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XML Notepad | XML Notepad is an open-source XML editor written by Chris Lovett and published by Microsoft. The editor features incremental search in both tree and text views, drag/drop support, IntelliSense, find/replace with regular expressions and XPath expressions, and support for XInclude. The editor has good performance on large XML documents and has real time XML schema validation. The editor also features an HTML viewer for displaying XSLT transformation results and a built-in XML comparison tool.The program's source code was made available on CodePlex on 20 April 2007, and moved to GitHub in April 2016. |
Esophageal doppler | In medicine, Esophageal Doppler or Oesophageal Doppler uses a small ultrasound probe inserted into the esophagus through the nose or mouth to measure blood velocity in the descending aorta. It is minimally invasive (does not break the skin) and is used to derive hemodynamic parameters such as stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO). A properly constructed and calibrated probe is approved for use on adults and children in many parts of the world. |
Ostravik-Lindemann-Solberg syndrome | Ostravik-Lindemann-Solberg syndrome, also known as heart defect-tongue hamartoma-polysyndactyly syndrome is a rare, multi-systemic genetic disorder which is characterized by congenital heart defects, tongue hamartomas, postaxial polydactyly of the hand, and syndactylism of the foot. This condition is thought to be caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the WDPCP gene, in chromosome 2. Only 5 cases have been recorded in medical literature. |
Porphyry (geology) | Porphyry ( POR-fə-ree) is any of various decorative granites or igneous rocks with coarse-grained crystals such as feldspar or quartz dispersed in a fine-grained silicate-rich, generally aphanitic matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts. In its non-geologic, traditional use, the term porphyry usually refers to the purple-red form of this stone, valued for its appearance, but other colours of decorative porphyry are also used such as "green", "black" and "grey".The term porphyry is from the Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphyra), meaning "purple". Purple was the colour of royalty, and the Roman "imperial porphyry" was a deep purple igneous rock with large crystals of plagioclase. Some authors claimed the rock was the hardest known in antiquity. Thus porphyry was prized for monuments and building projects in Imperial Rome and thereafter. Subsequently, the name was given to any igneous rocks with large crystals. The adjective porphyritic now refers to a certain texture of igneous rock regardless of its chemical and mineralogical composition. Its chief characteristic is a large difference in size between the tiny matrix crystals and the much larger phenocrysts. Porphyries may be aphanites or phanerites, that is, the groundmass may have microscopic crystals as in basalt, or crystals easily distinguishable with the eye, as in granite. |
Lactobacillus johnsonii | Lactobacillus johnsonii is a species in the genus Lactobacillus identified in 1980 by John L. Johnson, an American microbiologist and his associates. Its type strain is ATCC 33200. It is part of the healthy vaginal microbiota and has been identified as having probiotic properties. The L. johnsonii strain La1 was one of the first cultures to be proposed as a probiotic dairy supplement in 1995 at the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne. Although yeast and bacteria have been used in dairy products for fermenting purposes for centuries, the investigation and choice of a microorganism as a fermenting agent based on its health benefits was novel at the time. Today the probiotic culture is used in the LC1 yogurt products by Nestlé. |
David E. Keyes | David E. Keyes is a Senior Associate to the President of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and the Director of the Extreme Computing Center at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). He was the inaugural Dean of the Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) at KAUST and remains an adjunct professor in Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics at Columbia University and an affiliate of several laboratories of the U.S. Department of Energy. With backgrounds in engineering, applied mathematics, and computer science, he works at the algorithmic interface between parallel computing and the numerical analysis of partial differential equations, across a spectrum of aerodynamic, geophysical, and chemically reacting flows. |
First-hitting-time model | Events are often triggered when a stochastic or random process first encounters a threshold. The threshold can be a barrier, boundary or specified state of a system. The amount of time required for a stochastic process, starting from some initial state, to encounter a threshold for the first time is referred to variously as a first hitting time. In statistics, first-hitting-time models are a sub-class of survival models. The first hitting time, also called first passage time, of the barrier set B with respect to an instance of a stochastic process is the time until the stochastic process first enters B More colloquially, a first passage time in a stochastic system, is the time taken for a state variable to reach a certain value. Understanding this metric allows one to further understand the physical system under observation, and as such has been the topic of research in very diverse fields, from economics to ecology.The idea that a first hitting time of a stochastic process might describe the time to occurrence of an event has a long history, starting with an interest in the first passage time of Wiener diffusion processes in economics and then in physics in the early 1900s. Modeling the probability of financial ruin as a first passage time was an early application in the field of insurance. An interest in the mathematical properties of first-hitting-times and statistical models and methods for analysis of survival data appeared steadily between the middle and end of the 20th century. |
Limb perfusion | Limb perfusion is a medical technique that is used to deliver drugs locally directly to a site of interest. It is commonly used in human medicine for administration of anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. It is also used in veterinary medicine to deliver drugs to a site of infection or injury, as well as for the treatment of cancer in dogs. In both cases, a tourniquet is used to reduce blood flow out of the area that is being treated. |
Bridge scoring | While a deal of bridge is always played following a unique set of rules, its scoring may vary depending on the type of event the deal is played on. There are two main categories of scoring: rubber and duplicate. Rubber scoring, and its popular variant Chicago, are mostly used in social play. Duplicate scoring is focused on tournament competition and has many variations that compare and rank the relative performance of partnerships and teams playing the same deals as their competitors. |
Etoperidone | Etoperidone, associated with several brand names, is an atypical antidepressant which was developed in the 1970s and either is no longer marketed or was never marketed. It is a phenylpiperazine related to trazodone and nefazodone in chemical structure and is a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) similarly to them. |
Antisynthetase syndrome | Anti-synthetase syndrome is an autoimmune disease associated with interstitial lung disease, arthritis, and myositis. |
Lesser palatine nerve | The lesser palatine nerves (posterior palatine nerve) are branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2). They descends through the greater palatine canal alongside the greater palatine nerve, and emerge (separately) through the lesser palatine foramen to pass posteriorward. They supply the soft palate, tonsil, and uvula. |
