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9 classes
in a telecommunications system such as a global mobile telephone network in which each subscriber unit includes a subscriber identity module , each sim card has fixed memory locations , to which data can be addressed over the air . some of the locations can not be overwritten from the subscriber unit but can be accesse...
7Electricity
a design methodology reduces electromigration in integrated circuit joints such as flip - chip bumps by seeking to produce a more uniform current distribution at the interface between the integrated circuit pad and the joint while maintaining an interface form that coincides with standard integrated circuit designs is ...
7Electricity
a method for responding to a change in source code , said method comprising : interconnecting a plurality of nodes to form a graph data structure wherein the graph embodies at least one dependency between a plurality of software projects ; traversing the graph to identify dependent code affected by the change ; evaluat...
6Physics
a protective cover for a personal mobility vehicle for use when the pmv is stored on ground or on a platform left attached to a vehicle . only two mating flexible flat side panels form the cover . the arcuate mating upper margins are connected together by weather stitching , the lower margins being unconnected for cove...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
the invention relates to an arrangement for multi screw vessels , in particular twin screw vessels , with external propeller shafts , as well as to a method for producing such an arrangement . the arrangement according to the invention is in particular suitable for a drive system of an above - mentioned multi screw ves...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
the invention relates to an image sequence coding method in which images are segmented and coded with respect to their contours and textures . the texture coding step is carried out by means of a new technique relying on a wavelet decomposition of the images , called quincunx bidimensional wavelet transform and adapted...
7Electricity
this invention relates to medical apparatus , and in one embodiment useful as a urine sampling receptacle wherein urine initially discharged therein may be segregated in order to get a sample which is more nearly representative in chemical composition , comprising a sloped false bottom having an aperture therethrough w...
0Human Necessities
compositions are described comprising at least partially defatted meal from a plant source containing protein - bound tryptophan , preferably squash seeds , and , optionally , a carbohydrate source provided in an amount capable of facilitating transport of in vivo generated tryptophan across the blood brain barrier . a...
0Human Necessities
a programmable lighting control system for advertising , decorative , artistic , and christmas lighting applications , consists of a standalone controller , an optional power booster device , and a personal computer compatible software program . the controller receives power via a standard ac outlet receptacle and incl...
7Electricity
a three - dimensional waveguiding structure for a microcavity surface - emitting laser is described in which native aluminum oxide layers provide control of intracavity waveguiding and the laser optical mode structure of the emitted beam . microcavity lasers described herein account for the blueshift of the emission wa...
7Electricity
a high - frequency relay includes : a base block having fixed terminals insert - molded to expose fixed contacts ; an electromagnetic block mounted on the base block and for rotating a movable iron piece due to excitation and demagnetization ; and movable blocks interlocking with a rotation operation of the movable iro...
7Electricity
an optoelectronic transmission device includes an optical signal source , a light detector , a solar cell unit , and a power storage unit . the reflector covers the light detector and the optical signal source . the reflector is configured to internally totally reflect first light emitted from the optical signal source...
6Physics
a process whereby the olfactory response of a gas chromatograph , equipped with a focused surface acoustic wave interferometer integrating detector is converted to a visual image for the purpose of performing pattern recognition . as volatile analytes exit a gas chromatography column a surface acoustic wave interferome...
6Physics
a communication system and a method can be configured to facilitate the performance of a conference . the system can include a conference organizer terminal and at least two participants &# 39 ; terminals each assigned to respective conference participants who each log in to start a conference on the communication syst...
6Physics
an improved miniature golf course provides water features which may advance , retard , or randomly impact the motion of the golf ball . the features may also wet the players by spraying them , forcing them to wade , misting them , etc . the features may take the form of water jets , streams , waterfalls , cascades , sw...
0Human Necessities
a method for the encryption , transmission , and subsequent decryption of digital keying data . the method utilizes the data encryption standard and is implemented by means of a pair of apparatus , each of which is selectable to operate as either a master unit or remote unit . each unit contains a set of key encryption...
