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Mining Mobile Equipment	Lubrication chart The lubrication chart provides an overview of the location of the maintenance points on the machine and of their maintenance intervals.
Mining Mobile Equipment	The hydrostatic travel drive operates in a closed circuit. The variable displacement pump 20 pumps oil directly to the variable displacement motors 35 and 40. The oil returning from the variable displacement motors is pumped back to the intake side of the variable displacement pump.
Mining Mobile Equipment	Variable displacement motors The variable displacement motors drive the transfer gear. A high or low torque is transmitted to the gears depending on the swivel angle and the high pressure.
Mining Mobile Equipment	The bearing flushing supplies fresh, cooled oil to the tapered roller bearings and into the housing of the variable displacement motors. The hot oil is removed by suction. The returning flow of oil from the fan motor 1 is supplied to the connection U of the variable displacement motors. The orifice 9 ensures that the o...
Mining Mobile Equipment	Variable displacement pump The variable displacement pump operates in a closed circuit. It pumps the oil directly to the variable displacement motors. The oil flowing back from the variable displacement motors is fed back to the suction side of the variable displacement pump.
Mining Mobile Equipment	Pilot control hydro accumulator The purpose of the hydro accumulator is to store hydraulic energy and supply it when needed. It has the following applications: To act as an attenuator for pressure peaks, for example for the ride control system or steering attenuation. As an energy reserve to supply energy when nee...
Mining Mobile Equipment	Quick-change device (Option) The quick-change device can be attached to the lift arm of the machine. It is designed to facilitate the fast changing of various attachments on the lift arm. The various working attachments are operated in different ways. For a more detailed description on the operation of the various work...
Mining Cu	SCADA Upgrade Project TCT was engaged by Tritton Copper Mine to resolve a problem with their existing Wonderware SCADA installation. The issue was evidenced by very slow update times between the Wonderware servers & computers and the Omron PLCs. Other PLCs such as Allen Bradly PLCs and other devices including Modbus TC...
Mining Cu	Mine At the Tritton processing plant combined ore feed is fed to a conventional concentrate processing plant, which was expanded from 900,000 tpa capacity to 1.6 Mtpa in 2007.
Mining Cu	Mining Operation The Tritton Decline mine is a conventional mechanised underground operation utilising ?Caterpillar R2900 LHDs ?Tamrock DD420 60 Jumbos ?Atlas Copco M2D Jumbos ?Cat 980H and 972 FELs ?Sandvik DL420 Production Drills ?Normet Charge Up Unit 1610B ?Cat IT28Gs ?Cat AD55 Trucks
Mining Cu	Processing ?The Tritton processing plant was designed by Ausenco and commissioned in 2005 with a nameplate capacity of 900,000 tpa. Plant has capacity of 1.6 Mtpa rate. ?The crushing circuit comprises an ore bin with a fixed 800 mm aperture grizzly, feeding ore via a vibratory feeder to a Kemco S7N single toggle jaw cr...
Mining Cu	?The grinding circuit produces a cyclone overflow product of P80 75 µm at 30 to 35% w/w solids. ?Total grinding circuit power draw is 3,160 kW. ?The tertiary cyclone overflow feeds two 50 m³ Wemco tank cells (installed as part of the TEP) in series for primary rougher flotation. ?Concentrate from the Wemco cells is...
Mining Cu	?Power and water are supplied to the Tritton mining areas from infrastructure originally installed for the Girilambone site. ?Power is supplied from the Nyngan-Bourke 66kV transmission line which was extended from Girilambone to the Tritton site. ?The Tritton and Girilambone/North East sites currently use approximate...
Minning Construction	The Thiess Sedgman Joint Venture (TSJV) has been awarded a $186 million contract to design and construct a Coal Handling and Preparation Plant (CHPP) for Boggabri Coal Pty Ltd. The CHPP will support the expansion of Boggabri Coals mining operation located in the Gunnedah Basin in New South Wales. Boggabri Coal is expa...
