasification zone, with the gas escaping downwards through ports located at the base of the burner chamber. The gas mixes with additional incoming air to... |
how does land/property pass from public too private ownership? | Unless the public body is prohibited from selling its land, it can sell it whenever it wants to. Generally governments try to stick to the market rate, unless there's an ulterior motive (like land redistribution in Africa, in which case it might be sold below market value). Government doesn't sell more because it gener... | [
"The constitution guarantees the right to private property. The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 is the basic property law. However, some government agencies like RAJUK restrict property transfers in urban areas through foreign direct investment. The Vested Property Act allows the government to confiscate property fr... |
if we can do our own taxes online, why can't we register a new car, transfer a tag to a new vehicle online? or any other dmv task for that matter?? (besides issuing licenses...) | Because the DMV didn't build a web portal and the IRS did. If you want to know WHY the DMV didn't build one....well that's a different question altogether. | [
"If ownership of a vehicle is permanently transferred to a new owner who lives in the same city/region then the registration number may remain unchanged. Administration fees are, however, still payable in respect of the necessary changes to the vehicle's official documentation. Many people however will change the l... |
why it's legal for fox news to make stuff up and sell it as news? | CBS took action against Dan Rather, not the government (now, George Bush could have taken action against CBS as a citizen for slander, but that's different from how I'm understanding your context of 'legality'). Fox News can call itself news and say what it wants as long as it's not infringing on others' rights or en... | [
"Fox News has been alleged by academics, media figures, political figures, and watchdog groups of having Republican Party bias in their news coverage as well as perpetuating more general views of a conservative bias. Fox News has publicly denied such charges, stating that the reporters in the newsroom provide separ... |
what is the sun's spectrum and how does it work? | Heated matter emits radiation. Most commonly as infrared radiation which we can't see but can feel on our skin. When the heat exceeds a certain value, it starts glowing red. Keep heating up and it becomes yellow, then white, which means that all visible wavelengths are emitted - like a very hot piece of iron. Knowing t... | [
"The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light. Photons produced in this layer escape the sun through the transparent solar atmosphere above it and become solar radiation, sunlight. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions, w... |
Anthem Protests and Francis Scott Key's Third Verse. Is it actually racist? | > Slave almost certainly refers to conscripts, as the British Army fielded thousands of them in America during the War of 1812.
They also fielded thousands of freed slaves, who the Americans demanded be returned to their "owners" after the war. So it doesn't "almost certainly" refer to conscripts. It possibly refe... | [
"The song took on a different meaning when riots in inner-city America led to many young black demonstrators citing the song as a civil rights anthem to social change which also led to some radio stations taking the song off its play list because certain black advocates such as H. Rap Brown began playing the song w... |
why is katsaridaphobia (fear of cockroaches) so common? | Because they are miniature lovecraftian hellbeasts! I almost broke my ankle "teleporting" over the couch to get away from a palmetto bug (cockroaches bigger, uglier, even harder to kill cousin in the south) once. They are made of malice and hatred of people and will fly in your face for no damn reason. I tried to kill ... | [
"Because of their long, persistent association with humans, cockroaches are frequently referred to in art, literature, folk tales and theater and film. In Western culture, cockroaches are often depicted as vile and dirty pests. Their size, long antennae, shiny appearance and spiny legs make them disgusting to many ... |
what's preventing me from randomly guessing someone else's software product key, especially for physical copies of stuff? | You're grossly underestimating the difficulty of guessing a key. Let's go with your 37^15 probably, since that's a fair approximation. Now let's assume that we can knock out all the "most common" keys that are "too easy". That gets rid of 10,000 or so possibilities. Yay. But that still leaves HUNDREDS of TRILLIONS... | [
"Because of this, software publishers are increasingly turning to alternative methods of verifying that keys are both valid and uncompromised. One method, product validation, assigns a product key based on a unique feature of the purchaser's computer hardware (such as its MAC address), which cannot be as easily dup... |
Is it in the nature of gravity to cluster things even in the largest scale? | > Is it in the nature of gravity to cluster things even in the largest scale?
