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The effect of cadmium on cytosolic free calcium, protein kinase C, and collagen synthesis in rat osteosarcoma (ROS 17/2.8) cells. Cadmium affects normal bone growth but the mechanisms of Cd2+ toxicity are not fully understood. Calcium is an integral component of bone growth and a second messenger necessary for the actions of calciotropic hormones. Ca2+ activates protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC is a mediator of [Ca2+]1 and mediator of collagen synthesis in osteoblastic cells. Therefore, PKC is a possible loci of Cd2+ effects on Ca2+ metabolism and Ca(2+)-regulated processes. This work was conducted to determine the effect of Cd2+ on cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels, characterize the activation and/or inhibition of PKC by Cd2+ and Ca2+, and measure the effect of Cd2+ on collagen synthesis in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Cells were treated for 120 min with Cd2+ (0 to 30 microM) and [Ca2+]i was measured. Basal [Ca2+]i was 132 nM and the maximal increase to 268 nM occurred in the presence of 5 microM Cd2+. Treatment with 1 or 5 microM Cd2+ caused an increase in [Ca2+]i at 40 min with return to basal levels at 120 min of treatment. Pretreatment (24 hr) with 0.1 microM calphostin C (CC), a PKC inhibitor, produced no change in [Ca2+]i and prevented any rise in [Ca2+]i in response to Cd2+. Free Cd2+ activates PKC with an activation constant of 7.5 X 10(-11) M, while Ca2+ activates PKC with an activation constant of 3.6 X 10(-7) M. Cd2+ also caused a dose-dependent decrease in collagen synthesis, a PKC-mediated process. These data suggest that Cd2+ affects Ca2+ metabolism and Ca(2+)-mediated processes via unwarranted PKC activation as demonstrated by Cd2+ perturbation of collagen synthesis.	125,305,142
Spectrum of lesions of the anterior capsular mechanism of the shoulder. The anterior capsular mechanism appears to be the common denominator in a number of shoulder problems ranging from the recurrent dislocation ("too loose") to the frozen shoulder ("too tight"). The shoulder region and the anterior capsular mechanism can be carefully and accurately assessed by arthrography and cineradiography. Bicipital tenosynovitis has been held accountable for shoulder problems at each extreme of the spectrum. Bicipital tenosynovitis may exist in many shoulders; however, in corrective procedures for the unstable shoulder, the biceps becomes a dynamic reinforcement of the anterior capsule. In the frozen shoulder, the biceps tendon frequently is seen as normal at surgery and the anterior capsular mechanism is identified as the site of the essential lesion. Surgery may switch the patient's problem from one side of the spectrum to the other. Shoulder problems should be investigated thoroughly and evaluated in terms of the patient's requirements for shoulder motion as well as in terms of the orthopaedic surgeon's usual criteria for recommending corrective procedures.	125,305,291
Appearing on CNN Saturday morning, Green Party candidate Jill Stein gave a rambling explanation for why she met Russian President Vladimir Putin before the election saying no one cared about it until after former Secretary Hillary Clinton lost the 2016 election. Speaking with host Michael Smerconish, Stein seemed incredulous that attention was focused on the meeting in Russia organized by Russia Today. ADVERTISEMENT “Take me inside the dinner you had with Vladimir Putin in 2015 and the prominence it afforded you,” the CNN host began. “My question is was that in and of itself a form of meddling along the lines of ‘let me give some attention to green party candidate Jill Stein’ — you know the theory — any vote for Stein that otherwise would have gone to Hillary. What was that dinner about?” ‘Let’s be clear, that was a conference,” Stein replied. “That picture didn’t start to circulate until long after the election. It essentially wasn’t covered here in the U.S. there was media at that conference, and it was a day-long conference where my message was very clear. It was the message of my campaign. which is that we need a peace offensive in the Middle East. Now, this was a message that was particularly friendly to the Russians. It was saying to them that we need to stop the bombing. they had just begun bombing in Syria.” “I would have loved for that message to have gotten out but there’s basically zero coverage,” she continued. “It’s now circulating. It’s funny, Michael, you have to ask why is that picture kicking up a storm right now? I think it’s very related to the fact that the Democrats are looking for someone to blame.” Watch the video below via CNN:	125,305,305
Q: In gdb, I can call some class functions, but others "cannot be resolved". Why? I have not worked on shared pointers yet .. I just know the concept. I'm trying to debug functions in the following c++ class, which stores data of an XML file (read-in via the xerces library). // header file class ParamNode; typedef boost::shared_ptr<ParamNode> PtrParamNode; class ParamNode : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<ParamNode> { public: ... typedef enum { DEFAULT, EX, PASS, INSERT, APPEND } ActionType; bool hasChildren() const; PtrParamNode GetChildren(); PtrParamNode Get(const std::string& name, ActionType = DEFAULT ); protected: .... ActionType defaultAction_; } Now if I'm debugging a piece of code in which I have an instance of the pointer to the class ParamNode, and it's called paramNode_ PtrParamNode paramNode_; // read xml file with xerces paramNode_ = xerces->CreateParamNodeInstance(); // now, the xml data is stored in paramNode_. std::string probGeo; // this works in the code, but not in (gdb)!! paramNode_->Get("domain")->GetValue("gt",probGeo); cout << probGeo << endl; // <-- breakpoint HERE Using gdb I'm inspecting the paramNode_ object: (gdb) p paramNode_ $29 = {px = 0x295df70, pn = {pi_ = 0x2957ac0}} (gdb) p paramNode_.px $30 = { <boost::enable_shared_from_this<mainclass::ParamNode>> = {weak_this_ = {px = 0x295df70, pn = {pi_ = 0x2957ac0}}}, _vptr.ParamNode = 0x20d5ad0 <vtable for mainclass::ParamNode+16>, ... name_= {...}, children_ = {size_ = 6, capacity_ = 8, data_ = 0x2969798}, defaultAction_ = mainclass::ParamNode::EX, } and print its members: (gdb) ptype paramNode_.px type = class mainclass::ParamNode : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<mainclass::ParamNode> { protected: ... mainclass::ParamNode::ActionType defaultAction_; public: bool HasChildren(void) const; mainclass::PtrParamNode GetChildren(void); mainclass::PtrParamNode Get(const std::string &, mainclass::ParamNode::ActionType); However, I can only call the functions HasChildren or GetChildren, whereas calling Get from gdb results in an error: (gdb) p (paramNode_.px)->HasChildren() $7 = true (gdb) p (paramNode_.px)->GetChildren() $8 = (mainclass::ParamNodeList &) @0x295dfb8: { size_ = 6, capacity_ = 8, data_ = 0x29697a8 } (gdb) p (paramNode_.px)->Get("domain") Cannot resolve method mainclass::ParamNode::Get to any overloaded instance (gdb) set overload-resolution off (gdb) p (paramNode_.px)->Get("domain") One of the arguments you tried to pass to Get could not be converted to what the function wants. (gdb) p (paramNode_.px)->Get("domain", (paramNode_.px).defaultAction_) One of the arguments you tried to pass to Get could not be converted to what the function wants. In the code, executing the Get("domain") function works just fine. Why is that? I'm thankful if you include explanations in your answer, due to my limited knowledge of shared pointers. A: gdb is not a compiler, it will not do the (not-so-)nice user-defined type conversions for you. If you wish to call a function that wants a string, you need to give it a string, not a const char. Unfortunately, gdb cannot construct an std::string for you on the command line, again because it is not a compiler and object creation is not a simple function call. So you will have to add a little helper function to your program, that would take a const char and return an std::string&. Note the reference here. It cannot return by value, because then gdb will not be able to pass the result by const reference (it's not a compiler!) You can choose to return a reference to a static object, or to an object allocated on the heap. In the latter case it will leak memory, but this is not a big deal since the function is meant to be called only from the debugger anyway. std::string& SSS (const char* s) { return *(new std::string(s)); } Then in gdb gdb> p (paramNode_.px)->Get(SSS("domain")) should work. A: In such a situation I just had success after giving the command set overload-resolution off A: A couple additions to the previous answer -- gdb will probably eventually learn how to do conversions like this. It can't now; but there is active work on improving support for C++ expression parsing. gdb doesn't understand default arguments, either. This is partly a bug in gdb; but also partly a bug in g++, which doesn't emit them into the DWARF. I think DWARF doesn't even define a way to emit non-trivial default arguments.	125,305,314
[Synthesis of monomoraprenyl- and monodolichylsuccinates and maleates]. The reactions of moraprenol and dolichol with succinic and maleic anhydrides in the presence of pyridine or triethylamine were studied, and the conditions were found for the efficient synthesis of moraprenyl and dolichyl hydrogen succinates and maleates. These may be of interest as analogues of moraprenyl and dolichyl hydrogen phosphates with modified anionic groups. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2004, vol. 30, no. 2; see also http://www.maik.ru.	125,305,414
Q: IDA Pro - rewriting HIBYTE, LOBYTE and __OFSUB__ macros to C++ I was able to hook one function and now I'm trying to rewrite it's code, but I have issues with translating some macros generated by IDA Pro's pseudocode LOBYTE(v8) = v8 & 3; LOBYTE(v12) = 0; HIBYTE(v12) = *result; v21 = __OFSUB__(v24 + 1, 30); LOBYTE and HIBYTE are detected by Visual Studio but when I copy-paste them I get this error Error (active) E0137 expression must be a modifiable lvalue I tried to rewrite it to something like this LOBYTE(v8); v8 = v8 & 3; and then the error dissappears, but it doesn't seem to work fine. As for offsub, it is not detected at all as a valid macro. Do you have any ideas what should I do? A: LOBYTE and HIBYTE are macros that do some bit shifting logic so you can extract specific values from an unsigned short. So, for example if you had an unsigned short with value 0xAB93, you could get the specific bytes as so: unsigned char lo = LOBYTE(0xAB93); unsigned char hi = HIBYTE(0xAB93); lo would hold the value 0x93 and hi would hold the value 0xAB You want to use a separate macro to combine the values. For example: unsigned short both = MAKEWORD(lo,hi);	125,305,516
Grounds for revival For many, coffee can feel like a religious experience. At least one night a month, Corner Perk owner Josh Cooke hopes to infuse his coffee shop with a double shot of divine love. And just like Jesus, the coffee comes free. “There will be a place where you can put contributions (for charity), but since we don’t need to rent a space or hire a minister, we really won’t need any money,” he said. At 7 p.m. Monday night, the Corner Perk coffee shop at 142 Burnt Church Road Suite C will transform into a house of worship. “It’s somewhere between a church and a worship service,” said Cooke, who earned his seminary degree from Mercer University in Atlanta. There will be music, led by Christian musician Jonathan King. Then Cooke will read a passage from the Bible, and then open the floor up for discussion. “We’re going to keep it really simple: A scripture reading and discussion, no message or sermon,” Cooke said. Children are welcome, although there won’t be a special activity or place for them. “I think a lot of people are searching for spiritual/religious truth in their lives, but they don’t want someone saying ‘This is how it is,’” said Cooke, who owns the Corner Perk with his wife Kami, a music therapist. Josh Cooke said for the past 10 years, through both college at Charleston Southern University and in seminary, he felt called by God to start a church. He’s also experienced many different Christian denominations: Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, to name a few. He attends Church of the Cross, and said his church and others have been very supportive. “Carl Martin and Steve Scudderer from Crosspoint Church, Bob Hinley and Chris Rosenberry from The Refuge and Chuck Owens and the Leadership team at my Church, the Church of the Cross have volunteered to lend their support, finances, wisdom, and teaching abilities anytime they are needed,” said Cooke. He said that while Christian denominations sometimes disagree on how they interpret some of the details of Christianity, “the big things don’t change.” The worship services will initially be held on the first Monday of each month. And on these special evenings, the coffee will be free, too. Cooke said he’s not trying to pull anyone away from any other churches, but instead to create a church “home” in a new venue. He hopes that the informal coffee house setting will help people feel comfortable. “I want anyone, no matter how they look or dress or live, to come and listen and learn and ask questions,” he said. “My hope is they come one step closer to knowing the love Jesus has for them.”	125,305,592
Posted by Robert Abernethy on 1/22/2018, 2:27 pm, in reply to "George Grove" As all on this site, my wife and I were Kinston Trio fan from the time of "Tom Dooley". However, we did not have the opportunity to see them until the early 70s with Bob, Bill, and Roger. The next time was Bob, George, and Bobby. Continuing with George, Bill, and Rick with Bob doing a couple of appearances. We were fortunate to see GBR approximately 100 times and never tired of it. all three are very accomplished musicians and singers. Probably second only to the original trio. Besides being so, they are true gentleman. Let me say this. Please remember George was a Vietnam era GI as was I. George has a personal CD "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" which a Vietnam Memorial album. While written for Vietnam Veterans, what it says applies to vets of all wars to include the Middle East and Afgan. (George and I are from the same home town but I am a year older). I got a number of this album and gave to all vets in graduating class (35 out of 50 men, approximately) along with the local American Legion and VFW. This CD is definitely worth the price for both vets and non-vets who have friends that are. Yes, I was POed with what happened to them last year and can only hope and pray that good things come from them in the future. Just as Bob Hope said, "Thanks for the Memories" and a hope and prayer for the future. --Previous Message-- : Hello Music Lovers :>) : >>> HAPPY + HEALTHY 2018 TO ALL : THANK YOU, GEORGE GROVE : : Rick Daly knows this to be true. I am a : hardcore original + semi-original KINGSTON : TRIO fan. I have always worshipped... : BOB SHANE + NICK REYNOLDS + DAVE GUARD + : JOHN STEWART. : : Due to the recent fiasco which ended up with : the betrayal and backstabbing and total : discard for KT members GEORGE GROVE + BILL : ZORN + RICK DOUGHERTY....I had a chance to : revisit this "post-67" rendition : of THE KINGSTON TRIO, and I've come to the : conclusion these guys were very good. : : All 3 guys are professional musicians who : were gifted with loads of talent and they : were top-notch entertainers. : : GEORGE + BILL + RICK were LOVED by KINGSTON : TRIO FANS !!! This explains the pain and the : suffering and the outbursts by Rick Daly, : Sue, John Birchler, Sandy Greenberg, and so : many of you. : : I just wanted to thank GEORGE GROVE for : giving us KINGSTON TRIO FANS 40 years of his : life to performing and : shmoozing (sp?) with the fans either : backstage or at Fantasy Camp. : : You can teach somebody how to sing or how to : play guitar or how to play banjo, sure. : But you can't teach somebody how to care or : to give a damn about other people or to have : CLASS. : : GEORGE GROVE embodies all of this spirit. He : cares, he is reliable, he is a class act, : he is a fantastic human being. : : Thank you George for your CD you sent me. : Thank you for those kind words you wrote me. : But most of all.... : : THANK YOU FOR BEING YOU !!! : : - Brucester : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :	125,305,991
Directions from Warner Robins Choose a New C-Class, E-Class, Outback or S60 from Jackson Automotive Group Today & Cruise the Streets of Warner Robins Confident and Secure Whether you're a Web surfer, old-school radio fan or TV junkie, you've likely heard all of the critically-acclaimed reviews for the new Mercedes-Benz, Volvo and Subaru lineup. From dramatic exterior facelifts to the addition of convenience features to enhanced performance and safety, this year's models are the best Mercedes-Benz, Volvo and Subaru has offered yet. What are you waiting for? Start exploring acclaimed models such as the C-Class, E-Class, Outback and S60.	125,306,001