Oenin | Oenin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-glucoside of malvidin. It is one of the red pigments found in the skin of purple grapes and in wine.Color stabilization of malvidin 3-glucoside at a higher pH can be explained by self-aggregation of the flavylium cation and copigmentation with the Z-chalcone form. In the presence of procyanidin C2, the red color of oenin appears more stable. However, the HPLC chromatogram shows a decrease in the amplitude of the peaks of oenin and procyanidin C2. Concomitantly, a new peak appears with a maximal absorption in the red region. This newly formed pigment probably comes from the condensation of oenin and procyanidin C2.Malvidin 3-glucoside alone is not oxidized in the presence of grape polyphenol oxidase, whereas it is degraded in the presence of a crude grape PPO extract and of caftaric acid forming anthocyanidin-caftaric acid adducts. |
Adaptive bias | Adaptive bias is the idea that the human brain has evolved to reason adaptively, rather than truthfully or even rationally, and that cognitive bias may have evolved as a mechanism to reduce the overall cost of cognitive errors as opposed to merely reducing the number of cognitive errors, when faced with making a decision under conditions of uncertainty. |
Network bridge | A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single, aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing. Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate networks as if they were a single network. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer (layer 2). If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless bridge. |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 | CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 (i.e. CMTM8), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 8 (i.e. CKLFSF8) has at least two isoforms, the CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by the alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for these isoforms, CMTM8 (formerly termed CKLFSF8), is located in band 22 on the short (i.e. "p") arm of chromosome 3. The CMTM8 gene and its CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins belong to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of structurally and functionally related genes and proteins. The CMTM8 protein is the full-length and predominant product of the CMTM8 gene. This protein is expressed in a wide range of normal adult and fetal tissues while relatively little is known about the CMTM8-v2 protein. Studies suggest that the CMTM8 protein may be involved in the development of various cancers.The levels of CMTM8 protein are lower in the tissues of non-small-cell lung carcinoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer, and glioblastoma brain tumors than in their respective adjacent normal organ tissues. The low levels of CMTM8 protein in bladder and stomach cancer tissues were associated with more aggressive diseases (e.g. presence of metastases) and poorer prognoses. These findings suggest that CMTM8 protein may inhibit the development and/or progression of the cited malignancies and therefore the CMTM8 gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene. However, further studies are required to support these conclusions and to determine if the levels of CMTM8 protein can be used as prognostic markers for these malignancies and/or as a targets for treating them. |
Redmi 7A | Xiaomi Redmi 7A is a smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc. The smartphone is available in three colour variants — Matte Blue, Matte Gold, and Matte Black. Redmi 7A comes in two storage variants, 2/3 GB RAM and 16/32 GB with 5.45-inch HD+ display. Redmi 7A pricing starts at ₹5,999 for 16 GB And ₹6,199 for 32 GBThe smartphone was predecessor to Xiaomi Redmi Note 8A which was released the same year. |
ProRealTime | ProRealTime is a technical analysis software designed and developed in France by IT-Finance.
It consists of an electronic trading platform and a technical analysis software used to analyse financial markets. |
Hadronization | Hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons. There are two main branches of hadronization: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transformation and colour string decay into hadrons. The transformation of quark-gluon plasma into hadrons is studied in lattice QCD numerical simulations, which are explored in relativistic heavy-ion experiments. Quark-gluon plasma hadronization occurred shortly after the Big Bang when the quark–gluon plasma cooled down to the Hagedorn temperature (about 150 MeV) when free quarks and gluons cannot exist. In string breaking new hadrons are forming out of quarks, antiquarks and sometimes gluons, spontaneously created from the vacuum. |
Mobile marketing automation | Mobile marketing automation refers to the use of software to execute, manage and automate mobile marketing tasks and processes. For example, someone who manages an iOS or Android app could automate push notifications or in-app messages. They could also segment their existing app users to send messages only to the people they want to target.Mobile marketing automation is different from traditional marketing automation because mobile users often behave differently than web users. For example, the constraint of a smaller screen size causes differences in user behavior. However, the number of users who have adapted to mobiles has grown drastically over the years. With Google penalizing websites that are not mobile friendly, marketing platforms have also made the shift to mobile.Increasing demand for mobile marketing automation is seen, with 71% of marketers believing that mobile marketing is core to their business.The mobile industry continues to be one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The number of apps being created has increased substantially across Apple iOS, Android, and Amazon. It has been reported that Apps account for 89% of mobile media time, while websites take up the other 11%.Another important aspect of mobile marketing automation is the use of A/B testing. This is the concept of testing two different marketing platforms on consumers to see which one performs better. After implementing marketing campaigns, the A/B testing begins and automatically finding the optimal campaign and continuing to show only the winning option. |
Roll moment | Roll moment is a moment, which is a product of a force and a distance, that tends to cause a vehicle to roll, that is to rotate about its longitudinal axis. |
Ghost Patrol | Ghost Patrol is a 1936 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield. |
Bone morphogenetic protein 5 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is member of the TGFβ superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 may play a role in certain cancers. Like other BMP's BMP5 is inhibited by chordin and noggin. It is expressed in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head and may have a role in the development and normal function. It is also expressed in the lung and liver. |
Inferior frontal junction | The inferior frontal junction area (IFJ) is an area of the brain located at the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus. It is involved in working memory and attention functions and has been shown as an important control region orchestrating neural activity elsewhere in the brain. |
ASTM D8441/D8441M | ASTM D8441 is an ASTM International standard defining the International Intoxicating Cannabinoid Product Symbol (IICPS). As of mid-2022, the symbol has been incorporated into the universal symbols required for cannabis packages in the states of Montana, New Jersey, South Dakota and Vermont. |