The word *even* is inappropriate here, because the force of gravity almost only shapes the universe on large scales. It is to weak to have an relevant effect on small scales, like the nuclear forces have. So yeah, the gravity is responsi... | [
"Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In models for the gravitational formation of structure with cold dark matter, the smallest st... |
how did someone as insane as nero become emperor? | Nero was raised in a Roman imperial governance tutoring system after being adopted by Claudius.
Keep in mind that when looking at the historic past, behaviour considered loathsome now was more common place then. Additionally, the tenets of human emancipation weren’t yet a thing so life was cheap and crimes were rarel... | [
"Nero was proclaimed emperor in 54 AD at the age of 16. His rule has commonly been associated with impulsiveness and tyranny. Early in his rule, he was heavily advised, but he slowly became more independent. In 59 AD, encouraged by his mistress Poppaea, Nero murdered his mother. His leading adviser, Seneca, was dis... |
Why Were Chess Players in the 60s-70s Treated like Celebrities and Not in Todays Society? | Magnus Carlson is treated like a celebrity, even in the United States he make appearances on talk shows and news programs. In other countries he is even more well known. He makes well over a million dollars a year and has sponsors.
But the reason Bobby Fischer was so much more popular than Chess players in the United... | [
"Chess remains a highly popular pastime to this day. A 2012 survey found that \"chess players now make up one of the largest communities in the world: 605 million adults play chess regularly\". Chess is played at least once a year by 12% of British people, 15% of Americans, 23% of Germans, 43% of Russians, and 70% ... |
if scientists can tell that their best atomic clock loses 1s every 16 million year, why not use what ever they're using to measure the clock's accuracy as a clock itself? | They're not measuring the atomic clock, they're using the science behind it to judge it's statistical likelihood of accuracy. They're measuring it's "margin or error." | [
"A pair of experimental atomic clocks based on ytterbium atoms at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has set a record for stability. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (1 ... |
Why does pressure relax tensed muscle? | Hello! I just wanted to let you know that I don’t have an answer, but that I did just read several reviews to see if there was an answer, and that surprisingly it’s still unknown how (and if) massages work on tensed muscles. This British Medical Journal review (_URL_0_) summarizes several studies on the matter, showing... | [
"Progressive muscle relaxation helps relax your muscles by tensing certain parts of the body (such as the neck), and then releasing the tension in order to feel the muscles relaxing. This technique helps for people with anxiety because they are always tense throughout the day.\n",
"Normally, people are unaware of... |
What primary sources do we have for the history of England prior to the Norman invasion? | You'd probably like the [Anglo-Saxon chronicle](_URL_1_), which contains entries from the 9th-11th Century.
There's some other British annals as well - there's a [short list](_URL_0_) on Wikipedia (mods, I hope this is okay as a source?). | [
"The Peterborough Chronicle (also called the Laud manuscript and the E manuscript), one of the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicles\", contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman Conquest. According to philologist J.A.W. Bennett, it is the only prose history in English between the Conquest and the... |
Is oxygen distributed uniformly in a closed system? | It would ultimately diffuse uniformly, but if you have people respirating the whole time, then it would depend on the volume of air, the total rate of oxygen consumption, how the people are distributed, and whether diffusion is being aided by things like fans and people moving around.
This is actually a problem in hum... | [
"In thermodynamics, a closed system is important for solving complicated thermodynamic problems. It allows the elimination of some external factors that could alter the results of the experiment or problem thus simplifying it. A closed system can also be used in situations where thermodynamic equilibrium is require... |
The usual test for a witch was to drown them, if they floated they were a witch if not they were dead. What was the origin of this test and were there ever any cases in which the “witch” actually floated? | There is always more to write, but in the meantime you might want to check out this answer I wrote about Trials By Ordeal that discusses the "trial by water".
