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Minifloat | In computing, minifloats are floating-point values represented with very few bits. Predictably, they are not well suited for general-purpose numerical calculations. They are used for special purposes, most often in computer graphics, where iterations are small and precision has aesthetic effects. Machine learning also uses similar formats like bfloat16. Additionally, they are frequently encountered as a pedagogical tool in computer-science courses to demonstrate the properties and structures of floating-point arithmetic and IEEE 754 numbers. |
Nowhere continuous function | In mathematics, a nowhere continuous function, also called an everywhere discontinuous function, is a function that is not continuous at any point of its domain. If f is a function from real numbers to real numbers, then f is nowhere continuous if for each point x there is some ε>0 such that for every δ>0, we can find a point y such that |x−y|<δ and |f(x)−f(y)|≥ε . Therefore, no matter how close we get to any fixed point, there are even closer points at which the function takes not-nearby values. |
Sheep milk | Sheep's milk (or ewes' milk) is the milk of domestic sheep. It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese. Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta (Greece), ricotta (Italy), and Roquefort (France). |
AM-4030 | AM-4030 is an analgesic drug which is a cannabinoid receptor agonist. It is a derivative of HU-210 which has been substituted with a 6β-((E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl) group. This adds a "southern" aliphatic hydroxyl group to the molecule as seen in the CP-series of nonclassical cannabinoid drugs, and so AM-4030 represents a hybrid structure between the classical and nonclassical cannabinoid families, with the 6-hydroxyalkyl chain rigidified with a double bond with defined stereochemistry. This gives AM-4030 a greater degree of selectivity, so while it is still a potent agonist at both CB1 and CB2, it is reasonably selective for CB1, with a Ki of 0.7nM at CB1 and 8.6nM at CB2, a selectivity of around 12x. Resolution of the enantiomers of AM-4030 yields an even more potent compound, although with less selectivity, with the (-) enantiomer AM-4030a having a Ki of 0.6nM at CB1 and 1.1nM at CB2. |
PODXL2 | Podocalyxin like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PODXL2 gene. |
Snatch (weightlifting) | The snatch is the first of two lifts contested in the sport of weightlifting (also known as Olympic weightlifting) followed by the clean and jerk. The objective of the snatch is to lift the barbell from the ground to overhead in one continuous motion. There are four main styles of snatch used: snatch (or full snatch), split snatch, power snatch, and muscle snatch. The full lift is the most common style used in competition, while power snatches and muscle snatches are mostly used for training purposes, and split snatches are rarely used. Any of these lifts can be performed from the floor, from the hang position, or from blocks. In competition, only lifts from the floor are allowed. In the snatch, the lifter lifts the bar as high as possible and pulls themselves under it in a squat position, receiving the bar overhead with the arms straight, decreasing the necessary height of the bar, therefore increasing the amount of weight that the lifter may successfully lift. The lifter finally straightens to a fully upright position with the bar above their head and arms fully extended. |
Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language | Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language (ASDL) is a computer language developed as part of ESPRIT project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface. |
Residue (chemistry) | In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events.
Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction. |
Luggage carrier | A luggage carrier, also commonly called a (bicycle) rack, is a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached. This is popular with utility bicycles and touring bicycles.
Bicycle luggage carriers may be mounted on the front or rear of a bicycle. The rear mount is more common. Racks on the front are mostly reserved for utility and cargo bikes. A special type of front rack is a low rider which is mainly used for bicycle touring.
The term luggage carrier can also refer to a device with two wheels used to wheel luggage or something of similar weight from one place to another, similar to a dolly (hand truck) but lighter and usually able to be folded up. |
Anovulation | Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.
In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long-term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. It plays a central role in the multiple imbalances and dysfunctions of polycystic ovary syndrome.
During the first two years after menarche 50% of the menstrual cycles could be anovulatory cycles. |
Toileting | In health care, toileting is the act of assisting a dependent patient with his/her elimination needs. |
Steel guitar | A steel guitar (Hawaiian: kīkākila) is any guitar played while moving a steel bar or similar hard object against plucked strings. The bar itself is called a "steel" and is the source of the name "steel guitar". The instrument differs from a conventional guitar in that it is played without using frets; conceptually, it is somewhat akin to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). Known for its portamento capabilities, gliding smoothly over every pitch between notes, the instrument can produce a sinuous crying sound and deep vibrato emulating the human singing voice. Typically, the strings are plucked (not strummed) by the fingers of the dominant hand, while the steel tone bar is pressed lightly against the strings and moved by the opposite hand. |
Nuclear RNase P | In molecular biology, nuclear ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a ubiquitous endoribonuclease, found in archaea, bacteria and eukarya as well as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Its best characterised enzyme activity is the generation of mature 5′-ends of tRNAs by cleaving the 5′-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Cellular RNase Ps are ribonucleoproteins. The RNA from bacterial RNase P retains its catalytic activity in the absence of the protein subunit, i.e. it is a ribozyme. Similarly, archaeal RNase P RNA has been shown to be weakly catalytically active in the absence of its respective protein cofactors. Isolated eukaryotic RNase P RNA has not been shown to retain its catalytic function, but is still essential for the catalytic activity of the holoenzyme. Although the archaeal and eukaryotic holoenzymes have a much greater protein content than the bacterial ones, the RNA cores from all three lineages are homologous—the helices corresponding to P1, P2, P3, P4, and P10/11 are common to all cellular RNase P RNAs. Yet there is considerable sequence variation, particularly among the eukaryotic RNAs. |
RAB5A | Ras-related protein Rab-5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB5A gene. |
Marconi's law | Marconi's law is the relation between length of antennas and maximum signaling distance of radio transmissions. Guglielmo Marconi enunciated at one time an empirical law that, for simple vertical sending and receiving antennas of equal height, the maximum working telegraphic distance varied as the square of the height of the antenna. It has been stated that the rule was tested in experiments made on Salisbury Plain in 1897, and also by experiments made by Italian naval officers on behalf of the Royal Italian Navy in 1900 and 1901. Captain Quintino Bonomo gave a report of these experiments in an official report. |
Williston Formation | The Williston Formation is a geologic formation in Florida. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. |
Scalable Network Application Package | Scalable Network Application Package (SNAP) or SNAP Mobile is an online gaming platform from Nokia. It is intended for use for Java multiplayer online games. It consists of SNAP Mobile API for the client and it uses HTTP or TCP to connect to the SNAP Mobile gateway.
