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Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of ...
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In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess Sekhmet means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god Amun means " hidden one " , and the ...
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Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings . Such relationships were the base material fro...
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The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestat...
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In the reign of Akhenaten ( c . 1353 – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious syst...
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Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to c...
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Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is lapis lazuli . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , in...
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In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the " son " of ...
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Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communicatio...
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Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be ...
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Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems . Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed e...
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South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on July 5 , 1988 , the album was the band 's second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood had helped the band 's sound evolve . South of Heaven was Slay...
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South of Heaven was recorded in Los Angeles , California with Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin . PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand observed that Rubin 's production " shoves [ Dave ] Lombardo 's drumming right up front in the mix . " Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has since said that South of Heaven was the only album the ...
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Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 's Reign...
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South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin 's newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and...
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The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " have received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , with the former cover being described as havi...
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Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) have become near constant fixtures in the band 's live setlist , notching up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse 's deluxe edition 's bonus live ...
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Tom Araya – bass , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dave Lombardo – drums
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General aviation in the United Kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercia...
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The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It defines commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail f...
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The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling a...
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The GA sector operates a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can be broadly categorised as public transport , aer...
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Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some are , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations are non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more...
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[ 14.209112167358398, 7.710220813751221, 1.7869850397109985, 5.7557525634765625, 11.48050308227539, 7.962730884552002, 1.043492317199707, 1.0187456607818604, 5.550769329071045, 1.0285710096359253, 12.942839622497559, 1.0167313814163208, 2.364915370941162, 1.168179988861084, 18.097045898437...
Flying schools are commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to quali...
142
train
830
832
3
419
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[ 19.764373779296875, 8.340108871459961, 2.687499523162842, 1.525578498840332, 1.168179988861084, 2.364915370941162, 18.0970458984375, 10.32773208618164, 1.0299423933029175, 5.585031032562256, 8.379122734069824, 1.0167313814163208, 3.8436830043792725, 5.815749168395996, 1.238682508468628, ...
Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft that are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights were local fl...
143
train
836
839
4
583
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[ 84.22010803222656, 10.564501762390137, 13.64342212677002, 1.043492317199707, 1.0187456607818604, 5.984864711761475, 5.983672142028809, 3.169370174407959, 2.1229100227355957, 3.0271778106689453, 1.0299423933029175, 3.068883180618286, 1.0126577615737915, 16.915393829345703, 5.6733698844909...
Competitive gliding in the UK takes place between May and September . Regionals are local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . ...
144
train
843
843
1
136
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[ 18.13011932373047, 5.798312664031982, 22.137380599975586, 1.3598045110702515, 1.05550217628479, 17.042510986328125, 5.520873069763184, 1.168179988861084, 2.868504524230957, 5.8935465812683105, 1.2443766593933105, 1.392556071281433, 8.340108871459961, 6.220364570617676, 3.549537181854248,...
Aerodrome is a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA applies the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to loca...
145
train
847
848
2
373
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 10.187593460083008, 2.432478904724121, 1.043492317199707, 18.995349884033203, 4.031100749969482, 1.3361760377883911, 6.094372749328613, 16.942394256591797, 5.798312664031982, 22.137380599975586, 1.3598045110702515, 23.84615707397461, 4.815992832183838, 1.1758549213409...
The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfie...
146
train
852
852
1
267
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[ 5.504712104797363, 16.942394256591797, 5.798312664031982, 9.171942710876465, 3.035341262817383, 2.432478904724121, 1.168179988861084, 3.6823174953460693, 8.379122734069824, 6.220364570617676, 1.7869850397109985, 5.057173728942871, 1.0587587356567383, 1.525578498840332, 16.45871925354004,...
Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the f...
147
train
856
859
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401
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[ 3.5078091621398926, 1.7869850397109985, 1.3361760377883911, 5.544435024261475, 4.282750606536865, 1.118363380432129, 2.2987098693847656, 1.1184334754943848, 2.6970200538635254, 7.766089916229248, 5.815749168395996, 11.907388687133789, 1.043492317199707, 1.0187456607818604, 5.984864711761...
