source stringlengths 1 149 ⌀ | text stringlengths 18 204k |
|---|---|
Fermi–Walker transport | Fermi–Walker transport is a process in general relativity used to define a coordinate system or reference frame such that all curvature in the frame is due to the presence of mass/energy density and not to arbitrary spin or rotation of the frame. |
Lava tree mold | A lava tree mold, sometimes erroneously called a lava tree cast, is a hollow lava formation that formed around a tree trunk. They are created when lava flows through an area of trees, coating their exterior. The lava cools just enough to create a solid crust around the trunk, but the tree inside burns away leaving a cavity. Molds of trees may be vertical or horizontal. In many cases, mold formation requires slow moving lava, as well as enough time for the mold to chill. |
Unimodular matrix | In mathematics, a unimodular matrix M is a square integer matrix having determinant +1 or −1. Equivalently, it is an integer matrix that is invertible over the integers: there is an integer matrix N that is its inverse (these are equivalent under Cramer's rule). Thus every equation Mx = b, where M and b both have integer components and M is unimodular, has an integer solution. The n × n unimodular matrices form a group called the n × n general linear group over Z , which is denoted GL n(Z) |
Season extension | Season extension in agriculture is any method that allows a crop to be grown beyond its normal outdoor growing season and harvesting time frame, or the extra time thus achieved. To extend the growing season into the colder months, one can use unheated techniques such as floating row covers, low tunnels, caterpillar tunnels, or hoophouses. However, even if colder temperatures are mitigated, most crops will stop growing when the days become shorter than 10 hours, and resume after winter as the daylight increases above 10 hours. A hothouse — a greenhouse which is heated and illuminated — creates an environment where plants are fooled into thinking it is their normal growing season. Though this is a form of season extension for the grower, it is not the usual meaning of the term.: 2, 43–44 Season extension can apply to other climates, where conditions other than cold and shortened period of sunlight end the growing year (e.g. a rainy season). |
Adventures with Purpose | Adventures with Purpose is a group of scuba divers who use sonar to locate missing persons and their vehicles in waterbodies. Originally focused on clean-up, they turned their focus to missing persons cold cases. The group documents their efforts on their YouTube channel. |
Characteristics of common wasps and bees | While observers can easily confuse common wasps and bees at a distance or without close observation, there are many different characteristics of large bees and wasps that can be used to identify them. |
Scientific technique | A scientific technique is any systematic way of obtaining information about a scientific nature or to obtain a desired material or product.
Scientific techniques can be divided in many different groups, e.g.: Preparative techniques Synthesis techniques, e.g. the use of Grignard reagents in organic chemistry Growth techniques, e.g. crystal growth or cell cultures in biology Purification techniques e.g. those in chemistry Measurement techniques Analysis techniques, e.g. ones that reveal atomic or molecular composition.
Characterization techniques, e.g. ones that measure a certain property of a material. |
Erosion and tectonics | The interaction between erosion and tectonics has been a topic of debate since the early 1990s. While the tectonic effects on surface processes such as erosion have long been recognized (for example, river formation as a result of tectonic uplift), the opposite (erosional effects on tectonic activity) has only recently been addressed. The primary questions surrounding this topic are what types of interactions exist between erosion and tectonics and what are the implications of these interactions. While this is still a matter of debate, one thing is clear, Earth's landscape is a product of two factors: tectonics, which can create topography and maintain relief through surface and rock uplift, and climate, which mediates the erosional processes that wear away upland areas over time. The interaction of these processes can form, modify, or destroy geomorphic features on Earth's surface. |
Hypercubic honeycomb | In geometry, a hypercubic honeycomb is a family of regular honeycombs (tessellations) in n-dimensional spaces with the Schläfli symbols {4,3...3,4} and containing the symmetry of Coxeter group Rn (or B~n–1) for n ≥ 3.
The tessellation is constructed from 4 n-hypercubes per ridge. The vertex figure is a cross-polytope {3...3,4}.
The hypercubic honeycombs are self-dual.
Coxeter named this family as δn+1 for an n-dimensional honeycomb. |
Preventer | A gybe preventer, preventer, or jibe-guard, is a mechanical device on a sailing vessel which limits the boom's ability to swing unexpectedly across the boat due to an unplanned accidental jibe.During an unplanned accidental jibe (or gybe), neither the crew nor the boat is set up properly to execute a planned jibe. As a result, the uncontrolled boom will swing across the boat potentially inflicting injury or knocking crew members overboard. The mainsheet or traveller can also inflict serious injury. Uncontrolled jibes may also damage the boat itself. |
Tile Studio | Tile Studio is a Windows-only editor for graphics and level data of tile-based video games. The application combines a bitmap editor for creating graphics and a map editor for designing level maps. A notable feature, distinguishing this tool from the approach of similar programs like Mappy and Tiled which define their own general map file format, is export of assets to arbitrary files through a comprehensive and sophisticated scripting language. |
Faithful representation | In mathematics, especially in an area of abstract algebra known as representation theory, a faithful representation ρ of a group G on a vector space V is a linear representation in which different elements g of G are represented by distinct linear mappings ρ(g).
