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Focus: Electron Spin Influences Nanotube Motion The spin of an electron often occupies a reality all its own, with little bearing on the electron’s overall motion or the motion of nearby atoms. But theoretical work reported in Physical Review Letters demonstrates that the spin of a single electron trapped on a carbon n...
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Jonathan Santiago, of MIT, describes his experience working with GreenFab and teaching advanced technical concepts to students in the Bronx. Here, A student experiments with using an Arduino microcontroller to power LEDs. Credit: Jonathan Santiago, STEM2GETHER This Behind the Scenes article was provided to LiveScience ...
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How do you predict how a given quantum state (which always corresponds to a single point anywhere on or in the sphere) will react if subjected to a given quantum measurement (which always corresponds to a single axis)? To see how, draw a new line perpendicular to the measurement axis and passing through the point corre...
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Speed of light The speed of light in vacuum is held to be constant at 299,792,458 m/s (186,282.397 miles per second). Designated by the symbol "c" (for "constant"), it is a fundamental quantity of the universe. According to special relativity it is the universe's speed limit and it is part of the relation between mass ...
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First Electronic Quantum Processor Created A team led by Yale University researchers has created the first rudimentary solid-state quantum processor, taking another step toward the ultimate dream of building a quantum computer. The two-qubit processor is the first solid-state quantum processor that resembles a conventi...
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We have been delving into the dirty secret behind our food, which is that it comes from bacteria, primarily, with considerable assistance from a social network of fungi, nematodes, micro-arthropods and soil-dwelling microbes of various descriptions, many of which make the Star Wars café scene characters seem tame. Most...
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With the University of Michigan’s latest production of a quantum chip, it’s another step forward for quantum computers that will someday dwarf the abilities of today’s machines. Working with individual ions or atoms – much smaller than the transistors of even the most advanced microchips - quantum computers may be both...
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Quantum teleportation, or entanglement-assisted teleportation, is a technique used to transfer quantum information from one quantum system to another. It does not transport the system itself, nor does it allow communication of information at superluminal (faster than light) speed. Neither does it concern rearranging th...
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Photonic chips go 3D Technology Research News The dream of building computer chips that use light signals rather than electricity has entered the realm of serious research in recent years with the advent of photonic crystal, a material that blocks and channels light within extremely small spaces. Producing practical ph...
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RSA was first described in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, uses two different but mathematically linked keys, one public and one private. The public key can be shared with everyone, whereas t...
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String theory was originally developed to try and describe the fundamental particles and forces that make up our universe. Over the last 25 years, string theory has become some physicists' contender for a 'theory of everything', reconciling particle physics with cosmology - a puzzle that tormented Einstein for the last...
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SAN JOSE, Calif. IBM's Almaden Research Center unveiled the world's largest quantum computer to date a 5-bit computer squeezed onto a single molecule at the Hot Chips conference last week. The five fluorine atoms in the molecule each represent a quantum bit, or "qubit," which made the computer the first ever capable of...
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Story 2 - 22/10/2012 A Wind Tunnel Simulating quantum phenomena on today’s computers can be extremely challenging. Yet, just like the wind tunnel changed the trajectory of modern aviation, new specially built quantum simulators may soon guide the design of tailor-made quantum materials. for Quantum Physics Now also in ...
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FREEDOM AND SAFETY Quantum computers are making all the headlines these days, but quantum communication technology may actually be closer to practical implementation. In a bid to hasten its arrival, researchers have now mapped out the path to a quantum internet. The building blocks for these emerging technologies are m...
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For many of us, the fast-evolving pace of technology means we are increasingly surrounded by one black box after another. We may have a rudimentary idea of how things work, but not enough to do anything more than understand the instructions. To really understand, you have to be able to open up the black box, actually s...
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Click the table of contents to start reading. Learn Quantum Computing with Python and Q# demystifies quantum computing. Using Python and the new quantum programming language Q#, you’ll build your own quantum simulator and apply quantum programming techniques to real-world examples including cryptography and chemical an...
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by Alexandru Gheorghiu (University of Edinburgh) and Elham Kashefi (University of Edinburgh, CNRS) Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve not only problems believed to be intractable for classical computers, but also problems for which verifying the solution is also intractable. How then, can one check whether ...