This gaming platform was the old Sega Network Application Package that Sega sold to Nokia on 2003 and renamed it as Scalable Network Application Package. |
Deepdene (diamond) | The Deepdene is a 104.52 carats (20.904 g) yellow diamond widely considered to be the largest irradiated diamond in the world. |
Anything In Anything | Anything In Anything (AYIYA) is a computer networking protocol for managing IP tunneling protocols in use between separated Internet Protocol networks.
It is most often used to provide IPv6 transit over an IPv4 network link when network address translation masquerades a private network with a single IP address that may change frequently because of DHCP provisioning by Internet service providers. |
Dynamic causal modeling | Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a framework for specifying models, fitting them to data and comparing their evidence using Bayesian model comparison. It uses nonlinear state-space models in continuous time, specified using stochastic or ordinary differential equations. DCM was initially developed for testing hypotheses about neural dynamics. In this setting, differential equations describe the interaction of neural populations, which directly or indirectly give rise to functional neuroimaging data e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG). Parameters in these models quantify the directed influences or effective connectivity among neuronal populations, which are estimated from the data using Bayesian statistical methods. |
Pleomorphic lipoma | Pleomorphic lipomas, like spindle-cell lipomas, occur for the most part on the backs and necks of elderly men, and are characterized by floret giant cells with overlapping nuclei.: 625 |
SVM | Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (Savez vojvođanskih Mađara), a political party in Serbia Sanjay Vichar Manch, a political party in India |
Thapsigargin | Thapsigargin is a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Structurally, thapsigargin is classified as a guaianolide, and is extracted from a plant, Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promoter in mammalian cells.Thapsigargin raises cytosolic (intracellular) calcium concentration by blocking the ability of the cell to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticula. Store-depletion can secondarily activate plasma membrane calcium channels, allowing an influx of calcium into the cytosol. Depletion of ER calcium stores leads to ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. Non-resolved ER stress can cumulatively lead to cell death. Prolonged store depletion can protect against ferroptosis via remodeling of ER-synthesized phospholipids.Thapsigargin treatment and the resulting ER calcium depletion inhibits autophagy independent of the UPR.Thapsigargin is useful in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations and ER calcium depletion. |
Fibre Channel time-out values | The FC-PH standard defines three time-out values used for error detection and recovery in Fibre Channel protocol.
E_D_TOV stands for Error Detect TimeOut Value. This is the basic error timeout used for all Fibre Channel error detection. Its default value is 2 seconds.
R_A_TOV stands for Resource Allocation TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time given to devices to allocate the resources needed to process received frames. In practice this may be the time for re-calculation of routing tables in network devices. Its default value is 10 seconds.
R_T_TOV stands for Receiver-Transmitter TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time that the receiver logic uses to determine loss of sync on the wire. Its default value is 100 milliseconds, but can be changed to 100 microseconds.