In more abstract language, this means that the group homomorphism ρ:G→GL(V) is injective (or one-to-one). |
Hiring hall | In organized labor, a hiring hall is an organization, usually under the auspices of a labor union, which has the responsibility of furnishing new recruits for employers who have a collective bargaining agreement with the union. It may also refer to a union hall, or the office from which the union may conduct its activities. |
Concussion grading systems | Concussion grading systems are sets of criteria used in sports medicine to determine the severity, or grade, of a concussion, the mildest form of traumatic brain injury. At least 16 such systems exist, and there is little agreement among professionals about which is the best to use. Several of the systems use loss of consciousness and amnesia as the primary determinants of the severity of the concussion.The systems are widely used to determine when it is safe to allow an athlete to return to competition. Concern exists that multiple concussions received in a short time may present an added danger, since an initial concussion may leave the brain in a vulnerable state for a time. Injured athletes are prohibited from returning to play before they are symptom-free during rest and exertion and their neuropsychological tests are normal again, in order to avoid a risk of cumulative effects such as decline in mental function and second-impact syndrome, which may occur on very rare occasions after a concussion that occurs before the symptoms from another concussion have resolved. |
Hydrogen energy vision and technology roadmap | The Hydrogen energy vision and technology roadmap is the roadmap of China initiated by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it makes hydrogen and fuel cell technologies important thematic priorities of the S&T development plan. |
Perfluorosulfonic acids | Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) are chemical compounds of the formula CnF(2n+1)SO3H and thus belong to the family of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFASs). The simplest example of a perfluorosulfonic acid is the trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Perfluorosulfonic acids with six or more perfluorinated carbon atoms, i.e. from perfluorohexanesulfonic acid onwards, are referred to as long-chain. |
BBC Lab UK | BBC Lab UK was a BBC website that allowed the public to take part in online experiments by completing tests and surveys. The website was active for four years until its data collection ceased in May 2013. Details of the experiments and projects have now been archived.Lab UK was commissioned in 2008 by BBC Commissioner Lisa Sargood, inspired by other online ‘citizen science’ projects such as Galaxy Zoo, the BBC Climate Change Experiment and BugGuide. The intention was to enable leading academics to harness the BBC's audience, using mass public participation to explore scientific hypotheses with very large data sets. The results would be published in academic journals and made available to the public through the BBC website and television.Lab UK was conceived by BBC executive producer Richard Cable, who also edited it from 2008-2011. A number of professional scientists were engaged to consult on the design and development of the website, as well as the design of individual experiments which the public would engage with. |
Resonance frequency analysis | Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is a method used to determine stability (the level of osseointegration) in dental implants. The stability is presented as an implant stability quotient (ISQ) value. The higher the ISQ value the higher the stability.
Utilizing RFA involves sending magnetic pulses to a small metal rod temporarily attached to the implant. As the rod vibrates, the probe reads its resonance frequency and translates it into an ISQ value.
RFA measurements are used to assess the stability of the implant immediately after placement, as well as to measure the stability during the healing time. This helps the dentist determine if further healing time (osseointegration) is needed before the prosthetic tooth is attached, as well as to identify at-risk patients with compromised bone tissue, or other risk factors. |
Subtext (programming language) | Subtext is a moderately visual programming language and environment, for writing application software. It is an experimental, research attempt to develop a new programming model, called Example Centric Programming, by treating copied blocks as first class prototypes, for program structure. It uses live text, similar to what occurs in spreadsheets as users update cells, for frequent feedback. It is intended to eventually be developed enough to become a practical language for daily use. It is planned to be open software; the license is not yet determined. |
Parasitoid | In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. |
Rhenium trioxide | Rhenium trioxide or rhenium(VI) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ReO3. It is a red solid with a metallic lustre that resembles copper in appearance. It is the only stable trioxide of the Group 7 elements (Mn, Tc, Re). |
Membrane emulsification | Membrane emulsification (ME) is a relatively novel technique for producing all types of single and multiple emulsions for DDS (drug delivery systems), solid micro carriers for encapsulation of drug or nutrient, solder particles for surface-mount technology, mono dispersed polymer microspheres (for analytical column packing, enzyme carriers, liquid crystal display spacers, toner core particles). Membrane emulsification was introduced by Nakashima and Shimizu in the late 1980s in Japan. |
Flight recorder | A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. The device may often be referred to colloquially as a "black box", an outdated name which has become a misnomer—they are now required to be painted bright orange, to aid in their recovery after accidents. |
Brain vesicle | Brain vesicles are the bulge-like features of the early development of the neural tube in vertebrates. Vesicle formation begins shortly after anterior neural tube closure at about embryonic day 9.0 in the mouse and the fourth and fifth gestational week in human development. In zebrafish and chicken embryos, brain vesicles form by about 24 hours and 48 hours post-conception, respectively. Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. These develop into five secondary brain vesicles – the prosencephalon is subdivided into the telencephalon and diencephalon, and the rhombencephalon into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. During these early vesicle stages, the walls of the neural tube contain neural stem cells in a region called the neuroepithelium or ventricular zone. These neural stem cells divide rapidly, driving growth of the early brain, but later, these stem cells begin to generate neurons through the process of neurogenesis. |
Local usage details | Local usage details (LUD) are a detailed record of local calls made and received from a particular phone number. These records are regularly available to police in the United States and Canada with a court order, and were traditionally subject to the same restrictions as telephone tapping.