_URL_0_ | [
"Ordeal by water was later associated with the witch-hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, although in this scenario the outcome was an accused who sank was considered innocent, while floating indicated witchcraft. Demonologists developed inventive new theories about how it worked. The ordeal would normally be cond... |
What was life like for a university student in the 1650s? | I don't have an answer but a clarifying question... What country or region are you asking about? | [
"The 17th and 18th centuries saw a decline in the University, marked mainly by external factors (e.g., the 1655-1660 Swedish invasions), which led to a decrease in the number of students. Those students who decided to stay in Kraków, especially medical students, oftentimes received an incomplete education and had t... |
why food cools off faster in my 98.6 degree mouth than at room temperature. | because air does not conduct heat as fast as water (or your saliva) does. | [
"Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. Mouth breathing, cold drinks or food reduce oral temperatures; hot drinks, hot food, chewing, and smoking raise oral temperatures.\n",
"As Newton's law of cooling states, the rate of cooling of an object - whether ... |
what digital technology is and how it differs from whatever we used (analog?) before it | Both technologies use electronic circuits, but digital ones have 'digital' data running through it.
A signal running through a wire can be high or low. When it's high, we say that it represents the number 1 and when it is low we say that it represents the number 0. This is digital (digit-al) data since a combination ... | [
"Digital audio uses pulse-code modulation and digital signals for sound reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), storage, and transmission. In effect, the system commonly referred to as digital is in fact a discrete-time, discrete-level analog of a previous... |
Why do some vaccines use live viruses over dead (inactive) ones? | Live vaccines generally create a stronger and longer lasting immunity. Because they contain a living but weakened form of the pathogen, they need to be refrigerated and handled with great care. Because a live pathogen is present in the vaccine, there is a greater risk of adverse reactions in some individuals compared t... | [
"Vaccines are another method of virotherapy that use attenuated or inactivated viruses to develop immunity to disease. An attenuated virus is a weakened virus that incites a natural immune response in the host that is often undetectable. The host also develops potentially life-long immunity due to the attenuated vi... |
why doesn't society like loners? | Why don't loners like society? | [
"A loner is a person who avoids or does not actively seek human interaction, also known as a quiet person who has no to very few friends. Some loners are people who appear or behave oddly to others. There are many reasons for their solitude, intentional or otherwise. Intentional reasons include being introverted, s... |
why can’t people sue internet and financial companies for data breaches and why aren’t people behind bars? | Your premise is false. People can, and do, sue companies for data breaches. In fact many companies buy special insurance just for this issue. | [
"Internet fraud may be by claiming a chargeback which is not justified (\"friendly fraud\"), or carried out by the use of credit card information which can be stolen in many ways, the simplest being copying information from retailers, either online or offline. Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchase... |
How did the Holocaust affect the field of psychology and philosophy? | The persecution of Jews in Germany and the Holocaust had several distinct effects upon psychology: a major geographical shift in the epicenter of the scientific psychology world, an influx of Jewish psychologists into American universities, and a major change in focus from behavior to social issues. Prior to that time,... | [
"A major issue in contemporary Holocaust studies is the question of \"functionalism\" versus \"intentionalism\". The terms were coined during the Cumberland Lodge Conference of May 1979 entitled, \"The National Socialist Regime and German Society\" by British Marxist historian Timothy Mason to describe two schools ... |
Did the British really pretend that carrots derived night vision were the source of their radar-derived intelligence? | Yes and no; it wasn't exactly a planned deception, but carrots were mentioned in publicity around John "Cat's Eyes" Cunningham, a night fighter pilot, in early 1941.