Minning Construction	Bulk Materials Handling Our material handling products and systems include traditional trough-type belt conveyors, fixed/overland conveyors, portable conveyors, at-the-face mining conveyors, stacker/reclaimer systems, mobile conveyors, radial stackers, bulk material and bag loading and unloading systems for barges and ...
Minning Construction	Crushers, Sizers & Feeder Breakers This expertise is supported by more than 1,700 installed crushers, feeder-breakers and sizers. The Feeder Breaker is traditionally used between the mobile mining machinery and the fixed conveyor systems. The main function of the Feeder Breaker is to reduce the product down to a manage...
Minning Construction	Coal Classification & Water-based Cleaning Equipment From advanced hydro cyclones and classifiers to spiral concentrators, FLSmidth delivers cutting-edge washing, solid-particle recovery and classification technology. FLSmidth manufactures durable and flexible classifying equipment to dewater, concentrate, size and rec...
Minning Construction	Heavy Media Separation Wemco HMS systems are installed and operating on many different minerals ranging from coal, manganese, magnesite, right through to fluorspar, iron ore, and diamonds. FLSmidth supplies a comprehensive range of modular Dense Media Cyclone Plants utilising Krebs® HM cyclones and Wemco® HM drums. Par...
Minning Construction	Thickening FLSmidth supplies the worlds largest thickeners with the highest torque ratings. From the well-known brands of EIMCO and Dorr-Oliver, our thickening equipment is utilized around the world and recognized as the leader in minerals-duty thickening applications such as concentrate, tailings, preleach, and CCD. ...
Minning Construction	Our EIMCO® Deep Cone® Paste Thickeners produce underflow solids with a paste consistency and the highest solids concentration of any thickener on the market. Paste is a non-segregating liquid/solid mixture with a yield stress and slump. The benefits of producing paste are considerable.
Minning Construction	Screening FLSmidth offers a full range of world-class vibrating screens to suit almost every screening application. Through FLSmidth Ludowici we have been producing screens for over 60 years and we are proud to be the market leader in the provision of mechanical screening equipment. Whether your requirements are for we...
Minning Construction	Flotation FLSmidth is the worlds largest supplier of flotation equipment with over 55,000 units sold. FLSmidth combines the strength of WEMCO and Dorr- Oliver flotation technology, which accounts for more than two-thirds of all annual flotation sales globally. We attribute this success to our ability to provide either...
Minning Construction	Filtration Since 1910, FLSmidth has manufactured pressure and vacuum filters and continues to supply filtration technology for minerals and industrial processing flowsheets throughout the world. Whether using for concurrent or countercurrent cake formation, cake discharge, washing, dewatering, settling, or drying, you ...
Minning Construction	Step 1- Convey rocks to concentrator Step 2 34 foot diameter sag mill powered by 2 X 8500 HP motors Water is added with ore and rolled with 5 inch diameter ball to crush the ore to 2 inch
Minning Construction	Ore less than ½ inches size will drop down and pumped to two ball mills for grinding
Minning Construction	Larger than ½ inch travel the conveyed to a pebble crusher
Minning Construction	Pebble crusher Crushed into approximately ½ inch size and return back to the sag mill for further processing
Minning Construction	225 X 40 Ball mills Power by 4 X 8500 HP motors, use 3.5 inch balls to grind the ore finer
Minning Construction	Ball Mill Products pumped into cyclones Separates coarse material from the finer and revert coarse material to the ball Mills
Minning Construction	The Water and Fine Ore which is ground above the size of salt is mixterre flows to the rougher flotation circuit
Minning Construction	The separation of barren rock from the minerals is performed in the rough flotation cells
Minning Construction	Bubble are created adding air and small amount of alcohol The mineral concentration from the rougher flotation cells are further processed in regrind mill and cleaner flotation
Minning Construction	The concentrate with 22% copper will flow to the thickner
Minning Construction	The thickened concentrator then pumped to the filer press panels
Minning Maintenance Realibility	SAG Mill Installation and Commissioning The 40 ft (12.2 m) diameter 20 MW Cadia gearless SAG mill, was commissioned. This was a leap of over 40% above the largest operating SAG mill. A significant saving in capital cost gave the incentive necessary for a single mill line at Cadia, resulting in the selection of the 40 f...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Foundation survey and repair Foundations of older equipment can be surveyed to assess the condition of the concrete, which can deteriorate over time from movement and/or vibration. New soleplates can be used to modify and repair the foundation, helping to eliminate future problems.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Overall inspection and basic assessment Cracks, missing bolts, wash and wear, excessive vibration, oil or slurry leaks are all examples of what can be discovered during an overall mill inspection. Engineering evaluation complements the inspection in order to troubleshoot the causes. Recommendations are made to remedy t...