7Electricity
a dye mordant composition containing a polymer comprising repeating units with at least 20 mol % of the repeating units having the general formula : ## str1 ## wherein r 1 represents an alkyl group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms , an aralkyl group , an aryl group or an allyl group ; r 2 and r 3 , which may be the same...
6Physics
a hydraulically driven rotary vibrator that includes a motor body and a pair of opposed housings . each housing includes a shaft , and an eccentric weight that are journalled by a pair of anti - friction bearings . the shaft of each housing extends a selected distance beyond a first end of the housing . a gear is attac...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a method of managing accounts relating to presentation instruments includes receiving at a host computer system information from a client defining an account management rule . the rule includes an event , a condition , and an action to be taken if the condition is satisfied upon the occurrence of the event . the method...
6Physics
a shield for removable attachment to an eyeglass frame front having a pair of eyeglass lens holding frames and a pair of pivotal temples for holding said eyeglass lens frames on the head of a user to provide protection on the top , the bottom and the side of the eye . the sideshields are attached to the eyeglass lens h...
6Physics
an improved bicarbonate determination with variability of apparent dissociation constant in henderson - hasselbach equation or henderson equation with henry &# 39 ; s law is described . the improved bicarbonate is utilized in the determination of improved strong ion difference and strong ion difference excess as the ch...
6Physics
a web advertisement classifier for embedded advertisements in a web page includes detecting whether an advertisement is a contextual advertisement ; detecting whether the advertisement is a retargeted advertisement ; and detecting whether the advertisement is a behaviorally targeted advertisement . classified advertise...
7Electricity
a rotary drill bit comprises a bit body having a shank for connection to a drill string , a plurality of cutters mounted on the bit body , each cutter having a cutting face , and means for supplying drilling fluid to the surface of the bit body to cool and clean the cutters . at least some of the cutters are lateral cu...
4Fixed Constructions
the invention relates to a method for producing a membrane module , comprising a plurality of elongated filter elements disposed in parallel adjacent to one another , each element comprising a longitudinal channel , a housing enclosing the filter elements , and a collector chamber between the housing and the filter ele...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a refractory guide member and a method for heating the refractory guide member by use of an inductor , where at least one collateral electromagnetic field located in a region spaced apart from the inductor is generated by the inductor . the mold part is made of an electrically conductive layer with several insulating i...
7Electricity
for use , for example , in an anti - theft device having a lock , a piston moves in a cylinder having variant bores which provide upper and lower tapers . during factory assembly , a soft metal liner is deformed upon such tapers whereby to prevent , during later operational use , unwanted leakage of a pressure fluid ei...
8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology
the present invention relates to display manufacturing technology , especially for a dielectric - free triode field emission display device based on double - gate / single - cathode type electron emission units and the device drive methods . this device comprises parallelly positioned anode and cathode / gate plates , ...
6Physics
a probe including an elongate body defining a distal region adapted to be bent into a loop and an inflatable tissue coagulation body supported on the elongate body distal region .
0Human Necessities
a breath guard canopy for a serving unit of the type in which individuals move trays along one or both sides of the serving unit and receive food stuffs therefrom either by self - service or by being served . a breath guard , or canopy , in the form of at least one sheet of transparent material is supported on the unit...
0Human Necessities
an auger to assist in ground burrowing or mixing paint or concrete , is used by attaching it to an electric or cordless power source . the major advantages over previous augers are : a hex head design prevents slipping in the drill chuck , an offset boring tip provides better digging , and a removable extension allows ...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
disclosed is a system for separating liquid and solid waste . the system provides a plurality of ways of moving liquids from initial disposal to a reservoir . the system may comprise an insert and a shell , or may include a funnel , insert and shell . the funnel allows for direct collection of liquids . the insert allo...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
an apparatus and method for electronic authentication of electronic transactions conducted on the www / internet . users can create and manage an individual account specifically for the purpose of proving ones identity and authority to access or engage in a wide variety of electronic activities such as purchasing , acc...