Rotigaptide | Rotigaptide (ZP-123) is a drug under clinical investigation for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias – specifically atrial fibrillation. It is a peptide analog that has been shown to increase gap junction intercellular conductance in cardiac muscle cells. Gap junctions are protein channels that are responsible for conducting electrical impulses between cells in the heart to maintain normal rhythm. Gap junction modulation is a promising and novel mechanism of action for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Its peptide sequence is Ac-D-Tyr-D-Pro-D-Hyp-Gly-D-Ala-Gly-NH2. |
Doxapram | Doxapram hydrochloride (marketed as Dopram, Stimulex or Respiram) is a respiratory stimulant. Administered intravenously, doxapram stimulates an increase in tidal volume, and respiratory rate. |
Latin turned alpha | The Latin turned alpha, also known as the turned script A (uppercase: Ɒ, lowercase: ɒ), is an additional letter of the Latin script, based on letters A and Latin alpha (Ɑ). Its lowercase variant is used in International Phonetic Alphabet, Americanist phonetic notation, Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, Teuthonista, Swedish Dialect Alphabet, Dania, and Norvegia transcriptions. Its uppercase variant is used in the Americanist phonetic notation. The letter also appears in Belter Creole, a constructed language made by Nick Farmer for The Expanse television sci-fi series. |
Tip jet | A tip jet is a jet nozzle at the tip of some helicopter rotor blades, used to spin the rotor, much like a Catherine wheel firework. Tip jets replace the normal shaft drive and have the advantage of placing no torque on the airframe, thus not requiring the presence of a tail rotor. Some simple monocopters are composed of nothing but a single blade with a tip rocket.Tip jets can use compressed air, provided by a separate engine, to create jet thrust. Other types use a system that functions similarly to the afterburner (reheat) on a conventional jet engine, except that instead of reheating a gas jet, they serve as the primary heater, creating greater thrust than the flow of pre-compressed air alone; the best description of this is thrust augmentation. Other designs includes ramjets or even a complete turbojet engine. Some, known as Rocket On Rotor systems, involve placing rockets on the tips of the rotor blades that are fueled from an onboard fuel tank.If the helicopter's engine fails, the tip jets on the rotor increase the moment of inertia, hence permitting it to store energy, which makes performing a successful autorotation landing somewhat easier. However, the tip jet also typically generates significant extra air drag, which demands a higher sink rate and means that a very sudden transition to the landing flare must occur for survival, with little room for error. |
Breathing performance of regulators | The breathing performance of regulators is a measure of the ability of a breathing gas regulator to meet the demands placed on it at varying ambient pressures and temperatures, and under varying breathing loads, for the range of breathing gases it may be expected to deliver. Performance is an important factor in design and selection of breathing regulators for any application, but particularly for underwater diving, as the range of ambient operating pressures and temperatures, and variety of breathing gases is broader in this application. A diving regulator is a device that reduces the high pressure in a diving cylinder or surface supply hose to the same pressure as the diver's surroundings. It is desirable that breathing from a regulator requires low effort even when supplying large amounts of breathing gas as this is commonly the limiting factor for underwater exertion, and can be critical during diving emergencies. It is also preferable that the gas is delivered smoothly without any sudden changes in resistance while inhaling or exhaling, and that the regulator does not lock up and either fail to supply gas or free-flow. Although these factors may be judged subjectively, it is convenient to have standards by which the many different types and manufactures of regulators may be objectively compared. |
Thujene | Thujene (or α-thujene) is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene. It is found in the essential oils of a variety of plants, and contributes pungency to the flavor of some herbs such as Summer savory.The term thujene usually refers to α-thujene. A less common chemically related double-bond isomer is known as β-thujene (or 2-thujene). Another double-bond isomer is known as sabinene. |
Antiandrogen | Antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers, are a class of drugs that prevent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the androgen receptor (AR) and/or inhibiting or suppressing androgen production. They can be thought of as the functional opposites of AR agonists, for instance androgens and anabolic steroids (AAS) like testosterone, DHT, and nandrolone and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) like enobosarm. Antiandrogens are one of three types of sex hormone antagonists, the others being antiestrogens and antiprogestogens.Antiandrogens are used to treat an assortment of androgen-dependent conditions. In men, antiandrogens are used in the treatment of prostate cancer, enlarged prostate, scalp hair loss, overly high sex drive, unusual and problematic sexual urges, and early puberty. In women, antiandrogens are used to treat acne, seborrhea, excessive hair growth, scalp hair loss, and high androgen levels, such as those that occur in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Antiandrogens are also used as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and as puberty blockers in transgender girls.Side effects of antiandrogens depend on the type of antiandrogen and the specific antiandrogen in question. In any case, common side effects of antiandrogens in men include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, feminization, hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, infertility, and osteoporosis. In women, antiandrogens are much better tolerated, and antiandrogens that work only by directly blocking androgens are associated with minimal side effects. However, because estrogens are made from androgens in the body, antiandrogens that suppress androgen production can cause low estrogen levels and associated symptoms like hot flashes, menstrual irregularities, and osteoporosis in premenopausal women. |
Smurf attack | A Smurf attack is a distributed denial-of-service attack in which large numbers of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets with the intended victim's spoofed source IP are broadcast to a computer network using an IP broadcast address. Most devices on a network will, by default, respond to this by sending a reply to the source IP address. If the number of machines on the network that receive and respond to these packets is very large, the victim's computer will be flooded with traffic. This can slow down the victim's computer to the point where it becomes impossible to work on. |
Lang's theorem | In algebraic geometry, Lang's theorem, introduced by Serge Lang, states: if G is a connected smooth algebraic group over a finite field Fq , then, writing σ:G→G,x↦xq for the Frobenius, the morphism of varieties G→G,x↦x−1σ(x) is surjective. Note that the kernel of this map (i.e., G=G(Fq¯)→G(Fq¯) ) is precisely G(Fq) The theorem implies that Spec Fq,G) vanishes, and, consequently, any G-bundle on Spec Fq is isomorphic to the trivial one. Also, the theorem plays a basic role in the theory of finite groups of Lie type. |
El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus | El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus of the genus Orthohantavirus. It is a causative agent of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. |
Proline racemase | In enzymology, a proline racemase (EC 5.1.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-proline ⇌ D-prolineHence, this enzyme has two substrates, L- and D-proline, and two products, D- and L- proline.