WARNING: The following contains spoilers for Thursday’s season finale of Rookie Blue — and beyond. If you have yet to watch, avert your eyes now. Everyone else, you may proceed…. In Thursday night’s Season 3 finale of Rookie Blue, Andy finally got from Sam what she’s wanted for so long: to hear him say “I love you.” But still aching from their abrupt break-up and feeling like she’s neglected her career, the rookie decided to leave for a secret task-force assignment — with fellow cop Nick joining her on the undercover mission — instead of meeting up with her ex. Meanwhile, Traci decided to stay at the precinct to be with her son, and Chris pondered a move to be with his own boy. Below, executive producer Tassie Cameron explains Andy’s big decision and previews where the action will pick up in Season 4. PHOTOS \| Fall TV Spoiler Spectacular: Exclusive Scoop and Photos on 46 Returning Favorites! TVLINE \| This season has been kind of heartbreaking with Dov’s storyline, Gail getting kidnapped and Sam breaking up with Andy. Do you go into it intending to do something a little bit darker? We always go into every season trying to be as honest as possible about where we think our officers are in their own growth. We all felt after two fun seasons of young cops on the beat and some big storylines, we wanted to show them growing up a little bit. That involves a little bit of a change in tone and involves some of the darker storylines. I don’t think we set out to be darker this season, per se, but we were trying to grow our characters up and grow some of the stories. That, obviously, meant that some of the stories had to go to darker places. TVLINE \| Sam finally said those three little words to Andy. But she still chose to leave for the task force. What’s going through her head when she makes that decision? We try really hard with the Sam and Andy stuff to design situations — and write these moments with these characters — in a way that they both have very strong and very different perspectives on what is going on. When you’re looking at this from Andy’s perspective, she has been fully into this relationship all season. She said, “I love you.” She’s trying to make it work, and then he dumps her after this horrible thing happens without a word of explanation and breaks her heart. She’s been sidelining herself at work… She doesn’t know he’s going to come back. So she needs to move on. She needs a fresh challenge. She needs to prove herself and distract herself and get on with it. She doesn’t know that he’s going to come in and say this thing. It’s frustrating. We tried to build it in a way that she had a really good argument for leaving and not being that girl, the girl who’s going to stick around just ’cause the guy finally decides he made a mistake — and with the perspective that if he really loves her, he’ll be there when she gets back. Then we tried to build that he has an equally passionate and righteous argument about how things went this season. TVLINE \| Will the action take place in multiple locations next season, with Andy and Nick in one place and Chris maybe in another city? That storyline is tied up in the first episode. You’re going to feel like you’re back on our show again by Episode 2. TVLINE \| Is there a bit of a time jump, then? We are jumping ahead six months. We’re picking up with [Andy] and Nick in their undercover operation at the moment that it intersects with [Precinct] 15. TVLINE \| How will their unexplained departures affect Sam and Gail? I hope that is the fun of watching Season 4. [Laughs] TVLINE \| Sam, in particular, doesn’t seem like one to let this unanswered question go by. I just gave you my passionate argument on Andy’s behalf. I could give you an equally passionate one on Sam’s behalf. He would be pretty upset. He’s been back and forth with this girl a number of times now. He would be pretty frustrated. RELATED \| ABC Renews Rookie Blue for Season 4 TVLINE \| He seems like the type that would go digging for answers about where Andy is. [Laughs] That’s interesting. I actually had a similar conversation with Ben Bass [who plays Sam]. We’re shooting Episode 1 [of Season 4] right now, and he’s like, “Does he know where she is?! He would know!” TVLINE \| Will the cliffhanger about where Chris ends up be resolved in the Season 4 premiere, too? Not in the first episode. He’s going to have finally received an answer from the other police department about whether he can go or not. It’ll be a decision he’s trying to make. TVLINE \| Dov’s storyline was really interesting and complex and messy this year. Since it wasn’t touched upon in the finale, can you talk about where he’s headed? We felt that the end of the story, in some ways, happened in Episode 11. We like leaving it in that slightly messy place for him and then picking up six months later to see where he’s at. What I can say about Season 4 is after quite a dark Season 3, we’re hoping to have a little more fun with Dov in Season 4. TVLINE \| Is Dov still with the sister of the guy he killed? Did you mean to leave it ambiguous? It’s over. We feel we played that story out. It was complicated and messy and hard to do. We were nervous about it. When he gets beaten up, he leaves her alone. I don’t know. Maybe we should have been more conclusive about it and finished that up. Maybe we’ll address that in one of the episodes [next] season. But for us, that was the ending. TVLINE \| With so many characters possibly in different places next season, will we see new character interactions? Andy and Nick have lots of potential, we’ve talked about Luke and Gail before. There was even a great scene with Sam and Gail in the finale. Yes, I think so. [Laughs] It’s tricky. It’s hard to say more. Andy and Nick, we’ve showed quite an interesting, strong friendship developing between those two in Season 3. Now they’re going to go off and work together for six months without anybody else, so that’s going to deepen the friendship, which is always complicated. We always try and come up with new dynamics for our characters every season to keep us — and them and you guys — on your toes. TVLINE \| Will Traci regret her decision to stay at the precinct? In the wake of her private tragedy with Jerry, it was so clear to that character that leaving her son at this moment for an undetermined time [to go] undercover would just be the wrong decision. I don’t think she has a huge amount of regret about that. But it is really interesting working on Traci’s character and where she’s at after last season, because it was a pretty heavy one.	125,306,154
"""Support for Timers.""" from datetime import datetime, timedelta import logging from typing import Dict, Optional import voluptuous as vol from homeassistant.const import ( ATTR_EDITABLE, CONF_ICON, CONF_ID, CONF_NAME, SERVICE_RELOAD, ) from homeassistant.core import callback from homeassistant.helpers import collection import homeassistant.helpers.config_validation as cv from homeassistant.helpers.entity_component import EntityComponent from homeassistant.helpers.event import async_track_point_in_utc_time from homeassistant.helpers.restore_state import RestoreEntity import homeassistant.helpers.service from homeassistant.helpers.storage import Store from homeassistant.helpers.typing import ConfigType, HomeAssistantType, ServiceCallType import homeassistant.util.dt as dt_util _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__) DOMAIN = "timer" ENTITY_ID_FORMAT = DOMAIN + ".{}" DEFAULT_DURATION = 0 ATTR_DURATION = "duration" ATTR_REMAINING = "remaining" ATTR_FINISHES_AT = "finishes_at" CONF_DURATION = "duration" STATUS_IDLE = "idle" STATUS_ACTIVE = "active" STATUS_PAUSED = "paused" EVENT_TIMER_FINISHED = "timer.finished" EVENT_TIMER_CANCELLED = "timer.cancelled" EVENT_TIMER_STARTED = "timer.started" EVENT_TIMER_RESTARTED = "timer.restarted" EVENT_TIMER_PAUSED = "timer.paused" SERVICE_START = "start" SERVICE_PAUSE = "pause" SERVICE_CANCEL = "cancel" SERVICE_FINISH = "finish" STORAGE_KEY = DOMAIN STORAGE_VERSION = 1 CREATE_FIELDS = { vol.Required(CONF_NAME): vol.All(str, vol.Length(min=1)), vol.Optional(CONF_NAME): cv.string, vol.Optional(CONF_ICON): cv.icon, vol.Optional(CONF_DURATION, default=DEFAULT_DURATION): cv.time_period, } UPDATE_FIELDS = { vol.Optional(CONF_NAME): cv.string, vol.Optional(CONF_ICON): cv.icon, vol.Optional(CONF_DURATION): cv.time_period, } def _format_timedelta(delta: timedelta): total_seconds = delta.total_seconds() hours, remainder = divmod(total_seconds, 3600) minutes, seconds = divmod(remainder, 60) return f"{int(hours)}:{int(minutes):02}:{int(seconds):02}" def _none_to_empty_dict(value): if value is None: return {} return value CONFIG_SCHEMA = vol.Schema( { DOMAIN: cv.schema_with_slug_keys( vol.All( _none_to_empty_dict, { vol.Optional(CONF_NAME): cv.string, vol.Optional(CONF_ICON): cv.icon, vol.Optional(CONF_DURATION, default=DEFAULT_DURATION): vol.All( cv.time_period, _format_timedelta ), }, ) ) }, extra=vol.ALLOW_EXTRA, ) RELOAD_SERVICE_SCHEMA = vol.Schema({}) async def async_setup(hass: HomeAssistantType, config: ConfigType) -> bool: """Set up an input select.""" component = EntityComponent(_LOGGER, DOMAIN, hass) id_manager = collection.IDManager() yaml_collection = collection.YamlCollection( logging.getLogger(f"{__name__}.yaml_collection"), id_manager ) collection.attach_entity_component_collection( component, yaml_collection, Timer.from_yaml ) storage_collection = TimerStorageCollection( Store(hass, STORAGE_VERSION, STORAGE_KEY), logging.getLogger(f"{__name__}.storage_collection"), id_manager, ) collection.attach_entity_component_collection(component, storage_collection, Timer) await yaml_collection.async_load( [{CONF_ID: id_, cfg} for id_, cfg in config.get(DOMAIN, {}).items()] ) await storage_collection.async_load() collection.StorageCollectionWebsocket( storage_collection, DOMAIN, DOMAIN, CREATE_FIELDS, UPDATE_FIELDS ).async_setup(hass) collection.attach_entity_registry_cleaner(hass, DOMAIN, DOMAIN, yaml_collection) collection.attach_entity_registry_cleaner(hass, DOMAIN, DOMAIN, storage_collection) async def reload_service_handler(service_call: ServiceCallType) -> None: """Reload yaml entities.""" conf = await component.async_prepare_reload(skip_reset=True) if conf is None: conf = {DOMAIN: {}} await yaml_collection.async_load( [{CONF_ID: id_, cfg} for id_, cfg in conf.get(DOMAIN, {}).items()] ) homeassistant.helpers.service.async_register_admin_service( hass, DOMAIN, SERVICE_RELOAD, reload_service_handler, schema=RELOAD_SERVICE_SCHEMA, ) component.async_register_entity_service( SERVICE_START, {vol.Optional(ATTR_DURATION, default=DEFAULT_DURATION): cv.time_period}, "async_start", ) component.async_register_entity_service(SERVICE_PAUSE, {}, "async_pause") component.async_register_entity_service(SERVICE_CANCEL, {}, "async_cancel") component.async_register_entity_service(SERVICE_FINISH, {}, "async_finish") return True class TimerStorageCollection(collection.StorageCollection): """Timer storage based collection.""" CREATE_SCHEMA = vol.Schema(CREATE_FIELDS) UPDATE_SCHEMA = vol.Schema(UPDATE_FIELDS) async def _process_create_data(self, data: Dict) -> Dict: """Validate the config is valid.""" data = self.CREATE_SCHEMA(data) # make duration JSON serializeable data[CONF_DURATION] = _format_timedelta(data[CONF_DURATION]) return data @callback def _get_suggested_id(self, info: Dict) -> str: """Suggest an ID based on the config.""" return info[CONF_NAME] async def _update_data(self, data: dict, update_data: Dict) -> Dict: """Return a new updated data object.""" data = {data, self.UPDATE_SCHEMA(update_data)} # make duration JSON serializeable if CONF_DURATION in update_data: data[CONF_DURATION] = _format_timedelta(data[CONF_DURATION]) return data class Timer(RestoreEntity): """Representation of a timer.""" def __init__(self, config: Dict): """Initialize a timer.""" self._config: dict = config self.editable: bool = True self._state: str = STATUS_IDLE self._duration = cv.time_period_str(config[CONF_DURATION]) self._remaining: Optional[timedelta] = None self._end: Optional[datetime] = None self._listener = None @classmethod def from_yaml(cls, config: Dict) -> "Timer": """Return entity instance initialized from yaml storage.""" timer = cls(config) timer.entity_id = ENTITY_ID_FORMAT.format(config[CONF_ID]) timer.editable = False return timer @property def should_poll(self): """If entity should be polled.""" return False @property def force_update(self) -> bool: """Return True to fix restart issues.""" return True @property def name(self): """Return name of the timer.""" return self._config.get(CONF_NAME) @property def icon(self): """Return the icon to be used for this entity.""" return self._config.get(CONF_ICON) @property def state(self): """Return the current value of the timer.""" return self._state @property def state_attributes(self): """Return the state attributes.""" attrs = { ATTR_DURATION: _format_timedelta(self._duration), ATTR_EDITABLE: self.editable, } if self._end is not None: attrs[ATTR_FINISHES_AT] = self._end.isoformat() if self._remaining is not None: attrs[ATTR_REMAINING] = _format_timedelta(self._remaining) return attrs @property def unique_id(self) -> Optional[str]: """Return unique id for the entity.""" return self._config[CONF_ID] async def async_added_to_hass(self): """Call when entity is about to be added to Home Assistant.""" # If not None, we got an initial value. if self._state is not None: return state = await self.async_get_last_state() self._state = state and state.state == state @callback def async_start(self, duration: timedelta): """Start a timer.""" if self._listener: self._listener() self._listener = None newduration = None if duration: newduration = duration event = EVENT_TIMER_STARTED if self._state == STATUS_ACTIVE or self._state == STATUS_PAUSED: event = EVENT_TIMER_RESTARTED self._state = STATUS_ACTIVE start = dt_util.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) if self._remaining and newduration is None: self._end = start + self._remaining elif newduration: self._duration = newduration self._remaining = newduration self._end = start + self._duration else: self._remaining = self._duration self._end = start + self._duration self.hass.bus.async_fire(event, {"entity_id": self.entity_id}) self._listener = async_track_point_in_utc_time( self.hass, self._async_finished, self._end ) self.async_write_ha_state() @callback def async_pause(self): """Pause a timer.""" if self._listener is None: return self._listener() self._listener = None self._remaining = self._end - dt_util.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) self._state = STATUS_PAUSED self._end = None self.hass.bus.async_fire(EVENT_TIMER_PAUSED, {"entity_id": self.entity_id}) self.async_write_ha_state() @callback def async_cancel(self): """Cancel a timer.""" if self._listener: self._listener() self._listener = None self._state = STATUS_IDLE self._end = None self._remaining = None self.hass.bus.async_fire(EVENT_TIMER_CANCELLED, {"entity_id": self.entity_id}) self.async_write_ha_state() @callback def async_finish(self): """Reset and updates the states, fire finished event.""" if self._state != STATUS_ACTIVE: return self._listener = None self._state = STATUS_IDLE self._end = None self._remaining = None self.hass.bus.async_fire(EVENT_TIMER_FINISHED, {"entity_id": self.entity_id}) self.async_write_ha_state() @callback def _async_finished(self, time): """Reset and updates the states, fire finished event.""" if self._state != STATUS_ACTIVE: return self._listener = None self._state = STATUS_IDLE self._end = None self._remaining = None self.hass.bus.async_fire(EVENT_TIMER_FINISHED, {"entity_id": self.entity_id}) self.async_write_ha_state() async def async_update_config(self, config: Dict) -> None: """Handle when the config is updated.""" self._config = config self._duration = cv.time_period_str(config[CONF_DURATION]) self.async_write_ha_state()	125,306,238
This invention relates generally to inspection techniques, and more specifically to methods and apparatus for inspecting components. Accurately measuring a surface of a component may be a significant factor in determining a manufacturing time of the component, as well in determining subsequent maintenance and repair costs and activities. Specifically, when the component is a gas turbine engine shroud, accurately measuring the contour of the shroud may be one of the most significant factors affecting an overall cost of fabrication of the gas turbine engine, as well as subsequent modifications, repairs, and inspections of the blade airfoils. For example, at least some known gas turbine engine shroud segments are small and include a snubber section and a racetrack section. For performance reasons, both the snubber section and the racetrack section require an accurately machined thickness. However, accurately measuring the thickness of the snubber and racetrack sections may be difficult because of the relative small size of the shroud segment. At least some known inspection processes use coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) or other gages to obtain dimensional information for a shroud segment. Within at least some CMMs and gages, the thickness of a section of a shroud segment is determined by measuring a drop from a surface of the shroud segment to a surface whose location is known, such as a fixture used with the CMM or other gage. However, determining the thickness of a section of a shroud segment by measuring the drop to a known surface does not directly measure the thickness of the shroud segment, and therefore may be inaccurate. Furthermore, at least some known shroud segments must be removed from the machining apparatus prior to being inspected by a CMM or other gage. Removing the shroud segment from a machining apparatus increases the number of fabrication operations and the number of apparatuses used for manufacturing, thus increasing manufacturing time and cost. In addition, if the shroud segment fails the inspection, the segment may then need to be reinstalled in the machining apparatus for further machining. However, because of the size and contour of the shroud segment, it may be difficult to reinstall the shroud segment within the machining apparatus in the same relative position with respect to the original machining, thereby increasing error and manufacturing time.	125,306,249
Q: Cambiar la el punto decimal del double por una coma Resulta que el ouput sale punto de los doubles y lo que quiero es cambiarlo por una coma A: Si quieres lograr tu objetivo puedes usar el metodo replaceAll("\.", ","). A continuación te muestro como puedes usarlo en el método listarElementos.: public void listarElementos() { for (int i = 0; i < codigo.length; i++) { if (codigo[i] != null) { System.out.println("El codigo es : " + codigo[i] + ", el nombre del producto es : " + nombre[i] + " , el precio de compra es de : " + precioCompra[i].toString().replaceAll("\\.", ",") + " , el precio " + "de venta es de : " + precioVenta[i].toString().replaceAll("\\.", ",") + " y el stock es de" + " : " + stock[i]); } } }	125,306,420
A year ago, I was sitting in this very room thinking of dozens of changes I wanted to make in my life. Some of them seemed impossible, others were just a matter of committing. As I sit here now and reflect on the past year, I am amazed at how different my life is and how much happier I am as a result. Change is never easy, and it can be scary making decisions that move you into unchartered territory. The unknown appears scarier than the known, so we often just sit back and leave things the way they are. It’s more comfortable that way. No matter how much we hate our lives or how much we complain, we don’t change anything. I finally found the courage to do something. I changed jobs this summer. And I changed my hours, so I have my evenings free and actually have a life again. This was scary, and sad, and not an easy decision to make or follow through on. But once I made that decision I knew deep down that there was no turning back. It’s what I needed to do, and I stoically prepared for and executed my plan. I was doing what was right for me, but as the summer progressed, it turned out to be the best decision I could have made for completely unrelated reasons. Some things are too personal to write about on a blog, but there were some very sad and scary moments this summer and having the flexibility I had kept me sane. I was able to be there for someone who really needed me, and I would’ve been a mess if I had been working every day at my old job, almost always unavailable until the wee hours of morning… I’m happy to say that that situation has been resolved, and things worked out better than anyone could have hoped. I’m so thankful for this, and am definitely convinced that miracles do happen. I’ve been spending my free time reading and researching, growing my flowers and herbs, writing, experimenting with herbal recipes, and completing an online wellness coaching course. I think I’ve used my time well, and plan to continue doing more of the same. I grew probably hundreds of calendula flowers, as well as other herbs and vegetables, and I’m very proud of that. My boyfriend and I learned as we went and we were pleasantly surprised with our rewards. We can’t wait until spring to come so we can do it again! For now, we are keeping busy admiring and propagating our various succulent plants. I’m also proud of the fact that I’ve mostly kept up this blog since I (re)committed to writing regularly. I really do enjoy it, and there is so much to write about. Sometimes it’s hard to find or make time to blog, but I am getting better at disciplining myself. One of my problems is that I like to read and learn lol, so that takes away from writing time…but two posts a week is doable…especially since it usually helps reinforce my learning. Realistic goals lol Speaking of goals, my rock climbing has definitely improved, both in strength and technique. It’s my favorite form of exercise, and I love the mental aspect. I’ve also done quite a bit of hiking and biking this year, and found a lot of new places to go back to. I love having more time to be outside, especially during daylight hours lol! All of this has given me a more positive outlook and a forward momentum that keeps me motivated. Most of the changes and improvements have been achieved through a series of baby steps, and it’s amazing to see where I’ve gotten in a year. I am definitely happier and I have amazing plans for the future! If I had to pick something I’d like to commit to for the new year, I’d probably go with a morning yoga practice. There is not really anything stopping me from doing this, and I think it would benefit me in a lot of different ways. I really like those extra minutes of sleep! Sometimes, it’s really hard to convince my morning self to motivate… Also, even though I try to eat healthy, I have to admit that my diet could use some improvement. It’s not just the holidays, I’ve generally been slacking off for the past few months. Not so much eating the wrong foods (although there is that), but not eating enough of the good things my body needs for optimal functioning. (No doubt contributing to that months-long sinus infection…) So I will be making nutrition a priority again in the coming weeks. I am so grateful to every one who’s been following my journey on this blog. Your support means so much to me and I thank each of you from the bottom of my heart! I hope you all have a very Happy and Healthy 2018! All in all, 2017 turned out to be a pretty good year for me. But I’m not sorry to see it go…	125,306,489