6Physics
crosslaminates of thermoplastic films have at least one of the films formed as a fluted structure , and two films are laminated to one another in such a manner that pockets are formed which contain gas . the pockets allow passage of gas between at least two adjacent flutes , whereby the product has an improved handle ,...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a liquid - activated lighted ice cube includes a battery - powered electrical circuit and led housed in a hollow body that resembles an ice cube . the circuit includes electrodes exposed to the exterior of the hollow body that , when in contact with water or other liquid beverage , cause the circuit to turn on the led ...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a method receives signaling messages by a mobile apparatus at least from one base station of a cellular network , interprets a received signaling message , searches for an anomaly with at least one signaling parameter of the received signaling message from a first base station to a known comparison signaling parameter ...
7Electricity
apparatus for stowing and deploying a plurality of control surfaces of a guided air vehicle comprises : a housing including : a plurality of slotted openings along an outside surface thereof ; and a corresponding plurality of cavities within the housing , each cavity extending to the outside surface of the housing thro...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a fastener for use in air massage systems used with a bathtub that includes a shell having at least two layers with at least one hole being defined through the shell . the fastener , for instance in the form of a rivet , comprises a hollow body adapted to extend through the hole in the shell and a securing mechanism pr...
8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology
a computer method for filling a selected region in a target image includes determining an attribute of a seed pixel within the selected region , forming a mask image of the region based on identifying pixels that have the attribute , and filling the selected region based on the mask image .
6Physics
methods that test multibeam satellite communication systems , including its antennas and transponders . the methods use input power telemetry and output noise power to test satellite transponders and antennas while the satellite is in orbit . one method that tests a satellite receive antenna employs at least two earth ...
7Electricity
in general , in one aspect , instructions are received from a user for management of a network device , the instructions are adjusted for compatibility with requirements of a network provider other than the user , and the adjusted instructions are implemented on the network device .
7Electricity
a method of processing a plurality of different code systems for an information processing apparatus including an operating system , comprises a step of inputting a source program , and a compiling step of analyzing meaning of the source program to thereby create a series of instructions and data required for executing...
6Physics
characteristics of a fluid are determined , in one embodiment , by flowing the fluid between a plurality of electrode pairs , applying respective dc voltages across at least two of the electrode pairs , and measuring resulting currents through the fluid at the respective electrode pairs . in one example , respective pl...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
9 - cis - retinoic acid - α - tocopherol esters , pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and use of the same as a medicine for the treatment of leukemia , in particular , the remission of leukemia are provided and a combined use of a 9 - cis - retinoic acid - α - tocopherol ester and either 1α , 25 - dihydroxy...
0Human Necessities
improvements in present day fire hydrants are presented . the improvement relates to a fire hydrant where the above ground structure is essentially removed and is replaced with an adaptable connection . the connection uses the same mounting hole pattern as used in the above ground hydrant . in operation , the adaptable...
8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology
a television set include a dvd - ic 20 for outputting a composite signal a containing subtitle information and closed caption information , a tv - ic 10 for outputting an osd signal b based on the closed caption information identified in the composite signal a , and a serial bus connecting the dvd - ic 20 and the tv - ...
7Electricity
disclosed is a novel system and method for maintaining computing functionality when a client device must be used in a low - power state . more particularly , when a client device is placed in a low - power state , sleep mode , or even shut - down , this method transfers aspects of the machine state onto a virtual machi...
8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology
a simple inexpensive slide switch is disclosed having a unitary plastic slide member serving the dual function as a switch housing and actuator . the plastic member is slidably mounted to the insulator base member by flexible side skirts having barbs extending inwardly and disposed in sliding engagement with the base m...
7Electricity
a method and apparatus for generating a performance indicator in a high - speed communication system . a plurality of disparate communication status signals with differing formats from a transceiver are combined in a logic module to create a single link quality indicator signal . the link quality indicator signal is us...
7Electricity
the invention includes a liquid crystal display panel including spacers and a method of making this panel . the spacers , which are positioned in the liquid crystal - filled gap between a first substrate and a second substrate , provide support to the substrates and prevent the substrate from bending when the device is...
6Physics
a software layer for boosting the throughput of a computer file server by reducing the number of required mechanical accesses to the physical storage is provided . the throughput boost is achieved through the combination of extending the data requests along the file path and inserting double - buffered paths in front o...
