text stringlengths 21 6.63k | embeddings list | id stringlengths 36 36 |
|---|---|---|
The district of in area is in a valley between two ranges of minor limestone mountains which rise about above the otherwise flat valley. The two major mountains are Während der Schlossberg at above sea-level with a diameter of only , and the nearby Goffersberg at above sea-level which is only long and has a broad plate... | [
-0.37670037150382996,
-0.03652077168226242,
0.82447749376297,
0.3945258557796478,
0.3645155131816864,
0.44037196040153503,
-0.9682519435882568,
-0.9024438261985779,
-0.31693321466445923,
-0.08012783527374268,
-0.3409459590911865,
0.4374102056026459,
0.08492618054151535,
-0.1892620176076889... | b1ff6090-fefc-407d-b078-5eebea4886da |
Nearby municipalities are Rupperswil in the northwest, Niederlenz and Möriken Wildegg in the north; Othmarsingen in the northeast, Hendschiken in the east, Ammerswil in the southeast, Egliswil the south, Seon in the southwest as well as Staufen in the west. | [
-0.6542273759841919,
-0.64833003282547,
0.7875068783760071,
-0.37308013439178467,
-0.3744717538356781,
0.7637076377868652,
0.24639414250850677,
-0.09378784894943237,
0.3862534463405609,
0.28025153279304504,
-0.6094235777854919,
0.3881845474243164,
0.4738789498806,
-0.4334655702114105,
-0... | 7c9caf9e-dfe1-44cb-839c-071c97a82af7 |
The area has a long history. A neolithic cemetery with 16 chambered tombs built about 3,800 years ago was found near the castle in 1959. | [
0.5681225061416626,
-0.1405753195285797,
0.5092179179191589,
-0.7655250430107117,
-0.010683510452508926,
0.8339229822158813,
0.08152151852846146,
-0.20398001372814178,
-0.6268981099128723,
0.8374232053756714,
-0.05100304260849953,
0.07479289919137955,
0.6129050850868225,
0.4207297265529632... | f78ae4c8-868a-46c0-8566-a858e7a31b7a |
A Roman theatre was uncovered when the motorway was built in 1964. It was built about 100 AD. It could seat an audience of about 4,000 people. It was part of a small village of 400 to 600 people that existed for about 200 years. The village was built on either side of the road for a distance of about 400 metres. There ... | [
0.28349336981773376,
0.27258920669555664,
0.21462006866931915,
-0.9591494202613831,
0.02681787870824337,
0.8682596683502197,
-0.3703688383102417,
-0.22465090453624725,
-0.09924674034118652,
0.19960661232471466,
0.4223369359970093,
0.6558998823165894,
-0.20114396512508392,
0.470891654491424... | 498e8506-a847-4bac-ab0d-6cde44a9af10 |
In the 5th and 6th centuries, an Alamanni village existed. The oldest registered usage of the name "Lencis" (from which Lenzburg derives) is from 893. In 1036, Castle Lenzburg became the seat for the count of Lenzburg, then an important lord. The family died out in 1173, and the castle was then owned by emperor Frederi... | [
-0.46804574131965637,
-0.3044586777687073,
0.17056335508823395,
-0.18388034403324127,
0.26137569546699524,
-0.03401338681578636,
0.0163273848593235,
-0.04075508564710617,
-0.9247843027114868,
0.7155093550682068,
-0.0698784664273262,
0.5155775547027588,
-0.1740058809518814,
-0.0482113137841... | de38959d-77a6-45a7-bf04-1a6bb71952e5 |
City rights were granted in 1306. Lenzburg was conquered by Bern in 1415, along with the western part of what is now Aargau. Bern did not take away its city rights. In 1433, the city of Bern bought the castle and used it to govern the area from 1444 to 1798. A major fire ruined the town in 1491. Only fifteen houses wer... | [
0.06850697100162506,
0.07680121809244156,
0.4361538589000702,
-0.16839785873889923,
0.09706302732229233,
0.15142931044101715,
0.04059040918946266,
-0.47468459606170654,
-0.9337181448936462,
0.15626591444015503,
0.22810781002044678,
0.7319011092185974,
0.12687642872333527,
0.208304494619369... | 78c7bee9-4e4b-4fee-9f2c-d91f2fa7991a |
In 1798, the Helvetian Republic was made and the lords from Bern were removed. The canton of Aargau was founded and Lenzburg became the capital of the district in 1803. The canton gained the castle in 1804. Lenzburg became the economic center of the area in the 19th century. In 1875, Lenzburg was added to the railway s... | [
0.24224889278411865,
0.2682209312915802,
0.19912640750408173,
0.12448474764823914,
-0.39713823795318604,
0.15498344600200653,
-0.17907904088497162,
-0.12649224698543549,
-0.524204671382904,
-0.0971815213561058,
0.08923167735338211,
-0.021352367475628853,
0.18138091266155243,
0.442072629928... | d0a26b5c-1144-49d7-8842-5129af86d2b8 |
In 1886, the German playwright, Frank Wedekind lived in the castle which his father had bought. It was sold in 1892 to August Edward Jessup from Philadelphia who spent a lot of money restoring the castle. He sold it to a Chicago banker, James W. Ellsworth in 1911. Ellsworth's son, Lincoln Ellsworth and Roald Amundsen u... | [
-0.35992854833602905,
0.5175909399986267,
0.40173524618148804,
0.644316554069519,
0.07556045800447464,
-0.28524234890937805,
0.4559576213359833,
-0.6798213720321655,
-0.5569605827331543,
0.08582624047994614,
-0.749873697757721,
-0.46438121795654297,
-0.28111305832862854,
0.786728024482727,... | 7553f43f-531a-4474-b04e-d2a4ec21b729 |
The main place to see in the town is the Lenzburg castle. It was built in the 11th century and has been added onto several times. Lenzburg is among the oldest and most important high-castles in Switzerland. Some of the city wall has been kept and is now under protection. Some interesting buildings are in the old part o... | [
0.04298004135489464,
-0.07182025164365768,
0.7831339836120605,
-0.6767588257789612,
1.2104872465133667,
0.6752548217773438,
0.4269109070301056,
-0.13407520949840546,
-1.5805952548980713,
-0.2983744442462921,
-0.24440360069274902,
0.2246076911687851,
0.17277680337429047,
-0.1934290081262588... | f2b1d1e2-7486-41cb-908a-5280bf35eb84 |
Lenzburg is an important economic centre. It contains over 800 companies. Most of the businesses are small to medium sized, but some worldwide companies are established in Lenzburg, for example the global Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). About 6,000 people work in Lenzburg. | [
0.3204473853111267,
0.5415213704109192,
0.38551196455955505,
-0.8156965374946594,
0.2575893700122833,
0.8887523412704468,
-0.18527032434940338,
0.480160653591156,
-1.2064251899719238,
-0.5766900777816772,
-1.018286108970642,
-0.020739618688821793,
0.657947301864624,
0.02246822789311409,
... | b77f00b1-8629-4e5e-b019-9e828573a03d |
Lenzburg is a good place for transportation. It is about from Zürich with access to the A1, Switzerland's most important motorway. Two main axes of traffic cross in Lenzburg, one running from Waldshut to Lucerne and the other running from Zurich to Berne. | [
-0.4723498821258545,
-0.21363283693790436,
0.9572829008102417,
-0.29059386253356934,
1.183242917060852,