All devices must use the default values until they have established different values (if they desire) with other devices, usually specified during the login procedure. |
Science fiction convention | A science fiction convention is a gathering of fans of science fiction. Historically, science fiction conventions had focused primarily on literature, but the purview of many extends to such other avenues of expression as films, television, comics, animation, and games. The format can vary but will tend to have a few similar features such as a guest of honour, discussion panels, readings and large special events such as opening/closing ceremonies and some form of party or entertainment. Science fiction conventions started off primarily in the UK and US but have now spread further and several countries have their own individual conventions as well as playing host to rotating international conventions. |
Avocado sauce | Avocado sauce is a sauce prepared using avocado as a primary ingredient. Commercial sauces are typically prepared to have a thin, sauce-like consistency that is pourable. Commercial preparation involves mixing the avocado using high-speed blenders, which breaks up the pulp. Spices, water and emulsifiers are added, and the resultant product is then typically frozen to prevent browning. Popular brands include Kumana and Herdez.Additional ingredients in avocado sauce can include tomatillo, onion, chili peppers, cilantro, pepper and garlic. |
FLOW (programming language) | FLOW is an educational programming language designed by Jef Raskin in 1970 and implemented on several minicomputers in the early 1970s. The goal of the language is to make it easy to explore algorithms through a highly interactive environment. The overall language is very similar in syntax and structure to the BASIC programming language, but has a number of changes in order to make typing code easier. Most notable among these was the concept of "typing amplification", in which short strings, often a single character, were expanded by the language into the complete "unamplified" source code. Modern integrated development environments and code-oriented text editors often include a similar feature, now normally referred to as autocomplete. The beginning programmer would first create a flow chart to solve the problem. Since the all of problems involved words (rather than mathematical problems) the solution was intuitive. The flow chart would be translated into the flow programming language using a top-down, mechanical method. |
Presburger Award | The Presburger Award, started in 2010, is awarded each year by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) to "a young scientist for outstanding contributions in theoretical computer science, documented by a published paper or a series of published papers." The award is named after Mojżesz Presburger who accomplished his path-breaking work on decidability of the theory of addition (which today is called Presburger arithmetic) as a student in 1929. |
Picibanil | Picibanil also called OK - 432, is a mixture of group A streptococcus with anti-neoplastic properties used in treatment of cystic hygroma (lymphangiomas). |
Psoralidin | Psoralidin is a natural phenolic compound found in the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. |
Necrotizing bronchiolitis | Necrotizing bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory lesion of the lower airway, a potential complication of mechanical ventilation. |
International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy | The International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM) is a biennial international conference on X-ray imaging. The scope includes a range of topics in X-ray imaging, both in the soft and hard X-ray spectrum. Imaging by synchrotron light sources is the dominant topic, but small scale laboratory imaging is also included in many talks and posters. A number of subtopics are covered, including but not limited to X-ray microtomography, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Ptychography, and X-ray optics. The conference is typically five days long and held in summer. The conference is organized by an international committee and a local host organization. This local host is in most cases a synchrotron facility or an institute closely connected to a synchrotron. The host of the conference is decided two conferences in advance with a majority vote by all conference attendees. For example, the 14th XRM (2018) was decided during the 12th XRM (2014). |
C11orf49 | C11orf49 is a protein coding gene that in humans encodes for the C11orf49 protein. It is heavily expressed in brain tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with the latter being an important component of the immune system. It is predicted that the C11orf49 protein acts as a kinase, and has been shown to interact with HTT (determining protein for Huntington's disease) and APOE2 (risk protein for Alzheimer's). |
Orogeny | Orogeny is a mountain building process that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin. An orogenic belt or orogen develops as the compressed plate crumples and is uplifted to form one or more mountain ranges. This involves a series of geological processes collectively called orogenesis. These include both structural deformation of existing continental crust and the creation of new continental crust through volcanism. Magma rising in the orogen carries less dense material upwards while leaving more dense material behind, resulting in compositional differentiation of Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle). A synorogenic (or synkinematic) process or event is one that occurs during an orogeny.The word "orogeny" () comes from Ancient Greek (ὄρος, óros, lit. ''mountain'' + γένεσις, génesis, lit. ''creation, origin''). Although it was used before him, the term was employed by the American geologist G. K. Gilbert in 1890 to describe the process of mountain-building as distinguished from epeirogeny. |
Goods shed | A goods shed is a railway building designed for storing goods before, after, and during loading to and unloading from a train. A typical goods shed will have a track running through it to allow goods wagons to be unloaded under cover, although sometimes they were built alongside a track with possibly just a canopy over the door. There will also be a door to move goods to or from road wagons and vans, this sometimes is parallel to the rail track, or sometimes on the side opposite the rail track. Inside the shed will generally be a platform and sometimes a small crane to allow easier loading and unloading of wagons. |
Nachbin's theorem | In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article provides a brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform, given below. |
Fourth wall | The fourth wall is a performance convention in which an invisible, imaginary wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this "wall", the convention assumes the actors act as if they cannot. From the 16th century onward, the rise of illusionism in staging practices, which culminated in the realism and naturalism of the theatre of the 19th century, led to the development of the fourth wall concept.The metaphor suggests a relationship to the mise-en-scène behind a proscenium arch. When a scene is set indoors and three of the walls of its room are presented onstage, in what is known as a box set, the fourth of them would run along the line (technically called the proscenium) dividing the room from the auditorium. The fourth wall, though, is a theatrical convention, rather than of set design. The actors ignore the audience, focus their attention exclusively on the dramatic world, and remain absorbed in its fiction, in a state that the theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski called "public solitude" (the ability to behave as one would in private, despite, in actuality, being watched intently while so doing, or to be 'alone in public'). In this way, the fourth wall exists regardless of the presence of any actual walls in the set, the physical arrangement of the theatre building or performance space, or the actors' distance from or proximity to the audience. In practice, performers often feed off the energy of the audience in a palpable way while modulating performance around the collective response, especially in pacing action around outbursts of laughter, so that lines are not delivered inaudibly. |
Social advertising (social relationships) | Social advertising is advertising that relies on social information or networks in generating, targeting, and delivering marketing communications. Many current examples of social advertising use a particular Internet service to collect social information, establish and maintain relationships with consumers, and for delivering communications. For example, the advertising platforms provided by Google, Twitter, and Facebook involve targeting and presenting ads based on relationships articulated on those same services. Social advertising can be part of a broader social media marketing strategy designed to connect with consumers. |
Dacemazine | Dacemazine (INN, also known as Ahistan and Histantine) is a phenothiazine derivative which acts as a histamine antagonist at the H1 subtype. First described in 1951, it was never marketed as a drug on its own, although a combination of dacemazine and di-tert-butylnaphthalenesulfonate was sold as an antispasmodic and antitussive under the trade name Codopectyl. It was also assessed as a possible anticancer drug. |
Broadbent inverted sign | The Broadbent inverted sign is a clinical sign in which pulsation is seen on the postero-lateral wall of the left side of the chest in time with cardiac systole. This was originally thought to be due to an aneurysm of the left atrium, but is now known to be more commonly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. The sign is named after Sir William Broadbent. |
Wordtrans | Wordtrans is an application to look up words in dictionaries. It is available under the GNU General Public License. It is written by Ricardo Villalba.