6Physics
the ball raceways on the inside surface of the outer ring of a rod end bearing to be used on aircraft is hardened by a nitriding process while at the same time leaving the remainder of the ring soft and ductile to resist fracture .
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a device for regulating a voltage drop across a load , particularly an electromagnetic load , includes an actuator connected in series with the load , a ground and a supply voltage . a first current balancing circuit provides an actual current which corresponds to the voltage across the load . a current source establis...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a knee joint prosthesis includes femoral and tibial components , a bearing and a control arm . the bearing includes an inferior surface in sliding bearing engagement with the tibial component and a superior surface in articular bearing engagement with the femoral component . a notch extends into the posterior end of th...
0Human Necessities
there is disclosed herein an antenna for generating a rotating pattern . the pattern is generated electronically , and no physically moving parts are required . an exemplary embodiment of the antenna radiates a cardioid pattern which rotates at a 15hz rate for use as a tacan beacon . the structure of the antenna is in ...
7Electricity
a zoom lens system includes a positive first lens group , a negative second lens group , a positive third lens group , and a positive fourth lens group . upon zooming , the first through fourth lens groups move toward the object so that the distance between the first and the second lens groups becomes longer , the dist...
6Physics
a folding bicycle in which all the pivoting members have horizontally pivot axes and all the members are indirectly connected to a single collar that slides up and down a seat post . in order to achieve an open or closed state , the collar is made to slide along the post and is then secured by tightening a quick releas...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a instrument for performing synthesis of small molecules such as oligos and peptides when using solid phase synthesis techniques to synthesize small molecules . the system and methods include a mechanism for controlling the pressure differential across the reaction vessels that contain the solid support used in solid p...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
an apparatus comprising a first circuit and a second circuit . the first circuit may be conf igured to generate an address signal in response to a first ramp signal , a second ramp signal , and a format signal . the second circuit may be configured to generate the first and second ramp signals in response to a one or m...
7Electricity
a high accuracy programmable attenuator for accurately selecting and maintaining desired values of attenuation for a high frequency rf signal . the attenuator is comprised of a plurality of cells wherein each cell is comprised of an individual attenuator , a switch and a bias resistor . each bias resistor is comprised ...
7Electricity
a modular patient monitor has a docking station configured to accept a handheld monitor . the docking station has standalone patient monitoring functionality with respect to a first set of parameters . at least some of the first parameter set are displayed simultaneously on a full - sized screen integrated with the doc...
0Human Necessities
a pressure regulator configured to reduce fluid flow droop is provided . the pressure regulator comprises a regulator housing having an inlet port , an outlet port and a fluid flow passage therebetween . a valve seat is positioned in the fluid flow passage and a valve plug cooperates with the valve seat to control the ...
6Physics
a well instrumentation system , comprising : a power and data supply ; and a plurality of functional units attached to the power and data supply and distributed throughout the well , characterised in that the power and data supply comprises first and second substantially identical cables , and in that each unit compris...
4Fixed Constructions
the present invention relates , in general , to a method of modulating physiological and pathological processes and , in particular , to a method of modulating cellular levels of oxidants and thereby processes in which such oxidants are a participant . the invention also relates to compounds and compositions suitable f...
2Chemistry; Metallurgy
a ballast resistor device for use in a gas laser system for stabilizing the operation of the gas laser includes a housing , a ballast resistor element and a filler material filled in the space between the housing and the resistor element is provided . in the preferred embodiment , the filler material is substantially h...
7Electricity
the present invention relates to a motorized hair roller winder , comprising a handle and a rotary drum driven by a motor allowing , during use , to wind a lock of hair around said hair roller fixed beforehand on the winder , characterized in that said winder comprises integrated heating means allowing to heat the hair...
0Human Necessities
a catch pan apparatus for starting and stopping coating is disclosed for coating a downwardly moving receiving surface by curtain coating . the catch pan device includes an intercepting pan that intercepts the curtain when coating is stopped and a substantially horizontal intercepting surface that intercepts the curtai...
6Physics
an improved gravity feed product dispenser track apparatus for products sold in containers having a truncated conical shape , such as a bell shape or an inverted bell shape used for certain popular yogurt products . the dispenser track assembly of the present disclosure aligns the products on a track with a front disch...
