LouisJalouzot/BongardProblems

This is a Hugging Face version of The On-Line Encyclopedia of Bongard Problems (OEBP). It is an extensive collection of Bongard Problems: visual puzzles usually containing two groups of 6 images for which the goal is to find a rule that separates the two groups.

Visualized below is the problem BP6 (6th row) for which a separating rule can be expressed as: "Triangle vs. quadrilateral".

Group 1			Group 2

Dataset structure

This dataset provides 606 Bongard Problems, each corresponding to a row. Row contain two groups of images (group_1 and group_2), one solution rule in description, and optional associated concepts and keywords in concepts and keywords. When not empty, the field extra contains additional images which can be invalid or underspecified for the problem (cf. BP1271). The other metadata fields are the author of the problem (author), the OEBP page URL (oebp_url), the original OEBP image URLs (image_urls), and other OEBP metadata: reference, crossreferences, comments, example, and date.

Loading a problem

• Load the dataset and access the first problem:

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("LouisJalouzot/BongardProblems", split="train")
print(ds[0])

{
  'id': 1,
  'group_1': [<PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=RGBA size=98x98>],
  'group_2': [<PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=RGBA size=98x98>, ...],
  'description': 'Empty image vs. non-empty image.',
  'author': 'Mikhail M. Bongard',
  'concepts': ['empty', ...],
  'keywords': ['allsorted', ...],
  'extra': [],
  'reference': 'M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.',
  'crossreferences': '',
  'oebp_url': 'https://oebp.org/BP1',
  'comments': 'The first Bongard Problem...',
  'example': 'A circle fits on the right because it is not nothing.',
  'date': '1967-01-01 00:00:00',
  'image_urls': ['https://oebp.org/examples/1.png', ...]
}

• Display the first image of the second group:

ds[1]["group_2"][0].show()

Source and processing

This dataset is derived from the problems available on oebp.org. The original OEBP page and image URLs are provided in each row. oebp.org organizes problems using meta-problems (e.g. BP501) which are not included in this dataset. Here the concept or keyword they represent is propagated to the actual Bongard Problems they contain.

For evaluation convenience and compliance with the Hugging Face dataset requirements, problems containing non-image examples (e.g. GIFs, BP300, or text, BP541) are excluded.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Aaron David Fairbanks for maintaining the OEBP, authoring many of its Bongard Problems, and providing the structured export that made this dataset possible.