It supports dictionaries in plain text, DICT dictionaries and dictionaries from Babylon Translator. |
Octagon | In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον oktágōnon, "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon. |
Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure | Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is one of the major causes of secondary brain ischemia that accompanies a variety of pathological conditions, most notably traumatic brain injury (TBI), strokes, and intracranial hemorrhages. It can cause complications such as vision impairment due to intracranial pressure (VIIP), permanent neurological problems, reversible neurological problems, seizures, stroke, and death. However, aside from a few Level I trauma centers, ICP monitoring is rarely a part of the clinical management of patients with these conditions. The infrequency of ICP can be attributed to the invasive nature of the standard monitoring methods (which require insertion of an ICP sensor into the brain ventricle or parenchymal tissue). Additional risks presented to patients can include high costs associated with an ICP sensor's implantation procedure, and the limited access to trained personnel, e.g. a neurosurgeon. Alternative, non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure, non-invasive methods for estimating ICP have, as a result, been sought. |
Minimum mass | In astronomy, minimum mass is the lower-bound calculated mass of observed objects such as planets, stars and binary systems, nebulae, and black holes. |
Dual fluid reactor | The Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) is a reactor concept of the Canadian company Dual Fluid Energy Inc. combining the advantages of the molten salt reactor with those of the liquid metal cooled reactor, it is supposed to reach the criteria for reactors of the Generation IV International Forum. The fuel can be a molten solution of actinide chloride salts, or it can be pure liquid actinide metal. The cooling is provided by molten lead in a separate loop. As a fast breeder reactor, the DFR can use both natural uranium and thorium to breed fissile material, as well as recycle processed High-level waste and plutonium. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the molten metal, the Dual Fluid Reactor is an inherently safe reactor (the decay heat can be removed passively). |
Symmetry of second derivatives | In mathematics, the symmetry of second derivatives (also called the equality of mixed partials) refers to the possibility of interchanging the order of taking partial derivatives of a function f(x1,x2,…,xn) of n variables without changing the result under certain conditions (see below). The symmetry is the assertion that the second-order partial derivatives satisfy the identity ∂∂xi(∂f∂xj)=∂∂xj(∂f∂xi) so that they form an n × n symmetric matrix, known as the function's Hessian matrix. Sufficient conditions for the above symmetry to hold are established by a result known as Schwarz's theorem, Clairaut's theorem, or Young's theorem.In the context of partial differential equations it is called the Schwarz integrability condition. |
Dennard scaling | In semiconductor electronics, Dennard scaling, also known as MOSFET scaling, is a scaling law which states roughly that, as transistors get smaller, their power density stays constant, so that the power use stays in proportion with area; both voltage and current scale (downward) with length. The law, originally formulated for MOSFETs, is based on a 1974 paper co-authored by Robert H. Dennard, after whom it is named. |
Faux painting | Faux painting or faux finishing are terms used to describe decorative paint finishes that replicate the appearance of materials such as marble, wood or stone. The term comes from the French word faux, meaning false, as these techniques started as a form of replicating materials such as marble and wood with paint, but has subsequently come to encompass many other decorative finishes for walls and furniture including simulating recognisable textures and surfaces. |
Meatball sandwich | The meatball sandwich is a common sandwich that is a part of several cuisines, including Italian-American cuisine and American cuisine. |
MEK inhibitor | A MEK inhibitor is a chemical or drug that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase enzymes MEK1 and/or MEK2.
They can be used to affect the MAPK/ERK pathway which is often overactive in some cancers. (See MAPK/ERK pathway#Clinical significance.) Hence MEK inhibitors have potential for treatment of some cancers, especially BRAF-mutated melanoma, and KRAS/BRAF mutated colorectal cancer. |
SCinet | SCinet is the high-performance network built annually by volunteers in support of SC (formerly Supercomputing, the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis).