LUDs may be legally used by the police without first obtaining a warrant, as determined by Smith v. Maryland (1979). Other terms for call records include CDR (call detail records) or SMDR (station message detail recordings). These terms normally apply to "raw call records" before they have been processed to apply locations and rates. |
Permanganic acid | Permanganic acid (or manganic(VII) acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HMnO4. This strong oxoacid has been isolated as its dihydrate. It is the conjugate acid of permanganate salts. It is the subject of few publications and its characterization as well as its uses are very limited. |
Tricalcium aluminate | Tricalcium aluminate Ca3Al2O6, often formulated as 3CaO·Al2O3 to highlight the proportions of the oxides from which it is made, is the most basic of the calcium aluminates. It does not occur in nature, but is an important mineral phase in Portland cement. |
Discrete phase-type distribution | The discrete phase-type distribution is a probability distribution that results from a system of one or more inter-related geometric distributions occurring in sequence, or phases. The sequence in which each of the phases occur may itself be a stochastic process. The distribution can be represented by a random variable describing the time until absorption of an absorbing Markov chain with one absorbing state. Each of the states of the Markov chain represents one of the phases. |
Indefinite monism | Indefinite monism is a philosophical conception of reality that asserts that only awareness is real and that the wholeness of reality can be conceptually thought of in terms of immanent and transcendent aspects. The immanent aspect is denominated simply as awareness, while the transcendent aspect is referred to as omnific awareness. Awareness in this system is not equivalent to consciousness. Rather, awareness is the venue for consciousness, and the transcendent aspect of reality, omnific awareness, is what consciousness is of. In this system, what is real is distinguished from that which exists by showing that everything that we are conscious of exists but is not real since it is contingent upon awareness for its existence. Awareness is the source of its own energetic display -- its omneity. Rather than leading to a solipsistic account of reality, it is claimed through an analysis of consciousness that it is an error on our part to conceive of individuated awareness. That error being found in a conflation of the objects of consciousness with the subject of consciousness within an assumed form of reality of separate physical things. Proceeding from the one necessarily true and unquestionable fact – that we are present to our experiences – an understanding of reality is developed that is neither a materialist nor an idealist conceptualization. This way of viewing the world is referred to as surjective, a metaphorical use of a concept found in mathematical set theory that means a function that works upon every member of a set, where awareness is the function and omnific awareness is the set, in order to distinguish this position from both subjectivity and objectivity. |
Glacial erratic | A glacial erratic is glacially deposited rock differing from the type of rock native to the area in which it rests. Erratics, which take their name from the Latin word errare ("to wander"), are carried by glacial ice, often over distances of hundreds of kilometres. Erratics can range in size from pebbles to large boulders such as Big Rock (16,500 tonnes or 18,200 short tons) in Alberta. |
Von Hippel–Lindau disease | Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL), also known as Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder with multisystem involvement. It is characterized by visceral cysts and benign tumors with potential for subsequent malignant transformation. It is a type of phakomatosis that results from a mutation in the Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p25.3. |
Gypsum Springs Formation | The Gypsum Springs Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Middle Jurassic age in the Williston Basin.
It takes the name from Gypsum Springs in Wyoming, and was first described in outcrop in Freemont County by J.D. Love in 1939. |
IBM SecureWay Directory | IBM SecureWay Directory was the first directory server offering from IBM. Its latest release is called IBM Tivoli Directory Server. IBM Secureway Directory wasn't changed until the Release 5.1 was then known as IBM Directory Server. In the next release of the product, I.E. Release 5.2, the name was again changed to include the IBM Tivoli Framework, and is known as IBM Tivoli Directory Server. The latest release offered (as of July 2007) is ITDS 6.1. |
Grounding in communication | Grounding in communication is a concept proposed by Herbert H. Clark and Susan E. Brennan. It comprises the collection of "mutual knowledge, mutual beliefs, and mutual assumptions" that is essential for communication between two people. Successful grounding in communication requires parties "to coordinate both the content and process". The concept is also common in philosophy of language. |
CER-203 | CER (Serbian: Цифарски Електронски Рачунар – Digital Electronic Computer) model 203 is an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1971. It was designed to process data of medium-sized businesses: In banks, for managing and processing of accounts, bookkeeping, foreign-currency and interest calculations, amortization plans and statistics In manufacturing, for production planning and management, market data processing and forecasting, inventory management, financial document management and process modelling In utilities, to calculate water and electricity consumption, to produce various reports and lists and for technical calculations and design In construction industry for network planning method design, financial management and bookkeeping In trading companies for payment processing, market analysis, inventory management and customer and partner relationship management |
Taxis of Venezuela | Taxicabs of Venezuela is a form of public transport in Venezuela. At difference with most taxicab services in the world, in Venezuela there is not taximeter, nor any other form of measure the fare. The way it is measure is by a 'Carrera' which varies between driver. Due to this way of charging, it is a custom to ask and often negotiate the fare before getting inside the taxicab. |
Kirlian photography | Kirlian photography is a collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharges. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who, in 1939, accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high-voltage source, an image is produced on the photographic plate.