The Luftwaffe's switch to night bombing in September 1940 had caused serious problems for the RAF, night defence having a low priority during the prior... | [
"To keep their new Airborne Interception radar technology secret, the British Ministry launched a propaganda campaign to attribute the new successes of their now AI-equipped night fighter aces not to technology, but instead to an excessive diet of carrots. The misinformation pointed to the Vitamin A in carrots, whi... |
why does boiling point of noble gases change as you go down the group? | All atoms, even noble gases like Neon, Argon, etc., experience a type of attractive interaction amongst themselves called "dispersion forces." As a useful oversimplification, the magnitude of this attractive force depends on the number of electrons that the atoms have. Going down a group in the periodic table, you find... | [
"The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure: their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be \"full\", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred noble gas compounds. The melt... |
why is calling obama a socialist considered an insult? what's so wrong about that type of government anyways? | During the Cold War, the "enemy" of the United States (as well as most of the wealthy world) were all self-proclaimed socialist nations (The USSR and China being the largest). The word "socialism" has come to represent all the things US Americans prefer about their way of life to that of those countries: freedom, democ... | [
"Following Obama's election, many on the political right began to allege that his administration's policies were \"socialistic\", a claim rejected by the DSA and the Obama administration alike. The widespread use of the word \"socialism\" as a political epithet against the Obama administration by its opponents caus... |
How did stories of elves, mates, dwarves, etc. come about throughout the world? Is there any proof that they may have existed at one time? | Belief in the supernatural is international. Your question touches on several topics, each of which have generated many books, but it is possible to take this apart carefully and attempt to present a few concise answers.
Although many folk stories were/are told to children, and many more were told as fiction (usually ... | [
"In Tolkien's works, the Dwarves (in the form of seven patriarchs) were created during the Years of the Trees (also known as the Ages of Darkness), when all of Middle-earth was controlled by the forces of Melkor. They were created by the Vala Aulë, in secret from the other Valar, intended to be his children to whom... |
what is the onion magazine? | The Onion is a humor and parody newspaper that makes fun of political, social and economic events in the world through parody and exaggeration. | [
"The Onion is an American satirical digital media company and newspaper organization that publishes articles on international, national, and local news. Based in Chicago, the company originated as a weekly print publication on August 29, 1988 in Madison, Wisconsin. In the spring of 1996, \"The Onion\" began publish... |
so i bought 'new' listerine with no alcohol. what's left in it that kills germs? do i need the alcohol? | Alcohol isn't actually the ingredient used to kill mouth germs, its primary purpose is to keep the actual active ingredients in solution. Alcohol free Listerine, according to their site, uses essential oils with antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. I'm unsure what ingredient in the Zero Alcohol formula keeps the o... | [
"The active ingredients listed on Listerine packaging are essential oils which are menthol (mint) 0.042%, thymol (thyme) 0.064%, methyl salicylate (wintergreen) 0.06%, and eucalyptol (eucalyptus) 0.092%. In combination all have an antiseptic effect and there is some thought that methyl salicylate may have an anti i... |
How good is the sense of smell in insects such as flies? | Well, they don't have noses or olfactory organs, just chemoreceptors on their antennae. How well they detect airborn compounds depends on the type of insect, and the specificity with which they detect certain molecules but potentially not others. Certain insects will be very good at detecting organic compounds released... | [
"Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, ena... |
grover norquist is just some guy. why do politicians behave as if a pledge to him is sacred? | Norquist is an incredibly influential "just some guy," and his tax pledge is technically a pledge to the *voters* not to raise total taxes, not to Grover. | [
"Dewey did receive positive publicity for his reputation for honesty and integrity, as he \"insisted on having every prospective holder of a job paying $2,500 or more rigorously probed by state police. He was so concerned about the elected public official being motivated by the wealth his position could produce tha... |
why was cavalry so effective against infantry without spears? | I think this is pretty self a explanatory, but I'll do my best. As far as I know, earlier armies were focused around phalanxes or turtle formations, think Greeks or romans, pretty much meaning they'd make walls out of living bodies and see which side broke first. Early cavalry was more mobile, but didn't have stirrup... | [
"While soldiers armed with firearms could inflict great damage on cavalry at a moderate distance, at close quarters the cavalry could slaughter the musket-armed infantry if they could break their formation and close to engage in melee combat. For many years infantry formations included a mix of troops armed with bo... |
what does it mean for an actor to be executive producer on a tv show? | Sometimes nothing. For a popular show, when the lead actor(s) renegotiate their contracts, they may ask for an Executive Producer credit as a sign of their status, or because it gives them a small portion of the profits.