SCinet is the primary network for the yearly conference and is used by attendees and exhibitors to demonstrate and test high-performance computing and networking applications. |
Calponin 2 | Calponin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNN2 gene. |
Descartes snark | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Descartes snark is an undirected graph with 210 vertices and 315 edges. It is a snark, first discovered by William Tutte in 1948 under the pseudonym Blanche Descartes.A Descartes snark is obtained from the Petersen graph by replacing each vertex with a nonagon and each edge with a particular graph closely related to the Petersen graph. Because there are multiple ways to perform this procedure, there are multiple Descartes snarks. |
Transcendental arguments | A transcendental argument is a deductive philosophical argument which takes a manifest feature of experience as granted, and articulates what must be the case so that such experiences are possible. Transcendental arguments may have additional standards of justification that are more demanding than those of traditional deductive arguments. |
Leaky bucket | The leaky bucket is an algorithm based on an analogy of how a bucket with a constant leak will overflow if either the average rate at which water is poured in exceeds the rate at which the bucket leaks or if more water than the capacity of the bucket is poured in all at once. It can be used to determine whether some sequence of discrete events conforms to defined limits on their average and peak rates or frequencies, e.g. to limit the actions associated with these events to these rates or delay them until they do conform to the rates. It may also be used to check conformance or limit to an average rate alone, i.e. remove any variation from the average. It is used in packet-switched computer networks and telecommunications networks in both the traffic policing, traffic shaping and scheduling of data transmissions, in the form of packets, to defined limits on bandwidth and burstiness (a measure of the variations in the traffic flow). |
LON-CAPA | LON-CAPA (Learning Online Network with Computer-Assisted Personalized Approach) is an e-learning platform, also known as a Course Management System (CMS) or Learning Management System (LMS). It possesses the standard features of many learning platforms (user roles, calendar, e-mail, chat rooms, blogs, resource construction, test grading, etc.), but it differs from traditional e-learning platforms in that its many web servers (in various parts of the world) can communicate with each other. Consequently, the term LON-CAPA can also refer to the LON-CAPA network, i.e. the entire set of LON-CAPA web servers and the specific implementation of an internet protocol that connects these web servers. LON-CAPA can also refer to the LON-CAPA project, i.e. the core team of scientists and programmers that develop and maintain the LON-CAPA software. |
Steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase | In enzymology, a steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a steroid + AH2 + O2 ⇌ a 17alpha-hydroxysteroid + A + H2OThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are steroid, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 17alpha-hydroxysteroid, the reduction product A, and H2O.This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derive from O miscellaneous. The systematic name of this enzyme class is steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (17alpha-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase, cytochrome P-45017alpha, cytochrome P-450 (P-45017alpha,lyase), and 17alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase. This enzyme participates in c21-steroid hormone metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: NADH, NADPH, and Heme. |
Quilts of the Underground Railroad | Quilts of the Underground Railroad describes a controversial belief that quilts were used to communicate information to African slaves about how to escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad. It has been disputed by a number of historians. |
Isochronous timing | A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. The term isochronous is used in several technical contexts, but usually refers to the primary subject maintaining a constant period or interval (the reciprocal of frequency), despite variations in other measurable factors in the same system. Isochronous timing is a characteristic of a repeating event whereas synchronous timing refers to the relationship between two or more events. |
Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) | In enzymology, a malate dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.1.5.4), formerly malate dehydrogenase (acceptor) (EC 1.1.99.16), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (S)-malate + a quinone ⇌ oxaloacetate + reduced quinoneThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-malate and a quinone, whereas its two products are oxaloacetate and reduced quinone.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with a quinone as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate:quinone oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include FAD-dependent malate-vitamin K reductase, malate-vitamin K reductase, and (S)-malate:(quinone) oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FAD. |
AppSheet | AppSheet is an application that provides a no-code development platform for application software, which allows users to create mobile, tablet, and web applications using data sources like Google Drive, DropBox, Office 365, and other cloud-based spreadsheet and database platforms. The platform can be utilized for a broad set of business use cases including project management, customer relationship management, field inspections, and personalized reporting.AppSheet was acquired by Google in January 2020. |
Milestone (project management) | Milestones are tools used in project management to mark specific points along a project timeline. These points may signal anchors such as a project start and end date, or a need for external review or input and budget checks. Some contracts for products include a "milestone fee" that may be paid out when certain points are achieved.
In many instances, milestones do not impact project duration. Instead, they focus on major progress points that must be reached to achieve success. |
Silverman–Toeplitz theorem | In mathematics, the Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, first proved by Otto Toeplitz, is a result in summability theory characterizing matrix summability methods that are regular. A regular matrix summability method is a matrix transformation of a convergent sequence which preserves the limit.An infinite matrix (ai,j)i,j∈N with complex-valued entries defines a regular summability method if and only if it satisfies all of the following properties: lim (Every column sequence converges to 0.) lim (The row sums converge to 1.) sup (The absolute row sums are bounded.) An example is Cesaro summation, a matrix summability method with amn={1mn≤m0n>m=(10000⋯1212000⋯13131300⋯141414140⋯1515151515⋯⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋱), |
Osumilite | Osumilite is a very rare potassium-sodium-iron-magnesium-aluminium silicate mineral. Osumilite is part of the milarite group (also known as the milarite-osumilite group) of cyclosilicates. |
Padovan cuboid spiral | In mathematics the Padovan cuboid spiral is the spiral created by joining the diagonals of faces of successive cuboids added to a unit cube. The cuboids are added sequentially so that the resulting cuboid has dimensions that are successive Padovan numbers.The first cuboid is 1x1x1. The second is formed by adding to this a 1x1x1 cuboid to form a 1x1x2 cuboid. To this is added a 1x1x2 cuboid to form a 1x2x2 cuboid. |
Cant deficiency | In railway engineering, cant deficiency is defined in the context of travel of a rail vehicle at constant speed on a constant-radius curve. Cant itself refers to the superelevation of the curve, that is, the difference between the elevations of the outside and inside rails. Cant deficiency is present when a rail vehicle's speed on the curve is greater than the speed at which the components of wheel to rail force are normal to the plane of the track. In that case, the resultant force (aggregate gravitational and centrifugal force) exerts on the outside rail more than the inside rail, in which it creates lateral acceleration toward the outside of the curve (which could lead to tipping or derailing). In order to reduce cant deficiency, the speed can be reduced or the superelevation can be increased. The amount of cant deficiency is expressed in terms of required superelevation to be added in order to bring the resultant force into balance between the two rails. On the contrary, it is said to be "cant excess" if the resultant force exerts more against the inside rail than the outside rail, for instance, a high superelevation curve with a train traveling at a low speed. |
Dextranase | Dextranase (EC 3.2.1.11, dextran hydrolase, endodextranase, dextranase DL 2, DL 2, endo-dextranase, α-D-1,6-glucan-6-glucanohydrolase, 1,6-α-D-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name 6-α-D-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase. It catalyses the following chemical reaction Endohydrolysis of (1→6)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in dextran |
Military simulation | Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. Military simulations are seen as a useful way to develop tactical, strategical and doctrinal solutions, but critics argue that the conclusions drawn from such models are inherently flawed, due to the approximate nature of the models used. Many professional analysts object to the term wargames as this is generally taken to be referring to the civilian hobby, thus the preference for the term simulation. |
Embelin | Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a naturally occurring para-benzoquinone isolated from dried berries of Embelia ribes plants. Embelin has a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility and antimicrobial. Several studies have reported antidiabetic activity of embelin Embelin treatment significantly decreased paraquat‐induced lung injury through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade (inflammatory cytokines release), and MAPK/NF‐κB signaling pathway in paraquat‐intoxicated rats Embelin and embelin derivatives selectively inhibits 5-LOX and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 |
MdN Interactive | MdN (Macintosh designers Network) is a general information magazine for graphics and design. Despite its name, the magazine's emphasis is primarily on design and secondarily about Macintosh computing.