The technique has been variously known as "electrography", "electrophotography", "corona discharge photography" (CDP), "bioelectrography", "gas discharge visualization (GDV)", "electrophotonic imaging (EPI)", and, in Russian literature, "Kirlianography".
Kirlian photography has been the subject of scientific research, parapsychology research, and art. Paranormal claims have been made about Kirlian photography, but these claims are rejected by the scientific community. To a large extent, it has been used in alternative medicine research. |
Lotka's law | Lotka's law, named after Alfred J. Lotka, is one of a variety of special applications of Zipf's law. It describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field. Let X be the number of publications, Y be the number of authors with X publications, and k be a constants depending on the specific field. Lotka's law states that Y∝X−k In Lotka's original publication, he claimed k=2 . Subsequent research showed that k varies depending on the discipline. |
Computer programming | Computer programming is the process of performing particular computations (or more generally, accomplishing specific computing results), usually by designing and building executable computer programs. Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the implementation of algorithms (usually in a particular programming language, commonly referred to as coding). The source code of a program is written in one or more languages that are intelligible to programmers, rather than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. To produce machine code, the source code must either be compiled or transpiled. Compiling takes the source code from a low-level programming language and converts it into machine code. Transpiling on the other hand, takes the source-code from a high-level programming language and converts it into bytecode. This is interpreted into machine code. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. Proficient programming thus usually requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic. |
Batten | A batten is most commonly a strip of solid material, historically wood but can also be of plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Battens are variously used in construction, sailing, and other fields.
In the lighting industry, battens refer to linear light fittings.
In the steel industry, battens used as furring may also be referred to as "top hats", in reference to the profile of the metal. |
Core Foundation | Core Foundation (also called CF) is a C application programming interface (API) written by Apple for its operating systems, and is a mix of low-level routines and wrapper functions. Most Core Foundation routines follow a certain naming convention that deal with opaque objects, for example CFDictionaryRef for functions whose names begin with CFDictionary, and these objects are often reference counted (manually) through CFRetain and CFRelease. Internally, Core Foundation forms the base of the types in the Objective-C standard library and the Carbon API.The most prevalent use of Core Foundation is for passing its own primitive types for data, including raw bytes, Unicode strings, numbers, calendar dates, and UUIDs, as well as collections such as arrays, sets, and dictionaries, to numerous macOS C routines, primarily those that are GUI-related. At the operating system level Core Foundation also provides standardized application preferences management through CFPropertyList, bundle handling, run loops, interprocess communication through CFMachPort and CFNotificationCenter, and a basic graphical user interface message dialog through CFUserNotification. |
Splanchnology | Splanchnology is the study of the visceral organs, i.e. digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory systems.The term derives from the Neo-Latin splanchno-, from the Greek σπλάγχνα, meaning "viscera". More broadly, splanchnology includes all the components of the Neuro-Endo-Immune (NEI) Supersystem. An organ (or viscus) is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In anatomy, a viscus is an internal organ, and viscera is the plural form. Organs consist of different tissues, one or more of which prevail and determine its specific structure and function. Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. |
Nepcon | NEPCON is a trade event for the electronics manufacturing industry. It is held annually in several parts of the world. In the United States, for instance, the event called NEPCON West had a 37-year run and ended in 2002. This trade show has been described as the grandfather of all electronics manufacturing trade shows. The case is the same for NEPCON UK, which is considered Britain's largest annual electronics exhibition.Nepcon China is an annual Surface-mount technology (SMT) trade event in China that features a comprehensive range of SMT products and technology. The 18th edition of the event was held from 8 to 11 April 2008. The 2019 exhibit was scheduled at the Shanghai World Expo Center from April 24 to 26. |
Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy | The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, referred to internationally as Pittcon, is a non-profit educational organization based in Pennsylvania that organizes an annual Conference and Exposition on laboratory science. It is sponsored by the Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh and the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh. The Conference has traditionally been the most attended annual conference on analytical chemistry and applied spectroscopy in the world, with attendance of approximately 20,000 people in the period of 2005-2011. Pittcon presents several awards each year to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the various fields in analytical chemistry. |
Outflow channels | Outflow channels are extremely long, wide swathes of scoured ground on Mars. They extend many hundreds of kilometers in length and are typically greater than one kilometer in width. They are thought to have been carved by huge outburst floods. |
Sediment quality triad | In aquatic toxicology, the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach has been used as an assessment tool to evaluate the extent of sediment degradation resulting from contaminants released due to human activity present in aquatic environments (Chapman, 1990). This evaluation focuses on three main components: 1.) sediment chemistry, 2.) sediment toxicity tests using aquatic organisms, and 3.) the field effects on the benthic organisms (Chapman, 1990). Often used in risk assessment, the combination of three lines of evidence can lead to a comprehensive understanding of the possible effects to the aquatic community (Chapman, 1997). Although the SQT approach does not provide a cause-and-effect relationship linking concentrations of individual chemicals to adverse biological effects, it does provide an assessment of sediment quality commonly used to explain sediment characteristics quantitatively. The information provided by each portion of the SQT is unique and complementary, and the combination of these portions is necessary because no single characteristic provides comprehensive information regarding a specific site (Chapman, 1997) |
Mother Earth Mother Board | "Mother Earth Mother Board" is an essay by Neal Stephenson that appeared in Wired Magazine in December, 1996, on the subject of the history of undersea communication cables and a modern-day effort to lay the Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe. It was later reprinted in Some Remarks. |
Alvis–Curtis duality | In mathematics, the Alvis–Curtis duality is a duality operation on the characters of a reductive group over a finite field, introduced by Charles W. Curtis (1980) and studied by his student Dean Alvis (1979). Kawanaka (1981, 1982) introduced a similar duality operation for Lie algebras.