This enzyme belongs to the family of proline racemases acting on free amino acids. The systematic name of this enzyme class is proline racemase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism. These enzymes catalyse the interconversion of L- and D-proline in bacteria. |
Engage & Destroy | Engage & Destroy is a 1980 board wargame published by Chaosium. |
Roll20 | Roll20 is a website consisting of a set of tools for playing tabletop role-playing games, also referred to as a virtual tabletop, which can be used as an aid to playing in person or remotely online. The site was launched in 2012 after a successful Kickstarter campaign. The platform's goal is to provide an authentic tabletop experience that does not try to turn the game into a video game, but instead aids the game master in providing immersive tools online. The blank slate nature of the platform makes integrating a multitude of tabletop role-playing games possible. During quarantine as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has allowed a variety of real life games to transition online, facilitating RPGs in an online space. In July 2022, it was announced that Roll20 would merge with OneBookShelf to become a new company; in 2023, it was revealed that the company's name is now Wolves of Freeport. |
Bilin (biochemistry) | Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, invertebrates, as well as red algae, green plants and cyanobacteria. Bilins can range in color from red, orange, yellow or brown to blue or green. |
SV40 large T antigen | SV40 large T antigen (Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 TAg) is a hexamer protein that is a dominant-acting oncoprotein derived from the polyomavirus SV40. TAg is capable of inducing malignant transformation of a variety of cell types. The transforming activity of TAg is due in large part to its perturbation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) and p53 tumor suppressor proteins. In addition, TAg binds to several other cellular factors, including the transcriptional co-activators p300 and CBP, which may contribute to its transformation function. Similar proteins from related viruses are known as large tumor antigen in general. |
Hazmat diving | Hazmat diving is underwater diving in a known hazardous materials environment. The environment may be contaminated by hazardous materials, the diving medium may be inherently a hazardous material, or the environment in which the diving medium is situated may include hazardous materials with a significant risk of exposure to these materials to members of the diving team. Special precautions, equipment and procedures are associated with hazmat diving so that the risk can be reduced to an acceptable level. |
Fish coloration | Fish coloration, a subset of animal coloration, is extremely diverse. Fish across all taxa vary greatly in their coloration through special mechanisms, mainly pigment cells called chromatophores. Fish can have any colors of the visual spectrum on their skin, evolutionarily derived for many reasons. There are three factors to coloration, brightness (intensity of light), hue (mixtures of wavelengths), and saturation (the purity of wavelengths). Fish coloration has three proposed functions: thermoregulation, intraspecific communication, and interspecific communication. Fishes' diverse coloration is possibly derivative of the fact that "fish most likely see colors very differently than humans". |
AVCHD | AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition) is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video. It is H.264 and Dolby AC-3 packaged into the MPEG transport stream, with a set of constraints designed around the camcorders.
Developed jointly by Sony and Panasonic, the format was introduced in 2006 primarily for use in high definition consumer camcorders. Related specifications include the professional variants AVCCAM and NXCAM. |
Virodhamine | Virodhamine (O-arachidonoyl ethanolamine; O-AEA) is an endocannabinoid and a nonclassic eicosanoid, derived from arachidonic acid. O-Arachidonoyl ethanolamine is arachidonic acid and ethanolamine joined by an ester linkage, the opposite of the amide linkage found in anandamide. Based on this opposite orientation, the molecule was named virodhamine from the Sanskrit word virodha, which means opposition. It acts as an antagonist of the CB1 receptor and agonist of the CB2 receptor. Concentrations of virodhamine in the human hippocampus are similar to those of anandamide, but they are 2- to 9-fold higher in peripheral tissues that express CB2. Virodhamine lowers body temperature in mice, demonstrating cannabinoid activity in vivo. |
Transmissometer | A transmissometer or transmissiometer is an instrument for measuring the extinction coefficient of the atmosphere and sea water, and for the determination of visual range. It operates by sending a narrow, collimated beam of energy (usually a laser) through the propagation medium. A narrow field of view receiver at the designated measurement distance determines how much energy is arriving at the detector, and determines the path transmission and/or extinction coefficient. In a transmissometer the extinction coefficient is determined by measuring direct light transmissivity, and the extinction coefficient is then used to calculate visibility range.Atmospheric extinction is a wavelength dependent phenomenon, but the most common wavelength in use for transmissometers is 550 nm, which is in the middle of the visible waveband, and allows a good approximation of visual range.Transmissometers are also referred to as telephotometers, transmittance meters, or hazemeters. |
Bariatric ambulance | A bariatric ambulance is an ambulance vehicle modified to carry the severely obese. They have extra-wide interiors and carry "bariatric stretchers" and specialized lifting gear that is capable of carrying very large patients. They are required as a result of the increasing prevalence of obesity in the general population. Currently, there is no standardized weight capacity for bariatric ambulances, and requirements may vary in populations according to epidemiological demand. However, they are typically designed to carry weights between 350 kg (771.6 lbs) and up to at least 450 kg (992 lbs). |
