Datasets:
Link dataset card to paper and add citation
#2
by nielsr HF Staff - opened
README.md
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---
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pretty_name: LOCUS v1.0
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language:
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- en
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- text-classification
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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tags:
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- law
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- legal-nlp
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splits:
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- name: train
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num_examples: 2211516
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rai:dataLimitations:
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municipal or county jurisdiction, and jurisdictions vary in how completely
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their local law is digitized and codified.
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- The topic taxonomy is intentionally coarse (Buildings, Business, Nuisance,
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- Local law changes over time. The dataset reflects a snapshot and may not
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likely overrepresented relative to small or rural municipalities.
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- State-level legal regimes differ, so the distribution of functions and
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- The taxonomy itself encodes choices about what counts as "substantive" law
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matter of public record. However, local ordinances can
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references to identifiable individuals (e.g., named officials,
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parties to specific proceedings) and to specific properties or businesses
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(e.g., addresses in zoning provisions, license holders, named establishments).
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absence of additional human auditing.
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authoritative statements about the law, and downstream
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outputs to end users as if they were vetted legal information.
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systems built on this dataset should clearly disclose the automated
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unaudited nature of the labels and should not present outputs as legal advice.
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rai:hasSyntheticData: false
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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---
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# LOCUS v1.0
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## Dataset Summary
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LOCUS v1.0 is a chunk-level dataset of U.S. municipal and county law text labeled by legal function. Each eligible chunk is assigned a `function`, a binary `is_substantive` label, and all substantive provisions are assigned a `topic`.
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The dataset is intended for legal text research, local-law structure analysis, substantive filtering, and downstream taxonomy refinement.
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- a complete census of all U.S. local law
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- a fully human-validated benchmark without additional auditing
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## Citation
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---
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language:
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- en
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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task_categories:
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- text-classification
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pretty_name: LOCUS v1.0
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tags:
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- law
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- legal-nlp
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splits:
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- name: train
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num_examples: 2211516
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rai:dataLimitations: '- Coverage is not exhaustive. LOCUS v1.0 does not represent
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every U.S. municipal or county jurisdiction, and jurisdictions vary in how completely
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their local law is digitized and codified.
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- The `function` and `topic` labels are model-assigned and have not been fully human-validated.
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Label noise should be expected, particularly at taxonomy boundaries (e.g., Rules
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vs. Process, Buildings vs. Zoning).
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- The topic taxonomy is intentionally coarse (Buildings, Business, Nuisance, Zoning,
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Other) and does not capture fine-grained subject matter important for some downstream
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tasks.
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- Local law changes over time. The dataset reflects a snapshot and may not match
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the current law of any given jurisdiction.
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'
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rai:dataBiases: '- Geographic and population skew: larger and more urbanized jurisdictions,
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and jurisdictions that publish their codes through major codification vendors, are
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likely overrepresented relative to small or rural municipalities.
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- State-level legal regimes differ, so the distribution of functions and topics
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is not uniform across states; aggregate label frequencies should not be assumed
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to generalize to any individual jurisdiction.
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- The taxonomy itself encodes choices about what counts as "substantive" law (Rules
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and Enforcement) versus procedural, contextual, or structural provisions. Alternative
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legal-theoretic framings would produce different labels.
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- Labels were produced by automated classifiers and may reflect biases of those
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classifiers, including biases inherited from their training data.
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- English-language only. Non-English text occasionally present in U.S. local codes
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is not handled as a separate class.
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'
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rai:personalSensitiveInformation: 'LOCUS v1.0 is built from publicly enacted municipal
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and county law, which is a matter of public record. However, local ordinances can
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incidentally contain references to identifiable individuals (e.g., named officials,
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sponsors, or parties to specific proceedings) and to specific properties or businesses
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(e.g., addresses in zoning provisions, license holders, named establishments). No
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effort has been made to redact such incidental references. The dataset does not
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contain non-public personal data, biometric data, health data, financial account
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information, or government-issued identifiers.
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'
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rai:dataUseCases: 'Intended uses include legal text classification research, analysis
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of local-law structure and composition, substantive vs. non-substantive filtering
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for downstream legal NLP pipelines, refinement of legal taxonomies, and weakly supervised
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or human-in-the-loop annotation workflows. The dataset is not appropriate as legal
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advice, as a substitute for human legal review, as a complete census of U.S. local
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law, or as a fully validated benchmark in the absence of additional human auditing.
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rai:dataSocialImpact: 'Anticipated positive impacts include lowering the cost of empirical
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research on local government law, supporting tools that help residents, journalists,
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and researchers understand municipal regulation, and enabling reproducible study
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of how local jurisdictions structure their codes. Anticipated risks include over-reliance
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on automated classifications in settings with legal consequences, misinterpretation
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of aggregated label frequencies as authoritative statements about the law, and downstream
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tools surfacing model outputs to end users as if they were vetted legal information.
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Users deploying systems built on this dataset should clearly disclose the automated
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and unaudited nature of the labels and should not present outputs as legal advice.
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'
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rai:hasSyntheticData: false
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---
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# LOCUS v1.0
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This repository contains the dataset presented in the paper [Freeing the Law with LOCUS: A Local Ordinance Corpus for the United States](https://huggingface.co/papers/2606.19334).
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## Dataset Summary
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LOCUS v1.0 is a chunk-level dataset of U.S. municipal and county law text labeled by legal function. Each eligible chunk is assigned a `function`, a binary `is_substantive` label, and all substantive provisions are assigned a `topic`.
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The dataset is intended for legal text research, local-law structure analysis, substantive filtering, and downstream taxonomy refinement.
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- a complete census of all U.S. local law
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- a fully human-validated benchmark without additional auditing
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@article{peskoff2026freeing,
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title={Freeing the Law with LOCUS: A Local Ordinance Corpus for the United States},
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author={Peskoff, Denis and Barrow, Joe and Vu, Christopher and Davenport, Diag},
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journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.19334},
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year={2026}
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}
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```
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