Sometimes they may actually have a larger role in determining the direction of the show and the... | [
"In live television or \"as-live\", an executive producer seldom has any operational control of the show. His/her job is to stand back from the operational aspects and judge the show as an ordinary viewer might.\n",
"In television, an executive producer usually supervises the creative content and the financial as... |
In feudal times did the nobility of europe have a distinct ethnicity that seperated them from the rest of the population? | In some instances there could be. For instance; after the Normans invaded England, the nobility was Nordic (Norman) whereas most of the rest of the population was not. | [
"European nobility originated in the feudal/seignorial system that arose in Europe during the Middle Ages. Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually together with serfs living thereon). Dur... |
Is there a "genetic peak"of attractiveness in humans? | There is no molecular definition of attractiveness, so I'm not sure what kind of answer you're looking for here. | [
"Research by Paul Eastwick and Eli Finkel (relationship psychologist) at Northwestern University also undermined the idea that subjects have direct introspective awareness of what attracts them to other people. These researchers examined male and female subjects' reports of what they found attractive. Men typically... |
why are we certain there wasn't a technological civilization before humans here on earth? | We can't. Just like we can't be certain the universe wasn't created by an invisible purple teapot orbiting Jupiter.
We *can* be certain they didn't use large amounts of plastics, as those show up clearly in fossil records. They also didn't use any carbon or soot producing technology on an industrial scale, didn't lau... | [
"To skeptics, the fact that in the history of life on the Earth only one species has developed a civilization to the point of being capable of spaceflight and radio technology lends more credence to the idea that technologically advanced civilizations are rare in the universe.\n",
"The current scientific consensu... |
What do historians think of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities? | Hi there -- this is a question that's come up here a few times before. Not discouraging any further discussion on it, but these older threads may be of interest to you:
_URL_0_
_URL_1_
_URL_2_
_URL_3_ | [
"Anderson is best known for his 1983 book, \"Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism\", in which he examined how nationalism led to the creation of nations, or as the title puts it, imagined communities. In this case, an \"imagined community\" does not mean that a national communit... |
gradient descent algorithm | Imagine you're stranded in a mountainous area, and you're blindfolded.
You'll be rescued if you reach the lowest point in a valley.
Your only knowledge of your immediate surroundings comes from placing your foot one step away from yourself, and estimating which direction takes you the furthest downward.
That's it ba... | [
"Gradient descent is a iterative optimization algorithm for finding the minimum of a function. In neural networks, it can be used to minimize the error term by changing each weight in proportion to the derivative of the error with respect to that weight, provided the non-linear activation functions are differentiab... |
Who lived in Britain before the Britons? | Well, Britain has seen activity from Palaeolithic times and you can see an example of the continuity at work here in Norman Davies' *The Isles*, which speaks of continuity in DNA from a Stone Age body to a living member of the town where the body was found.
In among this continuity however there is also considerable m... | [
"The native inhabitants of Roman Britain were regarded as Britons (\"Britanni\"), and spoke the Common Brittonic language, one of the Insular Celtic languages which evolved into Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric and Breton. By the time the Roman legions left in the early 5th century, the Britons (Brythons) had started to com... |
If photons are massless, could an infinite amount of them fit into an infinitely small space? | To kind of correct from some of the very poor explanations below:
1) photons are massless, but this has nothing to do with how you can pack them.
2) Photons are Bosons, and hence not subject to Fermi-Dirac Statistics, and thus, not subject to the Pauli-Exclusion principle
2b) Corrollary: in fact, part of the intere... | [
"A so-called \"massless\" particle (such as a photon, or a theoretical graviton) moves at the speed of light in every frame of reference. In this case there is no transformation that will bring the particle to rest. The total energy of such particles becomes smaller and smaller in frames which move faster and faste... |
why did the us government have no trouble prosecuting microsoft under antitrust law but doesn't consider the comcast/twc merger to be a similar antitrust violation? | Antitrust lawyer here.