There are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders...
148
train
863
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[ 5.504712104797363, 22.30015754699707, 1.0285710096359253, 40.78965759277344, 1.168179988861084, 1.392556071281433, 8.600395202636719, 1.7869850397109985, 4.888029098510742, 1.7371724843978882, 7.817867279052734, 7.711071491241455, 1.043492317199707, 5.815749168395996, 6.266868591308594, ...
Most sectors of GA for which data are available have experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , have in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severe...
149
train
869
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1
239
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 12.07693099975586, 1.0285710096359253, 17.551069259643555, 1.3598045110702515, 1.0587587356567383, 1.3797357082366943, 8.640800476074219, 3.0007681846618652, 9.86433219909668, 1.0285710096359253, 8.745600700378418, 1.043492317199707, 1.9748780727386475, 8.731983184814...
The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this is the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment...
150
train
873
873
1
316
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[ 9.615863800048828, 1.7572771310806274, 18.697364807128906, 5.997230529785156, 22.30015754699707, 1.0285710096359253, 40.78965759277344, 1.7869850397109985, 16.76479721069336, 1.171968698501587, 1.05550217628479, 12.987309455871582, 19.470306396484375, 7.223212242126465, 1.012657761573791...
Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retains responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors that are not included in the scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of m...
151
train
877
877
1
184
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[ 6.8693156242370605, 2.8744776248931885, 20.651378631591797, 1.0299423933029175, 3.4338314533233643, 14.660839080810547, 3.8775174617767334, 8.908892631530762, 1.0167313814163208, 1.9748780727386475, 5.815749168395996, 1.7869850397109985, 5.057173728942871, 1.0587587356567383, 6.691837787...
Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft that meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy t...
152
train
881
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301
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 8.271027565002441, 20.30105972290039, 2.10675048828125, 16.014236450195312, 1.0587587356567383, 40.78965759277344, 1.3598045110702515, 1.0187456607818604, 19.764373779296875, 21.650785446166992, 29.06780433654785, 9.347167015075684, 1.2921735048294067, 3.0555663108825...
The pilot qualification most relevant to GA is the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permits the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also issues UK @-@ specific nationa...
153
train
885
886
2
133
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[ 8.719657897949219, 6.370274543762207, 1.0299423933029175, 4.799500942230225, 2.4036567211151123, 1.4531853199005127, 2.2167630195617676, 1.118363380432129, 2.2987098693847656, 1.1184334754943848, 26.917585372924805, 18.389860153198242, 8.739402770996094, 40.78965759277344, 5.815749168395...
Between 1995 and 2004 there were 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 were fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attributes the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; ...
154
train
890
890
1
119
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 7.711071491241455, 1.043492317199707, 24.694284439086914, 5.766037940979004, 15.513099670410156, 1.2921735048294067, 61.18449020385742, 1.291777491569519, 1.8176617622375488, 23.31131362915039, 1.0187456607818604, 11.42200756072998, 9.66740608215332, 1.028571009635925...
The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT ) has eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ de...
155
train
894
896
3
340
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[ 5.766037940979004, 52.98731994628906, 1.3598045110702515, 7.929226875305176, 1.1758549213409424, 61.18449020385742, 1.0167313814163208, 4.403839111328125, 1.0299423933029175, 40.78965759277344, 14.36050796508789, 1.0126577615737915, 1.8947722911834717, 1.3598045110702515, 6.7704715728759...
Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspa...
156
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900
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[ 15.13280200958252, 24.501033782958984, 1.0167313814163208, 2.2838265895843506, 1.1675180196762085, 14.1561918258667, 10.189555168151855, 1.0167313814163208, 1.7371724843978882, 7.817867279052734, 4.423295974731445, 7.711071491241455, 1.043492317199707, 61.18449020385742, 6.22036457061767...
Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are...