0.7092140913009644,
-0.22412092983722687,
0.5415921211242676,
-0.8106263875961304,
-1.0611590147018433,
-0.22670631110668182,
-0.020661892369389534,
-0.23401258885860443,
-0.847878277301... | 7b7b02e6-63f1-4590-ba2f-37066ed3960d |
Some of the trains from Zurich to Berne stop in Lenzburg. Lenzburg is part of the Suburban rail system of Zurich. Other trains connect the city to Brugg, Lucerne, Zofingen and Zug. The line to Wettingen was closed, because of low traffic. The trains were replaced by a commuter line from Zurich (which runs to Aarau). | [
0.10116296261548996,
-0.3283175528049469,
0.59080970287323,
-0.6447019577026367,
0.9250214099884033,
0.5811184644699097,
0.27896368503570557,
0.22770175337791443,
0.27867186069488525,
-0.05628100410103798,
-0.6523327231407166,
0.38758206367492676,
-0.4384804666042328,
-0.2885202169418335,
... | 8116e8c7-b8e7-44ac-84ca-23c45b789c53 |
Zürich International Airport is close to the town of Lenzburg. The local bus "Regionalbus Lenzburg" leads to the municipalities of Brunegg, Dintikon, Möriken-Wildegg, Schafisheim and Seengen. Lenzburg has an urban bus system as well. | [
0.19139458239078522,
-0.0959135964512825,
0.37582844495773315,
0.17002546787261963,
0.9306292533874512,
0.6627681255340576,
0.37579014897346497,
-0.08376799523830414,
0.25363627076148987,
-0.8010284900665283,
-0.506075918674469,
0.3812999427318573,
-0.4771958589553833,
-0.7051525712013245,... | d0163759-9db2-469b-a9ee-b1f7fef1b806 |
For over 400 years, the youth celebration ("Jugendfest") is the largest event in Lenzburg. It takes place every year on the second Friday of July. In August, the "Gauklerfestival" takes place in the streets of the old part of town with food and entertainment on the streets of the city. | [
-0.6754437685012817,
-0.16839222609996796,
0.7371724247932434,
-0.2626717686653137,
0.49719807505607605,
-0.13841946423053741,
0.30758553743362427,
1.266532301902771,
-0.8711449503898621,
-0.41013288497924805,
-0.4237751066684723,
-0.11426742374897003,
0.8517979979515076,
0.158081993460655... | 276a9622-68be-4bd5-99f6-cc0a003bbbaf |
The Aurora (supposedly called the SR-91 Aurora) is a possible surveillance aircraft. No one knows if it ever existed. Supposedly, it was meant for trying out hypersonic flight, or speeds above 5 times the speed of sound. The name "Aurora" was used for the aircraft because in 1985, it appeared on an American military fu... | [
-0.6398705244064331,
-0.4256382882595062,
0.24757970869541168,
0.14768007397651672,
1.4712936878204346,
-0.008193889632821083,
0.22802124917507172,
0.06777702271938324,
-0.7264183163642883,
-0.23272936046123505,
-0.04716962203383446,
-0.45830079913139343,
-0.6868923306465149,
-0.0606497116... | ecb32080-583f-4428-a997-1915fd923e79 |
In 1989, a man named Chris Gibson was working on an oil rig when he saw a KC-135 Stratotanker, two F-111 Aardvarks, and a triangle-shaped craft refueling. He did not know what it was. During 1991 in Southern California, there were a lot of sonic booms being heard. There was also a pulse coming out of the engine. The mo... | [
-0.5084505677223206,
0.19186578691005707,
-0.4980018436908722,
0.2444261908531189,
1.325103998184204,
-0.2002941519021988,
-0.3078436553478241,
0.09396269172430038,
-1.2535568475723267,
0.9042426347732544,
0.1268479973077774,
-0.2519703209400177,
-0.1894868016242981,
0.45931386947631836,
... | 65b1d27b-6461-47af-b154-ec03d64511c8 |
The Oprah Winfrey Show was an American talk show which had Oprah Winfrey as the host. It began on September 8, 1986, and has since become one of the most famous talk shows in the world. The show ended on May 25, 2011 after 25 seasons. It won 47 Daytime Emmy Awards. | [
-1.1312648057937622,
0.12753164768218994,
-0.19895076751708984,
-0.32881003618240356,
-1.055546760559082,
0.2423631101846695,
0.1500736027956009,
0.4903542399406433,
-0.5359349250793457,
0.6031599640846252,
-0.40437382459640503,
0.7578923106193542,
-0.15921762585639954,
-0.0684160515666008... | b78c44e4-6b77-48c0-8654-47d083e38c2c |
Notable guests on her show were: | [
-0.30237704515457153,
0.27741870284080505,
-0.37790483236312866,
-0.177693173289299,
0.3024698793888092,
0.9151579141616821,
-0.26916173100471497,
0.5788016319274902,
-0.8201373219490051,
1.2747670412063599,
0.33854395151138306,
-0.20408442616462708,
0.3956831991672516,
-0.4227244257926941... | a9c176dd-eae7-44b6-8d5b-3c54aa66d142 |
Rheinfelden is a city and municipality of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, seat of the district of Rheinfelden. It is east of Basel. The name means the fields of the Rhine, as the town is on the Hochrhein. It is home to Feldschlösschen, the most popular beer in Switzerland. The city is across the river from Rheinfe... | [
0.30782824754714966,
0.10142739117145538,
0.7029899954795837,
-0.8774545788764954,
0.48886221647262573,
1.296231746673584,
0.18145699799060822,
-0.2956171929836273,
0.18431968986988068,
0.16176541149616241,
-0.17718830704689026,
0.46383002400398254,
0.18594345450401306,
-0.3603673577308655... | a56af7d4-5cdb-412c-8b9b-caecda93d002 |
The old town of Rheinfelden is on the Rhine river. The Rhine can be traveled down by ship from Rheinfelden all the way to the North Sea. | [
-0.11930787563323975,
-0.10962830483913422,
1.0932072401046753,
-1.0925145149230957,
0.20274843275547028,
0.6725116968154907,
0.28435418009757996,
0.5652776956558228,
-0.11682569235563278,
0.1383805274963379,
0.14311152696609497,
0.872606635093689,
0.44328758120536804,
-0.15835580229759216... | c2f32ef6-16c3-4387-969d-13b808f3a936 |
The area around Rheinfelden was already settled about 10,000 years ago. At that time, people lived in the "Hermitage", a small natural cave next to the current highway. In the year 45 BC, a few kilometers west, the village Augusta Raurica was made, the first Roman town in Switzerland, near modern Kaiseraugst. Towards t... | [
0.5861666202545166,
0.15983110666275024,
0.17968177795410156,
-1.0515780448913574,
0.5325756072998047,
1.2907671928405762,
0.4861629009246826,
0.2809739112854004,
-0.5393327474594116,
0.02145029976963997,
0.1529853194952011,
-0.014428559690713882,
0.0028984867967665195,
-0.4592814743518829... | 0a78ce67-e631-4625-85e2-0fdf3cd87870 |
During the 17th century, there was very little time during which the city enjoyed peace. During the Rappenkrieg (a peasant uprising that lasted from 1612 until 1614), the city was ruined. Between 1633 and 1638, the Thirty Years' War reached Fricktal, where Rheinfelden played a big role. On 15 July 1633, Swedish and Fre... | [
-0.6982102394104004,
0.08048468828201294,
-0.07158150523900986,
-0.3317681550979614,
-0.4421425461769104,
0.6329032182693481,
0.7936963438987732,
0.09722568839788437,
-0.3522286117076874,
0.6599443554878235,
-0.19542576372623444,
0.7746968865394592,
0.2380407750606537,