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Grout injection Injecting or pumping grout is an effective way of filling-in a cavity or securing a loose trunnion liner within a trunnion. The expertise of grout injection requires designing the inlet and outlet ports strategically to ensure smooth filling of the cavity as well as venting of the trapped air.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Trunnion seal upgrade Older mill trunnion seals and bearing housings can be upgraded to accommodate Metsos current standard of grease purged triple lip seals.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Trunnion liner repair When the fit between the trunnion and the trunnion liner is worn, the trunnion liner becomes loose and the bolts attaching the trunnion liner to the trunnion start breaking. Rather than machining the trunnions on site, a new machined sleeve is centered and grouted in place. This becomes the new tr...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Structural parts remachining Off-site machining is an effective cost and time means of refurbishing large structural components such as trunnions and heads. Controlled machining in a machine shop environment provides the most accurate clean-up of bearing surfaces, flanges, re-drilling of holes,
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Site machining Site machining is an effective cost and time means of refurbishing large structural components. Site machining is generally used after weld repairing large components at site to skim-cut flanges and bolted connections that have distorted or lost their machined surfaces.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Finite element analysis (FEA) Structural evaluation using FEA techniques is a very effective tool to design new and retrofit equipment, to evaluate damage caused by slurry wash, or to verify the effectiveness of mechanical reinforcements such as adding gussets and wrapper plates. FEA results are continuously verified a...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Site shell welding Worn or cracked shells can be weld repaired at site. Reinforcing gussets can also be welded to minimize distortion due to welding and to add structural strength. Over time, welding procedures have been refined and complemented with weld grinding and shot-peening.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	First-of-its-kind, complex repairs First-of-its-kind, complex repairs are usually needed when a crack or severe wash is discovered in the rotating structural components, or when a design improvement is necessary to change operational parameters such as increased mill loading.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Pinion temperature monitoring The pinion temperature monitoring system uses differential temperature checks across the pinion face to ensure proper pinion alignment. Automatic sensing and continuous condition monitoring is accomplished through infrared sensor technology (4 to 20 mA to PLC or DCS). The system uses low-m...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Trunnion bearing RTD installation Older trunnion bearing housings either do not have RTDs to measure bearing temperatures or the RTDs are embedded in the bearing sleeve making maintenance very difficult. These bearing housings can be retrofitted with RTDs using 100 ohm sensor technology, which rides directly on the bea...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Trunnion bearing lubrication system Replacing an outdated lubrication system can extend the life of bearings and trunnions. The system automatically maintains constant temperature and even flow as well as improves the efficiency of the oil filtration process.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Olympic dam sag mill down BHP said the huge Svedala mill had experienced an electrical failure and would be out of service for about six months, reducing copper production by 60,000-70,000 tonnes in this financial year
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Mill Liners Liners can be metal or rubber Grate and ware plate are normally made from alloy ware resistant cast steel or rubber.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Kanex CG offers the rubber and combined lining for mills, liner bolts, as well as rubber trommels. Rubber wear-resisting linings, manufactured by the Company, are widely applied in the field of non-ferrous and ferrous metals enrichment, coal mining and electrical power supply. Such linings are gradually replacing the ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Bolts by their very nature are designed to undo, from the very moment the load used to tighten a bolt for the very first time is released, a bolt starts to loosen, it can loose anywhere from 10-20% of its load in the first 48 hours and thats without the normal bedding in process. This is why a re-torque is specified a...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Breaking or Leaking Mill Liner Bolts In many grinding plants mills which have metallic or rubber liners suffer from bolt breakage.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Ball Mill Repair Ball mill preventive maintenance, SAG mill, AG mill planned maintenance Minor repair cycle for ball mill is about one month, (repair at any time for special conditions) and the repair items include: 1. Check and clean the oil pump, oil filter and lub. Oil pipeline, then renewal the lub. oil; 2. Check a...