Mount Adelung ≠≥≥≥≤§§§·←×− Mount Adelung () is the highest peak in Pskem Range () in the extreme north-east of the Tashkent Province, Uzbekistan. Mount Adelung is the highest point of Tashkent Province at 4,301 meters, just 2 meters higher than the nearby Mount Beshtor, located a little further to the south-west in the same range, and it is often erroneously identified in various web sources as the "highest point in Uzbekistan". In fact, this honor goes to the Khazret Sultan, a peak with an altitude of 4,643 m in Surkhandarya Province, in the Uzbek part of the Gissar Range, on the border with Tajikistan, which was formerly known as Peak of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party. Some web sources use the name Adelunga Toghi, where Adelunga corresponds to the Russian possessive form of Adelung and Toghi presumably stands for mountain in the Uzbek language (tog’ in Latin script, тоғ in Cyrillic script). It is not known at this stage of writing which Adelung the mountain is named after. References Adelung Category:Four-thousanders of the Tian Shan	125,306,498
History of PHilosoPHy Quarterly Volume 30, Number 3, July 2013 271 WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM: A RECONSTRUCTION Erik C. Banks 1. IntroductIon: An HIstorIco-crItIcAl reconstructIon This paper offers a historico-conceptual reconstruction of William James's direct realism about our perceptions of external objects. According to James, under certain circumstances, we can directly perceive the proper parts of external objects, not indirect mental representations of them. In addition, judgments of perception such as "I am in some sort of room with objects around me" are directly assertable, but only if there is an external environment with perspectival objects arranged around the perceiver, not the mere play of his own sensations. I will point out some important similarities between Jamesian direct realism and Kantian empirical realism and show that James has struck a powerful blow against theories of mental representation generally. The operative terms, concepts, and arguments of this kind of Jamesian direct realism are probably unfamiliar, even to those well versed in direct realist theories of perception, and since there are so many different forms of direct realism in the literature, it might help to state some of the main claims of the Jamesian position up front: 1. Taken just as they appear, sensations are real concrete particulars, not mental representations. As they occur, they are neither true nor false of anything, nor do they intentionally represent anything beyond themselves. 2. We distinguish between "acts" or "events" of sensation and "judgments" of perception in which it is asserted that we perceive objects of some kind. Judgments may be assertable or not assertable, but only if they are assertable can they be true or false of the objects they are about. 272 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY 3. Judgments of direct perception of objects, even false ones, can only be asserted in a case where real mind-independent external objects are present in the environment of the perceiver. This condition is satisfied even when we perceive falsely and mistake one particular object for another. 4. In a judgment about a direct perception of an object, sensations are linked to external, mind-independent, physical objects through perspectival causal relations, in which case sensations are the actual proper parts of external physical objects perceived directly by us, not indirect mental representations of those objects. In the first part of this essay, I show how James distinguished between a perceptual judgment such as "I am now in a room surrounded by real objects in space" and having a sensation of blobs, flashes, and squiggles that merely look like objects in a room in space but that bear no actual resemblance to this experience. On James's analysis, a sensation is simply the collection of colors, blobs, and squiggles it appears to be, representing nothing truly or falsely. When considered in themselves like this, mere sensations, even if they seem quite detailed, are not intentional and do not have the actual capacity to represent external objects. Nor, then, do judgments asserted before an array of sensations, in a dream or delusion, really qualify as assertions of judgments of perception about objects truly or falsely. In the next part, I seek to broaden James's insights by digging deeper into the intellectual truth conditions of perceptual judgments and by showing that they cannot be satisfied within the egocentric perspective of a single subject but require an external embedding "perspectival" system of objects and other points of view on perceptual objects that a single subject simply cannot occupy all at once. There will also be an important connection with Immanuel Kant and his empirical realism. Finally, I will show how I think James has struck a powerful blow against representative theories generally. 2. JAmes's Essays in Radical EmpiRicism James began his radical empiricist series of lectures, published as articles in the Journal of Philosophy and Scientific Methods, with a sustained attack on consciousness as a thing or a substance. The first article from 1904 is provocatively titled "Does 'Consciousness' Exist?" In it, James introduces a neutral stuff called "pure experience," which is the common constituent of minds and physical bodies and belongs to neither order exclusively. Indeed, these differences are only made secondarily in the dual variations that each bit of pure experience obeys: My thesis is that if we start with the supposition that there is only one primal stuff or material of the world, a stuff of which everything is composed, and if we call that stuff "pure experience" then knowing can easily be explained as a particular sort of relation towards one another in which portions of pure experience may enter. The relation itself is part of pure experience, one of the terms becomes the subject or bearer of the knowledge, the knower, the other becomes the object known. (James 1977, 170). James also denies that the act of conscious representation bestows on the bit of pure experience its concrete quality or existence, since the same bit would still have its quality and existence under the head of a physical occurrence linked to the history of a physical object. The same red patch that we think of as our sensation is also a physical brain event tied in with the histories of mind-independent objects, so it is not our "seeing of the patch" that makes it red. Removing the act of awareness of the red patch leaves the bit of pure experience neutral, neither exclusively mental nor physical. It relates both to external objects, through its physical variations, and to the mind of the knower, through its psychological variations of memory or association. Even calling them "mental" variations as opposed to "physical" ones does not define any fundamental difference, merely a difference of interest for a psychologist or a physicist (James 1977, 136, 193–94). Nor must we stop speaking about the "mind" of the knower or even about his "acts" and "judgments," just as long as this mind is understood as a collection of its constituent functions or activities. Are there other bits of "pure experience" that are fully located in external objects that are not anyone's sensations under any functional interpretation? Here James is far from clear; he may be a neutral monist or a panpsychist or even both (see Gale 1999, 198–215; and especially Cooper 2002, ch. 2). Many passages in James do suggest an order of mind-independent natural qualities that are not sensations, as Ernst Mach and Bertrand Russell also assumed as part of neutral monism (Banks 2003, 144–50; Thiele 1978, 172–76). Mach called mind independent events "elements"; Russell called them "sensibilia" and later simply neutral "event-particulars." Most of James's ideas up to this point (the "two orders," the neutral stuff, the functional ego) are actually found in Mach's 1886 Analysis of Sensations, not surprising given the close relationship between Mach and James (for more, see Banks 2003, 143–51). 3. JAmes's "two-tAkIngs" tHeory To ground his theory of knowledge, James lays down a "two-takings" theory, in which a "bit of pure experience" is shared between the knower and the physical object, by being simultaneously part of both functional WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 273 274 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY orders as "one identical point can be on two lines . . . situated at their intersection" (James 1977, 173). In perception, a physical object, or a proper part of it anyway, is directly known by being a proper part of the knower's mind, without the intermediary sense-datum or image standing between the knower and the external object, as in the indirect representative theory of perception. The directly perceived object extends all the way from the environment into the mind of the perceiver. This seems to satisfy James's desideratum for a direct realist theory where objects are perceived exactly as they are: If the reader will take his own experiences, he will see what I mean. Let him begin with a perceptual experience, the "presentation" socalled of a physical object, his actual field of vision, the room he sits in, with the book he is reading at its center; and let him for the present treat this complex object in the common-sense way as being "really" what it seems to be, namely . . . a collection of physical things cut out from an environing world of other physical things. . . . Now at the same time it is those self-same things which his mind, as we say, perceives, and the whole of philosophy of perception from Democritus' time downwards has been just one long wrangle over the paradox that what is evidently one reality should be in two places at once, both in outer space and in a person's mind. "Representative" theories of perception avoid the logical paradox, but on the other hand they violate the reader's sense of life, which knows no intervening mental image but seems to see the room and the book immediately as they exist. (James 1977, 173) The pure experience that is a part of the physical object (the book, the room) is also, at the same time, part of the mind that knows it. So James thinks that, when I am actually in the room, I perceive the room and the book themselves as they really exist, not indirectly through intermediary images or ideas. James gleefully flies in the face of the representative theory of perception, in which external objects somehow cause internal "mental" representations like sense data and what we see are these indirect representations, not the objects themselves or their proper parts. How an external object can cause a "mental representation" of an entirely different nature and how the mental representation can "represent" external objects of an entirely different nature are both completely unexplained on the traditional theory. James also takes sensations in a realistic, but nonrepresentative, sense. A neutral bit of pure experience can be taken as real merely by taking it to be the "flat" complex of colored blobs (James 1977, 201), squiggles, and flashes that it is. Taken in itself like this, it is neither a physical object, nor is it a mental sensation. It is just exactly the neutral collection of blobs and flashes it seems to be and does not represent any object truly or falsely because it does not intrinsically represent anything (ibid.), a point previously made by Mach in his discussion of so-called sense-illusions (Mach 1886/1959, 10), which are really just phenomena like any others. James points out, for example, that there is no difference between a real fire and a sensation of flames and light qua phenomena, except for the fact that one fire burns real sticks and the other does not. This fact does not make mental phenomena any less real when they are taken as simple natural occurrences: mental fire and real fire are on the same footing there. In the physical order, the blobs and flashes can be causally linked with the history of an external physical object and the human nervous system, but this causal linkage does not play on any representative relation or intrinsic similarity between them. This point is made by James in his famous "Memorial Hall" example. A bunch of blobs and flashes, even if they look exactly like Memorial Hall and are shaped exactly like Memorial Hall, will not count as a perception of Memorial Hall unless an external causal relation can be established between the blobs and the real hall, bestowing on them their "knowing office": Suppose me to be sitting here in my library at Cambridge, at ten minutes' walk from Memorial Hall and to be thinking truly of the latter object. My mind may have before it only the name, or it may have a clear image, or it may have a very dim image of the hall, but such intrinsic differences in the image make no difference in its cognitive function. Certain extrinsic phenomena, special experiences of conjunction, are what impart to the image, be it what it may, its knowing office. For instance, if you ask me what hall I mean by my image and I can tell you nothing; or if I fail to point or lead you toward the Harvard Delta; or if being led by you, I am uncertain whether the hall I see be what I had in mind or not, you would rightly deny that I had "meant" that particular hall at all, even though my mental image might to some degree have resembled it. The resemblance would count in that case as coincidental merely, for all sorts of things of a kind resemble each other without being for that reason to take cognizance of each other. (James 1977, 200–201) Timothy Sprigge (1996) points out that James was rejecting the contemporary phenomenological tradition, replacing the "inherent intentionality" of experience insisted on by the phenomenologists with purely natural causal links that may or may not hold between sensations and an external object. (See also Lamberth [1999, 78] for James's critique of intentionality and use of causal links a decade earlier.) Of course, it would be extremely difficult to isolate raw sensations just as they appear. In everyday experience, we are constantly adding WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 275 276 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY to our sensations with our imaginations and our intellectual judgments, both consciously and unconsciously. Actual sensation is also quite fragmentary and incomplete, so that we often think we sense more than we really do. Thus, it often seems that we could point to the arrangement of blobs and the fact that they are in space and say that they at least look like objects or a room to us, even if they are only raw sensations. And while it is true that raw sensations do support some simple phenomenological judgments like "this blob is blue and that blob is red" or "this blue one is to the right of that red one," like painted daubs on a canvas, these judgments fall well short of any perceptual judgment about objects, as we shall see. What do real objects have that a mosaic of sensations cannot simulate? As we shall see in more detail below, objects in space exist from multiple perspectives, not just the single egocentric perspectives in which sensations occur. Objects have unsensed parts like a back, sides, and past and future stages, none of which is present in the monoperspective of a sensation that is all surface and all present in single moment. Sensations also lack any intentional ability to "reach out" to a perspectival system of external objects; they are simply individuals with no relations to any other individuals other than causal relations. There is just not enough in raw sensation to even call it a "perception" of an object. 