0.3330358862876892,
... | 5d07a2c9-fc19-43ec-9156-44cd68f91645 |
By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Austrians had built a fortress on the island to secure the southwestern border of the Breisgau. In 1678, French troops sent by François de Créquy fired at the city. In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French made a fortress on the same ground and also ruined ... | [
-0.7676343321800232,
0.2085811197757721,
0.38276851177215576,
-0.15841612219810486,
-0.026109082624316216,
0.2769826054573059,
0.4572359621524811,
-0.34257256984710693,
-0.5204825401306152,
0.8203569650650024,
-0.38842323422431946,
0.7027249336242676,
0.2941000461578369,
0.1298403739929199... | 4c493a26-8a41-46d1-9fbc-1b1215aa2445 |
Because of the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, the Fricktal became a protectorate of the French, making the front line between the French Revolutionary and the Austrian troops in the War of the Second Coalition. On 20 February 1802, Rheinfelden was made the capital city of the new Canton of Fricktal, joining the Helvet... | [
-0.11045099049806595,
0.11483068019151688,
0.060804154723882675,
-0.1647360622882843,
-0.565280556678772,
0.33450889587402344,
-0.002329873852431774,
-0.042160697281360626,
-0.13725097477436066,
0.41922301054000854,
-0.38441845774650574,
0.7415944933891296,
0.5758012533187866,
-0.117559276... | c1ffd12f-0e1a-45cc-9e86-5d3f01f327eb |
The Klickitat (also spelled Klikitat) are a Native American tribe of the Pacific Northwest. A Shahaptian tribe, their neighbors to the east were the Yakama, who speak a closely related language. Their neighbors to the west are the Salishan and Chinookan tribes. Their name has been used for naming places like Klickitat ... | [
0.3611016571521759,
0.3404446542263031,
0.18601703643798828,
0.09652092307806015,
-0.4453779458999634,
0.4739312529563904,
0.6722696423530579,
-0.3498198688030243,
0.3362674415111542,
0.016336912289261818,
0.6692103743553162,
0.24069024622440338,
-0.13380077481269836,
-0.1553444266319275,
... | f9f52b1c-8133-4121-af12-5d0cc3b38719 |
Arzo was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio. | [
0.153670072555542,
0.5162758231163025,
0.34309205412864685,
-0.657114565372467,
0.4148271083831787,
1.754558801651001,
-1.0505475997924805,
0.18024179339408875,
1.1604934930801392,
0.10257658362388611,
0.05979231745004654,
0.09311379492282867,
-0.688728392124176,
-0.7266002893447876,
-1.... | 80f499e6-6234-40d2-978a-75144e92aead |
Ascona is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. | [
-0.206765815615654,
-0.454611212015152,
0.8272756934165955,
-0.12036643177270889,
-0.310068279504776,
0.3133668303489685,
0.0489266961812973,
0.22929714620113373,
-0.24225938320159912,
0.16406367719173431,
-0.2434922605752945,
-0.3240481913089752,
0.07289105653762817,
-0.6519112586975098,
... | 396200ce-87ff-4b7c-a38f-11f0b1e2ec9c |
Astano is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. | [
-0.6144351363182068,
-0.9957785606384277,
0.5338413715362549,
-0.03984253481030464,
-0.41610226035118103,
0.666472852230072,
0.40730634331703186,
0.4011487066745758,
0.01661212556064129,
-0.23248976469039917,
-1.0646811723709106,
0.27855756878852844,
-0.5815158486366272,
-0.325430691242218... | 7cba522c-cc4a-4e37-b7ca-0e8cbf111b23 |
Lugano is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. | [
0.7166714668273926,
-0.11853691190481186,
0.6164039969444275,
0.35450834035873413,
0.9379493594169617,
1.775914192199707,
-0.7916082143783569,
-0.1355205625295639,
-0.5678896903991699,
0.5081164836883545,
-0.22623851895332336,
-0.9447977542877197,
-0.06309627741575241,
-0.4385579228401184,... | 13fe7563-3b98-4c7c-bedd-48a6c31ff861 |
The district of Lugano has 98 municipalities divided in 12 circles: | [
0.751392662525177,
0.041743602603673935,
1.1506462097167969,
0.5307958722114563,
-0.184230774641037,
0.6506122350692749,
-0.7325200438499451,
-0.46908098459243774,
-0.789330244064331,
0.4179588258266449,
-0.008097694255411625,
-0.7002051472663879,
0.1360258162021637,
-0.39419761300086975,
... | 523c5ea7-9571-468b-be45-ea5f7b50c060 |
Locarno is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. | [
0.07646334171295166,
0.06784660369157791,
-0.24573084712028503,
0.18329443037509918,
0.7956468462944031,
1.9737706184387207,
-1.6775693893432617,
0.505956768989563,
-0.5849047899246216,
0.48644155263900757,
-0.29030150175094604,
-0.784610390663147,
-0.09211491793394089,
-0.9693570733070374... | 936b1cff-101d-4657-aaab-6c0ea9edb64c |
The district of Locarno has 40 municipalities divided in 7 circles: | [
-0.05733136832714081,
0.28003597259521484,
0.3871895968914032,
0.7768552303314209,
-0.8355734348297119,
1.1540709733963013,
-1.4011073112487793,
-0.29668885469436646,
-0.7147814631462097,
0.19222840666770935,
0.02258390747010708,
0.20286579430103302,
0.20568566024303436,
-0.488181740045547... | d559028b-5133-4c31-acfd-d76553166463 |
Vallemaggia is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Cevio. | [
0.4196060597896576,
-0.4104667007923126,
-0.0029413921292871237,
0.40111470222473145,
0.07331285625696182,
1.7711366415023804,
-0.30302268266677856,
-0.1901203989982605,
0.48948103189468384,
-0.6694307923316956,
-0.3327322006225586,
-0.31239864230155945,
-0.5959422588348389,
0.193153321743... | 1918575a-dc0e-4f3f-9559-245b05f95e79 |
Bellinzona is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. | [
0.5796539187431335,
-0.9654181599617004,
0.6788896918296814,
0.0673103928565979,
0.43282273411750793,
1.8679169416427612,
-0.735338032245636,
-0.4259684681892395,
-0.10983499139547348,
0.40862011909484863,
0.12668535113334656,
-0.05983221158385277,
0.23136483132839203,
-0.3116872310638428,... | 8b78d596-69a7-48c6-9da7-e2eecec7e4cb |
Riviera is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Biasca. | [
-0.1450483798980713,
-0.6663058400154114,
1.0611718893051147,
0.5666483044624329,
0.12858830392360687,
0.5938798785209656,
-0.6590888500213623,
-0.48257315158843994,
-0.14776897430419922,
-0.21104928851127625,
0.11989125609397888,
-0.10207360237836838,
0.1568886935710907,
-0.24252264201641... | 8e4854cd-0cb0-4d51-ac68-eaf12638cdcb |
Blenio is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Acquarossa. | [
0.49057114124298096,
-0.5948674082756042,
-0.016010766848921776,
0.5100845098495483,
-0.2734265625476837,
1.934240698814392,
-0.42930468916893005,
0.3874981701374054,
-0.025963613763451576,
0.1332511007785797,
-0.01668713614344597,
-0.2870263457298279,
-0.7717880606651306,
-0.0901402309536... | 298f5e76-2b6e-4d76-bcb2-c5cd08705061 |
Leventina is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Faido. | [
-0.12175053358078003,
-1.0628514289855957,
1.034073829650879,
0.36574792861938477,
-0.1766607016324997,
1.5961626768112183,
-0.6964368224143982,
-1.0370497703552246,