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Industrial Revolution had started in 1784 AD in Britain. It is marked as an end of medieval era and start of modern era. It also means end of Human hard-work and start of machine work. It affected almost every aspects of human life. Starting from Britain it spread in whole world. Until that time only wood was primary s...
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The first ever programmable computer was an electro-mechanical hybrid of a machine put together in his parents’ front room in the late 1930s by German wunderkind Konrad Zuse. By the first half of the 1940s a fully digital machine, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, had been achieved by the two scientists whose names the mod...
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The Natural History Museum of Utah recently announced that a recently found dinosaur fossil of Lythronax argestes is a new branch of the tyrannosaur family tree. It weighed 2 tons, and was over 24 feet long. Lythronax evolved over 10 million years before other tyrannosaurs, changing our understanding of dinosaur evolut...
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Semiconductor Technology May Pave Way For Integrating Quantum Communications Into Standard Optical Channels Science Trends connects scientists and their research with a global audience. Join our community of 2,800+ science contributors. Since the 1920s, scientists have theorized ways to exploit the properties of quantu...
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There's a lot of hype floating around the general computer industry, hype centered around one specific technology that has the potential to change everything: quantum computers. Being our company's namesake, we'll admit to a bias in our bullishness around this tech, and over the course of this final chapter of our Futu...
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A Giant Quantum Leap Chinese scientists have established a quantum entanglement between particles 1200 kilometres apart, smashing the previous world record of 143 kilometres. In early 2016, China announced a successful transmission of “entangled” photon pairs from space to the Earth, which proves that quantum entanglem...
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Materials by design: Argonne researchers use genetic algorithms for better superconductors. Owners of thoroughbred stallions carefully breed prizewinning horses over generations to eke out fractions of a second in million-dollar races. Materials scientists have taken a page from that playbook, turning to the power of e...
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Quantum computers use quantum bits or "qubits" to do their calculations - quantum states, that is, of atoms or electrons that can take on the logical values "0" and "1" at the same time. In order to wire up many such qubits to make a powerful quantum computer, one needs to couple them to each other over distances of mi...
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On March 22, 1909, US-American physicist Nathan Rosen was born. He is best known for his cooperation together with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on the quantum-mechanical description of physical reality leading the the so-called Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradoxon, as well as his postulation of worm holes connecting...
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The effort to build a fully functional quantum computer is one of the most exciting engineering challenges today. We hear of a new potential breakthrough almost every week that gets researchers closer to achieving this goal. But with every new breakthrough comes the question of how quantum technology will affect securi...
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News and updates How to Explain Post Quantum Cryptography to Anyone Dr Michael Scott Its actually not as complicated as it sounds. Let's get the maths over with first. Remember polynomials? This would be an example of two first degree polynomials being multiplied together to create a second degree polynomial (or quadra...
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Researchers successfully sent a simulated elementary particle back in time Don't start investing in flux capacitors just yet, though. - The second law of thermodynamics states that order always moves to disorder, which we experience as an arrow of time. - Scientists used a quantum computer to show that time travel is t...
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How Will Quantum Computing Change The World? Firstly, I would like to explain what the concept of ‘Quantum Computing’ is. What is quantum computing? Quantum computing takes advantage of the ability of subatomic particles to exist in more than one state at any time. Due to the way the tiniest of particles behave, operat...
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Author: Sarah Kearns Editors: David Mertz, Zuleirys Santana Rodriguez, and Scott Barolo In a previous post, we discussed how proteins fold into unique shapes that allow them to perform their biological functions. Through many physical and chemical properties, like hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity, proteins are able ...
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Quantum computers are often seen in Sci-Fi movies like I, Robot and Eagle Eye as computers with capabilities beyond those of present day computers. The computer named Becky in Eagle Eye was especially memorable, attempting to kill government officials including the president by hacking into high security systems. How w...
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The ability to produce arbitrarily superposed quantum states is a prerequisite for creating a workable quantum computer. Such highly complex states can now be generated on demand in superconducting electronic circuitry. As an innocent reductionist in elementary school, I dreamed of creating everything in the world by a...