Founded in 1989 by Yuichi Inomata, the magazine was based on a Macintosh DTP support organisation. MdN also publishes other design magazines and mooks such as web creators and effects. The magazine is published by Impress Group company.An English language version, MdN International, was published in Hong Kong for a period starting in 1993. |
Acid mantle | The acid mantle is a very fine, slightly acidic film on the surface of human skin acting as a barrier to bacteria, viruses and other potential contaminants that might penetrate the skin. Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous gland and when mixed with sweat becomes the acid mantle. Unlike the acid mantle on the skin’s surface, the viable epidermis (ie., layers below the stratum corneum) has a neutral pH around 7.0. The general assumption is that skin surface pH is on average between 5.0 and 6.0. However the pH of the skin’s acid mantle is a broad range that depends on the condition of the skin and other estimates deem the range to be between 4.5 and 6.5 as slightly acidic. More recent research has challenged the proposed ranges. When healthy human skin has not had contact with skin products or water for extended periods it has been found to naturally return to acidity levels below that of 5.0. A value of 4.7 was considered to be the natural average and ideal. Some subjects within the standard deviation reached values as low as 4.3. The study subjects with a skin pH below 5.0 showed statistically significant less scaling, higher hydration levels, and had better resident flora presence than subjects with skin pH above 5.0; concluding that people with a natural pH below 5.0 have a better condition than individuals with skin at a naturally higher pH.The acidic surface pH is an important determinant for the growth conditions of resident microflora (i.e. normally found on the skin). Human skin has a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with its microflora. The skin provides the right environmental condition for the resident flora and the resident flora in turn strengthen skin’s defence by prevention of the colonization of harmful bacteria as well as playing a role in the acidification of the skin. Using skincare products to alter the skin pH down to 4.0-4.5 kept the resident bacterial flora attached to the skin while using alkaline personal care products on the skin promoted their dispersal from the skin.Since blood is slightly alkaline (7.4), pathogenic bacteria that become adapted to the pH of the skin and are able to reach internal tissues will encounter an environment to which they are less well adapted. This combination of acidic exterior and alkaline interior is one of the body's non-specific host defenses against bacterial pathogens. |
Fire support coordination element | A fire support coordination element (FSCE) is a term used in the US Army to identify an element of military formation or unit organisation in which functions are directly related to positioning weapons and delivering their fire onto targets. The term is most often associated with artillery, but is sometimes used for mortar fire. |
Intermingling | Intermingling, or heterophily, from a sociological perspective includes the various forms of interactions between individuals that go against a particular society's cultural norms. These relationships stem from weak or absent ties, which are contrary to strong ties and constitute of networks between individuals who know little or nothing about one another. Examples of intermingling can include networking, work-place romance, or cross-cultural dating. |
Frontotemporal dementia | Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or frontotemporal degeneration disease, or frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, encompasses several types of dementia involving the progressive degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes. FTDs broadly present as behavioral or language disorders with gradual onsets. Common signs and symptoms include significant changes in social and personal behavior, apathy, blunting of emotions, and deficits in both expressive and receptive language. Currently, there is no cure for FTD, but there are treatments that help alleviate symptoms. Frontotemporal dementias are mostly early-onset syndromes that are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which is characterized by progressive neuronal loss predominantly involving the frontal or temporal lobes, and a typical loss of more than 70% of spindle neurons, while other neuron types remain intact. The three main subtypes or variant syndromes are a behavioral variant (bvFTD) previously known as Pick's disease, and two variants of primary progressive aphasia – semantic variant (svPPA), and nonfluent variant (nfvPPA). Two rare distinct subtypes of FTD are neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID), and basophilic inclusion body disease. Other related disorders include corticobasal syndrome and FTD with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), FTD-ALS, also called FTD-MND.Signs and symptoms tend to appear in late adulthood, typically between the ages of 45 and 65. Men and women appear to be equally affected. FTD is the second most prevalent type of early onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Considered individually, each of the subtypes is relatively rare.Features of FTD were first described by Arnold Pick between 1892 and 1906. The name Pick's disease was coined in 1922. This term is now reserved only for the behavioral variant of FTD which shows the presence of the characteristic Pick bodies and Pick cells first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911. |