0.2926703095436096,
0.18374523520469666,
0.04739368334412575,
-0.34607118368148804,
0.12702275812625885,
0.14203323423862457... | 5adf86e9-97b1-4d2d-a3b3-194f0c7cd3f4 |
إن فرضية سابير وورف هي فكرة لغوية تدعي أن اللغة التي يتحدث بها الناس تغير الطريقة التي يفكرون ويتصرفون بها. | [
0.29452112317085266,
-0.16465210914611816,
-0.6216850280761719,
-1.005548357963562,
-0.8367079496383667,
-0.6702823638916016,
0.6933053135871887,
-0.8383945226669312,
0.4480398893356323,
0.1344037801027298,
-0.39625489711761475,
0.48989343643188477,
-0.2498546540737152,
-0.5076154470443726... | ce0ca134-ccfb-438c-a5f6-4a4bfcef043b |
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is a linguistic idea which claims that the language people speak changes the way they think and act. | [
-0.3421889543533325,
0.3556371033191681,
-0.9756661653518677,
-0.13858164846897125,
0.19995395839214325,
0.7780106067657471,
0.7174137830734253,
-0.21522727608680725,
-0.25766754150390625,
-0.6730769872665405,
-0.6359002590179443,
0.18542684614658356,
-0.016721496358513832,
-0.607655882835... | 0cccc5b4-5156-4c35-a9de-be28eb496ab1 |
An icosahedron is a Platonic solid that is made of triangles and has twenty sides. | [
-1.350002408027649,
0.2742120921611786,
0.2515895366668701,
0.4449027478694916,
0.17135824263095856,
0.5672445893287659,
-0.688486635684967,
0.4312756657600403,
-0.8360754251480103,
-0.1733483225107193,
0.34216704964637756,
-1.120977759361267,
-0.15048226714134216,
-0.5832058787345886,
0... | a6343761-7681-431f-bd21-183d542194ae |
There are many kinds of icosahedra, with some being more symmetrical than others. The best known is the Platonic, convex regular icosahedron. | [
-0.6741883754730225,
-0.3233160674571991,
1.033424735069275,
-0.3504110872745514,
-0.526269257068634,
1.1807578802108765,
-0.2895318567752838,
0.5396984219551086,
-0.36118194460868835,
-0.6545026898384094,
0.34498322010040283,
-0.8993918895721436,
-0.7291591763496399,
-0.6650071740150452,
... | 6a71a496-e059-4293-8931-0d100b7c8bcd |
There are two objects, one convex and one concave, that can both be called regular icosahedra. Each has 30 edges and 20 equilateral triangle faces with five meeting at each of its twelve vertices. Both have icosahedral symmetry. The term "regular icosahedron" generally refers to the convex variety, while the nonconvex ... | [
-1.208747148513794,
0.4243817925453186,
0.3636508584022522,
0.4937635362148285,
-0.7654687762260437,
0.8976657390594482,
0.6045343279838562,
0.34010565280914307,
-0.7186650633811951,
-0.32828959822654724,
0.8163253664970398,
-0.3507342040538788,
0.05035288259387016,
0.26522296667099,
0.2... | 2b9e1efa-a1cc-48fd-be27-48e80cf4fa6c |
The convex regular icosahedron is usually referred to simply as the "regular icosahedron", one of the five regular Platonic solids, and is represented by its Schläfli symbol {3, 5}, containing 20 triangular faces, with 5 faces meeting around each vertex. | [
-1.532825231552124,
0.41843822598457336,
0.2611892819404602,
0.3558681011199951,
-0.46107202768325806,
0.5598264932632446,
0.03733569383621216,
0.3931601643562317,
-0.7334527969360352,
0.0473933145403862,
0.11226444691419601,
-0.5516836643218994,
0.08973835408687592,
-0.2662307620048523,
... | 2827f947-de94-4184-8603-741501f0be7d |
Its dual polyhedron is the regular dodecahedron {5, 3} having three regular pentagonal faces around each vertex. | [
-0.7858374118804932,
-0.13162115216255188,
-0.41543450951576233,
0.6940852403640747,
-0.8849877119064331,
0.7135600447654724,
0.10677206516265869,
0.24470007419586182,
-1.0194497108459473,
0.44207751750946045,
0.04098264500498772,
0.2036798894405365,
-0.3062293827533722,
-0.561130881309509... | 8dbc7f1b-651f-46da-bbcf-72571d112200 |
The great icosahedron is one of the four regular star Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra. Its Schläfli symbol is {3, }. Like the convex form, it also has 20 equilateral triangle faces, but its vertex figure is a pentagram rather than a pentagon, leading to geometrically intersecting faces. The intersections of the triangles do n... | [
-1.7953206300735474,
-0.17290624976158142,
-0.1657058745622635,
0.3782884478569031,
0.22641345858573914,
0.32378166913986206,
-0.17974908649921417,
0.8327530026435852,
-1.1751301288604736,
-0.2515714764595032,
0.6100847125053406,
-1.4100900888442993,
-0.4856816828250885,
0.1008153557777404... | f2d78764-f842-4be8-b19f-0c9c16678911 |
Its dual polyhedron is the great stellated dodecahedron (, 3), having three regular star pentagonal faces around each vertex. | [
-0.8231986165046692,
-0.05829964578151703,
-0.5638106465339661,
0.258783221244812,
-1.0791674852371216,
0.6134183406829834,
0.08585400879383087,
0.1942635327577591,
-1.080236792564392,
0.46103253960609436,
0.3069896101951599,
0.020346108824014664,
-0.5167651176452637,
-0.3035884201526642,
... | d8a21b92-1e2e-447b-8ef4-e701c4ddcde1 |
Stellation is the process of extending the faces or edges of a polyhedron until they meet to form a new polyhedron. It is done symmetrically so that the resulting figure retains the overall symmetry of the parent figure. | [
0.47420305013656616,
-0.03582727164030075,
0.1331738531589508,
-0.1387045979499817,
-0.47057801485061646,
0.45516446232795715,
0.19765152037143707,
-0.735994815826416,
-0.42210865020751953,
0.47475746273994446,
-0.7024348974227905,
0.3081991374492645,
0.42268550395965576,
0.711585879325866... | 76163708-805d-4145-a71b-93ac9bd8d353 |
In their book "The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra", Coxeter et al. enumerated 58 such stellations of the regular icosahedron. | [
-0.4803594648838043,
0.08185356110334396,
-0.2414734810590744,
-0.12613143026828766,
-0.07015568763017654,
1.3989444971084595,
0.8527143597602844,
0.44590896368026733,
-0.897198498249054,
0.4949519634246826,
0.44762277603149414,
-0.7592949867248535,
-0.03226098418235779,
-0.609457075595855... | 4fc0e331-4c0e-4d01-ab04-7a47c0ac2163 |
Of these, many have a single face in each of the 20 face planes and so are also icosahedra. The great icosahedron is among them. | [
-0.7678084969520569,
0.522919774055481,
0.2724730372428894,
-0.44111040234565735,
-1.038030743598938,
0.8427229523658752,
0.6033090353012085,
0.5849915742874146,
-0.0430077463388443,
-0.5943584442138672,
0.48656225204467773,
-0.618884265422821,
-0.43082287907600403,
-0.5238880515098572,
... | 771d9f38-c03e-4b21-813b-5dcdf4316523 |
Other stellations have more than one face in each plane or form compounds of simpler polyhedra. These are not strictly icosahedra, although they are often referred to as such. | [
-0.6838175654411316,
0.35647451877593994,
0.12479573488235474,
-0.012838094495236874,
-1.1621028184890747,
1.1195623874664307,
0.44571003317832947,
-0.747491717338562,
-0.08042699843645096,
0.07593664526939392,
0.47638338804244995,
-0.2512221932411194,
