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of these we may mention, first, wine, which warms the soul as well as the body; secondly, oily substances, as for example, oil or pitch; thirdly, honey, which relaxes the contracted parts of the mouth and so produces sweetness; fourthly, vegetable acid, |
consequence even of particular ages, and this given age has practical intuition and , we say, as if under the notion that nature is the cause. |
each other, whether in themselves or in us, which is the last. |
well, let it take them! what have we to do with kaikobad the great, or kaikhosru? let zal and rustum bluster as they will, or hatim call to supper--heed not you. |
in respect of number the minimum is one (or two); in point of extent there is no minimum. |
"for whereas," said he, "many have applied to be sent to cyprus on the commission in the case of ptolemy, and have solicited to have the appointment, i think you alone are deserving of it, and i desire to give you the favor of the appointment." |
all social contract theories that are at all definite fall under one or other of two heads. they represent society as based on an original contract either between the people and the government, or between all the individuals composing the state. |
and analogously, of vices too there are some which are primary, and some which are subordinate; as, for instance, folly, and cowardice, and injustice, and intemperance, are among the primary vices; incontinence, slowness, and folly in counsel among the |
these, however, ptolemy sent back, together with his friends, accompanying them with the humane and courteous message, that they were not fighting for anything else but honor and dominion. |
it is as if we were to suppose that when, e.g. air comes-to-be out of water the process were due not to a change of the but to the matter of the air being 'contained in' the water as in a vessel. this is impossible. |
for the state, which before had no firm basis to stand upon, but leaned one while towards an absolute monarchy, when the kings had the upper hand, and another while towards a pure democracy, when the people had the better, found in this establishment of |
fifty three. this is the report given by the lacedemonians alone of all the hellenes; but this which follows i write in accordance with that which is reported by the hellenes generally,--i mean that the names of these kings of the dorians are rightly |
the conclusion, and the argument is concluded through premisses that are themselves conclusions: moreover, it is so also if some step is omitted that generally is firmly accepted. |
three. construct a triangle equal in area to a given rectilineal figure. |
for instance, liquids are the most 'combinable' of all bodies-because, of all divisible materials, the liquid is most readily adaptable in shape, unless it be viscous. viscous liquids, it is true, produce no effect except to increase the volume and bulk. |
all private estates of land proceed originally from the arbitrary distribution of the soveraign |
as much as any one can make use of to any advantage of life before it spoils, so much he may by his labour fix a property in: whatever is beyond this, is more than his share, and belongs to others. nothing was made by god for man to spoil or destroy. |
unfortunate; and he who falls into that which he would avoid is unhappy. if then you attempt to avoid only the things contrary to nature which are within your power you will not be involved in any of the things which you would avoid. |
animals-make this fact clear: for here the uncertainty is not as to whether the motion is derived from something but as to how we ought to distinguish in the thing between the movent and the moved. |
for the higher intelligence of man seems to require, not only something above sense, but above knowledge, which can only be described as mind or being or truth or god or the unchangeable and eternal element, in the expression of which all predicates fail |
the rules of the latter are written at length in the archives of history, and in the satires of macchiavelli. the rules of the former are found only in the writings of those philosophers who venture to proclaim the rights of humanity. |
irrefutable and immovable-nothing less. but when they express only the copy or likeness and not the eternal things themselves, they need only be likely and analogous to the real words. as being is to becoming, so is truth to belief. |
liquefying and becoming fluid. now these bodies are of two kinds; some of them, such as glass and the fusible sort of stones, have less water than they have earth; on the other hand, substances of the nature of wax and incense have more of water entering |
the reason is that in these motions the starting-point and the termination do not coincide, whereas in motion over a circle they do coincide, and so this is the only perfect motion. |
thou dost. for that indeed, (if it were so) is the only thing that might make thee averse from death, and willing to continue here, if it were thy hap to live with men that had obtained the same belief that thou hast. |
considerations also not general like these but proper to the subject show it to be impossible that what was formerly eternal should later be destroyed or that what formerly was not should later be eternal. |
b cicero's technical terms are difficult because he has to invent them to translate greek that is perfectly simple: |
pandolfo petrucci, prince of siena, governed his state more by those whom he suspected than by others. |
that again to throw a man's self into danger after a victory obtained is again to expose himself to the mercy of fortune: that it is one of the greatest discretions in the rule of war not to drive an enemy to despair? |
action; it is absolutely necessary that he will the one or the other; i.e. |
so spake, so wished much humbled eve; but fate subscribed not: nature first gave signs, impressed on bird, beast, air; air suddenly eclipsed, after short blush of morn; nigh in her sight the bird of jove, stooped from his aery tour, two birds of gayest |
let me sketch my meaning in outline. an instance of the use of the word 'opposite' with reference to correlatives is afforded by the expressions 'double' and 'half'; with reference to contraries by 'bad' and 'good'. |
to this man or that, of past, present or future good and evil, must first recover his wits. |