Alvis–Curtis duality has order 2 and is an isometry on generalized characters.
Carter (1985, 8.2) discusses Alvis–Curtis duality in detail. |
BlueTEC | BlueTEC is Mercedes-Benz Group's marketing name for engines equipped with advanced NOx reducing technology for vehicle emissions control in diesel-powered vehicles. The technology in BlueTec vehicles includes a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system that uses diesel exhaust fluid, and a system of NOx adsorbers the automaker calls DeNOx, which uses an oxidizing catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter combined with other NOx reducing systems. |
Balance of system | The balance of system (BOS) encompasses all components of a photovoltaic system other than the photovoltaic panels. This includes wiring, switches, a mounting system, one or many solar inverters, a battery bank and battery charger.
Other optional components include renewable energy credit revenue-grade meter, maximum power point tracker (MPPT), GPS solar tracker, Energy management software, solar concentrators, solar irradiance sensors, anemometer, or task-specific accessories designed to meet specialized requirements for a system owner. In addition, concentrated photovoltaics systems require optical lenses or mirrors and sometimes a cooling system.
In addition, ground-mounted, large photovoltaic power station require equipment and facilities, such as grid connections, office facilities, and concrete. Land is sometimes included as part of the BOS as well. |
Spatial gradient | A spatial gradient is a gradient whose components are spatial derivatives, i.e., rate of change of a given scalar physical quantity with respect to the position coordinates. Homogeneous regions have spatial gradient vector norm equal to zero.
When evaluated over vertical position (altitude or depth), it is called vertical gradient; the remainder is called horizontal gradient, the vector projection of the full gradient onto the horizontal plane.
Examples: BiologyConcentration gradient, the ratio of solute concentration between two adjoining regions Potential gradient, the difference in electric charge between two adjoining regionsFluid dynamics and earth scienceDensity gradient Pressure gradient Temperature gradient Geothermal gradient Sound speed gradient Wind gradient Lapse rate |
MVA85A | MVA85A (modified vaccinia Ankara 85A) is a vaccine against tuberculosis developed by researchers led by Professor Helen McShane at Oxford University. This vaccine produces higher levels of long-lasting cellular immunity when used together with the older TB vaccine BCG. Phase I clinical trials were completed and then phase II clinical trials took place in South Africa. Efficacy trials ran in parallel from 2009 to 2019.Results released in February 2013, were described as "disappointing", showing only a statistically insignificant prevention rate in infants.Results published in 2015, cast doubt on the efficacy of the vaccine.In 2018, a BMJ investigation raised concerns about the ethics of an efficacy trial in South African infants, particularly because of results from earlier animal trials such as a study with macaques at Porton Down. One response argued that 14 prior human trials showed a safety signal, that regulators were aware of the primate trial and decided to continue, and that three subsequent investigations found no evidence of wrong-doing. Another response by Ian Orme questioned the critique of animal models. |
Moai (software) | Moai is a development and deployment platform designed for the creation of mobile games on iOS and Android smartphones. The Moai platform consists of Moai SDK, an open source game engine, and Moai Cloud, a cloud platform as a service (PaaS) for the hosting and deployment of game services. Moai developers use Lua, C++ and OpenGL, to build mobile games that span smartphones and cloud. Several commercial games have been built with Moai, including Crimson: Steam Pirates, Invisible, Inc., and Broken Age. Moai integrates third-party game analytics and monetization services such as Apsalar and Tapjoy. |
Dust mask | A dust mask is a flexible paper pad held over the nose and mouth by elastic or rubber straps for personal comfort against non-toxic nuisance dusts. They are not intended to provide protection from toxic airborne hazards. The European FFP1 mask, the lowest-grade mechanical filter respirator available in the jurisdiction, is also used as a dust mask. |
C. F. Palmer, Ltd | C. F. Palmer, Ltd was an independent manufacturer of scientific instruments, mostly in the field of physiology. Since 1987 it has been a subsidiary of Harvard Apparatus.The company was founded in London in 1891 by the English mechanical engineer and bicycle maker Charles Fielding Palmer (1864-1938). It described itself as making "Research and Students' Apparatus for Physiology, Pharmacology, Psychology, Bacteriology, Phonetics, Botany, etc." It specialized, however, in equipment for the relatively young science of physiology. As a result of good workmanship and excellent contacts with scientists, the company became an important supplier of physiology research equipment in the British Empire until ca. 1950.Palmer manufactured instruments like the kymograph, invented by the German physiologist Carl Ludwig in 1847, the Stromuhr (another design by Ludwig) for measuring the rate of bloodflow and a 'dotting machine', designed by William McDougall to measure and record levels of fatigue. From the 1930s onward, the company catalogue also mentioned equipment for research in psychometrics. At some time (its records were lost) the company became a "Ltd". In the 1960s and 1970s it stuck to mostly electromechanical devices in an increasingly electronic age and it lost some of its importance as an instrument maker. It was renamed PalmerBioscience and in 1987 it was acquired by Harvard Apparatus.Both the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford and the Science Museum in London own instruments by Palmer. |