-0.16766488552093506,
-0.326862394809... | b04fec37-f8bc-4037-b94b-c6120e798e85 |
An Octahedron is a polyhedron made of eight faces. in the case of the regular octahedron, these faces are triangles. The ocahedron looks like two pyramids, which share the same base. | [
-1.4576225280761719,
0.40085428953170776,
-0.09842347353696823,
0.18350209295749664,
-0.13163964450359344,
0.9968586564064026,
-0.38148850202560425,
0.903796374797821,
-0.36700305342674255,
-0.298750638961792,
-0.222377747297287,
-0.9337114691734314,
0.5002442002296448,
-0.0842670425772667... | dd52b416-1b33-4f57-95da-4eba13605b5c |
In chemistry, octahedra are common: diamonds and fluorite are examples of crystals that are octahedra. | [
-0.3941384255886078,
0.6887434720993042,
-0.4378986358642578,
-0.46541982889175415,
-0.5667790770530701,
0.2399602234363556,
-0.1419539600610733,
0.7613014578819275,
-0.5629333257675171,
-0.0017136265523731709,
-0.11581985652446747,
-0.5749228596687317,
0.4272155165672302,
0.17309467494487... | d31047e3-80e0-4d71-8b6e-f8c678a82ceb |
If the edge length of a regular octahedron is "a", the radius of a circumscribed sphere (one that touches the octahedron at all vertices) is | [
-0.7738857865333557,
0.17899443209171295,
0.2892892360687256,
0.19501203298568726,
-0.07086807489395142,
0.12334265559911728,
0.33477067947387695,
0.13627274334430695,
0.021706068888306618,
0.3355831503868103,
0.3854896128177643,
-0.5842930674552917,
-0.11125469952821732,
0.591186344623565... | 279a2a1e-eb24-4cf4-adcb-8992ec59a49d |
and the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the octahedron's faces) is | [
-1.2286432981491089,
0.36331677436828613,
0.2782803475856781,
0.5340296626091003,
0.03978743404150009,
-0.1299959421157837,
-0.33527520298957825,
0.16133145987987518,
0.37083566188812256,
0.38967105746269226,
0.3638525605201721,
0.1837042272090912,
-0.07273996621370316,
-0.0097392583265900... | 5389d60c-f2aa-4870-90f9-6a4cdb5886a9 |
while the midradius, which touches the middle of each edge, is | [
-0.5526911616325378,
-1.0734426975250244,
1.085349202156067,
0.4656945765018463,
-0.08622010797262192,
-0.1436852514743805,
-0.7177944183349609,
0.15816807746887207,
0.5231621265411377,
-0.627692461013794,
0.23538242280483246,
0.8717867732048035,
0.3491816222667694,
0.42784470319747925,
... | 4a6a29a6-10f6-4aa7-9ca7-9f9e632efc88 |
The "octahedron" has four special orthogonal projections, centered, on an edge, vertex, face, and normal to a face. The second and third correspond to the B and A Coxeter planes. | [
-1.4497604370117188,
0.11831879615783691,
0.5262759327888489,
0.08278891444206238,
-0.4340627193450928,
0.7326908707618713,
-0.31669944524765015,
1.1262284517288208,
-0.11373906582593918,
-0.20993104577064514,
0.3326786756515503,
-0.972343385219574,
0.7978870868682861,
-0.07531479001045227... | d0dfff97-4e5d-4bab-b02f-2ed81a62390e |
The octahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane. | [
-0.9998244643211365,
0.42468297481536865,
0.24876102805137634,
0.2875498831272125,
-0.3683633506298065,
0.6877026557922363,
-0.5913791060447693,
1.0617311000823975,
-0.49219393730163574,
-0.24091020226478577,
-0.049739036709070206,
-1.0764392614364624,
0.2515324652194977,
0.418389081954956... | 43ef06a8-ce10-4438-acb7-723eca4ac1ce |
An octahedron with edge length can be placed with its center at the origin and its vertices on the coordinate axes; the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are then | [
-1.3562567234039307,
0.2526301443576813,
0.5510115623474121,
0.19577427208423615,
-0.09141245484352112,
0.16655603051185608,
-1.1821030378341675,
0.8726644515991211,
0.12332771718502045,
-0.4170207977294922,
-0.07733282446861267,
-0.9678155779838562,
0.6622611880302429,
0.2922442555427551,... | e2e1f8c1-541d-4f83-a3ec-486c818d9e54 |
In an "x"–"y"–"z" Cartesian coordinate system, the octahedron with center coordinates ("a", "b", "c") and radius "r" is the set of all points ("x", "y", "z") such that | [
-1.5876213312149048,
0.3127059042453766,
1.0191558599472046,
0.6297976970672607,
0.5505986213684082,
-0.030358176678419113,
-1.1198348999023438,
0.684025228023529,
-0.09903378039598465,
0.33342915773391724,
-0.118641197681427,
-0.9617591500282288,
0.7115077972412109,
0.488089919090271,
0... | d3dd9c76-bb0a-4611-aab2-900d0430627f |
The surface area "A" and the volume "V" of a regular octahedron of edge length "a" are: | [
-1.2944897413253784,
-0.00958260428160429,
1.5936357975006104,
0.2247336506843567,
-0.4560021758079529,
0.3756958544254303,
-0.31471747159957886,
-0.10755063593387604,
0.22592748701572418,
-0.6214540600776672,
0.18700265884399414,
0.07347722351551056,
0.1333049237728119,
-0.256322801113128... | 800cf456-8b0a-448c-8cc4-5cc1b0871602 |
Thus the volume is four times that of a regular tetrahedron with the same edge length, while the surface area is twice (because we have 8 rather than 4 triangles). | [
-0.712432861328125,
0.33450692892074585,
0.25534987449645996,
-0.051524966955184937,
-0.8355762958526611,
0.35383230447769165,
0.6267114877700806,
0.02114173397421837,
-0.19221679866313934,
-0.33590155839920044,
1.055232286453247,
0.9898189902305603,
-0.08283767104148865,
0.137041255831718... | 203da1c3-5ea5-4b58-a2b6-e7e6228f796b |
If an octahedron has been stretched so that it obeys the equation | [
0.3470766842365265,
-0.41533148288726807,
0.7480144500732422,
-0.25200730562210083,
0.6375928521156311,
-0.2232040911912918,
-0.757383406162262,
0.04844910651445389,
-0.40049898624420166,
-0.3194291591644287,
-0.4434705674648285,
-0.18070852756500244,
0.5354145765304565,
0.555774986743927,... | 19706b09-ba17-4d80-963b-22f356a9b82c |
the formulas for the surface area and volume expand to become | [
-0.2727414071559906,
0.10096504539251328,
1.0896193981170654,
-0.47710558772087097,
0.31746506690979004,
-0.9057381749153137,
-0.5802487134933472,
-0.5825759768486023,
-0.8400243520736694,
-1.1739858388900757,
-0.12801197171211243,
0.8399837017059326,
-0.12671463191509247,
0.51420837640762... | a70c89a5-db03-480b-9940-f307f9f295cb |
Additionally the inertia tensor of the stretched octahedron is | [
-0.36758723855018616,
-0.7918856739997864,
0.17439939081668854,
-0.19604668021202087,
-0.16205142438411713,
0.1763898879289627,
-1.0119540691375732,
-0.4351450502872467,
-0.4121129512786865,
-0.3674904406070709,
0.3383607268333435,
0.2866150736808777,
0.36907485127449036,
-0.04067505151033... | d5a0227b-7487-4448-8453-a346f7a89096 |
These reduce to the equations for the regular octahedron when | [
-1.2080392837524414,
0.37234964966773987,
0.900831937789917,
-0.4215325117111206,
0.27437856793403625,
-0.07865097373723984,
0.24384446442127228,
-0.5247275829315186,
-0.14998841285705566,
-0.13017800450325012,
-0.45731011033058167,
0.2472945600748062,
-0.05096384137868881,