Reviews in Mathematical Physics | Reviews in Mathematical Physics is a journal founded in 1989 by Huzihiro Araki of the Kyoto University. It is published by World Scientific, and covers various topics in the field of mathematical physics. |
Beck Anxiety Inventory | The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck and other colleagues, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in adolescents and adults ages 17 and older. The questions used in this measure ask about common symptoms of anxiety that the subject has had during the past week (including the day you take it) (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). It is designed for individuals who are of 17 years of age or older and takes 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Several studies have found the Beck Anxiety Inventory to be an accurate measure of anxiety symptoms in children and adults.The BAI contains 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely). Higher total scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms. The standardized cutoffs are: 0–7: Minimal 8-15: Mild 16-25: Moderate 26-63: SevereThe BAI has been criticized for its predominant focus on physical symptoms of anxiety (most akin to a panic response). As such, it is often paired with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, which provides a more accurate assessment of the cognitive components of anxiety (i.e., worry, catastrophizing, etc.) commonly seen in generalized anxiety disorder. |
Glossary of fencing | This is a glossary of terms used in fencing. |
Integrated information theory | Integrated information theory (IIT) attempts to provide a framework capable of explaining why some physical systems (such as human brains) are conscious, why they feel the particular way they do in particular states (e.g. why our visual field appears extended when we gaze out at the night sky), and what it would take for other physical systems to be conscious (Are other animals conscious? Might the whole Universe be?). In principle, once the theory is mature and has been tested extensively in controlled conditions, the IIT framework may be capable of providing a concrete inference about whether any physical system is conscious, to what degree it is conscious, and what particular experience it is having. In IIT, a system's consciousness (what it is like subjectively) is conjectured to be identical to its causal properties (what it is like objectively). Therefore it should be possible to account for the conscious experience of a physical system by unfolding its complete causal powers (see Central identity).IIT was proposed by neuroscientist Giulio Tononi in 2004. The latest version of the theory, labeled IIT 3.0, was published in 2014. However, the theory is still in development, as is evident from the later publications improving on the formalism presented in IIT 3.0. |
Polygon (computer graphics) | Polygons are used in computer graphics to compose images that are three-dimensional in appearance.Usually (but not always) triangular, polygons arise when an object's surface is modeled, vertices are selected, and the object is rendered in a wire frame model. This is quicker to display than a shaded model; thus the polygons are a stage in computer animation. The polygon count refers to the number of polygons being rendered per frame. |
Binary heap | A binary heap is a heap data structure that takes the form of a binary tree. Binary heaps are a common way of implementing priority queues.: 162–163 The binary heap was introduced by J. W. J. Williams in 1964, as a data structure for heapsort.A binary heap is defined as a binary tree with two additional constraints: Shape property: a binary heap is a complete binary tree; that is, all levels of the tree, except possibly the last one (deepest) are fully filled, and, if the last level of the tree is not complete, the nodes of that level are filled from left to right. |
344 Desiderata | Desiderata (minor planet designation: 344 Desiderata) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 15 November 1892, in Nice. |
Shuffle algebra | In mathematics, a shuffle algebra is a Hopf algebra with a basis corresponding to words on some set, whose product is given by the shuffle product X ⧢ Y of two words X, Y: the sum of all ways of interlacing them. The interlacing is given by the riffle shuffle permutation.
The shuffle algebra on a finite set is the graded dual of the universal enveloping algebra of the free Lie algebra on the set.
Over the rational numbers, the shuffle algebra is isomorphic to the polynomial algebra in the Lyndon words.
The shuffle product occurs in generic settings in non-commutative algebras; this is because it is able to preserve the relative order of factors being multiplied together - the riffle shuffle permutation. This can be held in contrast to the divided power structure, which becomes appropriate when factors are commutative. |
NEAT chipset | The NEAT chipset (the acronym standing for "New Enhanced AT") is a 4 chip VLSI implementation (including the 82C206 IPC) of the control logic used in the IBM PC compatible PC/AT computers. It consists of the 82C211 CPU/Bus controller, 82C212 Page/Interleave and EMS Memory controller, 82C215 Data/Address buffer, and 82C206 Integrated Peripherals Controller (IPC). NEAT, official designation CS8221, was developed by Chips and Technologies. |
DTP artist | A desktop publishing artist or artworker is a desktop publishing worker, responsible for translating the work of art directors and graphic designers into digital files ready to go to print or be placed online. A DTP operator is usually skilled in multiple computer design applications, such as Adobe CS.