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Have you ever tried to match wits with a computer? Perhaps you’ve tried playing it in a game of chess or raced to perform a calculation before your laptop could spit out the correct answer. You probably lost the chess game and the computer definitely beat you in the mathematics race. Given that, when you measure the ab...
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In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore published a remarkably prescient paper which observed that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit was doubling every two years and predicted that this pace would lead to computers becoming embedded in homes, cars and communication systems. That simple idea, known today...
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A tiny cube floating and flipping in midair sounds like something straight out of "Harry Potter," but Harvard physicist Subir Sachdev doesn't need magic to levitate objects. Sachdev performed a levitation demonstration using a magnet and a superconductor during a presentation at the Perimeter Institute on Oct. 1. Super...
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Tiny robots could help turn prospective parents' dreams into reality. It depends on how a robotic in-vitro fertilization technique developed by the Advanced Micro and Nanosystems Laboratory (AMNL) at the University of Toronto pans out. Two years ago, this technique was used to "produce the world's first robotically cre...
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The debris from a dwarf galaxy surrounded in dark matter is now moving through Earth at an insane speed of 500 km/second. Scientists are equating it to a hurricane due to its velocity, yet are saying it will have no impact on our planet. What excites them and why this is such big news is because they believe this will ...
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Devin Powell, Science News, via Tech News, Discovery News (March 28, 2011) " * By manipulating atoms inside diamonds, scientists have developed a new way to store information. " * The technique could lead to quantum computers capable of solving problems beyond the reach of today's technology. "Could be that diamonds ar...
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If you are flipping coins, and you want to turn up five heads at the same time, how would you go about it? You could take five coins and keep flipping them until the odds finally work in your favour. Or you could flip a lot of coins at once, and only count the ones that turn up heads. That second idea is the basic appr...
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Quantum Key Distribution Quantum key distribution is a technique used in the context of quantum cryptography in order to generate a perfectly random key which is shared by a sender and a recipient while making sure that nobody else has a chance to learn about the key, e.g. by intercepting the communication channel used...
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Imagine if engineers could build a computer to be millions of times faster than anything that exists today, yet so small it’s microscopic. John Preskill, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology, explains the science behind quantum computing, the next great frontier in computer science. "Scienc...
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Since there are four possibilities, her choice of operation represents two bits of classical information. Note that transforming just one bit of an entangled pair means performing the identity transformation on the other bit. Alice then sends her qubit to Bob who must deduce which Bell basis state the qubits are in. Bo...
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Jefferson Lab's Free-Electron Laser explores promise of carbon nanotubes Webs of nanotubes form on collector plates during the collaboration's FEL experiment (image not actual size). Jefferson Lab's Free-Electron Laser used to explore the fundamental science of how and why nanotubes form, paying close attention to the ...
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The big goal: a large quantum computer Solving the puzzles and challenges posed in Quantum Moves will allow the team of physicists in Aarhus University to take an important step towards building a large-scale quantum computer. A quantum computer is a computer built using the some of the smallest physical building block...
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Earth emits gravitational waves as it orbits the Sun, though the amount of energy lost is imperceptible over the lifetime of the Solar System. Binary black holes are a different matter: Once they are relatively close, they shed a tremendous amount of energy, bringing them closer together with each orbit. (Binary black ...
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New nanotechnology findings from physicists at the University of Maryland have moved us significantly closer to a "holy grail" of clean energy research – the efficient, cost effective generation of clean hydrogen fuel from sunlight. The UMD team created a fundamentally new synthesis strategy for hybrid nanostructures t...
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Seth Lloyd, a professor of mechanical engineering at MIT, is among the pioneers of quantum computing: he proposed the first technologically feasible design for a quantum computer. If humans ever build a useful, general-purpose quantum computer, it will owe much to Lloyd. Earlier this year, he published a popular introd...
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A new technique for quantum computing could bust open our whole model of how time moves in the universe. Here's what's long seemed to be true: Time works in one direction. The other direction? Not so much. That's true in life. (Tuesday rolls into Wednesday, 2018 into 2019, youth into old age.) And it's true in a classi...