157
train
905
905
1
226
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 8.407641410827637, 3.6611974239349365, 1.3598045110702515, 6.02057409286499, 1.0587587356567383, 1.0187456607818604, 35.99779510498047, 1.0299423933029175, 6.607839107513428, 1.0285710096359253, 40.78965759277344, 16.942394256591797, 5.798312664031982, 9.1719427108764...
The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is re...
158
train
909
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2
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Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flying has been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiri...
159
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SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty 's ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ dr...
160
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Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on Zrínyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad ...
161
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 4.722438335418701, 1.15404212474823, 6.3497538566589355, 1.0587587356567383, 1.0187456607818604, 13.364815711975098, 5.303983688354492, 1.118363380432129, 1.148162603378296, 1.1184334754943848, 12.95895767211914, 9.250225067138672, 1.1855026483535767, 1.16618597507476...
The ship was assigned to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet 's 1st Battle Squadron after her 1911 commissioning . In 1912 , Zrínyi and her two sister ships conducted two training cruises into the eastern Mediterranean Sea . On the second cruise into the Aegean Sea , conducted from November to December , Zrínyi and her sist...
162
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At that time of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class ( which still had one ship , SMS Szent István , under construction ) , the Erzherzog Karl class and finally , the older Habsb...
163
train
940
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[ 2.587056875228882, 1.0187456607818604, 13.364815711975098, 5.303983688354492, 1.118363380432129, 1.148162603378296, 1.1184334754943848, 12.95895767211914, 6.84004020690918, 11.86378288269043, 1.043492317199707, 9.106801986694336, 1.0167313814163208, 1.0187456607818604, 13.364815711975098...
After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 , the Austrians wanted to turn the fleet over to the newly created State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( later to become a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in order to prevent the Italians from claiming the ships as spoils of war . However , the victorious All...
164
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946
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209
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Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis , family Pyronemataceae . First described to science in 1805 , and given its current name in 1889 , the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf @-@ cup , dwarf acorn cup , stalked bonfire cup , or pixie cup . The small , goblet @-@ shaped fru...
165
train
950
951
2
320
[ 383, 39526, 373, 717, 3417, 32627, 287, 1248, 2713, 416, 38579, 18226, 12523, 18042, 9966, 5362, 290, 10174, 3271, 390, 40430, 259, 4224, 355, 2631, 89, 23638, 6588, 10312, 764, 29548, 721, 1872, 7070, 715, 46247, 18542, 262, 8234, 65, ...
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The fungus was first described scientifically in 1805 by Johannes Baptista von Albertini and Lewis David de Schweinitz as Peziza carbonaria . Mordecai Cubitt Cooke illustrated the fruitbodies , spores , and asci in his 1879 work Mycographia , seu Icones fungorum . Figures of fungi from all parts of the world . In 1889 ...
166
train
955
955
1
179
[ 383, 8234, 65, 5042, 357, 10570, 420, 283, 862, 1267, 286, 2269, 11081, 87, 271, 6588, 20066, 389, 6508, 14292, 837, 352, 784, 362, 12067, 3094, 837, 290, 423, 1216, 24431, 20542, 680, 20241, 764, 383, 8434, 599, 382, 2488, 12, 31, ...
[ 1.1227535009384155, 10.773987770080566, 4.34271240234375, 18.309629440307617, 1.2921735048294067, 15.754066467285156, 6.535711765289307, 3.4591193199157715, 8.051287651062012, 1.291777491569519, 1.0285710096359253, 10.360584259033203, 21.44661521911621, 7.129298210144043, 3.3926002979278...
The fruitbodies ( ascocarps ) of Geopyxis carbonaris are cup shaped , 1 – 2 cm wide , and have fringed whitish margins . The inner spore @-@ bearing surface of the cup , the hymenium , is brick red and smooth , while the exterior surface is a dull yellow , and may be either smooth or have blister @-@ like spots ( pustu...