This job description is used in advertising agencies, publishing, color separation, printing and related industries. DTP operators were formerly known as FA artists (FA: Finished artwork); the name changed with the introduction of digital processes. |
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research within Atmospheric sciences. |
Scepter Tower of Spellgard | Scepter Tower of Spellgard is an adventure module for the 4th edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. |
MiniDisc | MiniDisc (MD) is an erasable magneto-optical disc-based data storage format offering a capacity of 60, 74, and later, 80 minutes of digitized audio. |
Kodak Easyshare C1013 | The Kodak Easyshare C1013 is a digital camera made by Kodak. It features a 10-megapixel camera with 3× optical zoom; a 2.4-inch colour LCD display; digital image stabilization; high ISO setting (up to 1000); video capture; 16 scene modes and three colour modes; on-camera picture enhancement and editing tools; 16 MB on-camera storage, expandable with an SD card, and a USB 2.0 connection. |
Embalming cache | An embalming cache is a collection of material that was used by the ancient Egyptians in the mummification process and then buried either with or separately from the body. It is believed that because the materials had come in contact with the body, they had possibly absorbed part of it, and needed to be buried in order for the body to be complete in the afterlife.The best known embalming cache is KV54, sometimes called the Embalming cache of Tutankhamun, discovered and excavated by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907. Theodore M. Davis showed the find to Herbert E. Winlock who could not see much in it at that time, so Davis donated the whole lot to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1909. In 1940, Winlock took the matter up again and bones from food in a storage jar were examined in the American Museum of Natural History as well as analysis of the bandages made. The hieratic and hieroglyphic inscriptions from the cache have been discussed by scholars of that time. Winlock presented the results 1942 in his book Material used at the embalming of king Tut-Ankh-Amun. Not so much a tomb as a pit, it contained about a dozen large sealed storage jars. Within them were contained pottery, dishes, bags of natron, animal bones, floral collars and linen containing text dated to the final years of the then little-known 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun. It was later determined that that material not only contained material used in the embalming process (such as bags of natron and linen), but the remains of food used in the funerary banquet held at the conclusion of the pharaoh's interment. When Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in 1922, many small items similar to those found in the KV54 cache were found in the initial entryway, leading to the suggestion that following the initial robbery of the tomb, the embalming materials and burial party refuse were moved to KV54.The most recently excavated tomb in the Valley of the Kings, KV63, is also thought by many to be another embalming cache. Like the KV54 cache, it contained no mummies, but its many jars contained similar materials, including natron, wood, seeds, shells, carbon, assorted pottery, small animal bones, papyrus fragments, mud trays, mud seals, and pieces of twine or rope.Not all embalming materials were necessarily kept separate from their owners. At least two non-royal interments in the Valley of the Kings, KV36 (The Tomb of Maiherpri), and KV46 (Tomb of Yuya and Thuya), contained dozens of jars within their tombs holding embalming refuse. |
BASIC Stamp | The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized BASIC interpreter (PBASIC) built into ROM. It is made by Parallax, Inc. and has been popular with electronics hobbyists since the early 1990s. |
Smartdust | Smartdust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals. They are usually operated on a computer network wirelessly and are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually sensing through radio-frequency identification. Without an antenna of much greater size the range of tiny smart dust communication devices is measured in a few millimeters and they may be vulnerable to electromagnetic disablement and destruction by microwave exposure. |
Parable of the Polygons | Parable of the Polygons is a 2014 explorable explanation created by Vi Hart and Nicky Case. The article focuses on a society of blue squares and yellow triangles which have slight personal biases against diversity, which leads to social segregation. It is based on game theorist Thomas Schelling's papers about residential segregation. The article was well-received, especially its visual and playable aspects, and was called a useful educational tool for topics like racial segregation. |
Robertson–Webb envy-free cake-cutting algorithm | The Robertson–Webb protocol is a protocol for envy-free cake-cutting which is also near-exact. It has the following properties: It works for any number (n) of partners.
It works for any set of weights representing different entitlements of the partners.
The pieces are not necessarily connected, i.e. each partner might receive a collection of small "crumbs".
The number of queries is finite but unbounded – it is not known in advance how many queries will be needed.The protocol was developed by Jack M. Robertson and William A. Webb. It was first published in 1997 and later in 1998.: 128–133 |
Aditya Bhushan Pant | Aditya Bhushan Pant is an Indian toxicologist, neurobiologist and a scientist at the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research. He is known for his studies in the fields of developmental toxicology, in vitro experiments as well as pesticides and is a member of the Neurobiology Task force of the Department of Biotechnology. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 121 of them. Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others and is an associate editor of the Annals of Neurosciences journal of the Indian Academy of Neurosciences. He is a recipient for the Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize of the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2007. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2012. |
Cyclic alkyl amino carbenes | In chemistry, cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are a family of stable singlet carbene ligands developed by the research group of Guy Bertrand in 2005 at UC Riverside. In marked contrast with the popular N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) which possess two "amino" substituents adjacent to the carbene center, CAACs possess one "amino" substituent and an sp3 carbon atom "alkyl". This specific configuration makes the CAACs very good σ-donors (higher HOMO) and π-acceptors (lower LUMO) when compared to NHCs. Moreover the reduced heteroatom stabilization of the carbene center in CAACs versus NHCs also gives rise to a smaller ΔEST (48.3 vs 72.7 kcal mol-1). |
Polypoid melanoma | Polypoid melanoma is a rare cutaneous condition, a virulent variant of nodular melanoma.: 696 Polypoid melanoma is a subtype of nodular melanoma, the most aggressive form of melanoma (a skin cancer). |
Oxetacaine | Oxetacaine (INN, also known as oxethazaine) is a potent local anesthetic. It is administered orally (usually in combination with an antacid) for the relief of pain associated with peptic ulcer disease or esophagitis. One example of such a product is Mucaine Gel, indicated for "rapid and effective relief in gastritis, esophagitis, hiatus hernia, heartburn of pregnancy and peptic ulcer". It is also used topically in the management of hemorrhoid pain. Oral oxetacaine preparations are available in several countries, including India, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan and Brazil, but not the United States. Unlike most local anesthetics, oxetacaine does not break down under strongly acidic conditions. |
Compression ratio | The compression ratio is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. |
Operation (mathematics) | In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation. |
Cyclotomic polynomial | In mathematics, the nth cyclotomic polynomial, for any positive integer n, is the unique irreducible polynomial with integer coefficients that is a divisor of xn−1 and is not a divisor of xk−1 for any k < n. Its roots are all nth primitive roots of unity e2iπkn , where k runs over the positive integers not greater than n and coprime to n (and i is the imaginary unit). In other words, the nth cyclotomic polynomial is equal to gcd (k,n)=11≤k≤n(x−e2iπkn). |
Power shovel | A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel or electric rope shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. Power shovels are a type of rope/cable excavator, where the digging arm is controlled and powered by winches and steel ropes, rather than hydraulics like in the more common hydraulic excavators. |
Direct linear transformation | Direct linear transformation (DLT) is an algorithm which solves a set of variables from a set of similarity relations: xk∝Ayk for k=1,…,N where xk and yk are known vectors, ∝ denotes equality up to an unknown scalar multiplication, and A is a matrix (or linear transformation) which contains the unknowns to be solved.