4. tHe "dIfference-of-kInd" tHesIs, "retrospectIve," And "protensIve" certAInty There is one very serious flaw in what James says above about the "twotakings" theory, which must be addressed. The mere fact of the existence of the blobs and flashes as they are, neither true nor false of anything, does not contain any direct perceptual knowledge of an external object. So when I am taking the blobs and flashes as real in themselves, I am not taking them to be part of an object like Memorial Hall. But when I take them for a perception of Memorial Hall, I am assuming some further causal relation that ties the blobs and flashes to a real external building, and they become proper parts of that external object that I perceive directly. But these further external relations that make the blobs and squiggles a perception of a building are not directly perceived by me. So where James's theory of perception is direct, it is not a theory of perception of external objects, and where it is a theory of perception of external objects, it is not direct. Let us see if we can resolve this dilemma, starting with a phenomenological observation. James claims that, in a judgment of perception, our thoughts actually seem to "reach out" to the external objects in the room around us, a feature of perception I think everyone can at least claim to be familiar with and also one emphasized by Thomas Reid: namely, that, no matter how many times we tell ourselves that the colors, the room, and the book are only indirect mental representations or pictures in our minds, our perceptions still do seem to reach out beyond our minds to the real objects in the room. James claims that this phenomenological feature is not an illusion but a feature marking out an actual judgment of perception of objects that should be taken at face value. That seems absurd, for could not the same be said of a hallucination of a room? If what James says is true-that we can take the phenomenological experience at face value-he must somehow establish an internal, introspectively knowable, difference between the act of sensation, that is, of blobs and squiggles that do not reach out to anything, and the judgment of perception of mind-independent objects, such as books and rooms that do exhibit this phenomenology. Their internally introspected "intentional" features, in other words, should serve to distinguish the experiences of sensation and perception according to James. But, again, how can he possibly make good on this claim when, as everyone acknowledges, sensation and perception seem internally to be the same from within skeptical scenarios like a dream or hallucination? This notion that the acts of sensation and judgments of perception are different and distinguishable internally, or introspectively, is sometimes called the "difference-of-kind" thesis. James shares this thesis with disjunctivist epistemologists such as J. M. Hinton (1967). On this view, judgments of perception and acts of sensation are internally different, have different conditions of assertability and different truth conditions. The sensation is an agglomeration of blobs, flashes, squiggles, and so forth. A perception of an object is completely different in its phenomenology. I do not see blobs and squiggles, as if painted on a canvas in daubs; I see a world of solid spatio-temporal objects to which my perceptions seem intentionally to "reach out." Perceived objects are also very different from sensations. For example, they have sides and a back that I do not sense. They have past and future states that I must imagine adjoined to their present appearance. They exist in other spatial perspectives, in addition to my own egocentric perspective, linked together in a systematic way. This chair, appearing perspectivally in a certain way to me, should appear in a different perspective to someone situated elsewhere, the way an object in space like a penny does from multiple viewpoints. A judgment of perception, thus, adds further "intellectual" truth conditions to the objects being perceived, such as the condition that there is an external object in space in front of me, only some of which is experienced directly through its proper parts that my mind shares with them and of which my egocentric perspective is only WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 277 278 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY one in a connected system of perspectives that includes the object from all vantage points. So the perception of the object and having sensations of blobs and squiggles are totally different. But, as the skeptic insists, would not the phenomenology of the room and the objects be exactly as James describes it during a hallucination, as well as in a veridical perception of the room? Would the subject not still agree that he "sees the objects in the room exactly as they are," and not blobs and flashes, even when all he actually sees are blobs and flashes? Acts of sensation may indeed be different from judgments of perception, and the knower may even know there is a difference between them; but he may not be in a position to tell the difference in a skeptical scenario, so what does it matter that one is really a judgment of perception and the other is not? They seem the same to us, and that should be all that matters to the epistemologist. I believe this skepticism is not justified and that we do have leverage, even from within a skeptical scenario to assert naïvely that we perceive objects to which our thoughts "reach out" intentionally. The key has to do with what I will call "conditions of assertion" for making judgments. To assert a judgment of perception presupposes that you are actually able to assert it before it can be true or false of anything. Compare the act of speaking a sentence. You not only have to get the sequence of syllables right, but you have to know the language and the circumstances under which the sentence is used; indeed, probably a great deal more background information besides that all has to be correct before your speech can be considered a sentence and not just noise. And the same goes for perceptual judgments. Say I am having a sensation of what seems to me like my being in my room surrounded by my books and table. I may not be able to tell the difference internally between this sensation and a very realistic dream or hallucination. I have no doubt that the purely mental accompaniments of the blobs and the accompanying acts of the mind would seem to me to be exactly the same in the sensation and a true perception of the room. Now, if it turns out to be a dream, then, of course, it would not actually have been a perception at all, not even while I was having it; it would just have been a sensation of some blobs and squiggles that seemed like the room, without bearing any external connection to it and, thus, by James's Memorial Hall argument, bearing no real resemblance to a room at all, now or then. In the sensation, the "books" had no pages, sides, or back. The sheaf of "pages" could have been just a swath of white spread out by a paintbrush, as in a Velasquez or Sargent painting, all surface. There were no other occupied perspectives on the "room" but my own egocentric viewpoint. The interior of the "room" was more like a break-away movie set with no outside and with just enough filled in to fool the camera. In a classic sense illusion known as the Ames room (Gregory 1994), for example, a wildly oblique array of shapes and surfaces set at angles can seem to resemble a room if one looks at it from one and only one monoperspective, through a peep hole. Those are the things sensations present at their very best. So when the dream or hallucination is revealed to me, say, by a kind of instant replay where I can go back and watch the dream again, I immediately deny that I was ever really perceiving anything, and I say that I was only sensing, hallucinating, or dreaming, instead. The phenomenology of the dream on instant replay is that of a tableau of shifting blobs and squiggles now fully recognized as such, and the phenomenology of perceptions "reaching out" to objects is not present in retrospect. So, with a little thought, I could even say that what is now perfectly clear to me on instant replay was true even before I knew the difference or knew what I was asserting or even whether I could assert anything. Even when we are unable to tell the difference, there still is a difference, a great one, between the performance of acts of sensation and judgments of perception. Just as the blobs and squiggles do not represent Memorial Hall and never did, so too the act of sensing blobs and squiggles is not a judgment of perception and never was one. I am, thus, able to achieve a kind of "retrospective" backward-looking certainty about the acts performed even under the conditions of a skeptical scenario. These conditions of uncertainty actually did not affect the acts and judgments themselves, which were always different, only my ability to tell which I was performing at the time or which I was unable to perform. The subject's thinking at the time that the acts and judgments were similar, or the same, did not, in fact, make them so. Seeming to assert a judgment is not the same thing as actually asserting one. And with a little more thought, we find that this certainty is not just retrospective either. The informed subject knows the difference between the assertability conditions of the perceptual judgment and the act or event of sensing even under conditions of uncertainty. So I can actually assert a naïve judgment of perception that I perceive some kind of room with objects in it, just as James insists I can, even under those skeptical conditions. I assert that I am perceiving a room when I am because, if I am not in fact perceiving a room but merely some blobs and squiggles, then I know I will not say later that I perceived a room at all, not even falsely. There are, of course, cases of false perception where one object is taken for another, like mistaking a scotch bottle for a book or a garbage can for a man lurking outside the window, but this dream or hallucination is not one of them since the blobs and squiggles will not even support the assertion of a mistaken judgment. Instead, I will withdraw the assertion that I was ever in a condition to perceive any object in the first place. The conditions of assertion of the judgment WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 279 280 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY were not met under the conditions of the skeptical scenario: a perceptual judgment about objects was "asserted" before what was really just an array of blobs and squiggles. Finally, as we approach that naïve confidence with which James asserts perceptual judgments in the quote above, we can transform our "retrospective" certainty into what I will call a forward-looking or "protensive" certainty, even from within the skeptical scenario. If I do perceive the room and the room exists, then my perception goes straight through to the very external objects I seem to be perceiving and in exactly the way I seem to be perceiving it, from their directly perceived proper parts filling out into an external perspectival system that includes me as an observer and fills in all of the other perspectives besides. If I am only sensing blobs and squiggles with no real ability to represent a room at all, not even an illusion of a room, then I never was in a condition to assert anything about perceiving a room in the first place. All of these facts about future states of affairs are known to me in the skeptical scenario, so I have no difficulty in projecting the judgment forward beyond the conditions of the test anticipating its eventual outcome. Therefore, I do have a kind of forward-looking certainty about my perceptual judgments about being in some kind of a room with objects, even if some of my particular judgments about those objects could be false. At least, I am saved from the kind of total deception skeptical scenarios offer. But now suppose the subject turns the tables on us and asks, "Why am I not warranted in asserting I perceive objects if you admit that the sensation of blobs and squiggles seemed to me exactly like a room with books? Are these not the very same internal conditions, gazing on an array of sensations of blobs and squiggles (as you would have it) under which I always do assert the judgment that I perceive a room with books? I never directly perceive more than that even when I assert successful perceptual judgments." No, James would say, for, after you are disabused by watching the instant replay, you too would say that the blobs and squiggles do not even "seem" to resemble a room with books and that your sensory act does not even "seem" remotely similar to a judgment of perception. His answer: "But how then can I assert the perception of objects with such naïve confidence if I don't know if I am capable of assertion or not." I believe James would answer that, on the contrary, you can only naïvely assert this judgment "I am in some kind of room with books," just as it seems to you, since, if the room does turn out to be just a collection of blobs and squiggles, you have not actually asserted anything. There is no other option but to assert a judgment of perception of a room with objects, of some sort anyway, when it seems to you to be so, and that is what you should do in all cases. This would back up James's taking the phenomenology of the room with objects always at face value, as he says above. But what if it is not incoherent to carry out judgments of perception while looking at an array of what turn out later to be blobs and squiggles in a dream or hallucination? The assertions are well made, but they simply come out false. My answer is that there are indeed cases where one perceives falsely, where perceived objects A are mistaken for other objects B. The same judgments that lead us to correct perception also lead to false perceptions. For example, a garbage can is mistaken for a man outside the window. But an object is perceived in both cases, one truly and another falsely. The judgment that the object is a man is actually assertable of a garbage can too, but false. The judgment is false because some other object is actually perceived, not because all of the objects dissolve into the blobs and squiggles of a hallucination and nothing is perceived because no perceptual judgment was ever asserted. These extreme cases of total delusion, which are the ones under discussion here, are where we must challenge the idea that the subject could have made any coherent assertion to perceive any object whatever. Take the case of having a dream where you think you are speaking French and pulling it off with panache. But you do not really know French, so the syllables you utter only seem to you to make up a French sentence with the meaning "Voltaire was Molière's brother." You might wake up and realize this is a false assertion, when you correctly phrase an English sentence, expressing a proposition that can be true or false, but did you succeed in making the assertion then by uttering a random string of syllables and calling it a French sentence expressing the proposition that Voltaire was Molière's brother? No, it never happened, no matter what you believed at the time. This so called "assertion" of a proposition was not anything beyond an agglomeration of syllables and a feeling that one was making sensible assertions. (This strange and uncomfortable sensation of mouthing "mere syllables and accompanying feelings" sometimes comes over me unbidden when I am giving a public lecture, when it is most unwelcome!) The feelings and sensations certainly exist in themselves and are neither true nor false; they should be taken in the direct sense as exactly the strings of syllables and feelings they seem to be. These sorts of arguments, associated with Putnam (1981) and the later Ludwig Wittgenstein, have their ultimate historico-conceptual roots in James's Memorial Hall example, but they are better developed in the way I am suggesting, first to establish a "retrospective" certainty and then a "protensive" certainty from within the skeptical scenario. Putnam recognizes some kind of retrospective certainty about hallucinations as a possible reading of James (Putnam 1990, 248–49) but rejects it since he thinks it makes James an antirealist about past experience; WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 281 282 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY that is, Putnam seems to think the perceiver who has hallucinated later has to say that he never experienced anything, when clearly he did at least experience the blobs and squiggles of his sensation. But James is only saying that experiences that retrospectively do not measure up as perceptions are still sensed exactly as they are in themselves without representing a perception of an object such as a dagger or Memorial Hall, not that the sensations never happened. Also, according to Putnam, James never refuted the skeptic (ibid., 246) but simply held up direct realism as a viable alternative to the "sense data" theory that we never perceive external objects directly (ibid., 251). James may not argue in the traditional way against the Cartesian skeptic, but he still shows us much more than just an "alternative to sense data." To sum up the position we have reached so far, James's quote above, about taking the room and its objects to be directly real perceptions of those external objects "as they exist" now makes more sense, where it seemed hopelessly naïve before. On the Jamesian view, the perceptual judgment that I perceive real external objects in space is always asserted full strength, or it is not asserted at all. Thus, when I do perceive, my thoughts go straight through without intermediary to the external physical objects they seem to be about and of which my sensations (colors and all) are concrete proper parts. Even false judgments presume some general conditions like this, even if we take some objects for others. Putting it all together: 1. Either I am in some kind of real room with objects arranged around me, or I am before an array of my own sensations of blobs and squiggles that do not even resemble any room with objects. 2. If I assert the judgment that "I am perceiving some kind of room with some objects around me" and I am really before an internal array of blobs and squiggles, then I will never have succeeded in asserting a judgment to perceive anything. 3. If I assert the judgment that "I am perceiving some kind of room with objects around me" and I am really in a room with objects around me, then I will have succeeded in making the assertion, and the assertion will have been true at least of some general sorts of objects. It may be false of specific objects. 4. I know (1, 2, 3) under the conditions of a skeptical scenario. 