167
train
959
959
1
151
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In mass , the spores are whitish . The spores are elliptical , smooth , hyaline , devoid of oil droplets ( eguttulate ) , and have dimensions of 13 – 18 by 7 – 9 µm . They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external stimuli . The asci are 190 – 225 by 9 – 10 µm . The paraphyses ar...
168
train
963
963
1
188
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 7.7479071617126465, 5.5866475105285645, 44.518253326416016, 14.466039657592773, 59.16463851928711, 13.748262405395508, 1.2921735048294067, 10.360584259033203, 21.44661521911621, 7.129298210144043, 3.3926002979278564, 44.518253326416016, 14.466039657592773, 23.77105140...
The closely related vulcan elf cup ( Geopyxis vulcanalis ) has a pale orange to yellowish fruitbody that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity , and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur . It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses , which lack the orange @-@ brown granules character...
169
train
967
968
2
255
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Geopyxis carbonaria is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the growing season . It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground . The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals . Fruitbodies are produced ...
170
train
972
973
2
400
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Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post @-@ fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots , Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic int...
171
train
978
980
3
275
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The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889 . The coin had three types over its lifetime , all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre . The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever min...
172
train
984
987
4
441
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In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one @-@ dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin , and as one of silver , representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender . Congress followed Hamilton 's recomm...
173
train
991
993
3
711
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[ 1.464875340461731, 3.297183036804199, 2.4140541553497314, 11.267630577087402, 1.0167313814163208, 3.5170533657073975, 9.15339183807373, 20.22389793395996, 4.3785505294799805, 2.2952029705047607, 8.882774353027344, 39.24538040161133, 1.0167313814163208, 1.0187456607818604, 10.185632705688...
In January 1844 , North Carolina Representative James Iver McKay , the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means , solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar . Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members , again advising against a coin that if issued would be...
174
train
997
999
3
303
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 6.433051586151123, 1.3018590211868286, 1.0187456607818604, 9.212284088134766, 21.355701446533203, 1.0167313814163208, 2.322624444961548, 7.961794376373291, 6.974506855010986, 13.681267738342285, 12.298544883728027, 9.206488609313965, 6.781436920166016, 1.0167313814163...
The officers at the Philadelphia Mint , including Chief Coiner Franklin Peale , were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson . The outsider in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , successor to Gobrecht ( who had died in 1844 ) . A former copper @-@ plate engraver , Longacre had been appoint...
175
train
1,003
1,004
2
273
[ 383, 5994, 352, 3869, 8872, 28539, 257, 1182, 286, 14734, 837, 6476, 1364, 837, 351, 257, 26920, 316, 393, 46668, 3301, 319, 607, 1182, 14121, 607, 1438, 764, 2332, 4190, 318, 9272, 287, 257, 28773, 2162, 673, 318, 11191, 416, 1511, 5...
[ 1.1227535009384155, 16.826318740844727, 2.068084955215454, 6.815242290496826, 15.47858715057373, 13.212467193603516, 1.05550217628479, 4.069431304931641, 1.0285710096359253, 16.425735473632812, 1.0167313814163208, 9.889355659484863, 3.1582086086273193, 1.0167313814163208, 1.1708892583847...
The Type 1 gold dollar depicts a head of Liberty , facing left , with a coronet or tiara on her head bearing her name . Her hair is gathered in a bun ; she is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original states . The reverse features the date and denomination within a wreath , with the name of the nation near the r...
176
train
1,008
1,012
5
1,305
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[ 21.355701446533203, 6.515094757080078, 10.213188171386719, 1.0187456607818604, 1.6350783109664917, 6.815242290496826, 11.860686302185059, 1.4531853199005127, 3.857663869857788, 1.171968698501587, 3.0271778106689453, 2.699023962020874, 1.0167313814163208, 2.4140541553497314, 10.9280281066...
Mint records indicate the first gold dollars were produced on May 7 , 1849 ; Longacre 's diary notes state instead that the first were struck on May 8 . A few coins in proof condition were struck on the first day , along with about 1 @,@ 000 for circulation . There are five major varieties of the 1849 gold dollar from ...
