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Fever is a rise in body temperature above 100.4°F (38°C), usually caused by infections. It's the body's way of fighting off germs. |
Normal body temperature is about 98.6°F (37°C), but it can vary slightly throughout the day. |
Pulse is the number of times your heart beats per minute. A normal resting heart rate for adults is 60 to 100 beats per minute. |
Blood pressure measures how hard your blood pushes against artery walls. 120/80 mmHg is considered healthy. |
Breathing rate is the number of breaths per minute. Normal is about 12–20 for adults at rest. |
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) tells how much oxygen is in your blood. 95–100% is normal. |
Headache is pain in any part of the head. It can result from stress, dehydration, or illness. |
Cough is a sudden action to clear mucus or irritants from the lungs or throat. |
Sneezing is a strong, sudden expulsion of air from the nose and mouth, often due to allergies or colds. |
Runny nose happens when excess mucus drains from the nostrils, usually caused by infections or allergies. |
Sore throat is pain or irritation in the throat, often due to viral infections. |
Fatigue is when you feel extremely tired or low in energy, even with enough sleep. |
Nausea is the uncomfortable feeling that you might vomit. It can come from illness, anxiety, or pregnancy. |
Vomiting is forcefully emptying the stomach through the mouth. It’s the body’s way of clearing toxins. |
Dizziness is feeling lightheaded, unsteady, or like the room is spinning. |
Itching is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch. |
Rash is a visible change in the skin's color or texture, often due to allergies or infections. |
Shortness of breath means difficulty breathing, which may signal lung or heart problems. |
Chest pain can be caused by heart issues, acid reflux, or anxiety. Seek help if it feels heavy or radiates to the arm. |
Swelling means a part of the body has enlarged, usually due to fluid buildup or injury. |
Cold is a mild viral illness with symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and sore throat. |
Flu (influenza) is a more serious virus than a cold. It causes fever, body aches, and fatigue. |
Asthma is a condition where airways narrow and swell, making it hard to breathe. |
Diabetes is when your body can’t regulate blood sugar well. It may need medicine or insulin. |
Hypertension is high blood pressure. It increases risk of heart attack and stroke. |
Heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. It’s a medical emergency. |
Stroke happens when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to die. |
Allergy is when your immune system reacts strongly to harmless things like pollen or peanuts. |
Anemia is when you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen. |
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints, causing pain and stiffness. |
Migraine is a severe headache often with nausea, vision changes, or light sensitivity. |
Obesity is a condition of excess body fat that increases the risk of many diseases. |
Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep, even when you're tired. |
Constipation means having fewer than three bowel movements a week or difficulty passing stool. |
Diarrhea is frequent, loose or watery stools often caused by infection or food issues. |
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in the urinary system that causes burning and frequent urination. |
Acne is a skin condition where pores get clogged, leading to pimples or blackheads. |
Eczema is a chronic skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. |
Chickenpox is a viral illness that causes itchy blisters. It mostly affects children. |
COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It affects the lungs and may cause fever, cough, and fatigue. |
Cancer is when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the body. It can affect any organ. |
Dementia is a decline in memory and thinking that interferes with daily life, often seen in older adults. |
Depression is a mental illness causing persistent sadness, loss of interest, and changes in sleep or appetite. |
Anxiety is a condition where a person feels excessive worry, fear, or nervousness. |
Paracetamol is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain. |
Ibuprofen is used for pain, fever, and inflammation. It belongs to NSAIDs. |
Antibiotics are medicines that treat bacterial infections. They don’t work on viruses. |
Cough syrup is a liquid medicine used to soothe throat irritation and reduce coughing. |
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce allergy symptoms like sneezing and itching. |
Insulin is a hormone or medicine used to control blood sugar in people with diabetes. |
Antacids relieve heartburn and indigestion by neutralizing stomach acid. |
Laxatives are medicines that help relieve constipation. |
Inhalers are devices that deliver medication directly into the lungs, commonly used in asthma. |
Vaccines train the immune system to protect the body against specific infections. |
A thermometer is a tool to measure body temperature. |
A stethoscope is a device used by doctors to listen to the heart, lungs, and bowels. |
A blood test checks your blood for signs of illness, infection, or organ problems. |
Urine test is a test of your pee to check for kidney issues, infections, or diabetes. |
X-rays use radiation to take pictures of bones and organs. |
MRI is a scan that uses magnets to get detailed images of organs and tissues. |
ECG (electrocardiogram) measures the electrical activity of the heart. |
Handwashing is the best way to remove germs and prevent illness. |
Brushing your teeth twice a day helps prevent cavities and gum disease. |
Vaccination protects you from serious infections like measles, polio, and flu. |
Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight, heart, and mood. |
Drinking enough water helps all parts of your body function properly. |
Wearing a seatbelt reduces the risk of injury in car accidents. |