5. I know I can always correctly assert, with forward-looking certainty, the naïve judgment that "I am in some kind of a room with real objects around me" when I am having that experience, and I can do so even before the truth is revealed to me. 5. IntellectuAl condItIons of perceptIon The remaining problem with the "no-common-kind" thesis is that we are owed some kind of explanation why the acts of sensation and judgments of perception still seem the same in skeptical scenarios if they are really so totally different in kind that no one would take one for the other when shown the instant replay. Acts of sensation and judgments of perception have to be absolutely indistinguishable in skeptical scenarios and yet retrospectively recognizable as completely different in kind, but how can this be? Certainly, the purely sensory components of both acts are completely the same: they both consist of blobs and squiggles, and there is no internal way to tell apart the blobs and squiggles of a sensation or hallucination from the directly perceived proper parts of external objects in a perception. But there always is a difference, and there will have been a difference between acts and judgments we perform even under conditions of uncertainty. So, since perceptions and sensations are internally different acts and since the difference clearly does not consist in their having any different sensory contents, it must consist in something else: namely, the intellectual contents of a perceptual judgment. It is, therefore, true what the disjunctivists and Jamesians assert about the difference in kind; but, to make a Kantian point, to be explained below, it is rather thought and understanding that contribute this difference to the perceptual judgment that is not contained in the mere act of sensing. Thus, for example, on replaying the dream in instant replay, we consciously withhold these intellectual features of perceptual judgment, so the phenomenological feature of perceptions "reaching out to objects" disappears, replaced by the nonintentional sensation of a flat tableau of shifting blobs and squiggles. Since we have already assumed that there is no "inherent intentionality" to sensory contents, the phenomenon James refers to, of experiencing perceptions that actually "reach out" to external objects, is effected purely by the intellectual contents of the judgment of perception, which we must now investigate. I have been suggesting that a perceptual judgment like "I am in some sort of room with objects" has the following preconditions: my egocentric experience of "walking around a room viewing various objects" from my own monoperspectival point of view cannot be all there is. There must be, at a minimum, an occupied system of perspectives surrounding these objects and me, which includes my own monoperspective as one, but most of which I am not able to observe from my monoperspective, a system that fills in all of the possible points of view on the room from those other perspectives. In those other perspectives, chairs and books will have backs and sides unseen by me and a history in time beyond the present, a temporal perspective in other words. The room will not WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 283 284 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY be some Ames room or break-away movie set with just enough walls and furniture to fool the viewer and nothing besides. A town seen out the window will not be a Potemkin village with fake storefronts and cut-out windows with false interiors and simulated cardboard figures walking back and forth. In a perception, the room and its objects will exist from every perspectival point in it, which they clearly do not in these nightmarish monoperspectives. In fact, it is literally impossible for any given experience of objects to a subject internally to represent this entire sum of circumambient perspectives because no one can occupy more than one egocentric point of view at once. These missing perspectives occupied by objects must, therefore, be filled in by the intellect and the imagination in addition to any of the sensory contents of the perception on the side of the judgment, but they must also be really occupied by objects on the side of the external environment as well. Thus, for my judgment of perception to even be assertable, I must be surrounded by a perspectival system of objects of which my monoperspective is one and where any perspective can serve as a vantage point from which to represent all of the others.1 These assertability conditions are known to me internally, of course; thus, I can argue, as above, that, if I do turn out to occupy a monoperspective that is all surface with no other occupied perspectives, I will say that a judgment of perception was not asserted under those circumstances and withdraw it, no matter how realistic it might have seemed to me at the time. Consider, for example, a realistic-seeming dream in which one is chased by a dog. It certainly seems real enough, but we lack any occupied vantage point for the dog and the other objects in the dream. What we are really saying in reporting the dream is that we felt pursued, from our monoperspective, not that anything pursued us. Also to be eliminated from consideration are situations involving "deviant" causal chains to external objects that are not even possibly perspectival relations between a perceiving subject and his perceived objects. The system of perspectives must include the subject's immanent, internal viewpoint as one such perspective within it, and it must be a systematic and connected continuation of the subject's internal perspective outward. It cannot be replaced by some other set of perspectives of objects of which he is not directly aware, nor can he be in contact with them in some indirect, nonstandard, nonperspectival way that he himself would not assert when he talks about "these objects he perceives with his eyes as being five feet in front of him." If, for example, an evil scientist wires up the subject's brain to a simulation but takes care to connect the sensations of the simulation via deviant causal connections to other external objects in a secret room, in another system of perspectives that exactly duplicates those of the simulation, the subject still cannot assert any perceptual relation to these objects. His own occupied perspectives are empty; thus, he occupies a monoperspective just as before. A clever philosopher in this situation might try to assert that a scientist is connecting his perception of a room to another perspectival system of objects in another room and assert guesses about those objects and the scientist's occupied perspective, too. But these missing perspectives on the perceived room are still not occupied; some other system of objects, around some other room, is occupied, and the missing perspectives on the actually perceived room remain empty. The philosopher can think whatever he wishes, and he may even guess correctly, but he must give up the idea that he perceives the room in front of him. Perception is still, for all its intellectual preconditions, a sensory matter of being in direct contact with objects and their proper parts in a way that is projected outward from the perceiver's own perspective in the way he intends it, not through indirect or merely representative contact through any imaginable links someone else might think up. If I am not linked to the object in the way I perceive myself to be linked to it, then it is not really a perception at all. 6. otHer perspectIvAl systems: kAntIAn "empIrIcAl reAlIsm" There are limits, however. What this argument does not show is what sort of perspectival system of objects surrounds the observer when he makes these perceptual judgments. What are the intellectual conditions for a valid perspectival system continuing a subject's own perspective and perceptions outward to an environment of objects? Space and time certainly satisfy the intellectual requirements of a perspectival system. Any point within space can be the origin of coordinates for representing any other point elsewhere in the same space; any point in time can serve to represent any other point within the same time line as a past, present, or future point in temporal perspective. To introduce a key Kantian observation, this objective intellectual "skeleton" of a subject-object perspectival system undergirds the sensory and imagined space-time form of our perceptions, as Kant declares at several key points in the transcendental deduction, particularly in the B-edition (but see also Kant 1787/1998, A 107–9). In brief, the argument is something like this: Kant declares that the "synthetic unity of apperception" is the highest principle guiding the understanding in the construction of experience, higher even than the categories, for it is the synthetic unity that ultimately justifies the categories' application to any possible experience (this is what transcendental "deduction" means). The synthetic unity takes all intuitions and sensations delivered by WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 285 286 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY sensibility as a disordered bundle of "snapshots," if you will, and unifies them under the principle that they are one and all experiences of objects to a subject.2 When I walk around a house taking in the different sides in a certain order, this ordering of the snapshots is determined by the series of vantage points taken up by a subject (with his own ordered inner states in time) to an object in a distinct sequence of perspectival views of the house. If these experiences were presented in a series of disordered photos of the house lying in a heap, it would still be possible to reconstruct the objective series via the categories under the overall heuristic principle that they must present an ordered series of perspectival views of the object to an observing subject. In the B-deduction (B 151–52), Kant distinguishes between an "intellectual synthesis" of experience, carried out by the categories and the synthetic unity, and applicable to other forms of sensibility besides ours, and a "figurative synthesis" carried out by the imagination and sensibility under the direction of the understanding. For Kant, the construction of the underlying perspectival system of vantage points of subjects and objects, the "intellectual synthesis" of the understanding, is what is really objective about spatio-temporal representation, not the schematized space-time form contributed by sensibility and the imagination, which depends on the former for its objectivity. This intellectual synthesis of a system of perspectives would apply even where the intuitions of space and time were replaced by other forms of intuition or sensibility, and, when they are present, it is the intellectual synthesis again that explains why synthesized constructions in space and time, like drawing a line or synthesizing a certain number, are objective, as in math and physics, and are not just constructions of the human imagination, for example, where we adjoin images of previous and future stages of the construction to a presently sensed stage in drawing out an object like a house in stages or a motion in intuition like the parabola of a falling body. As proof of the primacy of the synthetic unity under the categories, Kant points out that even the infinite manifolds of space and time can themselves be represented as "objects" to an observing self (B 159–61), indicating that the synthetic unity of apperception is an even more all-encompassing unity of the understanding than that provided by sensibility and intuition. Kant also shows in two examples (B 151–52) that the understanding actually directs the sensibility and the imagination in the construction of objects, in taking in the sides of a house and watching water freeze. He says we can "abstract from" the spatial and temporal form of these experiences and consider ordering the states intellectually, with the categories and the synthetic unity of apperception operating on receptive sensory and intuitive content of whatever nature. The intellectual synthesis of ordered perspectival views of objects to a subject would apply even if the sensory spatio-temporal form of the experience were different, perhaps for other thinking beings with differently constructed sensibilities. In fact, there are many ways to consider constructing representation systems that have the same intellectual "hard core" of a perspectival system of objects to a subject, not just spatio-temporal ones. Gottfried Leibniz's system of unextended monads is an example of which Kant was particularly aware, and we can readily think of others. Consider construing objects as constructions out of elementary "point-events" ordered spatio-temporally in one arrangement, but which can also be ordered in a variety of other arrangements that are not necessarily spatio-temporal, for example, in abstract quality or property "spaces" that still retain a perspectival structure (see Banks 2013). These other possible systems will also have to count as possible candidate environments for my perception. We perceive objects intellectually, objects that we "reach out to" through perceptual judgments, and not through our sensations alone. Those judgments have a firmer intellectual "hard core" of assertability and truth conditions that the external world can satisfy many different ways. Even though we directly perceive the proper parts of mind-independent objects, then, we cannot be said to perceive more than their overall intellectual structure in an external perspectival system in their relation to us. To sum up this Kantian line of argument, we perceive empirically real objects directly but not uniquely; only the intellectual content of our perceptual judgments represents the external objects our perceptions are about. In the sense that spatio-temporal objects are one such way to satisfy these conditions, then I do indeed directly perceive an environment of spatio-temporal objects around me in a room and sense their proper parts directly. But other rational beings could reinterpret my spatio-temporal perceptions and objects in terms of their own empirical representation system, and we would both be equally right in our direct perceptions of those objects. This idea that we perceive spatio-temporal objects directly, but not uniquely, is what I believe Kant meant by calling space and time "empirically real" but also "transcendentally ideal," since spatio-temporal representation of objects cannot be applied beyond human sensibility but the intellectual preconditions of spatio-temporal representation actually can. Spatio-temporal objects in perspectives always serve us as an objective empirical representation, as in physics, but this representation is only one valid way to represent many possible intellectual systems of perspectives of which space and time are only one. Other rational beings would agree on these intellectual conditions of a perceptual judgment but not on its sensory spatio-temporal form. WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 287 288 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY We, however, do perceive objects using this form, and we are justified in taking this admittedly subjective form of representation of external objects in a completely realistic and direct sense, just as long as we stick to the hard-core intellectual features of our own representation. Is this antirealism? I think not. Our scientific theories can involve realistic spatio-temporal models and mechanisms of natural events and processes continuous with our own form of spatio-temporal perception, and we can even think of these models in a realistic sense as long as we do not thereby limit ourselves only to this form of representation or attribute what may only be sensory or visual aspects of the models and mechanisms to reality an sich. Barring that, we are free to pursue whatever models and analogies we wish. Is there also an historical connection between James's direct realism and Kant's empirical realism? Like Kant, who struggled to explain to literal-minded readers how he could be empirically realistic about spatiotemporal objects yet insist that objects need not be spatio-temporal in themselves, James too was at pains to explain how he could be pluralistic and direct in his realism all at the same time. In an oft-quoted letter to Dickinson S. Miller, dated August 5, 1907, James gives a homely example of beans to illustrate this. One perceiver classifies the beans by weight, another by color or size. All have legitimate and empirically real systems of classification determined by the subject's system of representation of the world and interests; they may all be direct and real, but no single classification has a unique monopoly on the one true system of beans an sich, nor do they even really disagree. James was teaching Kant before he began the radical empiricist essays, from 1897–99, although his remarks are dismissive (James 1975; Carlson 1996, 363–64). As Carlson points out (364), James was irked by colleagues who remarked on his similarities with Kant. James and Kant do differ on many points (see Myers 1986), but at least their forms of realism share a deep affinity. 7. epIlogue: AgAInst representAtIonAl tHeorIes One consequence of the view presented here is that mental representations so called are never complete in themselves if they are going to represent external objects. If we take them in the completed sense, in themselves, we are left with nonrepresentative blobs and squiggles or monoperspectival dreamscapes that do not represent anything. If an experience is going to represent anything, it must be incomplete, needing to be filled in, for example, by the intellectual contents of a judgment that makes the experience intentionally "reach out" to external objects, as James rightly says; but these objects cannot entirely appear in experience, else the experience would already be complete, lacking nothing, and would not "reach out" to anything. The lesson to draw is this: mental phenomena must be incomplete fragments of an unseen whole in order to intentionally represent anything. They cannot be an already internally complete internal simulacrum of the world à la René Descartes, for, if mental representations are complete, they represent nothing beyond themselves and have no "intrinsic" intentionality. And if they do "intentionally" represent external objects, then they are not complete, and the needed but missing objects and perspectives must be provided by an intellectual judgment of perception. Descartes thought a picture, which is a completed representation or arrangement of objects, always required something else for it to be a picture of, but this view is wrong for two reasons. One, the picture is a completely existing thing that requires nothing else to complete it; it has its own complete "formal reality," as Descartes himself says. But when your representation has all the structure or "formal reality" the object has, why does it need the object? What would the object add to the already completed picture? Two, the external reality that supposedly does complete the picture is no more "formally" complete than the picture was originally. We can add a real arrangement of real buildings and real sailboats around a bay to the painted ones in a picture, but each is a completed thing on its own that does not intrinsically represent anything. Adding the external reality to the picture merely adds a picture to a picture. Neither arrangement lacks anything for which it needs the other. If they are not causally related, then why should they be related to each other at all? Isomorphism of structure does not, in any way, demand a further representative relation between those structures. This was James's original point about Memorial Hall: let it have as perfect a similarity to the hall as you like, but without an external causal relation, there is nothing to paste them together and certainly no magical "representative" relations to suggest one is related to the other, a relation that may be accidental or arbitrary after all (see also Putnam 1981 for his effective critique of "magical" theories of reference and ensuing skeptical consequences for model theory in logic). James's Memorial Hall argument is a powerful blow not only against theories of mental representation but also against any theories of representation that work by mere similarity or isomorphism of structure. As an afterthought, take it for what you will, I think our having essentially "incomplete" mental representations, needing to be completed by intellectual judgments about their real external relations to mind-independent objects, makes a great deal of evolutionary sense, especially as a space saver in our skulls. Why duplicate effort modeling the whole world in a simulacrum mind with its own complete internal WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 289 290 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY world representation? Why not just sketch in some incomplete fragments, model only as much of an "interface mind" as it takes to perceive directly limited bits of the world, and project intentional judgments that reach out transcendentally beyond these bits, letting the world fill in the rest? Wright State University NOTES 1. See Friedman (2012) for an exegesis of this "perspectival principle" and the role it plays for Kant. See also Brewer (2002) for the view that this "perspectival" content of space and time is directly perceived. 2. The principle is metaphysical, not psychological. Any reality is capable of subject-object representation by taking up a standpoint within it and representing the rest from that vantage point, with all other internal standpoints equally valid. REFERENCES Banks, Erik C. 2003. Ernst Mach's World Elements: A Study in Natural Philosophy. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ---. 2013. "Extension and Measurement: A Constructivist Program from Leibniz to Grassmann." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 44, no. 1: 20–31. Brewer, Bill. 2002. Perception and Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carlson, Thomas. 1996. "James and the Kantian Tradition." In Putnam, ed., The Cambridge Companion to William James, 363–83. Cooper, Wesley. 2002. The Unity of William James' Thought. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. Friedman, Michael. 2012. "Kant on Geometry and Spatial Intuition." Synthese 186, no. 1: 231–55. Gale, Richard. 1999. The Divided Self of William James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gregory, Richard L. 1994. Even Odder Perceptions. New York: Routledge. Hinton, J. M. 1967. "Visual Experiences." Mind 76, no. 302: 217–27. James, William. 1975. Manuscript Essays and Notes: The Works of William James. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ---. 1977. The Writings of William James. Edited by J. J. McDermott. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kant, Immanuel. 1787/1998. Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. Lamberth, David C. 1999. William James and the Metaphysics of Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mach, Ernst. 1886/1959. The Analysis of Sensations. Translated by Sydney Waterlow and C. M. Williams. New York: Dover. Myers, Gerald E. 1986. William James: His Life and Thought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Putnam, Hilary. 1978. "The Meaning of 'Meaning.'" Philosophical Papers. Vol 2. Mind Language and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ---. 1981. Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ---. 1990. "James' Theory of Perception." In Realism With a Human Face. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ---. 1994. "Sense, Nonsense and the Senses: An Inquiry into the Powers of the Human Mind." Journal of Philosophy 91, no. 9: 445–517. Putnam, Ruth Anna, ed. 1997. The Cambridge Companion to William James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sprigge, T.L.S. 1996. "James, Aboutness and his British Critics." In Putnam, ed., The Cambridge Companion to William James, 125–44. Thiele, Joachim. 1978. Wissenschaftliche Kommunikation: Die Korrespondenz Ernst Machs. Kastellaun: Henn Verlag. WILLIAM JAMES'S DIRECT REALISM 291 x	125,306,508