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Computers learn to imagine the future by Garrett Kenyon In many ways, the human brain is still the best computer around. For one, it’s highly efficient. Our largest supercomputers require millions of watts, enough to power a small town, but the human brain uses approximately the same energy as a 20-watt bulb. While tee...
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Nobody has built a quantum computer much more powerful than a pocket calculator but that hasn’t stopped people worrying about the implications of the post-quantum computing world. Most worried are the people who rely on cryptographic codes to protect sensitive information. When the first decent-sized quantum computer i...
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1. Five Generations of Computers - The number of instructions or the amount of data a computer can store in its memory is measured in bytes. - It is a worldwide system of computer networks – a network of networks in which users at any one computer can get information from any other computer(if they have permission). Ho...
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Special Relativity. It’s been the bane of space explorers, futurists and science fiction authors since Albert Einstein first proposed it in 1905. For those of us who dream of humans one-day becoming an interstellar species, this scientific fact is like a wet blanket. Luckily, there are a few theoretical concepts that h...
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Blockchain cryptography is at the very heart of what keeps cryptocurrencies and other digital assets safe from hackers and other cyber-attacks. Public key encryption provides each user with a public and private key, which are extremely difficult to guess through brute-force attacks, at least using today’s computing res...
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What is Artificial Leaf? - The artificial leaf is a silicon-based technology which produces hydrogen energy (a clean fuel) by utilizing sunlight to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. - It is designed to mimic photosynthesis, the natural mechanism by which plants utilize sunlight to produce carbohydrates an...
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(April 3, 2019) -- Building on the Air Force’s need to develop tech devices that require minimal charging in the field, the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) is using principles in quantum science and engineering to build a graphene-based logic device. This new technology will improve the energy efficiency of b...
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Quantum Science Satellite (QSS) China’s Quantum Science Satellite, nicknamed Micius, is the world’s first satellite mission testing quantum communications technology which is likely to become the cornerstone of uncrackable communications systems of the future. The Quantum Science Satellite (QSS) provides the first spac...
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The first Wiki was known as WikiWikiWeb and was started in 1994. Wikipedia was launched in 2001. During this period, the technology gestated, waiting for just the right factors to make it relevant and widespread. There are a number of technologies that we come across, that are overhyped, and promise too much on what th...
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To understand the function of nanoscale materials we need to dip our toes into a discussion of quantum physics. One of the key precepts of quantum physics is that particles and energy waves called photons (like light) can only have distinct amounts of energy, as opposed to having any value of energy along a continuum. ...
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Researchers from the European Space Agency and Simon Fraser University in British Columbia have been working to develop a robot sticky enough to cling safely to the outside of a spacecraft while also remaining mobile. At this point, the robot, dubbed Abigaille, is able to climb walls on Earth. “This approach is an exam...
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For a scientist whose career was made by his work on black holes, it might seem a little confusing to read that Stephen Hawking now thinks that they don’t exist. But that’s what “Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes,” the study Hawking published last week on arXiv, says: “there are no black ...
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The latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest Posted: Dec 23, 2013 Graphene can host exotic new quantum electronic states at its edges (Nanowerk News) Graphene has become an all-purpose wonder material, spurring armies of researchers to explore new possibilities for this two-dimen...
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A crucial step in a procedure that could enable future quantum computers to break today’s most commonly used encryption codes has been demonstrated by physicists at the U.S. Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Image: This colorized image shows the fluorescence from three tra...
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First Electronic Quantum Processor Created 2009 07 01 A team led by Yale University researchers has created the first rudimentary solid-state quantum processor, taking another step toward the ultimate dream of building a quantum computer. The two-qubit processor is the first solid-state quantum processor that resembles...
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(PhysOrg.com) -- Until now, scientists have thought that the process of erasing information requires energy. But a new study shows that, theoretically, information can be erased without using any energy at all. Instead, the cost of erasure can be paid in terms of another conserved quantity, such as spin angular momentu...
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Entangled photons are the tools of choice for testing the foundations of quantum physics and demonstrating the teleportation of quantum states. They are also a resource in quantum information protocols. So far, most work has focused on entangled photons at optical frequencies. But for several decades, researchers have ...
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First Generation (1941-1956) World War gave rise to numerous developments and started off the computer age. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was produced by a partnership between University of Pennsylvania and the US government. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors. It was develope...