CPR is a life-saving method to keep blood and oxygen flowing when the heart stops. |
A burn is an injury caused by heat, electricity, or chemicals. Cool it under running water and cover loosely. |
A sprain is when ligaments around a joint stretch or tear, often causing swelling and pain. |
A fracture is a broken bone, usually requiring immobilization or a cast. |
Bleeding should be controlled by applying direct pressure with a clean cloth. |
A bruise is blood trapped under the skin, usually from a bump or injury. |
The heart pumps blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients. |
The brain controls thinking, movement, emotions, and the five senses. |
The lungs help you breathe by bringing oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide. |
The liver helps digest food and removes toxins from the body. |
The kidneys filter waste and extra fluid from the blood to make urine. |
The stomach digests food using acids and enzymes. |
The skin is the body’s largest organ. It protects you from germs and helps regulate temperature. |
Teething is when a baby’s teeth start to come through the gums. It may cause fussiness and drooling. |
Colic is when a healthy baby cries for long periods for no clear reason, often in the evening. |
Arthritis in older adults causes joint pain, stiffness, and decreased movement. |
Falls in older adults are a major cause of injury. Staying active and using support aids can help prevent them. |
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The main types are Type 1 diabetes (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency) and Type 2 diabetes (... |
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. It typically develops in children and young adults, requiring lifelong insulin therapy. Symptoms include polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive h... |
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and age >45 years. Management includes lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise), oral medications (metformin, sulfonylureas), and sometimes insulin therapy. |
Fever is an elevation of body temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the hypothalamic temperature set point. Normal body temperature is approximately 98.6°F (37°C). Fever is commonly caused by infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), inflammatory conditions, malignancy, drug reactions, or autoimmune dis... |
Fever pathophysiology involves pyrogens (fever-inducing substances) that stimulate the release of prostaglandin E2 in the hypothalamus, raising the temperature set point. Common symptoms include chills, sweating, headache, muscle aches, and general malaise. Treatment may include antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibupr... |
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg on repeated measurements. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension (90-95% of cases) with no identifiable cause, or secondary hypertension due to underlying conditions like kidney disease,... |
Cardiovascular disease encompasses conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and valvular disease. Coronary artery disease results from atherosclerotic plaque buildup in coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the myocardium and potentia... |
Metformin is the first-line oral medication for Type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing glucose absorption in the intestines. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset and rarely, lactic acidosis. It is contraindicated in severe kidney dis... |
Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, antipyretic, and antiplatelet properties. Low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg daily) is used for cardiovascular protection in high-risk patients. Contraindications include active bleeding, severe liver disease, and allergy to salicylates. |
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart has four chambers: right and left atria (receiving chambers) and right and left ventricles (pumping chambers). Blood flow follows a systematic circuit: body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left... |
Insulin is a hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that regulates blood glucose levels. It promotes glucose uptake by cells, glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle, and inhibits gluconeogenesis. Insulin deficiency or resistance leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. |
Chest pain can be cardiac (myocardial infarction, angina, pericarditis) or non-cardiac (pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, gastroesophageal reflux, musculoskeletal). Cardiac chest pain is typically described as crushing, squeezing, or pressure-like, may radiate to the left arm, jaw, or back, and is associated with shortnes... |
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) can result from cardiac causes (heart failure, myocardial infarction), pulmonary causes (asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism), or systemic causes (anemia, anxiety). It may be acute or chronic, and can be assessed by severity (at rest vs. with exertion). |
Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. Common bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Symptoms include fever, cough with sputum production, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and clin... |
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. It results from genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell cycle regulation. Cancer cells can invade local tissues (invasion) and spread to distant sites (metastasis). Common types include lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. |
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. Symptoms include changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, and may include suicidal thoughts. Treatment includes psychotherapy, medications (SSRIs, SNRIs), and lifestyle modification... |
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