MTV debuted Green Day's video for "The Forgotten" tonight, which is the final song of the trilogy and coming on ¡Tre! this December. This track was released early as part of the new soundtrack for the upcoming Twilight movie. What do you think about the song? I really really dig it. It sounds very 'Beatles-esque' to me.	125,306,550
Poliomyelitis, measles and neonatal tetanus: a hospital based epidemiological study. Vaccine-preventable diseases constitute a major health problem contributing to the morbidity and mortality in many developing countries including Egypt. WHO adopted resolutions to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000, eliminate neonatal tetanus by the year 1995, and reduce measles mortality by 95% and morbidity by 90%, compared to the pre-immunization levels by 1995. Evaluation of preventive programs for these diseases necessitates availability of up to date information on their occurrence. The present study was undertaken to determine the current epidemiological features of poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and measles, to identify the trends of these diseases as well as to determine their outcomes and hospital loads. Data about the admitted cases of poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and measles were collected from the hospital register of Alexandria fever hospital for five successive years (1992-96). Available information on age, sex, residence, diagnosis, outcome of treatment, dates of admission and discharge were collected. The total number of cases of the three diseases admitted to the hospital during the period 1992-96 were 1406, measles represented 85.4%, neonatal tetanus 13.9% and poliomyelitis 0.7%. The results revealed that in the year 1994 only one case of poliomyelitis was admitted and since then no other cases were reported. The number of measles cases increased gradually in the latter years and about 78% of them were older than five years of age. A significant increase in the age of measles occurrence was observed. A gradual decline in the number of neonatal tetanus cases was observed. These cases were more apt to occur among early neonates but still clustered in certain geographical areas. The results of the study pinpoint the long term impact of the well run program aiming at eradicating poliomyelitis in Alexandria. However, for elimination of neonatal tetanus and controlling measles morbidity, further activities are required including strengthening the surveillance activities for detection of the high risk geographical areas and the high risk factors.	125,306,752
Little Pony People! Pinkie Pie! This design has already changed!!! WHATEVAH THO!	125,306,792
Q: Sharepoint 2010 content types? I am a newbie working on Sharepoint 2010 & trying to find out what all properties or metadata available for content items stored in it. Till now i could find that GUID is one of them providing unique id for content but i am interested in what all properties available in it with syntax of properties e.g. sp:name or something else. Thanks for help. A: Heres the official list of properties/methods that are members of the SPListItem class. Then you can any number of additional fields (properties) available for yours items if you add them to the list of the content type it is using. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.sharepoint.splistitem_members(v=office.15).aspx	125,307,001
Resources to Discover and Use Short Linear Motifs in Viral Proteins. Viral proteins evade host immune function by molecular mimicry, often achieved by short linear motifs (SLiMs) of three to ten consecutive amino acids (AAs). Motif mimicry tolerates mutations, evolves quickly to modify interactions with the host, and enables modular interactions with protein complexes. Host cells cannot easily coordinate changes to conserved motif recognition and binding interfaces under selective pressure to maintain critical signaling pathways. SLiMs offer potential for use in synthetic biology, such as better immunogens and therapies, but may also present biosecurity challenges. We survey viral uses of SLiMs to mimic host proteins, and information resources available for motif discovery. As the number of examples continues to grow, knowledge management tools are essential to help organize and compare new findings.	125,307,069
Richard Lobban Richard A. Lobban, Jr., husband of Dr. Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, is an anthropologist and early pioneer in social network modeling, archaeologist, Egyptologist, and Sudanist, foreign policy expert, human rights activist, mentor, father, and beekeeper. He is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and African Studies at Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island since 1972; also a lecturer at the Archaeological Institute of America and the Naval War College. He is an expert in Ancient Sudan and Ancient Egypt, with a particular focus on Nubia. He is a co-founder of the Sudan Studies Association. Lobban has authored numerous books and publications such as the Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, Historical Dictionary of Sudan (2002), and Social Networks in Urban Sudan (1973). He has also authored/co-authored books such as Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (1997), Cape Verde: Crioulo colony to independent nation (1995), Historical dictionary of Cape Verde (2007), and Middle Eastern women and the invisible economy (1998). References Category:American anthropologists Category:American archaeologists Category:American Egyptologists Category:Living people Category:Rhode Island College faculty Category:1943 births	125,307,286
The present invention is directed to stabilized compositions of particulate materials and the use of such compositions to remediate contaminants from soil and groundwater. There are many useful remediation agents for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from groundwater. Such agents can operate in a variety of modes including through sorption, direct destruction, stimulation of biodegradation and/or through stabilization of the contaminants. Through these various modes of action, the remedial agents act to detoxify the water and reduce any health risks associated with the contaminant. While some remedial agents are completely soluble in water and allow for their relatively straightforward application in both in place (in situ) and out of place (ex situ) systems, many useful remedial agents are not soluble in water. In these cases, the application of the insoluble remedial agents is often limited to above ground treatment systems (e.g., pump and treat systems) or in trench barriers (e.g., permeable reactive barriers). However, it is desirable to use these solid remediation agents in situ and apply them via various injection or percolation techniques in order to increase the range of sites that can be treated and to reduce project costs. The limitation with solid remedial agents is that they are commonly manufactured in granular or powdered forms and therefore lack mobility in the subsurface which limits their contact with contaminants and the efficacy of treatment. The lack of mobility requires installation techniques that are more expensive, more disruptive to the subsurface, and often render less control of emplacement; an example of this is high pressure injections (e.g., hydraulic fracturing or fracking). Even if the solids are manufactured in a smaller particle size, they tend to agglomerate and then still require similar disruptive injection techniques. For example, the use of metal sorbents, particularly materials that are derived from or contain apatite-type phosphate minerals, is an established method for remediating water and soil contaminated with metals or radionuclides. Several of these materials may include hydroxyapatite, bone char, and apatite II, among others. The apatite-containing materials can capture or chemically immobilize metals and radionuclides as insoluble forms with extremely low solubility constants to reduce their bioavailability and decrease human and ecological risks by removing them from the dissolved phase and preventing their migration. Typically, these materials are used in granular or powdered form within above ground treatment systems or they can be emplaced in situ via various physical methods e.g. soil mixing, back-filling of excavations, fracking, or installing in trenches known as permeable reactive barriers. These relatively disruptive application methods are required for apatite-based materials in powder or granular form because they do not readily distribute through soil to reach areas of contaminated water. This lack of mobility causes the cost of treatment to be very high, whereas the contact with contaminated water remains quite low. The high cost is primarily due to the installation requirements to thoroughly treat a contaminated area. Exemplary prior art teachings of metal sorbents for use in metals remediation include the following references: Tofe, U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,015, Filed 1996. Discloses the use of pulverized or particulate animal bone or synthetic bone as a source of hydroxyapatite to decontaminate various metals (transuranic, Pu, radioactive). Discloses the use of <0.1 mm to 10 mm sized particulates. Discloses the method of passing metal contaminated water through a container that holds the hydroxyapatite-based particulates. Conca & Wright, U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,775 B1, Filed 1998. Discloses the use of fish bones and fish hard parts with associated organics in order to treat soil leachates or waste sites contaminated with various metals (lanthanides, actinides, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, U, Ba, Cs, Sr, Pu, Th). Discloses methods for using the material that includes backfilling an excavation, horizontal drilling, Moore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,252 B1: Discloses a method for in situ formation of apatite barriers by injecting precursor reagents, ex. sodium phosphate and calcium chloride, into the subsurface. Also discloses optimal pH ranges of 7 to 8 and optimal temperatures of 40° C. to 100° C. for this process. In another example, activated carbon is commonly used as a sorbent medium for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from water. It is used in treatment systems to detoxify industrial process water, as well as in pump-and-treat systems for above-ground treatment of contaminated groundwater. In use, activated carbon is typically manufactured and used in granular or powder form whereby the particulate is loaded into fluid- or fixed-bed treatment systems or dispersed or distributed over the area subject to contamination. The in situ application of activated carbon to soil and groundwater allows for the capture or immobilization of contaminants from groundwater via sorption onto the carbon. This inhibits the migration of a contaminant plume and lowers the risk of damage to human health or ecological systems. Exemplary prior art teachings of carbon-based compositions for use in environmental remediation include the following references: U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,809, issued May 12, 1987, to Fenton, entitled GROUNDWATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT, discloses drilling of wells in the ground and injecting a sorbent for contaminants into the path of groundwater plume, in order to stop the plume. Such reference further discloses the use of activated carbon as a sorbent and the addition of stabilizing substances to sorbent slurries. In the name of Kopinke, F.-D.; Woszidlo, S.; Georgi, A., European Patent Application EP 1462187 A2, filed Mar. 2, 2004, “Verfahren zur in-situ Dekontamination schadstoffbelasteter Aquifere,” discloses a process for in-situ decontamination of polluted aquifers—by injection of colloidal carbon. Such reference discloses that a charcoal particle size <10 microns is optimal and that ionic strength inhibits colloid transport. The objective of the invention is to increase distribution of carbon colloids in subsurface by flushing with deionized water or raising pH of aquifer. Georgi, A.; Schierz, A.; Mackenzie, K.; Kopinke, F.-D., Terra Tech, 2007, 16, (11-12), 2-4. “Mobile Kolloide. Anwendung von kolloidaler, Aktivkohle zur In-Situ-Grundwasserreinigun, (in German) also refers to aquifer treatment with colloidal activated carbon and that a 0.1 to 10 micron activated carbon particle size is needed for stability and mobility. The optimal particle size is disclosed as 0.5 to 2 microns. Moreover, such reference teaches that humic acid and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are stabilizers of activated carbon colloids and can have a max loading of <10% on carbon. Mackenzie, K., et al.; Water Research 2012, entitled “Carbo-iron—An Fe/AC composite—As alternative to nano-iron groundwater treatment” and supporting information is a paper teaching the use of “carbo-iron” an activated carbon material that has embedded iron metal particles for contaminant treatment. The carbo-iron is comprised mostly of activated carbon and behaves similarly to activated carbon as a colloidal material. Such reference discloses that max loading of CMC onto carbo-iron is 7% w/w and that no further stabilization benefit occurs above 5% w/w loading of CMC. The prior art Georgi (2007) and Mackenzie (2012) references referred to above disclose that sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (a polyanionic polymer) stabilizes colloidal activated carbon against settling. It also has some effect to increase transport of activated carbon through soil and groundwater in situ. As the carbon contacts the contaminated groundwater, contaminants are sorbed out of solution and onto the carbon particles. Carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized colloidal carbon can also transport somewhat in the aquifer, but is destabilized and deposited by ionic strength of the water (Kopinke 2004). There are additional examples that describe the use of carboxymethyl cellulose to stabilize and enhance the transport of mobility limited nano- or colloidal-sized remediation agents. An example of this is with zero valent iron (ZVI) that is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,635,236 issued to Zhao and Xu on Dec. 22, 2009, entitled “In situ remediation of inorganic contaminants using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles.” This patent discloses the use of CMC to control the dispersivity of ZVI to remediate inorganic toxins. The mobility limitations described for activated carbon, apatite-containing materials, and ZVI above are inherent to insoluble remediation agents. And while the use of CMC has been established to enhance these types of materials, there is still a desire to enhance the transportation of the materials in situ where they will interact with the natural ionic strength of groundwater. The teachings of all the aforementioned references are incorporated herein by reference. Notwithstanding their respective teachings, however, there are significant limitations regarding the use and efficacy of in situ treatments. In particular, as a powder or granular material, remediation materials, such as activated carbon, cannot distribute through soil to reach areas of contaminated water. Instead, it must be applied in a trench to treat water passing therethrough, or must be injected as a slurry which has limited or no mobility in the aquifer. This lack of mobility causes the cost of treatment to be very high, whereas the contact with contaminated water remains quite low. The high cost is primarily due to the large number of application points required to thoroughly treat a contaminated area. To facilitate treatment of contaminated groundwater, it is desirable that the remediating agents be able to transport effectively through an aquifer to reach contaminated zones while remaining highly active toward contaminants. To facilitate treatment of contaminated groundwater, it is desirable to have a form of solid remedial materials that can be emplaced in situ with minimal disturbance to the native aquifer conditions and that can transport effectively through an aquifer to reach contaminated zones while retaining its treatment efficacy. Additionally, the remediating agent should be effective across a wide range of aquifer conditions, including pH and redox. It is therefore desirable to have improved methods and compositions that will distribute colloidal remediation agents, including those treating organic and inorganic contaminants (e.g., chlorinated solvents, pesticides, energetics, hydrocarbons, metal contaminants, etc.), much farther in the subsurface than simple carboxymethyl cellulose. It is likewise desirable to provide such a composition that is of simple formulation, easy to deploy, is substantially effective at remediating contaminants from soil and groundwater, and is further substantially more effective in becoming dispersed and capable of being quickly and effectively deployed over a greater area of volume of soil and groundwater than prior art compositions and methods of using the same for environmental remediation.	125,307,321