0.0310995075851... | d59c372f-24aa-4cc9-b2c1-460905b728b0 |
The interior of the compound of two dual tetrahedra is an octahedron, and this compound, called the stella octangula, is its first and only stellation. Correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e. rectifying the tetr... | [
-1.1448454856872559,
0.2838640511035919,
-0.1378357857465744,
0.6191219687461853,
-0.6377787590026855,
0.31119653582572937,
0.1762404888868332,
0.36865660548210144,
-0.06359367072582245,
-0.04825406149029732,
0.06257990747690201,
-0.18373191356658936,
-0.42067810893058777,
0.36682662367820... | 294247d5-4ad2-4c7b-87cf-e4e4d8965a86 |
Octahedra and tetrahedra can be alternated to form a vertex, edge, and face-uniform tessellation of space, called the octet truss by Buckminster Fuller. This is the only such tiling save the regular tessellation of cubes, and is one of the 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Another is a tessellation of octahedra and cubocta... | [
-0.4465775191783905,
0.38822948932647705,
-0.26423680782318115,
0.4936380684375763,
-0.2606010437011719,
1.0053246021270752,
-0.17293547093868256,
0.4047168791294098,
-0.30062779784202576,
-1.0058009624481201,
-0.08216393738985062,
-0.7439412474632263,
-0.012772283516824245,
-0.23329092562... | e8710978-943a-4554-829c-730a19b7cf61 |
The octahedron is unique among the Platonic solids in having an even number of faces meeting at each vertex. Consequently, it is the only member of that group to possess mirror planes that do not pass through any of the faces. | [
-1.3196669816970825,
0.15912707149982452,
-0.13693341612815857,
-0.07219929993152618,
-0.5114103555679321,
0.6676322221755981,
0.07569535076618195,
0.9685888290405273,
-0.5681027173995972,
0.06915783882141113,
0.3331802487373352,
-1.0031052827835083,
0.36163055896759033,
0.6530585289001465... | 0abf8c84-9f83-4154-abd5-640f7c6d5614 |
Using the standard nomenclature for Johnson solids, an octahedron would be called a "square bipyramid". Truncation of two opposite vertices results in a square bifrustum. | [
-1.5680415630340576,
0.2994048595428467,
0.6757294535636902,
-0.23870524764060974,
-0.5600034594535828,
-0.0021082269959151745,
0.09191147238016129,
0.5317811965942383,
-0.6278082728385925,
-0.10268359631299973,
0.3964994251728058,
-1.4016536474227905,
-0.4177854359149933,
0.56057590246200... | f8f3a9b0-679a-433a-8844-fd88461036be |
The octahedron is 4-connected, meaning that it takes the removal of four vertices to disconnect the remaining vertices. It is one of only four 4-connected simplicial well-covered polyhedra, meaning that all of the maximal independent sets of its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property ... | [
-1.2073748111724854,
0.14415428042411804,
0.4496365785598755,
0.38734734058380127,
-0.32773149013519287,
0.792291522026062,
-0.1644129455089569,
0.41109344363212585,
-0.41120898723602295,
-0.24035599827766418,
0.1637662947177887,
-0.8136721849441528,
0.10796982049942017,
0.275541216135025,... | 4b6b673f-b54f-47e3-98d5-a660ea516ec1 |
There are 3 uniform colorings of the octahedron, named by the triangular face colors going around each vertex: 1212, 1112, 1111. | [
-0.9034510850906372,
0.4023358225822449,
-0.6334102153778076,
-0.1386464536190033,
-0.5229039788246155,
0.5653112530708313,
0.09828914701938629,
0.5996955037117004,
-0.6349042057991028,
-0.5320785641670227,
0.39168259501457214,
-1.0961977243423462,
0.4462847113609314,
0.03370651602745056,
... | 1385bbd1-25e0-4fc1-a605-2bd407eef090 |
The octahedron's symmetry group is O, of order 48, the three dimensional hyperoctahedral group. This group's subgroups include D (order 12), the symmetry group of a triangular antiprism; D (order 16), the symmetry group of a square bipyramid; and T (order 24), the symmetry group of a rectified tetrahedron. These symmet... | [
-1.2810999155044556,
0.3289555013179779,
0.6435699462890625,
0.04903964325785637,
-0.1799975484609604,
0.5061796307563782,
-0.3463667631149292,
0.31752464175224304,
-0.5555275082588196,
-0.15409214794635773,
-0.16794787347316742,
-0.8458070755004883,
0.2590574622154236,
0.08586081862449646... | 5f24168b-6b7f-4e00-8ee3-d4b9ad796541 |
It has eleven arrangements of nets. | [
0.3978416919708252,
-0.9320151805877686,
-0.018701350316405296,
0.4092327654361725,
-0.06729859113693237,
0.24938257038593292,
-0.9508791565895081,
0.4823356568813324,
-0.5475888252258301,
-0.6867476105690002,
0.6174122095108032,
-0.5549566745758057,
-0.13129203021526337,
-0.83529454469680... | 652059d5-f0f5-42f4-8945-0bc26b470411 |
The octahedron is the dual polyhedron to the cube. | [
-1.7469547986984253,
0.1686168611049652,
0.046166591346263885,
0.08513525128364563,
-0.6968441605567932,
0.38753634691238403,
-0.10960961878299713,
0.6800906658172607,
-0.46746334433555603,
-0.26150059700012207,
0.12358919531106949,
-0.6469839811325073,
0.290018230676651,
0.027737101539969... | eef2f28d-2cb6-4e36-acd0-b2b151212c6b |
The uniform tetrahemihexahedron is a tetrahedral symmetry faceting of the regular octahedron, sharing edge and vertex arrangement. It has four of the triangular faces, and 3 central squares. | [
-0.9118479490280151,
0.3041207194328308,
-0.4232749938964844,
-0.045530080795288086,
-0.8373539447784424,
-0.03340882062911987,
0.446723073720932,
-0.22532504796981812,
0.17796891927719116,
-0.28382378816604614,
0.018193325027823448,
-1.278543472290039,
-0.08224400132894516,
0.583949387073... | bead0109-15a5-42e7-a128-be630280e84a |
Rounder Records is an American record label that formed in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1970. Since then, it has moved to Burlington, Massachusetts. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Alison Krauss, Ween, and Bela Fleck. | [
-0.40386053919792175,
0.02278396673500538,
-0.15388162434101105,
-0.5853336453437805,
-0.6782028675079346,
0.5344614386558533,
-1.017171025276184,
0.07552940398454666,
0.2142922580242157,
0.8191056847572327,
0.570055365562439,
-0.19800344109535217,
0.4215734302997589,
0.29093655943870544,
... | fd977817-b994-4229-8a78-9f6fa54ae57f |
Columbia Records is an American record label that formed in 1888. It is the oldest existing record company in the world. | [
-0.35586994886398315,
0.3069920539855957,
-1.2167892456054688,
-0.10358209162950516,
-0.11555300652980804,
-0.1979002058506012,
-0.5240523815155029,
-0.22477751970291138,
-0.4913635849952698,
-0.1243015006184578,
0.5885842442512512,
0.3626428246498108,
0.20209182798862457,
0.20963552594184... | 2d04765e-e6fb-4c73-8278-e14567996329 |
Its parent company is now Sony BMG. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Aretha Franklin, System of a Down, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Bela Fleck, Janis Joplin, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Prince, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, and hundreds of other artists. | [