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Today's quantum computers are no more than experiments. Researchers can string together a handful of quantum bits - seemingly magical bits that store a "1″ and "0″ at the same time - and these ephemeral creations can run relatively simple algorithms. But new research from IBM indicates that far more complex quantum com...
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Quantum mechanics is, mathematically, quite simple. But it has implications that require people to think differently about the world. One particularly hard-to-grasp idea is that, on the surface, some knowledge precludes obtaining other knowledge. This is a consequence of how we obtain it. In an innovative experiment, r...
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Climate events drive a high-arctic vertebrate community into synchrony Climate change is known to affect the population dynamics of single species, such as reindeer or caribou, but the effect of climate at the community level has been much more difficult to document. Now, a group of Norwegian scientists has found that ...
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Diamonds have long been available in pairs—say, mounted in a nice set of earrings. But physicists have now taken that pairing to a new level, linking two diamonds on the quantum level. A group of researchers report in the December 2 issue of Science that they managed to entangle the quantum states of two diamonds separ...
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Action at a distance In physics, action at a distance is the nonlocal interaction of objects that are separated in space. This term was used most often in the context of early theories of gravity and electromagnetism to describe how an object responds to the influence of distant objects. More generally "action at a dis...
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The first neotropical rainforest was home of the Titanoboa Smithsonian researchers working in Colombia's Cerrejón coal mine have unearthed the first megafossil evidence of a neotropical rainforest. Titanoboa, the world's biggest snake, lived in this forest 58 million years ago at temperatures 3-5 C warmer than in rainf...
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||This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length. (August 2010)| Reversible computing is a model of computing where the computational process to some extent is reversible, i.e., time-invertible. In a computational model that uses transitions from one state of the abstract machine to another,...
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Over 400 million transistors are packed on dual-core chips manufactured using Intel's 45nm process. That'll double soon, per Moore's Law. And it'll still be like computing with pebbles compared to quantum computing. Quantum computing is a pretty complicated subject—uh, hello, quantum mechanics plus computers. I'm gonna...
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University of Utah physicists stored information for 112 seconds in what may become the world's tiniest computer memory: magnetic "spins" in the centers or nuclei of atoms. Then the physicists retrieved and read the data electronically -- a big step toward using the new kind of memory for both faster conventional and s...
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Physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have demonstrated entanglement—a phenomenon peculiar to the atomic-scale quantum world—in a mechanical system similar to those in the macroscopic everyday world. The work extends the boundaries of the arena where quantum behavior can be observed an...
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SSL, or Secure Socket Layer, was first developed by Netscape in the mid-1990's to address the growing need to be able to securely transmit data. It protects data, verifies legitimacy of a website, and is supported by all major browsers. When you log into a banking website, your computer is sent a file called an "SSL ce...
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Scientists find a way to directly measure quantum states, such as momentum, of photons. Credit: MPQ, Quantum Dynamics Division. Quantum computers and communications promise more powerful machines and unbreakable codes. But to make them work, it's necessary to measure the quantum state of particles such as photons or at...
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Entanglement is one of the defining properties that distinguishes quantum systems from their classical counterparts. It refers to correlations between measurement outcomes on distinct (and potentially distant) degrees of freedom of a system that are stronger than those found in any classical experiment. Quantum entangl...
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In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that processing power should double every eighteen months.1 Traditionally, this rapid growth has been achieved by shrinking distances between transistors and shortening the distance that information needs to pass through.1 However, the miniaturization of processors and transistors will s...
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March 17, 2013 | 3 Though the concept of the robot seems to be a modern and a relatively new idea, they have been around for years. The first recording in literature of a possible description of the robot is found in the Iliad in reference to a “a three-legged cauldron that had ears for handles”. Later on, in 1900, we ...
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Quantum computation in diamond Computers do not necessarily have to perform error-free calculations in order to provide perfect results—they only need to correct their errors in a reliable way. And this will become even more important in the future, when it is hoped that quantum computers will solve some tasks several ...
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Wires made of individual carbon atoms could be used to reduce the size of today’s microchips several-fold. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were researched in the past few years and used in initial experimental applications. Nano-engineering now has the task of developing production technologies to make CNT applications commonpl...