0Human Necessities
provided is a transmitter that includes a channel selector for modifying an operating frequency of a radio - controlled toy . the transmitter has a channel selection switch that enables a user to pick a channel from a set of predefined channels . the selected channel is then transferred to the toy . for example , a mic...
0Human Necessities
a fuel injection pump for internal combustion engines , which has improved and simplified means for a throttled preliminary shut - off to prevent cavitation in the injection system and late injections by the fuel injection valves . the pump piston is provided with two recesses that terminate in chamfered control edges ...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
the present invention concerns the use of cloricromene - 4 - methyl - 7 - ethoxycarbonylmethoxy coumarin ) base and the salts thereof to prepare pharmaceutical compositions with cholesterol - lowering activity .
0Human Necessities
provided are a method of manufacturing a plastic substrate having a tft , a substrate manufactured thereby , a method of manufacturing a flat panel display device , and a flat display device manufactured thereby , which can be used for a flexible flat display device . the method includes : preparing a film in which a p...
7Electricity
the invention concerns a nebuliser with nanometric flow rate of a liquid effluent in a nebulising gas comprising at least arranged substantially concentric , a capillary tube for intake of the liquid effluent and a nebulising needle including a central channel fed with liquid effluent through the capillary tube , a cha...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
an auto - injector confines all functional components inside an enclosed housing , to keep its needle out - of - sight , at all times . within the housing , a needle holder positions a needle at a location . a drive mechanism then simultaneously engages the needle with a fluid source and accelerates it with a predeterm...
0Human Necessities
a data communication method , a communication system , and related devices are configured to establish a transaction identifier in a user equipment . the data communication method includes the following steps . a mobility management entity receives a request message and obtains ability information of the ue . if the ue...
7Electricity
paper decurling is achieved at the output of a printer or other paper handling machine by discharging sequential sheets of the paper into an angled tray . upon sensing of the paper at a predetermined height , paper curling is presumed and the tray is caused to drop . this causes the sheets to slide against an end stop ...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a system for drying chemical reagents on material , particularly for producing product used in making reagent test strips is described . by drying selected chemicals on substrate drawn past a radiant energy source , rapid drying may be achieved while obtaining high - quality product . airflow sufficient to break or dis...
6Physics
disclosed is a lighting apparatus . the lighting apparatus includes : a control module supplying power ; a heat sink receiving the control module ; a light source mounted on the heat sink and connected to the control module ; and a communication module including a connection terminal inserted into the heat sink and con...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a microelectronic device is rendered resistant to reverse engineering by encapsulating it in a dual layer encapsulant . the inner layer is compatible with the operation of the device , and has a greater resistance to chemical attack then does the device . the outer layer includes a filler of barium sulfate and gadolini...
7Electricity
a method and apparatus for increasing the mobility of the ankle joint by application of a continuous or cycled force between the lower leg and anterior portion of the heel . in a preferred embodiment , an expandable cylinder is pivotally attached to a heel cup and to a lower leg cuff . a selected and quantifiable force...
0Human Necessities
a brake control apparatus is provided with a simulator for applying a biasing force to a manually operated braking member of a vehicle in response to braking operation . a sensor detects conditions of the vehicle including a braking condition of the vehicle . a first biasing device applies a first biasing force to the ...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a channel control method and apparatus for an iptv service are provided . in order to search for and select channels according to program viewing preference of a user , the channel control method for an iptv service includes : mode setting operation setting a favorite channel mode and a basic channel mode by analyzing ...
7Electricity
light emitting system , particularly , light emitting systems that utilize semiconductor wavelength converting regions , and methods of producing such systems are disclosed . the light emitting systems and methods of producing such systems seek to frustrate recombination of free carriers that are associated with wavele...
7Electricity
an image formation apparatus develops an electrostatic latent image with a two - component developer consisting of magnetic carriers and toners by using a development apparatus and a latent image supporter including a filler in an outermost layer thereof , the development apparatus having a developer supporter , which ...