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Ball mill overhaulIn the repairs of mining ball mill PM, overhaul has the largest workload and the longest cycle. Overhaul means to dismantle most or all the parts of the equipment, then repair or replace the mechanical parts, electric parts, adjust working system, and then do mounting and commissioning, so as to rule ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Daily maintenance of ball mill 1. All lubricating points and the oil surface height should be checked at least one time every 4hours. 2. The temperature of the bearing grease should not be higher than 55?, when the ball mill stays in operation. 3. The temperature of transmission bearing and the reducer should be no hig...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Fractures in ball mill trunnion Cracks observed in a ball mill trunnion and compared the theoretical values of growth rate of these defects with actual values obtained through periodic inspections performed in this component. The cracks nucleation was caused by lack of lubrication in the trunnion bearings, generating c...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	SAG Mill Motor Breakdown one of two 6.5MW motors that drive the SAG mill at the Phu Kham Copper?Gold Operation failed. The SAG mill draws only 50% of its installed motor power whilst treating the softer transitional ore. It is anticipated that the process plant will be down for between 11 and 23 days dependent on the ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Recent development of Milling Firstly, the advent of ring motors has removed the constraint applied by the power that a single pinion gear was able to transmit. The next constraint was the difficulty of casting a mill head at 40-ft (12.2 m). Although it could and has been done, the number of facilities capable of achi...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Shell supported mill In place of trunnion bearings, mills can be supported on mutli-pad hybrid type bearings mated to journals machined on the ends of the shell of the mill. This design gets away from the problem of casting large diameter heads. The CCV ring motor (gearless) drive is used at Cadia (20 MW) and Olympic...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	SAG Mill Excessive Vibration during Commissioning and Operation At Cadia, excessive vibration and deflections in the drive stator were encountered during commissioning of the mill and later during operation (Meimaris, Lei and Cox, 2001). Vibration measurements indicated that the amplitude of the motion was approximatel...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Change in Lifter Face Angle The advent of computer simulation techniques has enabled the effect of changes in liner geometry on ball trajectory to be simulated. Various sets of computer code have been used for this, ranging from two dimensional single particle flight path simulations. The current trend in lifter system...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Larger Liner Pieces The attraction of a reduced number of larger pieces is a shorter re-line time. Liner handlers capable of lifting up to 3500 kg pieces and lengths exceeding 2 m are now available, and systems have been developed for rapid removal of worn liners.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Mill Discharge Systems and Pebble Discharge Issues The efficiency of the mill grate and slurry discharge system decreases with increasing mill diameter and mill length. The efficiency of the mill discharge system for slurry and pebble discharge is compromised by the current standard pulp lifter and trunnion pulp discha...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Use of curved pulp lifters Incomplete and back-flow of coarse solids down the pulp lifter is a major source of wear in the base and head-side corners of the discharge system. Use of curved pulp lifters is advocated to ensure effective discharge of solids and minimise wear.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Composite Materials There are many benefits claimed for the use of rubber lining systems. However, the harsh environment of a large SAG mill has dictated against their use. The advent of composite liners, with steel-capped lifter bars mated to rubber shell plates has done much to counter the problems experienced. Trial...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	AG Mills The attraction of fully autogenous milling (AG mill with/without a pebble mill) is the reduction in operating cost derived by elimination of steel media. Typically, a SAG mill based circuit (P80 of 106 to 150 um) has media costs of around A$1/t.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Maximising Plant Throughput The majority of operations aim to maximise plant throughput to match the maximum cost effective mining rate. The SAG mill is usually the rate limiting process stage in plant upgrades. Plants based on single stream primary mills rely on one of the following strategies to significantly increas...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Improving Wear Life and Plant Availability There is significant scope for increasing capacity by decreasing downtime. Improving the life of the mill internals and minimising downtime for relining gives higher availability. The use of wear resistant rubber/steel composites, larger and fewer liner pieces, and a reduction...