Halimadienyl-diphosphate synthase | Halimadienyl-diphosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.16, Rv3377c, halimadienyl diphosphate synthase, tuberculosinol diphosphate synthase, halima-5(6),13-dien-15-yl-diphosphate lyase (cyclizing)) is an enzyme with systematic name halima-5,13-dien-15-yl-diphosphate lyase (decyclizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction geranylgeranyl diphosphate ⇌ tuberculosinyl diphosphateThis enzyme requires Mg2+ for activity. |
Germacrene A alcohol dehydrogenase | Germacrene A alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.314) is an enzyme with systematic name germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol + 2 NADP+ + H2O ⇌ germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oate + 2 NADPH + 3 H+ (overall reaction) (1a) germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol + NADP+ ⇌ germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-al + NADPH + H+ (1b) germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-al + NADP+ + H2O ⇌ germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oate + NADPH + 2 H+In Lactuca sativa this enzyme is a multifunctional enzyme with EC 1.14.13.123. |
Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome | Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome is a condition characterized by orbital cysts, microphthalmia, porencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and facial skin tags. |
Wetted area | In fluid dynamics, the wetted area is the surface area that interacts with the working fluid or gas.
In maritime use, the wetted area is the area of the watercrafts hull which is immersed in water. This has a direct relationship on the overall hydrodynamic drag of the ship or submarine.
In aeronautics, the wetted area is the area which is in contact with the external airflow. This has a direct relationship on the overall aerodynamic drag of the aircraft. See also: Wetted aspect ratio.
In motorsport, such as Formula One, the term wetted surfaces is used to refer to the bodywork, wings and the radiator, which are in direct contact with the airflow, similarly to the term's use in aeronautics. |
Assistive cane | An assistive cane is a walking stick used as a crutch or mobility aid. A cane can help redistribute weight from a lower leg that is weak or painful, improve stability by increasing the base of support, and provide tactile information about the ground to improve balance. In the US, ten percent of adults older than 65 years use a cane, and 4.6 percent use walkers.In contrast to crutches, canes are generally lighter, but, because they transfer the load through the user's unsupported wrist, are unable to offload equal loads from the legs. |
Advanced Digital Recording | Advanced Digital Recording (ADR) is a magnetic tape data storage format developed by OnStream from 1998 to 2003. Since the demise of OnStream, the format has been orphaned. ADR is an 8-track, linear tape format. |
Mora (linguistics) | A mora (plural morae or moras; often symbolized μ) is a basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable. For example, a short syllable such as ba consists of one mora (monomoraic), while a long syllable such as baa consists of two (bimoraic); extra-long syllables with three moras (trimoraic) are relatively rare. Such metrics are also referred to as syllable weight. |
OneGeology | OneGeology is an international collaborative project in the field of geology supported by 118 countries, UNESCO, and major global geoscience bodies. It is an International Year of Planet Earth flagship initiative that aims to enable online access to dynamic digital geological map of the world for everyone. The project uses the GeoSciML markup language and initially targets a scale of approximately 1:1 million. Downstream uses could be to identify areas suitable for mining, oil and gas exploration or areas at risk from landslides or earthquakes, to help understanding of formations which store groundwater for drinking or irrigation, and to help locate porous rocks suitable for burying emissions of greenhouse gases. The project portal was launched on August 6, 2008 at the 33rd International Geological Congress (IGC) in Oslo, Norway. |
Internet metaphors | Internet metaphors provide users and researchers of the Internet a structure for understanding and communicating its various functions, uses, and experiences. An advantage of employing metaphors is that they permit individuals to visualize an abstract concept or phenomenon with which they have limited experience by comparing it with a concrete, well-understood concept such as physical movement through space. Metaphors to describe the Internet have been utilized since its creation and developed out of the need for the Internet to be understood by everyone when the goals and parameters of the Internet were still unclear. Metaphors helped to overcome the problems of the invisibility and intangibility of the Internet's infrastructure and to fill linguistic gaps where no literal expressions existed. |
Metizolam | Metizolam (also known as desmethyletizolam) is a thienotriazolodiazepine that is the demethylated analogue of the closely related etizolam. |
Interview (journalism) | A journalistic interview takes the form of a conversation between two or more people: interviewer(s) ask questions to elicit facts or statements from interviewee(s). Interviews are a standard part of journalism and media reporting. In journalism, interviews are one of the most important methods used to collect information, and present views to readers, listeners, or viewers. |
Subterrene | A subterrene (Latin: subterrina, Russian: Подземная лодка) is a vehicle that travels underground (through solid rock or soil) much as a submarine travels underwater, either by mechanical drilling, or by melting its way forward. Subterrenes existed first in fiction as mechanical drillers, with real-world thermal designs and examples following in the second half of the 20th century. |
OR10T2 | Olfactory receptor 10T2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR10T2 gene.Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. |