177
train
1,016
1,017
2
258
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 16.826318740844727, 2.2167630195617676, 1.0299423933029175, 2.3376917839050293, 6.815242290496826, 11.860686302185059, 16.996784210205078, 16.425735473632812, 1.1675180196762085, 1.05550217628479, 12.914776802062988, 2.8008744716644287, 19.85087013244629, 1.0167313814...
The Type 2 and 3 gold dollars depict Liberty as a Native American princess , with a fanciful feathered headdress not resembling any worn by any Indian tribe . This image is an inexact copy of the design Longacre had made for the three @-@ dollar piece , and is one of a number of versions of Liberty Longacre created bas...
178
train
1,021
1,024
4
617
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[ 1.1227535009384155, 6.815242290496826, 15.47858715057373, 3.4725570678710938, 1.0587587356567383, 1.525578498840332, 3.857663869857788, 1.043492317199707, 1.0187456607818604, 3.321112871170044, 12.886896133422852, 1.166185975074768, 1.0167313814163208, 3.622756004333496, 20.3321723937988...
The gold dollar continued to be produced in the late 1850s , though mintages declined from the figures of two million or more each year between 1850 and 1854 . Only about 51 @,@ 000 gold dollars were produced in 1860 , with over two @-@ thirds of that figure at Philadelphia , just under a third at San Francisco , and 1...
179
train
1,028
1,031
4
1,032
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[ 5.987252235412598, 6.815242290496826, 2.599186658859253, 1.6121196746826172, 35.91157531738281, 1.043492317199707, 1.0187456607818604, 2.644103765487671, 2.9729888439178467, 1.2921735048294067, 6.803528308868408, 1.171968698501587, 1.0187456607818604, 4.2087907791137695, 8.84274196624755...
Since gold did not circulate in the United States ( except on the West Coast ) in the postwar period , much of the production of coins of that metal in the United States was double eagles for export . Accordingly , although 1 @,@ 361 @,@ 355 gold dollars were struck in 1862 — the last time production would exceed a mil...
180
train
1,035
1,035
1
63
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The gold dollar had a brief resurrection during the period of Early United States commemorative coins . Between 1903 and 1922 nine different issues were produced , with a total mintage of 99 @,@ 799 . These were minted for various public events , did not circulate , and none used Longacre 's design .
181
train
1,040
1,041
2
238
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The Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction ( sometimes referred to as the Corey – Chaykovsky reaction or CCR ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epoxides , aziridines , and cyclopropanes . It was discovered in 1961 by A. William Johnson and developed significantly by E. J. Corey and M...
182
train
1,045
1,046
2
172
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The original publication by Johnson concerned the reaction of 9 @-@ dimethylsulfonium fluorenylide with substituted benzaldehyde derivatives . The attempted Wittig @-@ like reaction failed and a benzalfluorene oxide was obtained instead , noting that " Reaction between the sulfur ylid and benzaldehydes did not afford b...
183
train
1,050
1,056
7
355
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The reaction mechanism for the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction consists of nucleophilic addition of the ylide to the carbonyl or imine group . A negative charge is transferred to the heteroatom and because the sulfonium cation is a good leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring . In the related Wittig react...
184
train
1,060
1,060
1
79
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The application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse . The reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur ylides with electrophiles well beyond the original publications . It has seen use in a number of high @-@ profile total syntheses , as detailed below , and ...
185
train
1,064
1,070
7
555
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Many types of ylides can be prepared with various functional groups both on the anionic carbon center and on the sulfur . The substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the reagents ( typically from the sulfonium halide , e.g. trimethylsulfonium iodide ) and overall reaction rate in various ways . T...
186
train
1,074
1,075
2
117
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[ 6.265499114990234, 39.24538040161133, 1.0285710096359253, 23.358455657958984, 8.744359970092773, 3.937610149383545, 7.546391487121582, 1.1708892583847046, 41.70054626464844, 10.201351165771484, 1.0299423933029175, 1.05550217628479, 44.3554801940918, 30.17600440979004, 3.035341262817383, ...