Alcohol and cancer | Alcohol causes cancers of the oesophagus, liver, breast, colon, oral cavity, rectum, pharynx, and larynx, and probably causes cancers of the pancreas. Consumption of alcohol in any quantity can cause cancer. The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk, and no amount can be considered safe. Alcoholic beverages were classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1988.3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.5% of cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to consumption of alcohol (more specifically, acetaldehyde, a metabolic derivative of ethanol). 740,000 cases of cancer in 2020 or 4.1% of new cancer cases were attributed to alcohol.Alcohol is thought to cause cancer through three main mechanisms: DNA methylation Oxidative stress Hormonal alterationas well as secondary mechanisms of liver cirrhosis, microbiome dysbiosis, reduced immune system function, retinoid metabolism, increased levels of inflammation, 1-Carbon metabolism and disruption of folate absorption.Heavy drinking consisting of 15 or more drinks per week for men or 8 or more drinks per week for women beverages/week contributed the most to cancer incidence compared with moderate drinking. The rate of alcohol related cases is 3:1 male:female, especially in oesophageal and liver cancers.Some nations have introduced alcohol packaging warning messages that inform consumers about alcohol and cancer. The alcohol industry has tried to actively mislead the public about the risk of cancer due to alcohol consumption, in addition to campaigning to remove laws that require alcoholic beverages to have cancer warning labels. |
Unna's boot | An Unna’s boot (also Unna boot) is a special gauze (usually 4 inches wide and 10 yards long) bandage, which can be used for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers and other venous insufficiencies of the leg. It can also be used as a supportive bandage for sprains and strains of the foot, ankle and lower leg. The gauze is impregnated with a thick, creamy mixture of zinc oxide and calamine to promote healing. It may also contain acacia, glycerin, castor oil and white petrolatum.The Unna’s boot was named after German dermatologist Paul Gerson Unna. |
Stellacyanin | Stellacyanin is a member of the blue or type I copper protein family. This family of copper proteins is generally involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. Stellacyanin is ubiquitous among vascular seed plants. |
Associative substitution | Associative substitution describes a pathway by which compounds interchange ligands. The terminology is typically applied to organometallic and coordination complexes, but resembles the Sn2 mechanism in organic chemistry. The opposite pathway is dissociative substitution, being analogous to the Sn1 pathway. Intermediate pathways exist between the pure associative and pure dissociative pathways, these are called interchange mechanisms.Associative pathways are characterized by binding of the attacking nucleophile to give a discrete, detectable intermediate followed by loss of another ligand. Complexes that undergo associative substitution are either coordinatively unsaturated or contain a ligand that can change its bonding to the metal, e.g. change in hapticity or bending of a nitrogen oxide ligand (NO). In homogeneous catalysis, the associative pathway is desirable because the binding event, and hence the selectivity of the reaction, depends not only on the nature of the metal catalyst but also on the substrate. |
Rosoxacin | Rosoxacin (also known as acrosoxacin, tradename Eradacil) is a quinolone antibiotic indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Rosoxacin is not available in the United States.
It was developed in 1978 by George Lesher and his colleagues at Winthrop-Stearns (now part of sanofi-aventis), as an extension of the work that originally led to nalidixic acid.It is classified as a first generation quinolone. |
Propioin synthase | The enzyme propioin synthase (EC 4.1.2.35) catalyzes the chemical reaction 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone ⇌ 2 propanalThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase (propanal-forming). Other names in common use include 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone aldolase, and 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase. |
Mass flow sensor | A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. |
Fourier–Deligne transform | In algebraic geometry, the Fourier–Deligne transform, or ℓ-adic Fourier transform, or geometric Fourier transform, is an operation on objects of the derived category of ℓ-adic sheaves over the affine line. It was introduced by Pierre Deligne on November 29, 1976 in a letter to David Kazhdan as an analogue of the usual Fourier transform. It was used by Gérard Laumon to simplify Deligne's proof of the Weil conjectures. |
GIPSICAM | GIPSICAM (Global-Inertial Positioning Systems Image Capture for Asset Management) is a mobile-mapping system used internally by the Roads & Maritime Services to survey New South Wales state roads. The main components of the system include multiple redundant GPS receivers, INS (a part of the GIPSITRAC module), data acquisition computers and cameras mounted inside a cupola on the vehicle roof.
The conventional instrument configuration is supported by comprehensive data processing algorithms and advanced geo-referencing techniques optimized for independent positioning and road geometry modelling. |
Multiplicative distance | In algebraic geometry, μ is said to be a multiplicative distance function over a field if it satisfies 1.
AB is congruent to A'B' iff μ(AB)=μ(A′B′).
AB < A'B' iff μ(AB)<μ(A′B′).
μ(AB+CD)=μ(AB)μ(CD). |
Autotransplantation | Autotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues, or even particular proteins from one part of the body to another in the same person (auto- meaning "self" in Greek).
The autologous tissue (also called autogenous, autogeneic, or autogenic tissue) transplanted by such a procedure is called an autograft or autotransplant.It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of the same species), syngeneic transplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species) and xenotransplantation (from other species).