6Physics
an accident sensor for a motor vehicle for triggering a safety system is provided . a deformable and radiation transparent synthetic material part is penetrated by a defined quantity of light traveling in a beam path . a radiation sensitive detector optically detects the deformation of the material part by detecting a ...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a hook and bobbin locator apparatus and method consisting of a mounting plate and more than one hook and bobbin combination . each of the more than one hook and bobbin combinations is connected with a stepper motor and each of the more than one hook and bobbin combinations are removably connected with the mounting plat...
3Textiles; Paper
disclosed is a cellular phone having a card connector composed of a first slot for inserting a first ic card and a second slot for inserting a second ic card . the second slot is disposed above said first slot so that the inserting direction of said first ic card and the inserting direction of said second ic card are m...
6Physics
a failure detection system for an air - to - fuel ratio control system includes a exhaust gas monitor positioned upstream of a catalytic converter for monitoring an emission content of exhaust gas based on which an air - to - fuel ratio is feedback controlled so as to be maintained at a desired ratio . the system has a...
5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting
a method of stunning an animal for slaughter is provided . the method includes directing a first portion of electromagnetic radiation in a first side of the animals head and directing a second portion of the electromagnetic radiation in a second side of the animals head such that the first portion and second portion of...
0Human Necessities
a method and system for automatically collecting and for analyzing information about time and work performed on a computer includes a hardware abstraction layer for monitoring activity on various user input devices . the system also includes the following elements : a data collector for monitoring certain portions of a...
6Physics
a process for manufacturing reclosable bags by forming a film includes moving the film and attaching to the film sequentially and crosswise with reference to the direction of movement of the film , a fastener including a first strip supporting at least one reclosable profile engaged with another reclosable profile that...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a method of determining the length of a polynucleotide target is provided . with this method , a target is first hybridized to an array of first probes having different , determined lengths , resulting in the formation of duplexes between the polynucleotide target and the first probes . these duplexes have a single str...
2Chemistry; Metallurgy
a utility pole comprises a hollow elongate body formed from a composite material including reinforcing fibres embedded in a matrix material and an energy - absorbing region comprising at least one elongate weakened zone formed in the hollow elongate body , the at least one weakened zone promoting delamination of the fi...
4Fixed Constructions
the present disclosure describes novel methods that can be utilized to choose , set up , open , and / or manage an online account at a financial institution . the present disclosure addresses prior art problems of online account opening by describing methods for automating key aspects of the account opening process for...
6Physics
state estimation of a system having multidimensional parameters , which are unknown , arbitrarily time - varying , but bounded , in addition to state variables , is performed by initializing the state estimate and matrices representing its covariance and bias coefficients which linearly relate initial state estimation ...
6Physics
a heat extraction system is provided for a laptop computer that comprises a system unit that includes a set of heat sources and a video display unit that is movably attached to the system unit . the laptop computer has air inlets and air outlets that allow air to flow into the system unit , over the heat sources formin...
6Physics
a computing system receives a compressed archive file that includes a one or more new executable software modules , and a installation file specifying instructions for installing such modules on the computing system . the modules and the installation file are extracted from the compressed archive file , and the modules...
6Physics
an improved apparatus for retaining a guitar pick is provided , which includes a ring with a magnetic component being attached , by a chain for example , to a guitar pick also including a magnetic component . the apparatus allows a performer to release or drop the guitar pick , either intentionally or unintentionally ,...
6Physics
a sir system has frontal air bags and side air bags both controlled by the same microprocessor . to guard against spurious deployment of side air bags with minimal software burden , a lateral accelerometer and an arming circuit detect side crash activity and apply an arming signal to a pulse accumulator circuit in the ...
1Performing Operations; Transporting
a distributed antenna array comprising a plurality of antenna elements , and a plurality of power amplifiers , each power amplifier being operatively coupled with one of said antenna elements and mounted closely adjacent to the associated antenna element , such that no appreciable power loss occurs between the power am...
7Electricity
there is an internal voltage generating circuit for providing a stable internal voltage by supplying the internal voltage before a time point when it is used . the internal voltage generating circuit includes a charge pump unit for generating an internal voltage lower than an external voltage in response to pumping con...
6Physics