the more i mistrust it the worse it is; it serves me best by chance; i must solicit it negligently; for if i press it, 'tis confused, and after it once begins to stagger, the more i sound it, the more it is perplexed; it serves me at its own hour, not at |
four. men therefore love their own safety, when they draw up vast legions in battle on behalf of one man, when they rush to the front, and expose their breasts to wounds, for fear that their leader's standards should be driven back. |
say that its notion is the utterly infinite objective reason, then its reality is knowledge or intelligence : say that knowledge is its notion, then its reality is that reason, and the realisation of knowledge consists in appropriating reason. |
when antigonus had sent nicanor to receive him, he begged he might be led through the body of the macedonians, and have liberty to speak to them, neither to request, nor deprecate anything, but only to advise them what would be for their interest. |
now since ae is equal to ab, the angle abe is equal to aeb i. v. ; but since be intersects the parallels ae, cf, the angle aeb is equal to cgb i. xxix. . hence the angle cbg is equal to cgb, and therefore i. vi. |
(one) if it is always different and different, and if none of the parts in time which are other and other are simultaneous (unless the one contains and the other is contained, as the shorter time is by the longer), and if the 'now' which is not, but |
we could pass beyond it only in virtue of a defect in it; and that which is complete cannot be defective, since it has being in every respect. |
for science is of that nature, as none can understand it to be, but such as in a good measure have attayned it. |
but yet certain though it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriveners and brokers do value unsound men, to serve their own turn. |
however, if you are well advised, you will not be guided in your calculation of probabilities by what these persons tell you, but by what shrewd men and of large experience, as i esteem the athenians to be, would be likely to do. |
then will any predicate belonging to the remaining categories attach actually to this presupposed substance? |
so long as he had to do with metellus, he was thought to owe his successes to his opponent's age and slow temper, which were ill-suited for coping with the daring and activity of one who commanded a light army more like a band of robbers than regular |
again, the triangle abc is half the parallelogram aebc xxxiv. , because the diagonal ab bisects it. |
he also wrote some tragedies, which are imbued with a very sublime spirit of philosophy, of which the following lines are a specimen:- |
their own souls; for it is at the hands of the heads of families that god will require the account of the instruction of his children and servants. it is of abraham himself, not of a hireling, that god saith (gen. |
but the reason why the heavy and the light appear more than these things to contain within themselves the source of their movements is that their matter is nearest to being. |
they differ in that 'spontaneity' is the wider term. every result of chance is from what is spontaneous, but not everything that is from what is spontaneous is from chance. |
then because ab is normal to the plane four hundred, it is perpendicular to the line ak, which it meets in that plane eleven. def. vi. . therefore the angle bak is right. in like manner the angle abk is right. |
but a natural rest proves a natural movement to the place of rest. |
i think i need not go any further in the analysis of that complex idea we call a lie: what i have said is enough to show that it is made up of simple ideas. |
athenian: you will wonder when i tell you: long ago they appear to have recognized the very principle of which we are now speaking--that their young citizens must be habituated to forms and strains of virtue. |
three. when the place which a figure occupies is known, it is said to be given in position. |
demosthenes, the father of demosthenes, was a citizen of good rank and quality, as theopompus informs us, surnamed the sword-maker, because he had a large workhouse, and kept servants skillful in that art at work. |
scite chrysippus, ut multa: "qui stadium," inquit, "currit, eniti et contendere debet, quam maxime possit, ut vincat, supplantare eum, quicum three hundred three certet, aut manu depellere nullo modo debet; sic in vita sibi quemque petere, quod pertineat |
for not every 'mover' can 'act', if (a) the term 'agent' is to be used in contrast to 'patient' and (b) 'patient' is to be applied only to those things whose motion is a 'qualitative affection'-i.e. |
pleasures, and vehement and stinging desires, and loves utterly insane; and in the temperate life the pleasures exceed the pains, but in the intemperate life the pains exceed the pleasures in greatness and number and frequency. |
apart from the other, there will be time intermediate between them, because everything continuous is such that there is something intermediate between its limits and described by the same name as itself. |
this, this is what my frequent vows requir'd. ye gods, i take your omen, and obey. advance, my friends, and charge! i lead the way. |
but this involves no real absurdity. for 'biped' is not a predicate of 'walking animal': if it were, then we should certainly have 'biped' predicated twice of the same thing; but as a matter of fact the subject said to be a biped is'a walking biped |
in one way 'polyclitus', in another 'sculptor' is the cause of a statue, because 'being polyclitus' and 'sculptor' are incidentally conjoined. |
dem.-join ac. the parallelogram abcd is double of the triangle abc xxxiv. ; but the triangle abc is equal to the triangle ebc xxxvii. . therefore the parallelogram abcd is double of the triangle ebc. |
demands, the consent and approbation we allow them giving them wherewith to draw us to the right and left, and to whirl us about at their pleasure. |
lepreum. some time back there had been a war between the lepreans and some of the arcadians; and the eleans being called in by the former with the offer of half their lands, had put an end to the war, and leaving the land in the hands of its leprean |
it seeks to explain from the experience of the individual what can only be learned from the history of the world. |