-0.48028627038002014,
-0.01505372766405344,
-0.9399397969245911,
0.27937304973602295,
0.05866782367229462,
0.9914809465408325,
0.08124107122421265,
-0.12309462577104568,
-0.4671386778354645,
0.823120653629303,
-0.2870466709136963,
0.5976681113243103,
0.13431090116500854,
0.2997052669525146... | 4a3681c1-714d-4cd9-9af9-34f399c62260 |
The origin of life on Earth is a scientific problem which is not yet solved. There are many ideas, but few clear facts. | [
0.3115086257457733,
0.6123824715614319,
0.43834543228149414,
-1.0602734088897705,
-0.2679525315761566,
0.6948466897010803,
0.21411193907260895,
0.5055841207504272,
0.8102299571037292,
0.34346944093704224,
0.03853283450007439,
0.3198184370994568,
-0.5299354791641235,
1.0987337827682495,
-... | 2ce5ea28-21c9-4d8f-9754-559ad124136b |
Most experts agree that all life today evolved by common descent from a single primitive lifeform. It is not known how this early life form evolved, but scientists think it was a natural process which happened about 3,900 million years ago. This is in accord with the philosophy of naturalism: only natural causes are ad... | [
0.8867607712745667,
-0.09931683540344238,
-0.7104070782661438,
-1.2958126068115234,
-0.1633886992931366,
0.3567538261413574,
0.5833266973495483,
-0.26252487301826477,
-0.047938838601112366,
-0.4267697036266327,
0.11721145361661911,
0.5213174819946289,
-0.2022871971130371,
1.032189846038818... | 9c0fcd3d-2cf5-4db4-bdde-0093241c4984 |
It is not known if metabolism came first or genetics. The main hypothesis which supports genetics first is the RNA world hypothesis, and the one which supports metabolism first is the protein world hypothesis. | [
0.11196320503950119,
-0.21915216743946075,
-0.8910435438156128,
-0.23884089291095734,
0.5249006748199463,
1.1399805545806885,
-0.21306991577148438,
-0.14748184382915497,
0.09072677791118622,
-0.6113453507423401,
0.666586697101593,
0.5322685241699219,
-0.21158544719219208,
0.229775309562683... | 60c62a4c-3c7f-4914-be67-2fe1c1fbe18a |
Another big problem is how cells developed. Melvin Calvin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, wrote a book on the subject, and so did Alexander Oparin. What links most of the early work on the origin of life is the idea that before life began there must have been a process of chemical change. Another question whic... | [
0.09558354318141937,
0.48216140270233154,
-1.0082288980484009,
-0.4946184754371643,
0.45789238810539246,
-0.2828872501850128,
0.4526071548461914,
-0.42243891954421997,
0.4158947467803955,
0.01798795349895954,
0.6755741834640503,
0.16194656491279602,
-0.35879993438720703,
0.444761723279953,... | 04c348e1-0ced-46cc-b13e-8ca0f9ce1275 |
The earliest claimed lifeforms are fossilized microorganisms (or microfossils). They were found in iron and silica-rich rocks which were once hydrothermal vents in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt of Quebec, Canada. | [
0.3850278854370117,
0.14951294660568237,
-0.06822505593299866,
-0.7940439581871033,
0.5663794279098511,
0.6918848752975464,
0.16935160756111145,
0.8220350742340088,
0.2952011823654175,
0.06114755943417549,
0.7985743284225464,
0.12191098183393478,
0.15390048921108246,
0.5397741794586182,
... | 2827e11d-cda5-4f51-b240-0d7050b740cc |
These rocks are as old as 4.28 billion years. The tubular forms they contain are shown in a report. If this is the oldest record of life on Earth, it suggests "an almost instantaneous emergence of life" after oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago. According to Stephen Blair Hedges, "If life arose relatively quickly on Ea... | [
0.13878679275512695,
0.27530476450920105,
-0.3266458213329315,
-0.33377280831336975,
0.010311252437531948,
0.2139521688222885,
-0.7330924272537231,
1.1440367698669434,
-0.45816290378570557,
0.5496971607208252,
0.7262493968009949,
0.31213465332984924,
-0.04716255143284798,
1.217388153076171... | cf8f5fe2-0564-43ea-a978-f41eb9441f82 |
A scientific study from 2002 showed that geological formations of stromatolites 3.45 billion years old contain fossilized cyanobacteria. At the time it was widely agreed that stromatolites were the oldest known lifeforms on Earth which had left a record of its existence. Therefore, if life originated on Earth, this hap... | [
-0.07313261926174164,
0.43373072147369385,
0.7844470143318176,
-0.0902215763926506,
0.22701740264892578,
-0.19134831428527832,
-0.3328630030155182,
0.7814924120903015,
-0.17759449779987335,
0.5034117102622986,
1.1680431365966797,
-0.017357278615236282,
0.05390555039048195,
0.65274047851562... | bfdb983e-8bf2-4d9c-9eac-816e2f53ebb5 |
The earliest evidence of life comes from the Isua supercrustal belt in Western Greenland, and from similar formations in the nearby Akilia Islands. This is because a high level of the lighter isotope of carbon is found there. Living things take up lighter isotopes because this takes less energy. Carbon entering into ro... | [
0.08715654164552689,
0.2487846165895462,
-0.853177547454834,
-0.055150341242551804,
0.3028029799461365,
0.2261139303445816,
-0.11600807309150696,
0.4229898154735565,
-0.42099055647850037,
0.024423079565167427,
0.732735276222229,
-0.07717746496200562,
-0.009732523933053017,
0.09136896580457... | 2250823a-6711-4941-af8e-d74dcae3c609 |
A few scientists think life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores. This idea, now known as panspermia, was first put forward by Arrhenius. | [
0.4080592393875122,
0.42906850576400757,
0.20409676432609558,
0.18925991654396057,
-0.02254379913210869,
0.11250670999288559,
0.18629790842533112,
0.5888888239860535,
-1.4152923822402954,
0.05452895537018776,
1.1599071025848389,
-0.2848850190639496,
-0.9602298736572266,
0.8409290313720703,... | 5813035d-06fa-4e64-8392-cd2cf212036a |
Until the early 19th century many people believed in the regular spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter. This was called spontaneous generation, and was disproved by Louis Pasteur. He showed that without spores no bacteria or viruses grew on sterile material. | [
0.5465139150619507,
0.11091959476470947,
-1.1626222133636475,
-0.3812926411628723,
0.2275589257478714,
0.5677137970924377,
0.3517930507659912,
0.17358633875846863,
-0.40100038051605225,
-0.8065979480743408,
-0.03844081237912178,
0.34995049238204956,
-0.33062586188316345,
1.0551512241363525... | 4be4becf-35d1-4e34-9835-233cae3961f4 |
In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on 11 February 1871, Charles Darwin proposed a "natural process" for the origin of life. | [
-0.19029274582862854,
0.5761864185333252,
-0.8335999846458435,
-0.5109261870384216,
0.09153872728347778,
0.4114067852497101,
0.9621447920799255,
-0.7967277765274048,
0.19847071170806885,
-0.2763660252094269,