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Synchronized lasers measure how light changes matter Berkeley Lab scientists and their colleagues have successfully probed the effects of light at the atomic scale by mixing x-ray and optical light waves at the Linac Coherent Light Source Light changes matter in ways that shape our world. Photons trigger changes in pro...
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In 2007, a supergiant star two hundred times bigger than the sun was utterly obliterated by runaway thermonuclear reactions triggered by gamma ray-driven antimatter production. The resulting blast was visible for months because it unleashed a cloud of radioactive material over fifty times the size of our own star, givi...
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Download Research Tools One of the responsibilities for us as researchers is to have the courage to challenge accepted "truths" and to seek out new insights. Richard Feynman was a physicist who not only epitomized both of these qualities in his research but also took enormous pleasure in communicating the ideas of phys...
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||It has been suggested that Josephson energy be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2013.| The Josephson effect is the phenomenon of supercurrent—i.e. a current that flows indefinitely long without any voltage applied—across a device known as a Josephson junction (JJ), which consists of two supe...
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Technology Research News Give an electron two paths to get to one location and it will usually take both. This fact of quantum physics plays a leading role in a computer architecture that could replace today's chip technology when it reaches its limits in a decade or so. According to the laws of quantum physics, electr...
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Introduced in Alan Turing 's 1936 paper On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem , a universal Turing machine is a mathematical idealisation of a general purpose computer . Able to act, with appropriate input, as literally any other possible Turing Machine , Turing's invention, essentially...
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Rise of the Boson-Sampling Computer OXFORD, England, and ST. LUCIA, Australia, Jan. 2, 2013 — Despite the widespread research on quantum computing, nobody has built a machine that uses quantum mechanics to solve a computational problem faster than a classical silicon-based computer. Now scientists from universities in ...
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Scientists Score New Victory Over Quantum Uncertainty ScienceDaily (Feb. 26, 2012) — Most people attempt to reduce the little uncertainties of life by carrying umbrellas on cloudy days, purchasing automobile insurance or hiring inspectors to evaluate homes they might consider purchasing. For scientists, reducing uncert...
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A research team from the Institut CatalÓ de Nanotecnologia (ICN), in Barcelona, has demonstrated a device that induces electron spin motion without net electric currents, a key step in developing the spin computers of the future. The results are published in the Dec 17 issue of the journal Science. The authors are Mari...
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Speed of light From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science The speed of light in vacuum is held to be constant at 299,792,458 m/s (186,282.397 miles per second). Designated by the symbol "c" (for "constant"), it is a fundamental quantity of the universe. According to special relativity it is the universe's ...
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Portland, Ore. - In the search for a physical system that could encode quantum states and thus form the basis for a practical quantum computer, researchers at the University of Michigan and the University of Rochester are turning to photonics. Photons, like electrons, are quantum particles and can be manipulated with o...
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*** For immediate use April 19, 2012Long predicted but never observed, coherent quantum phase slip can be harnessed to develop a novel class of quantum devicesA new type of quantum bit called a "phase-slip qubit", devised by researchers at the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute and their collaborators, has enabled the wo...
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In contrast to classical bits of information that are either or , quantum bits—or “qubits”—can be in superposition states of and . Just like classical bits, however, qubits are physical objects that have to be implemented in real physical systems. Researchers have used single photons as physical qubits, with the quantu...
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Tiny 'spherules' reveal details about Earth's asteroid impacts Researchers are learning details about asteroid impacts going back to Earth's early history by using a new method for extracting precise information from tiny "spherules" embedded in layers of rock. The spherules were created when asteroids crashed into Ear...
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A new light source for quantum computers 20.02.13 - Researchers have discovered a new way of emitting photons one at a time. They have constructed semiconductor nanowires with "quantum dots" of unprecedented quality - a discovery with implications for the future of quantum computing. In a future of quantum computing, d...
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Java in Soft Computing The human senses interpret perceived external information, which is incomplete and imprecise, and try to form reasoning vital for survival. Fuzzy set theory provides a system to deal with such information linguistically and performs numerical computation using linguistic labels stipulated by memb...
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