so, too, of that which has changed there is no primary part that has changed. for suppose that of ae the primary part that has changed is az (everything that changes having been shown to be divisible): and let oi be the time in which dz has changed. |
twenty one. and alyattes, when this answer was reported to him, sent a herald forthwith to miletos, desiring to make a truce with thrasybulos and the milesians for so long a time as he should be building the temple. |
fifty six the nights are bright, and, at the extremity of the island, so short, that the close and return of day is scarcely distinguished by a perceptible interval. |
the level in the middle, where they were to join battle, being surrounded with many little hills, seemed to enforce both parties to a sharp and desperate conflict, by reason of the difficulties of the place, which had but a few outlets, inconvenient |
happiest way possible? let us say that the temperate life is one kind of life, and the rational another, and the courageous another, and the healthful another; and to these four let us oppose four other lives--the foolish, the cowardly, the intemperate, |
and, generally, that which has no centre or extreme limit, no up or down, gives the bodies no place for their motion; and without that movement is impossible. |
hence it must grow by the accession either (a) of something incorporeal or (b) of a body. |
institution is not too easy to explain) particular languages were produced; but these were rude and imperfect, and nearly such as now to be found among some savage nations. |
knowledge of their true nature is the only antidote to them. |
where, however, will you find so impartial a judge? the same man who lusts after everyone's wife, and thinks that a woman's belonging to someone else is a sufficient reason for adoring her, will not allow any one else to look at his own wife. |
it is true that the science of medicine, as it now exists, contains few things whose utility is very remarkable: but without any wish to depreciate it, i am confident that there is no one, even among those whose profession it is, who does not admit that |
if therefore that which is primary contains nothing unnatural, being simple and unmixed and in its proper place and having no contrary, then it has no place for incapacity, nor, consequently, for retardation or (since acceleration involves retardation) |
air from water (for water is the first thing that is potentially light), and air is actually light, and will at once realize its proper activity as such unless something prevents it. |
fifty three. prove also that an equiangular circumscribed polygon is regular, and an equiangular inscribed polygon, if the number of sides be odd. |
ambition, avarice, irresolution, fear, and inordinate desires, do not leave us because we forsake our native country: |
six. but when i recollect the many conversations which in the days of our intimacy on earth i have had with servius sulpicius, it appears to me, that if there be any feeling in the dead, a brazen statue, and that too a pedestrian one, will be more |
this is what i think ought to be done by virtue and by one who practises virtue: if fortune get the upper hand and deprive him of the power of action, let him not straightway turn his back to the enemy, throw away his arms, and run away seeking for a |
for these political elements which i have noticed were so united in the constitutions of rome, of sparta, and of carthage, that they were not counterbalanced by any modifying power. |
need not always be, must always be. no: if its coming-to-be is to be 'necessary', it must be 'always' in its coming-to-be. for what is 'of necessity' coincides with what is 'always', since that which 'must be' cannot possibly 'not-be'. |
it grieves me to the heart to hear the ill that the trojans speak about you, for they have suffered much on your account. |
and hermippus says of aesion, that, being asked his opinion concerning the ancient orators and those of his own time, he answered that it was admirable to see with what composure and in what high style they addressed themselves to the people; but that the |
postulates are the elements of geometrical construction, and occupy the same relation with respect to problems as axioms do to theorems. |
indulge your passion for science, says she, but let your science be human, and such as may have a direct reference to action and society. |
philosophers whose own writings we do not possess; whose thoughts, however, i do not on that account suppose to have been really absurd, seeing they were among the ablest men of their times, but only that these have been falsely represented to us. |
(one) compound the infinite body will not be, if the elements are finite in number. for they must be more than one, and the contraries must always balance, and no one of them can be infinite. |
in a word, we must comprehend the natural conditions of such a science as a part of our inquiry, and thus the transcendental problem will be gradually answered by a division into four questions: |
sixty one intelligendum autem est, cum proposita sint genera quattuor, e quibus honestas officiumque manaret, splendidissimum videri, quod animo magno elatoque humanasque res despiciente factum sit. |
as to the kinds of earth, that which is filtered through water passes into stone in the following manner:-the water which mixes with the earth and is broken up in the process changes into air, and taking this form mounts into its own place. |
then the living, whether things or persons, cebes, are the dead? |
something most fair and excellent, no doubt (the other answered). (four) |
seventy four. one. the people do not fear death; to what purpose is it to (try to) frighten them with death? if the people were always in awe of death, and i could always seize those who do wrong, and put them to death, who would dare to do wrong? |
as far as easy reading, the primers and class-books, and when we leave school, the "little reading," and story books, which are for boys and beginners; and our reading, our conversation and thinking, are all on a very low level, worthy only of pygmies and |
estate after death; much lesse of the reward that is then to be given to breach of faith; but onely a beliefe grounded upon other mens saying, that they know it supernaturally, or that they know those, that knew them, that knew others, that knew it |
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