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Process Optimisation Power analysis for SAG and ball mills and cyclone/screen efficiency evaluations allow the circuit to be tuned to current conditions. Similar approaches to the modelling of all unit operations in the plant will lead to improved designs and plant performance. Instrumentation and systems that are exp...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Copper Mountains concentrator The plant design was based on a 35,000 tpd comminution circuit followed by a rougher-regrind-cleaner-scavenger flotation plant. Ore grades averaged 0.33% Cu with a copper recovery of approximately 82%. Mining Copper Mountain mining operations operate in open-pits utilizing three hydraulic...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	During the early operating months, plant operators were making changes in the milling circuit as required. These included changing the SAG mill discharge grates to a larger opening size, changing the SAG mill operating speed, changing the grinding media ball supplier, increasing the grinding ball size, increasing the S...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	With the enhanced knowledge gained about the ore hardness and competency, the option of a pre-crusher being added to the Copper Mountain flowsheet was proposed. One of the critical factors affecting the SAG mill throughput is F80 to the SAG mill and a pre-crusher will reduce the feed size to the SAG mill. Modelling wit...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	These changes would ultimately include; modifying the primary crusher product conveyor and adding three conveyors, one for feeding the pre-crusher surge pile, one for feeding the pre-crusher and one for the transporting the product back to the stockpile conveyor.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Copper Mountain personnel decided to test the pre-crusher concept with the use of smaller temporary crusher plants that would crush some of the primary crusher product before it was fed to the SAG mill. In the end, there were as many as three crushing plants running at Copper Mountain crushing on up to 40% of the SAG m...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Gearless Mill Drive GEARLESS DRIVES FOR GRINDING MILLSGearless Mill Drive (GMD) systems are characterized by having the motor wrapped around the mill like a ring. For this reason, they are often referred to as ring motors. The rotor poles are attached directly to the mill (head) flange, and hence the rotor becomes an i...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Variable speed for process optimization The speed of the GMD can be adapted to the operational requirements at any time across the full operating range. Variable speed allows to compensate for throughput changes as well as for harder ore, and to prevent meta-to- metal contact between the grinding media and the mill lin...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Flotation cells Closed loop control of the milling is achieved by using a classification circuit. This is typically achieved using either hydro-cyclones or a set of screens. Hydro-cyclones are density separation devices that have an underflow of coarse particles and an overflow of fine particles. For a screen, the fine...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	In addition to the reagents added, the flotation process depends on two main parameters. Retention time needed for the separation process to occur determines the volume and number of flotation cells required. Agitation and aeration needed for optimum flotation conditions, determine the type of flotation mechanism...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Column flotation cells: Do not use mechanical agitation (impellers). Instead, mixing is achieved by the turbulence provided by rising bubbles. Mostly used to produce final grade concentrates because they are capable of great selectivity.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Flotation circuit Flotation process is broadly divided into rougher, cleaner and scavenger stages, each using many (bank of) flotation cells : Concentrate from the rougher stage are further concentrated in the cleaner stage. Tailings from the rougher or cleaner stage are fed to the scavenger stage. With all the intern...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Heavy Duty Flotation Tank Construction Robust mild steel construction Option for stainless steel construction for corrosive slurries Various tank liner options available I-Beam support structure on larger models Removable Flotation Machine Wear Liners Rubber lined bottom tank liner Wear resistant tank side liners All ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Flotation Cell Reliability Improvement Plant stability can be defined when a plant is running with flows and tonnages in equilibrium and steady state. Unstable plants never reach equilibrium and the cause for this is sometimes due to fundamental flow sheet design but mainly due to poor control of key factors that cause...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Cell Level Control Possibly one of the biggest challenges in controlling liquid level in applications such as flotation cells has to be the accurate measurement of the liquid level below the froth. Knowing the liquid level to an accurate value provides the opportunity of determining froth depth. This in turn allows the...