For one, we're talking about different antitrust issues. Broadly speaking, the antitrust laws prohibit (1) concerted action that harms competition, like price fixing cartels; (2) unilateral action by a monopolist that harms competition; and (3) mergers and acquisitions that significantly diminis... | [
"During the United States v. Microsoft antitrust trial, emails sent by Allchin to other Microsoft executives were considered as an evidence by the government lawyers to back up their claim that the integration of Internet Explorer and Windows had more to do with their competition with Netscape Communications Corpor... |
- recently scientists observed negative mass. what is the significance of this? is this anti-matter? | No, it's regular old matter, with regular old positive mass. What they did, was through difficult techniques, induce the bulk of the material to behave *as though it has* negative mass. It does not, however. Additionally, anti-matter has positive mass. | [
"Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied force. Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of \"normal\" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of conservation of momentum or energy. It is used ... |
after a snow storm, why does the sky emanate a pink/gray hue throughout the entire night? | In dry conditions, the light from sodium vapor street lamps is mostly absorbed by the dark pavement or soil/grass.
When the ground is snow-covered, much of that light is reflected upward, where it illuminates the cloud cover or even the water vapor in the atmosphere.
Edit: Made longer to satisfy the auto-moderator. | [
"The sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red, orange, pink and yellow (especially near sunset or sunrise) and black at night. Scattering effects also partially polarize light from the sky, most pronounced at an angle 90° from the sun.\n",
"A red sky – in the morning or evening, is a result of high pressure... |
What percentage, roughly, of settlers in what is now the US prior to the War of Independence were indentured servants? | Across the total area of the future United States, indentured servants probably made up roughly 40 - 45% of all European migration before independence. In the early period of colonisation, this figure would have been much higher; as many as two-thirds of all free European migrants may have been indentured servants in t... | [
"The majority of indentured servants ended up in the American South, where cash crops necessitated labour-intensive farming. As the Northern colonies moved toward industrialisation, they received far less indentured immigration. For example, 96.28% of English emigrants to Virginia and Maryland from 1773 to 1776 wer... |
what's happening when my back "pops" and is it bad? | Usually, when bones 'pop', you're basically popping very small air bubbles between your bones (or at least that's the best theory we've come up with). Your back popping is not a big deal if it happens rarely, but if it happens regularly it could be a sign of back problems, especially if it hurts.
Don't be scared about... | [
"Snapping Scapula Syndrome, also known as scapulocostal syndrome or scapulothoracic syndrome, is described by a “grating, grinding, popping or snapping sensation of the scapula onto the back side of the ribs or thoracic area of the spine” (Hauser). Disruption of the normal scapulothoracic mechanics causes this prob... |
why can my laptop pick up my wifi very well, but my phone, on the same desk, hardly connect at all? | I would only assume better hardware in the laptop given its increased form factor.
Same reason you won't get a core i9 and 32gb ram in a smartphone.
Edit - forgot to add phones are more power conscious so reduce performance of areas to prolong life. | [
"Mobile phone users can access and use the same web sites on their wireless handsets that they visit using personal computers. Full web pages load in seconds due to compression and in-network processing of content by the server.\n",
"Laptop computers, conversely, offer portability that desktop systems (including ... |
why lack of genuine industrialization in Argentina? | This is a very good question, but it is challenging (perhaps impossible) to answer. Before delving into a response, I would like to point out some pragmatic challenges that make answering it especially difficult. First, historians and economists have been debating your question for almost a century and so far have be... | [
"On the other hand, the trade isolationism of the world powers ultimately prompted the beginning of Argentine industrial development via import substitution. Important firms, such as the Bunge & Born agribusiness food company and the Tornquist group, previously turned towards exports but began to diversify their ac... |
What was the significance, politically, of Israel instigating the '67 War with a preemptive strike on Egypt? | I'd love to answer, but I want to make sure I know what you're asking for before I get into it. Are you referring to the significance in terms of how other nations perceived it, how it affected Israel's relations with other nations, or how it was perceived in Israel? Or is it some combination of the three? If none, ple... | [
"The conventional view and memoirs of key Israelis indicate that Israel's actions leading into the war were prudent and the blame for the war rested on Egypt. According to political scientist Zeev Maoz, most scholarly studies attribute the crisis to a complicated process of unwanted escalation, which all sides want... |
Why do we need bigger 'colliders' to smash particles together harder? | \ > Also, I thought they were already accelerated to basically light speed ( 0.999999991 c ) in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - why is a bigger ring needed to go faster/harder given they're already at light speed - going only 0.000000009x light speed extra/faster seems only a tiny improvement for a 10x the size ring... | [
"The shape of the collider is also important. High energy physics colliders collect particles into bunches, and then collide the bunches together. However, only a very tiny fraction of particles in each bunch actually collide. In circular colliders, these bunches travel around a roughly circular shape in opposite d... |
what policies and systems are (or aren't) in place to help veterans? who is responsible for the aid and implementation? why do so many vets seem to end up homeless or worse? how can people help them? | We have programs and tools in place to help veterans. The GI Bill pays for school, there are housing vouchers, and many companies are actively seeking to hire veterans. Reducing veteran homelessness and unemployment is something that requires a little (not even much) effort on the part of the veteran.