This type of relation appears frequently in projective geometry. Practical examples include the relation between 3D points in a scene and their projection onto the image plane of a pinhole camera, and homographies. |
Runaway breakdown | Runaway breakdown is a theory of lightning initiation proposed by Alex Gurevich in 1992.Electrons in air have a mean free path of ~1 cm. Fast electrons which move at a large fraction of the speed of light have a mean free path up to 100 times longer. Given the long free paths, an electric field can accelerate these electrons to energies far higher than that of initially static electrons. If they strike air molecules, more relativistic electrons will be released, creating an avalanche multiplication of "runaway" electrons. This process, relativistic runaway electron avalanche, has been hypothesized to lead to electrical breakdown in thunderstorms, but only when a source of high-energy electrons from a cosmic ray is present to start the "runaway" process. |
Vietnamese pronouns | In general, a Vietnamese pronoun (Vietnamese: Đại từ nhân xưng, lit. 'Person-calling pronoun', or Vietnamese: Đại từ xưng hô) can serve as a noun phrase. In Vietnamese, a pronoun usually connotes a degree of family relationship or kinship. In polite speech, the aspect of kinship terminology is used when referring to oneself, the audience, or a third party. These terms may vary by region. Many are derived from Chinese loanwords but have acquired the additional grammatical function of being pronouns. |
Equicontinuity | In mathematical analysis, a family of functions is equicontinuous if all the functions are continuous and they have equal variation over a given neighbourhood, in a precise sense described herein. In particular, the concept applies to countable families, and thus sequences of functions. |
Stackfreed | A stackfreed is a simple spring-loaded cam mechanism used in some of the earliest antique spring-driven clocks and watches to even out the force of the mainspring, to improve timekeeping accuracy. Stackfreeds were used in some German clocks and watches from the 16th to the 17th century, before they were replaced in later timepieces by the fusee. The term may have come from a compound of the German words starke ("strong") and feder ("spring"). |
Earmark (agriculture) | An earmark is a cut or mark in the ear of livestock animals such as cattle, deer, pigs, goats, camels or sheep, made to show ownership, year of birth or sex. |
Bird flight | Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species in which birds take off and fly. Flight assists birds with feeding, breeding, avoiding predators, and migrating. |
Microsoft Site Server | Microsoft Site Server, first released in 1996, is Microsoft's discontinued solution to the growing difficulty of managing complex websites which included multiple technologies, such as user management and authentication/authorization, content management, analysis, and indexing and search. Site Server 2.0, released in early 1997, incorporated electronic commerce technology from Microsoft Merchant Server, Microsoft's first effort at providing a solution to the growing business of Internet-based commerce (or e-commerce). During the course of its evolution (culminating with Site Server 3.0), Site Server expanded on Merchant Server's functionality by annexing content management tools; which would typically be involved, it was thought, in facilitating the management of Web-facing content. Consequently, Site Server became not only a solution for businesses wanting to sell products online, but companies who had corporate intranet servers hosting documents. |
Covered option | A covered option is a financial transaction in which the holder of securities sells (or "writes") a type of financial options contract known as a "call" or a "put" against stock that they own or are shorting. The seller of a covered option receives compensation, or "premium", for this transaction, which can limit losses; however, the act of selling a covered option also limits their profit potential to the upside. One covered option is sold for every hundred shares the seller wishes to cover.A covered option constructed with a call is called a "covered call", while one constructed with a put is a "covered put". This strategy is generally considered conservative because the seller of a covered option reduces both their risk and their return. |
ExMark | ExMark is a term describing the relationship between a fund's return and the market index. The usual designation for this concept is R-squared, but John C. Bogle coined this expression to highlight the difference with other financial products. |
Gland | In animals, a gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). |
Neuropoiesis | Neuropoiesis is the process by which neural stem cells differentiate to form mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the adult mammal. This process is also referred to as adult neurogenesis. |
Oral mucocele | Oral mucocele (also mucous extravasation cyst, mucous cyst of the oral mucosa, and mucous retention and extravasation phenomena.) is a condition caused by two related phenomena - mucus extravasation phenomenon and mucous retention cyst. Mucous extravasation phenomenon is a swelling of connective tissue consisting of a collection of fluid called mucus. This occurs because of a ruptured salivary gland duct usually caused by local trauma (damage) in the case of mucous extravasation phenomenon and an obstructed or ruptured salivary duct in the case of a mucus retention cyst. The mucocele has a bluish, translucent color, and is more commonly found in children and young adults. |
Exchange operator | In quantum mechanics, the exchange operator P^ , also known as permutation operator, is a quantum mechanical operator that acts on states in Fock space. The exchange operator acts by switching the labels on any two identical particles described by the joint position quantum state |x1,x2⟩ . Since the particles are identical, the notion of exchange symmetry requires that the exchange operator be unitary. |
Kemp Clay | The Kemp Clay is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. |
Octadecylphosphonic acid | Octadecylphosphonic acid (C18H39O3P) is a chemical compound used in thermal paper for receipts, adding machines and tickets. |
Microchimica Acta | Microchimica Acta is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Nature. It was established in 1937 by Fritz Pregl. The editors-in-chief are Alberto Escarpa (University of Alcalá) and Mamas I. Prodromidis (University of Ioannina), who succeeded Otto S. Wolfbeis (University of Regensburg). The journal covers research on (bio)chemical analytical methods based on the use of micro- and nanomaterials. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 6.232. |
Strong gravity | 'Strong gravity' is a non-mainstream theoretical approach to particle confinement having both a cosmological scale and a particle scale gravity. In the 1960s, it was taken up as an alternative to the then young QCD theory by several theorists, including Abdus Salam, who showed that the particle level gravity approach can produce confinement and asymptotic freedom while not requiring a force behavior differing from an inverse-square law, as does QCD. Sivaram published a review of this bimetric theory approach.Although this approach has not so far led to a recognizably successful unification of strong and other forces, the modern approach of string theory is characterized by a close association between gauge forces and spacetime geometry. In some cases, string theory recognizes important duality between gravity-like and QCD-like theories, most notably the AdS/QCD correspondence. |
GNB3 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB3 gene.Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins ( G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (C825T) in this gene is associated with essential hypertension and obesity. This polymorphism is also associated with the occurrence of the splice variant GNB3-s, which appears to have increased activity. GNB3-s is an example of alternative splicing caused by a nucleotide change outside of the splice donor and acceptor sites. Additional splice variants may exist for this gene, but they have not been fully described. |
Holomatix Rendition | Holomatix Rendition is a discontinued raytracing renderer, which is broadly compatible with mental ray. Its rendering method is similar to that of FPrime in that it displays a continuously refined rendered image until final production quality image is achieved. This differs to traditional rendering methods where the rendered image is built up block-by-block.