0.033244840800762177,
0.5576427578926086,
0.4480525851249695,
0.7148193717002869,
... | 0d693c47-575b-4675-b4b2-bb717886c1bf |
He suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a "warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, lights, heat, electricity, etc. A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes". He went on to explain that "at the present day such matter would... | [
-0.2735740542411804,
0.7542641758918762,
-0.3323812782764435,
-0.01350153237581253,
-0.1436847746372223,
-0.45192381739616394,
0.4032716751098633,
-0.6389148235321045,
-0.8996188044548035,
0.4106123149394989,
0.9718115329742432,
-0.1867116540670395,
-0.41994351148605347,
0.1431442648172378... | 63870014-8c81-4b11-9c72-e22fe39daa3f |
No real progress was made until 1924 when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules. Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his "The Origin of Life", Oparin argued that a "primordial soup" of organic molecules could be c... | [
-0.11115550994873047,
0.4764569401741028,
-0.9981860518455505,
0.004923120141029358,
0.3401700258255005,
-0.0275359358638525,
0.5356116890907288,
-0.6341777443885803,
-0.18462738394737244,
-0.1804242581129074,
0.5422641634941101,
0.1011446863412857,
-1.024553894996643,
0.28484657406806946,... | 4bfdd744-dbab-42fb-bcc7-976fb71b0c0b |
Around the same time J.B.S. Haldane also suggested that the Earth's pre-biotic oceans, which were very different from what oceans are now, would have formed a "hot dilute soup". In this soup, organic compounds, the building blocks of life, could have formed. This idea was called "biopoiesis", the process of living matt... | [
0.00045184980263002217,
0.08595158159732819,
-0.6711900234222412,
0.54719477891922,
-0.16302470862865448,
0.13039790093898773,
-0.08301080763339996,
-0.43740159273147583,
-0.6561034917831421,
0.03500077873468399,
0.6748902201652527,
0.064766064286232,
0.12752790749073029,
0.571734309196472... | 1e2faa59-a3c5-400e-9b3a-4ab797c95ae9 |
There is almost no geological record from before 3.8 billion years ago. The environment that existed in the Hadean era was hostile to life, but how much so is not known. There was a time, between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago, which is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. It is so named because many lunar craters are t... | [
-0.4535723924636841,
0.5889902710914612,
-0.7478501200675964,
-0.4784996807575226,
-0.2555985450744629,
-0.11865486949682236,
-0.3984677791595459,
0.19662895798683167,
-0.6257146596908569,
0.33096423745155334,
0.434726744890213,
0.6152629852294922,
-0.4222315847873688,
1.0698492527008057,
... | 084d0c0b-a383-4e9c-ae26-2efe09e0870d |
Several people have suggested that the chemicals in the cell give clues as to what the early seas must have been like. In 1926, Macallum noted that the inorganic composition of the cell cytosol dramatically differs from that of modern sea water: "the cell… has endowments transmitted from a past almost as remote as the ... | [
-1.1587133407592773,
-0.08402366191148758,
-0.4226934611797333,
0.4961824119091034,
0.4798561632633209,
0.028978263959288597,
0.0467584989964962,
0.015823490917682648,
-0.42033421993255615,
0.5661390423774719,
0.9445669651031494,
-0.8233699798583984,
0.2893238961696625,
0.30433180928230286... | 13bcfe58-d571-4dc8-aa11-d480865eb381 |
If life evolved in the deep ocean, near a hydrothermal vent, it could have originated as early as 4 to 4.2 billion years ago. If, on the other hand, life originated at the surface of the planet, a common opinion is it could only have done so between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago. | [
0.6965256929397583,
-0.20280057191848755,
-0.044786080718040466,
-0.42508959770202637,
0.041803982108831406,
0.1430327296257019,
0.0033321399241685867,
0.45962241291999817,
-0.2255619764328003,
-0.027323056012392044,
0.766963005065918,
-0.06975847482681274,
0.31776365637779236,
0.899540185... | 1b0f3578-c117-4b75-9b75-e8ae55eb9d31 |
Lazcano and Miller (1994) suggest that the pace of molecular evolution was dictated by the rate of recirculating water through mid-ocean submarine vents. Complete recirculation takes 10 million years, so any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 °C. They estimate... | [
-0.0034854754339903593,
0.3724234998226166,
-0.5012148022651672,
0.7151814699172974,
0.3746459484100342,
-0.4361432194709778,
0.4626067578792572,
-0.6123095750808716,
-0.4708654284477234,
0.11909317225217819,
0.6015188097953796,
-0.12434426695108414,
0.07401489466428757,
0.9266535639762878... | 18bba862-2ea5-42ef-b8c7-78f2233c5034 |
Originally, the Earth's atmosphere had almost no free oxygen. It gradually changed to what it is today, over a very long time (see Great Oxygenation Event). The process began with cyanobacteria. They were the first organisms to make free oxygen by photosynthesis. Most organisms today need oxygen for their metabolism; o... | [
-0.168616384267807,
0.34766799211502075,
-0.6221417188644409,
0.0759221538901329,
0.21166858077049255,
-0.3654201030731201,
-0.21424809098243713,
0.6165335774421692,
-0.307721883058548,
-0.06848839670419693,
1.0812547206878662,
-0.13701166212558746,
-0.6230668425559998,
0.04788113385438919... | 610be272-995c-4f63-938a-eb29570f38a3 |
So it is expected that the first proto-organisms were chemoautotrophs, and did not use aerobic respiration. They were anaerobic. | [
0.1840270310640335,
0.021257780492305756,
-1.5712144374847412,
-0.43040966987609863,
0.3013480007648468,
0.32546982169151306,
-0.09187229722738266,
0.043677058070898056,
-0.021919673308730125,
-0.12327936291694641,
1.630797266960144,
0.4984908699989319,
-0.23924684524536133,
-0.53151696920... | 1fd435a5-cf19-43b2-8a9f-013a049bd548 |
There is no "standard model" on how life started. Most accepted models are built on molecular biology and cell biology: | [
-0.17652858793735504,
-0.6422281861305237,
1.2997037172317505,
-0.3702062964439392,
0.2670551538467407,
-0.053055647760629654,
-0.7196070551872253,
-0.20758230984210968,
-0.2610507309436798,
0.5463132858276367,
1.4155431985855103,
0.1751018613576889,
-0.4586685597896576,
0.3755240142345428... | 942709aa-68f7-45b1-8f2e-81100ff2ee33 |
The origin of the basic biomolecules, while not settled, is less controversial than the significance and order of steps 2 and 3. The basic chemicals from which life is thought to have formed are: | [
-0.5807030200958252,
-0.13530845940113068,
-0.6664027571678162,
-0.3644782602787018,
0.376194566488266,
-0.23548640310764313,
0.07724215090274811,
-0.44975054264068604,
0.08053351193666458,
0.45100775361061096,
0.586550235748291,
-0.15773425996303558,
-0.1083129495382309,
0.192997679114341... | e05629fd-14cf-4fab-bb67-5da9c6bc9814 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.