A common example is the removal of a piece of bone (usually from the hip) and its being ground into a paste for the reconstruction of another portion of bone.
Autotransplantation, although most common with blood, bone, or skin, can be used for a wide variety of organs. One of the rare examples is autotransplantation of a kidney from one side of the body to the other. Kidney autotransplantation is used as a treatment for nutcracker syndrome. |
Cantor's intersection theorem | Cantor's intersection theorem refers to two closely related theorems in general topology and real analysis, named after Georg Cantor, about intersections of decreasing nested sequences of non-empty compact sets. |
Stump-jump plough | The stump-jump plough, also known as stump-jumping plough, is a kind of plough invented in South Australia in the late 19th century by Richard Bowyer Smith and Clarence Herbert Smith to solve the particular problem of preparing mallee lands for cultivation. |
Steam to oil ratio | The steam to oil ratio is a measure of the water and energy consumption related to oil production in cyclic steam stimulation and steam assisted gravity drainage oil production. SOR is the ratio of unit of steam required to produce unit of Oil. The typical values are three to eight and two to five respectively. This means two to eight barrels of water converted into steam is used to produce one barrel of oil. |
Self-envy | Self-envy is a psychoanalytic concept developed by Rafael López-Corvo who argues that it is crucial for the understanding of disorders of the self that are manifested in addictions, acting out, and inhibition of creativity. This concept is based on the use of object relations theory, that many psychoanalysts view as a fundamental instrument for examining the architecture of the internal world that describes behavior as influenced by the multiple interactions of early representations of self and other that operate in our inner selves. Self-envy is produced by 'child part self-objects', self representations from early development that remain split off from the self and harbor destructive and envious feelings toward the creative aspects of the self and results from direct aggressive attacks by these childhood self-objects against the part of the self identified with a harmonious mother-father or parent-sibling relationship. The internal dynamics of self-envy cause unconscious conflict, dissociation, and disturbances of the self, all of which underlie severe psychopathologies, such as repetitive destructive behavior, and even the living of seemingly normal but constricted lives. López-Corvo suggests that the psychoanalytic interpretation of such patients, for whom one part of the self is pitted against another, should address directly the phenomenon of a war within the internal self. |
Chondroblast | Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix. Another name for them is subchondral cortico-spongious progenitors. They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes. |
Well equidistributed long-period linear | The Well Equidistributed Long-period Linear (WELL) is a family of pseudorandom number generators developed in 2006 by François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer, and Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞). It is a form of linear-feedback shift register optimized for software implementation on a 32-bit machine. |
Calorimetry | In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry.Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Lavoisier noted in 1780 that heat production can be predicted from oxygen consumption this way, using multiple regression. The dynamic energy budget theory explains why this procedure is correct. Heat generated by living organisms may also be measured by direct calorimetry, in which the entire organism is placed inside the calorimeter for the measurement. |
Ns (simulator) | ns (from network simulator) is a name for a series of discrete event network simulators, specifically ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3. All are discrete-event computer network simulators, primarily used in research and teaching. |
Boundary parallel | In mathematics, a closed n-manifold N embedded in an (n + 1)-manifold M is boundary parallel (or ∂-parallel, or peripheral) if there is an isotopy of N onto a boundary component of M. |
Dehalogenation | In organic chemistry, dehalogenation is a set of chemical reactions that involve the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds; as such, it is the inverse reaction of halogenation. Dehalogenations come in many varieties, including defluorination (removal of fluorine), dechlorination (removal of chlorine), debromination (removal of bromine), and deiodination (removal of iodine). Incentives to investigate dehalogenations include both constructive and destructive goals. Complicated organic compounds such as pharmaceutical drugs are occasionally generated by dehalogenation. Many organohalides are hazardous, so their dehalogenation is one route for their detoxification. |
Deiters cells | Deiters' cells, also known as outer phalangeal cells or cells of Deiters (English: ), are a cell type found within the inner ear. They contain both micro-filaments and micro-tubules which run from the basilar membrane to the reticular membrane of the inner ear.These cochlear supporting cells include a somatic part, with its cupula, and a phalangeal process, which links the Deiters soma to the reticular lamina. The part of the phalanx which is included in the reticular lamina is the apex of the phalanx (phalangeal apex). |
Rotating reference frame | A rotating frame of reference is a special case of a non-inertial reference frame that is rotating relative to an inertial reference frame. An everyday example of a rotating reference frame is the surface of the Earth. (This article considers only frames rotating about a fixed axis. For more general rotations, see Euler angles.) |
AP Chemistry | Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry (also known as AP Chem) is a course and examination offered by the College Board as a part of the Advanced Placement Program to give American and Canadian high school students the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities and earn college-level credit. AP Chemistry has the lowest test participation rate, with around half of AP Chemistry students taking the exam. |
Randomness extractor | A randomness extractor, often simply called an "extractor", is a function, which being applied to output from a weak entropy source, together with a short, uniformly random seed, generates a highly random output that appears independent from the source and uniformly distributed. Examples of weakly random sources include radioactive decay or thermal noise; the only restriction on possible sources is that there is no way they can be fully controlled, calculated or predicted, and that a lower bound on their entropy rate can be established. For a given source, a randomness extractor can even be considered to be a true random number generator (TRNG); but there is no single extractor that has been proven to produce truly random output from any type of weakly random source. |
Wave power | Wave power is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work – for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water. A machine that exploits wave power is a wave energy converter (WEC). |
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