Reactions of sulfur ylides with ketones and aldehydes to form epoxides are by far the most common application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction . Examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' ylides have been reported , as shown below . The reaction has been used in a number of notable total syntheses...
187
train
1,079
1,079
1
96
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The synthesis of aziridines from imines is another important application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amine transfer from oxaziridines . Though less widely applied , the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the carbonyl equivalent . The ...
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For addition of sulfur ylides to enones , higher 1 @,@ 4 @-@ selectivity is typically obtained with sulfoxonium reagents than with sulfonium reagents . Many electron @-@ withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including ketones , esters , and amides ( the example below involves a Weinreb amide )...
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In addition to the reactions originally reported by Johnson , Corey , and Chaykovsky , sulfur ylides have been used for a number of related homologation reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name . With epoxides and aziridines the reaction serves as a ring @-@ expansion to produce the corresponding oxetane o...
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The development of an enantioselective ( i.e. yielding an enantiomeric excess , which is labelled as " ee " ) variant of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction remains an active area of academic research . The use of chiral sulfides in a stoichiometric fashion has proved more successful than the corresponding cataly...
191
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The most successful reagents employed in a stoichiometric fashion are shown below . The first is a bicyclic oxathiane that has been employed in the synthesis of the β @-@ adrenergic compound dichloroisoproterenol ( DCI ) but is limited by the availability of only one enantiomer of the reagent . The synthesis of the axi...
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Catalytic reagents have been less successful , with most variations suffering from poor yield , poor enantioselectivity , or both . There are also issues with substrate scope , most having limitations with methylene transfer and aliphatic aldehydes . The trouble stems from the need for a nucleophilic sulfide that effic...
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The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico , Porfirio Díaz , and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21 , 1911 . The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution ....
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The rebellion against the government of Porfirio Díaz broke out in late 1910 , after Díaz had his rival Francisco Madero imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election . Madero 's earlier vague promises of agrarian reforms had attracted many supporters . He himself escaped from prison and fled to ...
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Encouraged by the news of the uprisings , Madero crossed the border back into Mexico in February 1911 . He was joined by Pancho Villa and Orozco and in April the army began approaching Ciudad Juárez . Orozco and Villa led the way with 500 men each , while Madero followed up with 1 @,@ 500 riders . The city was besieged...
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At about the same time that Villa and Orozco were marching on Ciudad Juárez , the Zapatista revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of Puebla , Tlaxcala , Mexico , Michoacán and Guerrero . On April 14 , Madero had Emiliano Zapata officially designated as his representative in the region . However , Zapata was...
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As early as March 1911 , Madero 's representatives met in New York with Díaz 's finance minister , José Yves Limantour , and the Mexican ambassador to the US in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides . Limantour proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries ,...
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The most significant point of the treaty was that Porfirio Díaz , and his vice president , Ramón Corral , resign and that de la Barra , acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible . Additionally , the treaty stipulated that : An amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared , with the option f...
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The treaty was signed on May 21 . Díaz resigned accordingly on May 25 . Francisco de la Barra became the interim president . Madero entered Mexico City on June 7 . Zapata however refused to recognize the interim government of de la Barra , and for the time being the fighting in Morelos continued . Madero met with Zapat...
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The Feast of the Goat ( Spanish : La fiesta del chivo , 2000 ) is a novel by the Peruvian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa . The book is set in the Dominican Republic and portrays the assassination of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo , and its aftermath , from two distinct standpoints a generatio...
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The Feast of the Goat is only the second of Vargas Llosa 's novels to be set outside Peru ( the first being The War of the End of the World ) . It is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist : as critic Lynn Walford writes of the leading character in The Feast of the Goat , and also Vargas Llos...