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	REAGENT MIXING AND DOSING No checking of solution strength and clarity was been carried out which ultimately led to varying strengths of reagent and crystals of PAX and SIPX frequently blocking the reagent dosing lines. The frequency of blockages was at least one reagent line per shift with catastrophic effects Line b...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	HYDROCYCLONE HYDROCYCLONE MAINTENANCE As mentioned previously, another source of plant instability was lack of preventative maintenance to hydro cyclones, The mechanical department according to their scheduled plans was regularly carrying out maintenance; the problem was that this procedure had no metallurgical input...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Another common wear pattern observed on vortex finders in particularly onerous duties is the cutting of the vortex finder around its base which if left unchecked can ultimately result in the vortex finder actually falling off into the hydrocylone vessel itself. This phenomenon is most usually associated with lack of at...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Thickeners The object of a control system on a High Rate Thickener (HRT), as on a conventional thickener, is to obtain the required underflow density and overflow clarity at all feed conditions. Thickening technology utilizes the principle of sedimentation as a cost effective method of solid-liquid separation. Sediment...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Critical to thickener performance are two parameters: 1. Solids loading based on dry tonnes of solid entering the feedwell 2. Rise rate based on the flow rate (cubic meters per hour) entering the thickener including dilution water Consequently, improvements in thickener process performance typically include efforts di...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	The drive unit consists of the base supporting structure, hydraulic motor mounts, pinion gears, slew ring gear, cage adapter ring and cage structure. Six motors are used to provide the drive action
Minning Maintenance Realibility	F-Type Primary Speed Reducer DBS Manufacturing, Inc. pioneered the concept of using hydraulics as the means of primary speed reduction on clarifier and thickener drive units. DBS incorporated the hydraulic speed reducer on its drive units in the early 1990s and it is now a standard feature on nearly all DBS drives. The...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Drive The drive is a single multi?stage planetary extra heavy duty unit driven via a hydraulic motor. The hydraulic drive minimises any shock loads at start?up (essentially a soft start), thereby minimising the wear on gearboxes and extending the drives service life. Hydraulic pressure provides a simple and accurate me...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Power Pack The thickener will be installed with a power?pack mounted on the bridge for ease of maintenance.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Rake Lift The unique design of our lifting device has eliminated all operational problems with lifting the rakes out of high torque situations effortlessly. The lifting mechanism consists of a hydraulic cylinder driven by a hydraulic pump. The lift offered is 300mm for these units. The rake lift raise and lower opera...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Concentrate thickener feed well upgrade Issues Severely corroded Pipework not plumed into tangential inlet No dispersion of mixed product into the thickener Objectives Reduce loss of concentrate to the overflow Replace feed wells with improved design Utilize available process control equipment Design Criteria Minimise...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Thicker operation Feed slurry becomes very diluted on entering the feed well and leaves the feed well as a dilute suspension from which particulate settling occurs. A thickener has several basic components: a tank to contain the slurry, feed piping and a feed well to allow the feed stream to enter the tank, a rotating ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Conventional Thickeners The conventional thickener can be used with or without flocculants, depending upon the application. If employed, flocculants are normally added to the feed launder or in the feed well, and flocculation occurs in the resulting turbulence.
Minning Maintenance Realibility	High Rate Thickeners High rate thickeners are designed specifically to maximise the flocculation efficiency of flocculants. They differ from conventional thickeners in feed well design, size and control. Unlike conventional thickeners, high rate thickeners must use flocculants. The basic design of a high rate thickener...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Components and Accessories of Thickeners A thickener consists of a collection of components, which can be supplied in a number of variations. The basic components are the same: Tank Drive Support Structure Drive Unit and Lifting Device Rake Structure Feed Well Overflow Arrangement Underflow Arrangement ...
Minning Maintenance Realibility	Rake Lifting Mechanism These should be provided when abnormal thickener operation is probable. Abnormal thickener operation or excessive torque may result from insufficient underflow pumping surges in the solids feed rate excessive amounts of large particles sloughing of the solids accumulated between the rakes and th...

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