It was developed by Holomatix Ltd, based in London, UK. As of December 2011, the Rendition product has been retired and is no longer available or being updated. The product is no longer mentioned on the developer's web site, either. The successor is SprayTrace. |
The Computer Contradictionary | The Computer Contradictionary is a non-fiction book by Stan Kelly-Bootle that compiles a satirical list of definitions of computer industry terms. It is an example of "cynical lexicography" in the tradition of Ambrose Bierce's The Devil's Dictionary. Rather than offering a factual account of usage, its definitions are largely made up by the author.The book was published in May 1995 by MIT Press and is an update of Kelly-Bootle's The Devil's DP Dictionary which appeared in 1981. |
Concealed carry in the United States | Concealed carry, or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (such as a handgun) in public in a concealed manner, either on one's person or in close proximity. CCW is often practiced as a means of self-defense. Every state in the United States allows for concealed carry of a handgun either permitless or with a permit, although the difficulty in obtaining a permit varies per jurisdiction. |
Pharyngealization | Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound. |
Correlation function (statistical mechanics) | In statistical mechanics, the correlation function is a measure of the order in a system, as characterized by a mathematical correlation function. Correlation functions describe how microscopic variables, such as spin and density, at different positions are related. More specifically, correlation functions quantify how microscopic variables co-vary with one another on average across space and time. A classic example of such spatial correlations is in ferro- and antiferromagnetic materials, where the spins prefer to align parallel and antiparallel with their nearest neighbors, respectively. The spatial correlation between spins in such materials is shown in the figure to the right. |
Calán/Tololo Survey | The Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey was a supernova survey that ran from 1989 to 1995 at the University of Chile and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory to measure a Hubble diagram out to redshifts of 0.1. It was founded by Mario Hamuy, José Maza Sancho, Mark M. Phillips, and Nicholas B. Suntzeff in 1989 out of discussions at the UC Santa Cruz meeting on supernovae on how to improve the Hubble diagram using Type Ia supernovae. It was also motivated by the suggestion of Allan Sandage to restart a supernova survey after the Sandage and Tammann survey failed due to poor quality photographic plates in 1986. The Survey built on the original supernova survey of Maza done at the f/3 Maksutov Camera at the Cerro Roble Observatory of the University of Chile between 1979 and 1984. The Survey used the CTIO Curtis Schmidt telescope with IIa-O photographic plates, each plate covering a field of 25 sq-deg on the sky. The plates were developed and sent to Santiago Chile the next morning and searched for supernovae at the Department of Astronomy at the University of Chile. Any supernova candidates were then observed the next night using the 0.9m telescope at CTIO with a CCD camera. This was one of the first studies done in astronomy where the telescope time was scheduled to observe objects not yet discovered. |
Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain | Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain is a method for transporting drug molecules across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) using nanoparticles. These drugs cross the BBB and deliver pharmaceuticals to the brain for therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders. These disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and brain tumors. Part of the difficulty in finding cures for these central nervous system (CNS) disorders is that there is yet no truly efficient delivery method for drugs to cross the BBB. Antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and a variety of CNS-active drugs, especially neuropeptides, are a few examples of molecules that cannot pass the BBB alone. With the aid of nanoparticle delivery systems, however, studies have shown that some drugs can now cross the BBB, and even exhibit lower toxicity and decrease adverse effects throughout the body. Toxicity is an important concept for pharmacology because high toxicity levels in the body could be detrimental to the patient by affecting other organs and disrupting their function. Further, the BBB is not the only physiological barrier for drug delivery to the brain. Other biological factors influence how drugs are transported throughout the body and how they target specific locations for action. Some of these pathophysiological factors include blood flow alterations, edema and increased intracranial pressure, metabolic perturbations, and altered gene expression and protein synthesis. Though there exist many obstacles that make developing a robust delivery system difficult, nanoparticles provide a promising mechanism for drug transport to the CNS. |
Nitrendipine | Nitrendipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is used in the treatment of primary (essential) hypertension to decrease blood pressure and can reduce the cardiotoxicity of cocaine.It was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in 1985. |
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