Under National Electricity Rules clause 2.9A, a registered participant (transferor) can apply to AEMO to transfer its registration in a particular category to another person (transferee). The transferee must establish that it meets all the eligibility criteria for registration in that category. If there is no intermediary relationship involved, and if there is no material change to the way the underlying facilities are classified, the transferee and the transferor must each complete the forms and provide the additional documentation indicated below. Otherwise, the transfer may need to be treated as a new application for registration. Please contact AEMO to discuss your requirements in this case. NEM Generator Transfer Guide Guide to Market Systems Changing NEM scheduled bid and valuation data If you are already registered as a generator, customer, or network service provider, and need to change your scheduled bid and valuation data (such as ramp rates), complete the Schedule 3.1 Review Form.	125,307,376
Optical characteristics of a quantum-dot laser with a metallic waveguide. We report the optical characteristics of a quantum-dot laser with a metal-coated waveguide, which shows a large group index of 4.2 compared to 3.2 for an uncoated laser. Temperature-dependent measurements reveal a high characteristic temperature in the temperature range of 7 degrees C-25 degrees C. The optical gain, refractive index change, and linewidth enhancement factor are extracted from the measured Fabry-Perot amplified spontaneous emission spectra. We use the pulse measurements to eliminate the thermal effect and obtain a low linewidth enhancement factor of 0.35.	125,307,410
Algo más que morir Algo más que morir is a 2014 Spanish Western film directed by Oier Martínez de Santos and José Luis Murga. It was released on October 11, 2014 at the 4º Almeria Western Film Festival, where it received the Premio al Público and Especial Almeria Collection. It was shot in Kuartango. It is portrayed by José Luis Murga in the role of Dick Murray. It was shown on May 13, 2015 at the Facultad de Letras de Vitoria of the Universidad del País Vasco. Cast Laida Burguera as Lizzi Murray, Dick and Lilly's daughter. Kepa Jiménez as Carson, a cacique who kills and kidnaps ranchers. Maite Marcos as Lilly Murray, Dick's spouse. José Luis Murga as Dick Murray, who has been looking for his brother during seven years. Javier Salazar as Pat, a dishonest player and drinker. References External links Category:Films shot in Spain Category:Spanish Western (genre) films	125,307,509
Education has always been at the heart of Ag Expo. Whether it’s a seed dealer explaining the features of a new hybrid to growers, a manufacturing company representative demonstrating the options available on a new tractor or an MSU researcher discussing the benefits of a new management practice, everyone is on site to help visitors learn.	125,307,765
--- abstract: 'We study the constraints on reionization from five years of [WMAP]{} data, parametrizing the evolution of the average fraction of ionized hydrogen with principal components that provide a complete basis for describing the effects of reionization on large-scale $E$-mode polarization. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, we find that the resulting model-independent estimate of the total optical depth is nearly twice as well determined as the estimate from 3-year [WMAP]{} data, in agreement with simpler analyses that assume instantaneous reionization. The mean value of the optical depth from principal components is slightly larger than the instantaneous value; we find $\tau=0.097\pm0.017$ using only large-scale polarization, and $\tau=0.101\pm0.019$ when temperature data is included. Likewise, scale invariant $n_s=1$ spectra are no longer strongly disfavored by WMAP alone. Higher moments of the ionization history show less improvement in the 5-year data than the optical depth. By plotting the distribution of polarization power for models from the MCMC analysis, we show that extracting most of the remaining information about the shape of the reionization history from the CMB requires better measurements of $E$-mode polarization on scales of $\ell\sim 10-20$. Conversely, the quadrupole and octopole polarization power is already predicted to better than cosmic variance given [any]{} allowed ionization history at $z<30$ so that more precise measurements will test the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm.' author: - 'Michael J. Mortonson$^{1,2}$ and Wayne Hu$^{1,3}$' title: 'Reionization constraints from five-year WMAP data' --- Introduction {#sec:intro} ============ The amplitude of fluctuations in the $E$-mode component of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization on large scales provides the current best constraint on the Thomson scattering optical depth to reionization, $\tau$. Assuming that the universe was reionized instantaneously, [@Dunetal08] estimate the total optical depth to be $\tau=0.087\pm0.017$ using five years of [WMAP]{} data. Theoretical studies suggest that the process of reionization was too complex to be well described as a sudden transition [e.g., @BarLoe01]. Previous studies have examined how the constraint on $\tau$ depends on the evolution of the globally-averaged ionized fraction during reionization, $x_e(z)$, for a variety of specific theoretical scenarios. If the assumed form of $x_e(z)$ is incorrect, the estimated value of $\tau$ can be biased; this bias can be lessened by considering a wider variety of reionization histories at the expense of increasing the uncertainty in $\tau$ [@Kapetal03; @Holetal03; @Coletal05]. For the previous release of three years of [WMAP]{} data, using a more model-independent analysis of reionization based on principal components does not change the basic conclusions of studies that assume instantaneous reionization or other simple models; however, as the polarization power spectrum becomes better determined, it is increasingly important to adopt an approach with sufficient freedom to approximate a variety of possible reionization scenarios in order to minimize parameter biases [@MorHu08a; @MorHu08b]. In this letter, we study how model-independent constraints on reionization have changed with the addition of two more years of data from [WMAP]{} and on what scales further measurements would have the largest impact on ionization constraints. We review the principal component parametrization of the ionization history in § \[sec:pcs\]. We then present the current constraints on the principal component amplitudes and the optical depth to reionization (§ \[sec:tau\]) and the range of polarization power spectra for general models that are currently allowed by the data (§ \[sec:cl\]). We discuss these results in § \[sec:disc\]. ![image](f1a.eps){width="3.5in"} ![image](f1b.eps){width="3.5in"} 0.25cm \[fig:pctau2d\] Ionization Principal Components {#sec:pcs} =============================== We parametrize the reionization history as a free function of redshift by decomposing $x_e(z)$ into its principal components (PCs) with respect to the $E$-mode polarization of the CMB [@HuHol03; @MorHu08a]: $$x_e(z)={x_e^{\rm fid}}(z)+\sum_{\mu}m_{\mu}S_{\mu}(z), \label{eq:mmutoxe}$$ where the principal components, $S_{\mu}(z)$, are the eigenfunctions of the Fisher matrix that describes the dependence of ${C_{\ell}^{EE}}$ on $x_e(z)$, $m_{\mu}$ are the amplitudes of the principal components for a particular reionization history, and ${x_e^{\rm fid}}(z)$ is the fiducial model at which the Fisher matrix is computed. The components are rank ordered by their Fisher-estimated variances. The lowest-variance eigenmode ($\mu=1$) is an average of the ionized fraction over the entire redshift range, weighted toward high $z$. The $\mu=2$ mode measures the difference between the amount of ionization at high $z$ and at low $z$, and higher modes follow this pattern with weighted averages of $x_e(z)$ that oscillate with higher and higher frequency in redshift. The main advantage of using principal components as a basis for $x_e(z)$ is that only a small number of the components are required to completely describe the effects of reionization on large-scale CMB polarization, so we obtain a very general parametrization of the reionization history at the expense of only a few additional parameters. The principal components are defined over a limited range in redshift, ${z_{\rm min}}<z<{z_{\rm max}}$, with $x_e=0$ at $z>{z_{\rm max}}$ and $x_e=1$ at $z<{z_{\rm min}}$. We take ${z_{\rm min}}=6$, since the absence of Gunn-Peterson absorption in the spectra of quasars at $z\lesssim 6$ indicates that the universe is nearly fully ionized at lower redshifts [@FanCarKea06]. In the MCMC analysis presented here, we always use the five lowest-variance principal components of $x_e(z)$ with ${z_{\rm max}}=30$, constructed around a constant fiducial model of ${x_e^{\rm fid}}(z)=0.15$. The amplitudes of these components then serve to parametrize general reionization histories in the analysis of CMB polarization data. We refer the reader to [@MorHu08a] for further discussion of these choices and the demonstration that five components suffice to describe the $E$-mode spectrum to better than cosmic variance precision. We impose priors on the principal component amplitudes corresponding to physical values of the ionized fraction, $0 \leq x_e \leq 1$, according to the conservative approach of [@MorHu08a]. All excluded models are unphysical, but the models we retain are not necessarily strictly physical. Finally, we neglect helium reionization, which is a small correction at the current level of precision but will be more important for future analyses [e.g., @ColPie08]. ![image](f2a.eps){width="3.0in"} ![image](f2b.eps){width="3.0in"} 0.25cm \[fig:cleedist\] Optical Depth Constraints {#sec:tau} ========================= We examine the implications of the [WMAP]{} 5-year data for general models of reionization parametrized by principal components using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis that mirrors our previous study of the 3-year data in [@MorHu08a]. We consider constraints from either large-scale polarization alone, with parameters that do not directly affect reionization fixed to values that fit the temperature data (“EE”), or from the full set of temperature and polarization data, varying the parameters of the “vanilla” [$\Lambda$CDM]{} model (baryon density ${\Omega_{b}h^2}$, cold dark matter density ${\Omega_{c}h^2}$, acoustic scale ${\theta_{A}}$, scalar amplitude ${A_{s}}$, and scalar spectral tilt ${n_{s}}$) in addition to the reionization PC amplitudes (“TT+TE+EE”). In both cases, the total optical depth to reionization, $\tau$, is a derived parameter. The MCMC constraints on principal component amplitudes and the derived optical depth for both of these cases are plotted in Fig. \[fig:pctau2d\], along with the previous constraints from 3-year [WMAP]{} data [@MorHu08a]. While there are some improvements in all 5 of the individual components when considering $EE$ alone, these changes are not as large as the improvement in the optical depth constraint when all of the data are considered. Adding both temperature data and extra parameters in going from EE only to TT+TE+EE has the net effect of slightly strengthening constraints on the higher ranked PC amplitudes, although there is very little effect on $\tau$. The additional constraining power for both 3-year and 5-year data comes mainly from the measured temperature power spectrum at $\ell\sim 10-100$, which excludes models with additional Doppler effect contributions due to narrow features in the ionization history [@MorHu08a]. Modeling reionization as an instantaneous transition at some redshift ${z_{\rm reion}}$, [@Dunetal08] estimate the optical depth from the 5-year [WMAP]{} data to be $\tau=0.087\pm 0.017$, almost a factor of two more precise than the estimate from three years of data [@Speetal07]. For ionization histories parametrized by PCs, we find that the constraint on optical depth is $\tau=0.097\pm0.017$ for the EE case and $\tau=0.101\pm0.019$ for TT+TE+EE. As with the 3-year data, the error on $\tau$ is roughly 10% larger with the inclusion of temperature data and a larger set of parameters, and the error in both cases is the same or only slightly larger than for the instantaneous reionization analysis. The central value of $\tau$ for more general ionization histories is higher than the instantaneous reionization value by $\sim 0.5-1~\sigma$; a similar shift toward larger optical depths was seen in PC analysis of the 3-year data [@MorHu08a]. The maximum likelihood model, however, has $\tau=0.088$ for EE data and $\tau=0.090$ for TT+TE+EE, much closer to the instantaneous reionization maximum likelihood optical depth of $\tau=0.089$ [@Dunetal08]. The larger mean optical depth is at least partly due to having a large parameter volume of models with finite ionization fraction at high redshift that are still allowed by the data. With flat priors on the principal components, this volume effect can boost the mean optical depth of models even though the mean likelihood of low optical depth models remains the same. Our assumption of full ionization at redshifts below ${z_{\rm min}}=6$ for all models also limits how small the optical depth can be. Relative to the best-fit instantaneous model with ${z_{\rm reion}}=11.0\pm 1.4$ [@Dunetal08], there are simply more ways to increase $\tau$ than there are to decrease $\tau$ by changing the ionization history, given these priors and the current data. For the TT+TE+EE analysis, the larger mean optical depth is accompanied by shifts in correlated parameters, particularly the spectral tilt: $n_s=0.990\pm0.024$ with $x_e(z)$ parametrized by PCs, and $n_s=0.960\pm0.015$ for instantaneous reionization [@Kometal08]. As with the optical depth, however, some of this shift is a parameter volume effect. The maximum likelihood model for the principal component analysis has $n_s=0.976$. The best fit scale invariant model (fixing $n_s=1$) is a poorer fit to the data by $\Delta \chi_{\rm eff}^2 \equiv -2 \ln (\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{L}_{\rm max}) \sim 1$, where $\mathcal{L}_{\rm max}$ is the maximum likelihood. (The instantaneous reionization maximum likelihood model is also at $\Delta \chi_{\rm eff}^2 \approx 1$ relative to the best fit with principal components.) As measurements of CMB polarization improve with future data, particularly with detections in the $10 < \ell < 20$ range (see §\[sec:cl\]), the constraints on parameters such as optical depth and tilt should become less sensitive to our assumptions about the priors. Unlike the total optical depth, constraints on the optical depth over more limited redshift ranges have only improved slightly. With three years of [WMAP]{} data, the 95% upper limit on the optical depth from $z>20$ (allowing for a significant ionized fraction up to $z\sim 40$) was $\tau(z>20)<0.08$ [@MorHu08a]. The limit from 5-year data is $\tau(z>20)<0.07$. If we instead choose the dividing redshift to be the best-fit value of the redshift of instantaneous reionization, ${z_{\rm reion}}=11$, we find a similar constraint for the contribution to the optical depth from high redshift: $\tau(z>11)<0.07$. Compared to the 3-year data, there is also a more significant (but still weak) preference for nonzero optical depth from $6<z<11$. Power spectra of allowed models {#sec:cl} =============================== To better understand at which scales the reionization peak of $E$-mode polarization is best constrained by the current data, we plot the 68% and 95% CL limits on ${C_{\ell}^{EE}}$ from the Monte Carlo chains in Fig. \[fig:cleedist\]. These limits reflect the range of ensemble-averaged power allowed by the 5-year data and the PC-parametrized reionization histories. Since this parametrization is complete in the power spectrum, the range in Fig. \[fig:cleedist\] reflects the allowed model power spectra for [any]{} ionization history at $z<z_{\rm max}=30$. At $\ell\lesssim 5$, the variation in allowed models is smaller than the uncertainty due to cosmic variance. In other words, the data at $\ell \sim 5$ in combination with any ionization history and the power law initial power spectrum make a prediction for the ensemble-averaged power at lower $\ell$ that is sharper than can be measured. Conversely, measurements that violate this prediction at a statistically significant level require modifications to the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm itself, much like low measurements of the temperature quadrupole. It is interesting that the maximum likelihood $E$-mode polarization quadrupole reported by [@Noletal08], $6 C_2^{EE}/2\pi \approx 0.15~\mu{\rm K}^2$, is in excess of the 95% cosmic variance region shown in Fig. \[fig:cleedist\]. The uncertainty in the model space is largest at intermediate scales of $\ell \sim 10-20$, where the large-scale polarization power is expected to be smallest. There is substantial room for improved measurements of the spectrum on these scales before reaching the cosmic variance limit. Tighter constraints on the $E$-mode power at $10<\ell <20$ would better determine the amplitude of principal components beyond the first; such measurements are necessary to be able to discriminate among different reionization histories with the same total optical depth. Physically, these measurements would better constrain the ionization history at high redshifts ($z\gtrsim 15$). On small scales ($\ell > 30-40$) the limits on power spectra of reionization models from the chains again become tighter than cosmic variance since the theoretical amplitude of the recombination peak is well determined due to constraints on parameters from the temperature data. Comparison of the two panels in Fig. \[fig:cleedist\] shows that the main effect of including temperature data in constraints on principal components is to eliminate models with large power at $10<\ell<30$. As mentioned in the previous section, these models are excluded by the data due to their increased temperature fluctuations at $\ell \sim 10-100$. Even with TT+TE+EE data, the range of power in models allowed by current data is a few times larger than cosmic variance. Discussion {#sec:disc} ========== The 5-year [WMAP]{} polarization data significantly improve the estimate of the total optical depth, reducing the error from $\sigma_{\tau}\approx 0.03$ to $\sigma_{\tau}\approx 0.017$. This improvement is seen in both a model-independent analysis using principal components of the ionization history and in an analysis that assumes instantaneous reionization, although there is a small shift in the central value with the model-independent method preferring a slightly higher mean around $\tau=0.1$. As with the 3-year data, the $E$-mode reionization peak is currently best measured on the largest scales, $\ell\sim 5$. Determining details of the ionization history beyond the optical depth requires information about the full shape of the reionization peak, which can be obtained by supplementing the current observations with better measurements of the $E$-mode power on scales of $5<\ell<30$. In particular, improved knowledge of the power on scales between the main reionization peak and the recombination peak at $\ell\sim 10-20$ would be the most useful for distinguishing models of reionization with different ionization histories but the same optical depth. Conversely, the data along with [any]{} allowed ionization history at $z<30$ in the standard $\Lambda$CDM context already predict the ensemble-averaged polarization quadrupole and octopole powers to better than cosmic variance. More precise measurements in this regime can test the standard model itself. : This work was supported by the KICP through the grant NSF PHY-0114422 and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. WH was additionally supported by the DOE through contract DE-FG02-90ER-40560. [13]{} natexlab\#1[\#1]{} , R. & [Loeb]{}, A. 2001, , 349, 125 , L. P. L., [Bernardi]{}, G., [Casarini]{}, L., [Mainini]{}, R., [Bonometto]{}, S. A., [Carretti]{}, E., & [Fabbri]{}, R. 2005, , 435, 413 , L. P. L. & [Pierpaoli]{}, E. 2008, arXiv:0804.0278 , J. [et al.]{} 2008, arXiv:0803.0586 Fan, X.-H., Carilli, C. L., & Keating, B. 2006, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 44, 415 , G. P., [Haiman]{}, Z., [Kaplinghat]{}, M., & [Knox]{}, L. 2003, , 595, 13 , W. & [Holder]{}, G. P. 2003, , 68, 023001 , M., [Chu]{}, M., [Haiman]{}, Z., [Holder]{}, G. P., [Knox]{}, L., & [Skordis]{}, C. 2003, , 583, 24 , E. [et al.]{} 2008, arXiv:0803.0547 , M. J. & [Hu]{}, W. 2008, , 672, 737 —. 2008, , 77, 043506 Nolta, M. R. [et al.]{} 2008, arXiv:0803.0593 , D. N. [et al.]{} 2007, , 170, 377	125,307,835