Source: I'm a ve... | [
"Under the Department of Labor, the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS) offers a variety of programs targeted at ending homelessness among veterans. The Homeless Veterans' Reintegration Program (HVRP) is the only national program that is exclusively focused on assisting veterans as they reenter the wor... |
- how does my body know how to do things that i can't control? | There is a part of the brain dedicated to "automated" functions of your body. Like a separate computer processor, it keeps track of things like the heart beating, intestines constricting to digest and move food, etc. Some things you can control to a certain extent; controlling your breathing can raise/lower your hear... | [
"Humans have to learn how to walk, skip, and ride a bicycle but inside our bodies perform specific manipulations from birth that we do not need to learn. There is new research that suggests humans may be able to change these inner processes with teaching. Thomas reasons that his body has been functioning fine witho... |
in what order should you brush, floss and mouth wash? | Just doing them in any order is better than not at all, but according to my dentist:
Floss
Brush (spit, don't rinse)
Skip mouthwash, especially if it has alcohol. Use it in the middle of the day to "freshen up" in need be. | [
"Tooth brushing is the act of scrubbing teeth with a toothbrush equipped with toothpaste. Interdental cleaning (with floss or an interdental brush) can be useful with tooth brushing, and together these two activities are the primary means of cleaning teeth, one of the main aspects of oral hygiene.\n",
"General gu... |
Can anybody help me identify a type of helmet? | Ok, well, we have to take a full further back look at the art of the era, as well as the views of the Archangel Michael as seen during that era.
Why Michael? Michael has often been described as the angel who cast out Lucifer from heaven and was lead of God's armies during the battle for heaven.
[This is a statue of ... | [
"The helmet is dated to the first half of the first century AD, based on the style of the acanthus scroll on the back of the helmet, and other objects found with the helmet and in the tombs nearby. It is the earliest known Roman helmet with a face mask, and is broadly classified as a cavalry sports helmet—type D, a... |
When did women begin painting their nails? | The act of painting fingernails was a common practice in Egypt by 3000 B.C. but it is believed that fingernail paint originated even earlier in China where the color of your nails showed what your social rank was.
By the third millennium B.C. the Chinese used ingredients such as gum arabic, egg white, gelatin, and b... | [
"The exact origin of nail treatments is unclear, since it appears to have originated in different parts of the world around the same time. In ancient Egypt, from 5000 B.C. to 3000 B.C., women would dye their nails with henna to indicate social status and seductiveness. Women of the lower class wore pastel and neutr... |
Thermodynamics, adiabatic expansion. (Joule-Thomson effect) | In an expansion such as you described, it is indeed adiabatic as Q=0 (no heat flow).
Also as you described, the change in internal energy would be zero because the gas is expanding against a vacuum and if ideal by definition requires no work to accomplish.
Think of it this way, the gas is not expanding by a broken sea... | [
"In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is a change that occurs without heat flow; it may be slow or fast. A reversible adiabatic process is an adiabatic process that occurs slowly compared to the time to reach equilibrium. In a reversible adiabatic process, the system is in equilibrium at all stages and the entro... |
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