Acoustic plaster | Acoustic plaster is plaster which contains fibres or aggregate so that it absorbs sound. Early plasters contained asbestos, but newer ones consist of a base layer of absorptive substrate panels, which are typically mineral wool, or a non-combustible inorganic blow-glass granulate. A first finishing layer is then applied on top of the substrate panels, and sometimes a second finishing layer is added for greater sound attenuation. Pre-made acoustic panels are more commonly used, but acoustic plaster provides a smooth and seamless appearance, and greater flexibility for readjustment. The drawback is the greater level of skill required in application. Proprietary types of acoustic plaster developed in the 1920s included Macoustic Plaster, Sabinite, Kalite, Wyodak, Old Newark and Sprayo-Flake produced by companies such as US Gypsum. |
Field (computer science) | In computer science, data that has several parts, known as a record, can be divided into fields (data fields). Relational databases arrange data as sets of database records, so called rows. Each record consists of several fields; the fields of all records form the columns. |
Overlap–add method | In signal processing, the overlap–add method is an efficient way to evaluate the discrete convolution of a very long signal x[n] with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter h[n] where h[m] = 0 for m outside the region [1, M].
This article uses common abstract notations, such as {\textstyle y(t)=x(t)*h(t),} or {\textstyle y(t)={\mathcal {H}}\{x(t)\},} in which it is understood that the functions should be thought of in their totality, rather than at specific instants {\textstyle t} (see Convolution#Notation). |
Ski rental problem | In computer science, the ski rental problem is a name given to a class of problems in which there is a choice between continuing to pay a repeating cost or paying a one-time cost which eliminates or reduces the repeating cost. |
Climate of Europe | Europe is generally characterized by a temperate climate. Most of Western Europe has an Oceanic climate, in the Köppen climate classification, featuring cool to warm summers and cool winters with frequent overcast skies. Southern Europe has a distinctively Mediterranean climate, which features warm to hot, dry summers and cool to mild winters and frequent sunny skies. Central-eastern Europe is classified as having a humid continental climate, which features warm to hot summers and cold winters. |
Sighting in | In ranged weapons such as firearms and artillery pieces, sighting in or sight-in is a preparatory or corrective calibration of the sights with the goal that the projectile (e.g. bullet or shell) may be placed at a predictable impact position within the sight picture. The principle of sighting-in is to shift the line of aim until it intersects the parabolic projectile trajectory at a designated point of reference, so when the gun is fired in the future (provided there is reliable precision) it will repeatably hit where it aims at identical distances of that designated point. |
Musical theatre | Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole. Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance, it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue, movement and other elements. Since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. |
Mondrian OLAP server | Mondrian is an open source OLAP (online analytical processing) server, written in Java. It supports the MDX (multidimensional expressions) query language and the XML for Analysis and olap4j interface specifications. It reads from SQL and other data sources and aggregates data in a memory cache. |
Photographic plate | Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography, and were still used in some communities up until the late 20th century. The light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was coated on a glass plate, typically thinner than common window glass. |
J-CODE | J-CODE, an acronym for Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement, is an FBI operation announced by U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions on January 29, 2018, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania which targets illegal opioid distribution on the Darknet. Given the integrity and robustness of the hidden services of the Tor anonymity network, however, sting operations, the seizure of servers, the tracking of postal deliveries, and in general the exploitation of failures of operational security are expected to be standard operating procedure. |
Comparison of color models in computer graphics | This article provides introductory information about the RGB, HSV, and HSL color models from a computer graphics (Web page, image) perspective. An introduction to colors is also provided to support the main discussion. |
Censoring (statistics) | In statistics, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known. |
Gong bass drum | A gong bass drum (or simply gong drum) is a musical instrument in the percussion family. It is a type of drum that uses a single large drumhead in order to create a loud, resonant sound when struck. The head can be tuned as loose as possible to avoid any sense of pitch in the sound, or tensioned more tightly to produce timpani-like tones. |
CTEP | CTEP (Ro4956371) is a research drug developed by Hoffmann-La Roche that acts as a selective allosteric antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5, binding with nanomolar affinity and over 1000 times selectivity over all other receptor targets tested. In animal studies it was found to have a high oral bioavailability and a long duration of action, lasting 18 hours after a single dose, giving it considerably improved properties over older mGluR5 antagonists such as MPEP and fenobam. |
Byre-dwelling | A byre-dwelling ("byre"+ "dwelling") is a farmhouse in which the living quarters are combined with the livestock and/or grain barn under the same roof. In the latter case, the building is also called a housebarn in American English.