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The novel 's narrative is divided into three distinct strands . One is centred on Urania Cabral , a fictional Dominican character ; another deals with the conspirators involved in Trujillo 's assassination ; and the third focuses on Trujillo himself . The novel alternates between these storylines , and also jumps back ...
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Urania Cabral and her father Agustín Cabral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the novel . In the year 1996 , Urania returns to the Dominican Republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 . She is a successful New York lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to ove...
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Rafael Trujillo , known also as The Goat , The Chief , and The Benefactor , is a fictionalized character based on the real dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official President of the Republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 . In The Feast of the Goat , Vargas Llosa imagines the innermost t...
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The storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four conspirators who directly participate in Trujillo 's death . Antonio Imbert Barrera is one of the few conspirators who survives the violent reprisals that follow Trujillo 's assassination . Imbert is a politician who becomes disillusioned with the de...
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The Feast of the Goat 's major themes include political corruption , machismo , memory , and writing and power . Olga Lorenzo , reviewer for The Melbourne Age , suggests that overall Vargas Llosa 's aim is to reveal the irrational forces of Latin tradition that give rise to despotism .
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The structure of Dominican society was hierarchical , with strongly gendered roles . Rafael Trujillo , the ruler , was a cruel dictator who haunts the people of Santo Domingo even 35 years after his death . He is a true caudillo , ruling with brutality and corruption . He creates a personality cult in his capitalist so...
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According to literary scholar Peter Anthony Niessa , the two important components of machismo are aggressive behaviour and hyper @-@ sexuality . Aggressive behaviour is exhibited by displays of power and strength , while hyper @-@ sexuality is revealed through sexual activity with as many partners as possible . These t...
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All of the novel 's storylines concern memory in some sense or another . The most apparent confrontation of memory is on the part of Urania Cabral , who has returned to the Dominican Republic for the first time in 30 years , and is forced to confront her father and the traumas that led her to leave the country at 14 . ...
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In her treatment of the novel , María Regina Ruiz claims that power gives its wielder the ability to make prohibitions ; prohibitions that are reflected in history , the study of which reveals what is and what is not told . The government 's actions in The Feast of the Goat demonstrate the discourse of prohibition : fo...
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The novel is a combination of fact and fiction . Blending together these two elements is important in any historical novel , but especially in The Feast of the Goat because Vargas Llosa chose to narrate an actual event through the minds of both real and fictional characters . Some characters are fictional , and those t...
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The realist style of The Feast of the Goat is recognized by some reviewers as being a break from a more allegorical approach to the dictator novel . The novel received largely positive reviews , most of which were willing to accept sacrifices of historical accuracy in favour of good storytelling . A common comment on t...
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An English @-@ language film adaptation of the novel was made in 2005 , directed by Luis Llosa , Mario Vargas Llosa 's cousin . It stars Isabella Rossellini as Urania Cabral , Paul Freeman as her father Agustin , Stephanie Leonidas as Uranita and Tomas Milian as Rafael Leonidas Trujillo . It was filmed in both the Domi...
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Charles Eaton , OBE , AFC ( 21 December 1895 – 12 November 1979 ) was a senior officer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , who later served as a diplomat . Born in London , he joined the British Army upon the outbreak of World War I and saw action on the Western Front before transferring to the Roy...
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Charles Eaton was born on 21 December 1895 in Lambeth , London , the son of William Walpole Eaton , a butcher , and his wife Grace . Schooled in Wandsworth , Charles worked in Battersea Town Council from the age of fourteen , before joining the London Regiment upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . Attached ...
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Eaton remained in the RAF following the cessation of hostilities . He married Beatrice Godfrey in St. Thomas 's church at Shepherd 's Bush , London , on 11 January 1919 . Posted to No. 1 Squadron , he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between London and Paris , ferrying delegates to and from the Peace ...
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Once war was declared , Darwin began to receive more attention from military planners . In June 1940 , No. 12 Squadron was " cannibalised " to form two additional units , Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin and No. 13 Squadron . No. 12 Squadron retained its Wirraway flight , while its two flights of Ansons went to the new...