This kind of construction is found in archaeological sites in northwestern Europe from the Bronze Age. It was also used in more modern times by Mennonites in Flanders and the Netherlands. |
Xenon oxydifluoride | Xenon oxydifluoride is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula XeOF2. The first definitive isolation of the compound was published on 3 March 2007, producing it by the previously-examined route of partial hydrolysis of xenon tetrafluoride. |
Totems (video game) | Totems (officially TOTEMS) is a cancelled video game for the Xbox 360 and PC developed by 10Tacle Studios Belgium. |
Tetrakis cuboctahedron | In geometry, the tetrakis cuboctahedron is a convex polyhedron with 32 triangular faces, 48 edges, and 18 vertices. It is a dual of the truncated rhombic dodecahedron. |
Molecular wire | Molecular wires (or sometimes called molecular nanowires) are molecular chains that conduct electric current. They are the proposed building blocks for molecular electronic devices. Their typical diameters are less than three nanometers, while their lengths may be macroscopic, extending to centimeters or more. |
Standard time in manufacturing | Standard time is the amount of time that should be allowed for an average worker to process one work unit using the standard method and working at a normal pace. The standard time includes some additional time, called the contingency allowance, to provide for the worker's personal needs, fatigue, and unavoidable delays during the shift. |
Agaropectin | Agaropectin is one of the two main components of agar and mainly consists of D-glucuronic acid and pyruvic acid. |
Fusion Drive | Fusion Drive is a type of hybrid drive technology created by Apple Inc. It combines a hard disk drive with a NAND flash storage (solid-state drive of 24 GB or more) and presents it as a single Core Storage managed logical volume with the space of both drives combined.The operating system automatically manages the contents of the drive so the most frequently accessed files are stored on the faster flash storage, while infrequently used items move to or stay on the hard drive. For example, if spreadsheet software is used often, the software will be moved to the flash storage for faster user access. In software, this logical volume speeds up performance of the computer by performing both caching for faster writes and auto tiering for faster reads. |
Superior cerebellar artery | The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is an artery of the head. It arises near the end of the basilar artery. It is a branch of the basilar artery. It supplies parts of the cerebellum, the midbrain, and other nearby structures. It is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia in some patients. |
Bochner's formula | In mathematics, Bochner's formula is a statement relating harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold (M,g) to the Ricci curvature. The formula is named after the American mathematician Salomon Bochner. |
(protein-PII) uridylyltransferase | In enzymology, a [protein-PII] uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UTP + [protein-PII] ⇌ diphosphate + uridylyl-[protein-PII]Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UTP and protein-PII, whereas its two products are diphosphate and [[uridylyl-[protein-PII]]].
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is UTP:[protein-PII] uridylyltransferase. Other names in common use include PII uridylyl-transferase, and uridyl removing enzyme. This enzyme participates in two-component system - general. |
Close-mid central unrounded vowel | The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with diaresis, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩. |
Photolith film | A photolith film is a transparent film, made with some sort of transparent plastic (formerly made of acetate). Nowadays, with the use of laser printers and computers, the photolith film can be based on polyester, vegetable paper or laser film paper. It is mainly used in all photolithography processes. |
Sodium decavanadate | Sodium decavanadate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Na6[V10O28](H2O)n. These are sodium salts of the orange-colored decavanadate anion [V10O28]6−. Numerous other decavanadate salts have been isolated and studied since 1956 when it was first characterized. |
TrueCrypt version history | TrueCrypt is based on Encryption for the Masses (E4M), an open source on-the-fly encryption program first released in 1997. However, E4M was discontinued in 2000 as the author, Paul Le Roux, began working on commercial encryption software. |
Newspaper vending machine | A newspaper vending machine or newspaper rack is a vending machine designed to distribute newspapers. Newspaper vending machines are used worldwide, and they are often one of the main distribution methods for newspaper publishers.
According to the Newspaper Association of America, in recent times in the United States, circulation via newspaper vending machines has dropped significantly: in 1996, around 46% of single-sale newspapers were sold in newspaper boxes, and in 2014, only 20% of newspapers were sold in the boxes. |
Superior potato | Superior is a white-skinned, white-fleshed, mid-season potato variety. It was released by the University of Wisconsin potato breeding program in 1962, and is not under plant variety protection. It is a progeny of a cross between 'B96-56' and 'M59.44' and was first grown in 1951. 'B96-56' was also a parent of Kennebec. Like the potato variety Atlantic, Superior is widely grown for potato chip manufacturing right off the field and marketable yields are fairly high. |
Ailles rectangle | The Ailles rectangle is a rectangle constructed from four right-angled triangles which is commonly used in geometry classes to find the values of trigonometric functions of 15° and 75°. It is named after Douglas S. Ailles who was a high school teacher at Kipling Collegiate Institute in Toronto. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.