ABSTRACT Introduction. An association between psoriasis and sexual dysfunction (SD) has been explored. However, the risk of SD after the diagnosis of psoriasis relative to the age-matched general population remains unknown. Aim. To clarify the risk of developing SD in male patients with psoriasis. Methods. From 2000 to 2001, we identified 12,300 male patients with newly diagnosed psoriasis and 61,500 matching controls from National Health Insurance Database in Taiwan. Main Outcome Measures. The two cohorts were followed up until 2008, and we observed the occurrence of SD by registry of SD diagnosis in the database. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to calculate the 7-year SD risk for these two groups. Results. Of the 73,800 sampled patients, 1,812 patients (2.46%) experienced SD during the 7-year follow-up period, including 373 (3.03% of patients with psoriasis) in the study group and 1,439 (2.34% of patients without psoriasis) in the comparison group. The hazard ratio (HR) for SD for patients with psoriasis was 1.27 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–1.46; P = 0.001) as high as that for patients without psoriasis after adjusting for age, monthly income, number of health-care visits, systemic treatment, and other comorbidities. Stratified analysis showed that the risk of SD was higher in patients older than 60 years old (HR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.12–1.81) and patients with psoriatic arthritis (HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.08–2.91). However, the risk of SD was not significantly elevated in patients receiving systemic treatment, including retinoid, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. Conclusions. Male patients with psoriasis are at increased risk of developing SD. Physicians should pay attention to the impact of psoriasis on psychosocial and sexual health, especially in old-aged patients.	125,307,859
Left ventricular approach to multiple ventricular septal defects. Multiple muscular ventricular septal defects were closed through an apical left ventriculotomy in 11 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, 8 patients who had transposition of the great arteries, and group 2, 3 patients without transposition. There were 4 deaths in Group 1 and non in Group 2. Two of the deaths were caused by a hypoplastic right ventricle, 1 by airway obstruction, and 1 by heart failure and pulmonary edema in a patient who had additional unrecognized muscular defects. An apical left ventriculotomy provides excellent exposure of the septum. The field is not obscured by trabecular bands or papillary muscles. Although 1 patient died because of residual VSDs, this approach, compared with previously described methods, minimizes the risk of unrecognized defects.	125,307,890
A case of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa aneurysm with unique flow patterns and long-term natural survival. We report a patient with a large aneurysm of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa as a complication of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis diagnosed on transthoracic echocardiography. This aneurysm began to expand with atrial systole, filled fully during ventricular systole, and collapsed in diastole on transesophageal examination. The patient refused corrective surgery and has survived on medical treatment for close to 2 years.	125,307,904
The Resilient I had a good day with the children today despite my mood was kinda ruined in the morning because of a guy in the bus. So this guy got on the bus and started to sing (in a very soft almost unheard voice), i gave him coins out of pity (despite his nonsens intention to really sing), which confusingly resulted in him sitting next to me and asking me a lot of questions. Where I was going, what I was to do there, etc etc. In every turn or bump, he moved his shoulder and thigh/leg to touch mine, until I was cornered to the window, and he talked with his face was close to mine, which was very terrifying and disgusting. It was still morning and only few people were there in the bus. Anytime I moved my leg away from his leg, he would stare bluntly at me, I could see it from the side of my eye. I wanted to get off the bus but I was afraid he would too. What if I shoved him and he brought a knife? When he started to ask me questions about my religion, my relationship status, and said that he wanted to follow me, I felt really bugged. I remember I read somewhere that sexual harassment has become culture because women think it is futile to fight back. So when he accused me of lying about my marital status (which I did, I told him that I am married), I yelled at him. Then he laughed at me, as if it was something rather cute or funny, like a puppy barking to a thief. I was really angry, and I thought to myself, that men’s demeaning attitude towards women transcends anything. Whether you’re poor, rich, ugly, politically powerful or whatever, for these culprits, you’re prey. And it pisses me off so much the fact that I am scared of him. I wonder why I’m scared. Is it instinctually (he’s physically bigger than me), or is it his social status? Whatever it is, we still are in the culture where he believes he has the ‘substance’ to overpower me. Did I believe it too? I want to say no, but hell I was afraid of him tells that I believe he is ‘stronger’ than me. Was it culturally or physically? I hope the latter. I try to analyze this to get rid of irrational fears, if there’s any. The exasperating thing is, sometimes, whether you look scared or ignore them, whether you tell them to go to hell or yell at them, it still fucking entertains them. But anyhoo, I’m okay, I was off the bus, I trembled, I texted my boyfriend just to let my feelings out, and I proceeded my way to the slum. (I should’ve known that he is not a real busker. He has no intention singing to be heard. He is just.. well i dont know what he is, but he speaks really slow like a stoned guy, and he had a ‘handmade’ tattoo on his hand, the one that you could see is made by puncturing self with needles) I finally reach the slum. There is not so many children today because it is already school holiday for most. Some are playing, some help mothers in the market, some go to relatives, etc. Sali, the enthusiast boy I spoke about, is already there when I come. The others are not there yet so I start to chat with him to get to know him. I ask him when is his birthday, he says he doesn’t know. I ask him what month, he says he doesn’t know. I tell him, why don’t you ask your mother. He says he barely sees his mother because she goes to work very early in the morning.What does your mother do?Peanut…Frying peanut?No, sorting peanuts.. I learn more about these kids and lives here from the tutor. Some kids have full support by the parents, and some not. Some still goes busking, and those who are supported usually only work during the holiday, like helping the father scavenging, and sells the items collected by the kilos. It is unbelievable how much sacrifice they have to do to go to school. At the other side of the slum, there’s another slum that also has children centre (under the same organization) in it. I could see it from up the overpass bridge. The slum where I work (if i can say) a nice slum. It’s clean, the children are rather innocent, and the people are nice. The other slum, based on the tutor’s account who also works there, is worse. There’s more prostitution and sometimes husbands sell their own wives for money. It is full of garbage, it stinks and is damp, people pee on walls, there’s loud music, and more kids go on the street to beg or busk. An interesting thing is… albeit dominated by muslim/religious people, people (adults) shower in a shared public shower that has no walls around it. Nudity is natural, showering is natural. Whats the fuss. The tutor thinks that they have no concept of shame but I think it’s a curious phenomenon, considering this is a modern city (and also religious society). I guess they do bring their village to the city. Anyway class went well, we made art&craft and learned numbers in English. I will not see them in the next two weeks for Lebaran Holiday. I wish to start making materials for this module. I go back after accompanying the tutor to shop for onions and ketchup in the market (she’s amazing, really). I go back to Kampung Melayu. Get on the bus, look around, and for safety I choose to sit next to a woman. Although after I think about it, I wouldn’t do it again next time, I don’t want to generalize men, and more importantly I don’t want to be scared of men. I stop at Cikini to shop for grocery and to have lunch and sit and rest a little bit. I think of the children. The man that I see scavenging on filthy garbage everyday could easily be their father. There’s a corner near my old house, where every night, a man waits outside with his cart to rummaging the garbage. There’s a rat hole in there, I see rats around him when he forage the trash. He collects mineral water bottles. I take another bus to my house. Two buskers get in. They dressed neatly, one with guitar and one with percussion. I though to myself, now this is real musician buskers! The guy with the mini guitar smiled enthusiastically and greeted everybody:“Assalamualaikum wr. wb untuk saudara/saudari, dan Salam Sejahtera untuk saudara2 yang bukan beragama Islam. Kami akan bernyanyi untuk mencari nafkah, apabila saat kami mencari nafkah, Anda merasa terganggu, kami mohon maaf” -Assalamualaikum for brothers and sisters, and greetings for everybody who is not Muslim. We are going to sing to earn for our living. If you feel discomforted of our way of earning for living, we apologize to you… They start to play the instruments and one starts to sing..I don’t remember the lyrics.. but I remember him singing “I can only turn to you„, I will always try to be my best..”They sing really beautifully it makes me see the beauty of the strength that springs from weakness, an extraordinary resilience that derives from fragility. And suddenly in the heat of the sun in an old ugly bus, tear came out from my eyes. Emotions that I have repressed since morning bursted out. Fear, anger, sadness, amazement, and love… I just want to be a good person..	125,308,135
The natural course of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb. A study of 18 cases. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIb is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder associated with medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and a characteristic phenotype. The present study was performed to investigate the natural course of the syndrome and to describe its expression. The medical records of 18 patients with MEN IIb, seven male and 11 female, were reviewed. The mean age at diagnosis of MEN IIb was 18 years (range, 8 to 41 years). All 18 patients had medullary thyroid cancer. In three patients, medullary thyroid cancer was diagnosed via screening. In two of these patients, the calcitonin value normalized after thyroidectomy. One patient died of metastases from medullary thyroid cancer at the age of 20 years (median duration of follow-up, 10 years). Eight of the 18 patients had pheochromocytomas. All of our patients had neuromas and bumpy lips, and all but one had a marfanoid habitus. A large proportion of the patients had intestinal abnormalities (75%), thickened corneal nerves (69%), skeletal abnormalities (87%), and delayed puberty (43%). The course of medullary thyroid cancer in MEN IIb is not always as aggressive as is generally thought. Periodic examination of relatives who are at risk may lead to early diagnosis and curative treatment. Intestinal abnormalities, skeletal abnormalities, and delayed puberty are commonly found in association with MEN IIb.	125,308,186
Prices shown in currencies other than USA Dollars are estimates based on current exchange rates. We will charge your credit card in USA Dollars on the day your order is shipped, and the conversion to your local currency will be done at the prevailing rate by your credit card issuer. Shipments outside the USA are declared as “bike parts” for customs purposes and will include the actual amount paid for merchandise and shipping. Jenson USA will not mark your parcel as a “gift”, declare a value lower than the actual price paid, or otherwise prepare false customs information. Giro Cipher Helmet The all-new Cipher is built around the demands of freeride and enduro, with a lightweight fiberglass shell, plush interior padding, and vented brow ports for unrivaled cooling and comfort. Vinyl Nitrile padding along the jaw line enhances impact management in this critical area, and the integrated P.O.V. camera mount plus built-in speaker pockets let you dial in your sound and images. Altogether it’s a new level of performance, for a new era of trail riding. Description: Giro Aeon Helmet Redesigned with weight and ventilation in mind, the Aeon from Giro is poised to deliver high end performance to even the most demanding cyclists. For this version of the Aeon, Giro optimized every component of the helmet, ... Description: The Bell Volt is a champion�s helmet. As a regular sight in the pro peloton, be it in on the muddy race course of an XC worlds championship or in the thick of a criterium sprint finish, the Volt is ... Description: Bell Stoker Helmet 2014 The Bell Stoker was designed with trail riders in mind. Get ready to step up your technical trail riding game with this impressive piece of head protection. This go to all mountain helmet has just the ... Since I am exactly between the L and M size I decided to go with the L.Out of the box the helmet is just beautiful ,I purchased the red white and...Read complete review Since I am exactly between the L and M size I decided to go with the L.Out of the box the helmet is just beautiful ,I purchased the red white and black ( a matter of taste of course) The GoPro bracket leaves a lot to be desired , it is loose and the camera rattles continuously , quick fix is to glue the bracket pieces together permanently (you are still able to remove it from the helmet )It appear that you have to use the provided bracket for the GoPro for "on top" position as the shape of the helmet cause the sun visor to block most of the forward view if you tried to mount a bracket anywhere else on top of the helmet.There are many panels inside of the helmet and it appears that removing them is too easy ( in comparison to other helmets) time will tell if it is not going to become a problem.The pockets for the earphones works real well but for me where there is "hike a bike" and some pedaling involves it is impractical since the music is gone while the helmet is off so I am back to putting the helmet over the earphones and with this helmet it is still very comfortable .I really dislike the D ring strap , it's a real pain taking the helmet off and on and especially while wearing gloves.On first( and only ) ride the helmet felt tight so I was happy I went with the L size , 20 minutes into the ride and the helmet felt more and more loose to the point I couldn't ride any more.I exchanged it for the M size and after feeling real tight at first it felt better as the ride progressed so if you are too on the border or close to it I would recommend a size smaller ( and that is actually what was recommended to me by the Jenson rep) I had the misfortune of testing the protection of this helmet ,I had a high speed "face first" crash , my face was dragged on a real rough terrain for a good 15-20 ft ,being dragged on the sun visor and the chin protection part , I was sure the helmet was gone and the sun visor would be in pieces , I was shocked to see that the helmet sustained only a minor paint chip and absolutely nothing happened to the sun visor. so as far as protection I would give it 5 stars. VS Most Liked Negative Review Looks great...but poor QC by GIRO Ordered this helmet back in November and was really excited about it. Jenson was able to get a few in and sent me one earlier than the back-order stated. Great customer service as they...Read complete review Ordered this helmet back in November and was really excited about it. Jenson was able to get a few in and sent me one earlier than the back-order stated. Great customer service as they re-routed the package for me. I opened the package and found a great looking helmet at first glance...sadly, there are too many details that show poor handling or poor quality control by Giro. There were small scratches on the helmet...not a big deal cause I'm sure there will be more, but I like to be the one who puts scratches on things I buy new. The velcro that holds the cheek liners is already ripped off from the helmet. I was inspecting how you remove the cheek pads and you can see the velcro is coming off the helmet, so I decided to leave it alone cause it will likely come off if I remove the "removable" pads. There was also a glop of what looks like super-glue on the visor. Also there are cut marks or tool marks on the helmet next to both bolts that hold the visor on. I want to love this helmet, but it kind of feels like the helmet I bought is not "brand new." This isn't Jenson's fault, and all of what I mentioned are issues I can live with...I was just hoping for more quality control from GIRO. As for the helmet fit, it fits tight as a new helmet should. I crushed my ears a little putting it on, but once it is on, my ears popped into the pocket nicely. Feels very secure and the strap is top notch. I haven't ridden with it yet, so can't speak to its ventilation. I have no doubt that it will stay secured on my head though. As stated earlier, it looks great, minus the paint scratches. For the most part, I love the helmet...but I can only give it three stars due to the condition it arrived in. One star for GIRO's quality control! Since I am exactly between the L and M size I decided to go with the L.Out of the box the helmet is just beautiful ,I purchased the red white and black ( a matter of taste of course) The GoPro bracket leaves a lot to be desired , it is loose and the camera rattles continuously , quick fix is to glue the bracket pieces together permanently (you are still able to remove it from the helmet )It appear that you have to use the provided bracket for the GoPro for "on top" position as the shape of the helmet cause the sun visor to block most of the forward view if you tried to mount a bracket anywhere else on top of the helmet.There are many panels inside of the helmet and it appears that removing them is too easy ( in comparison to other helmets) time will tell if it is not going to become a problem.The pockets for the earphones works real well but for me where there is "hike a bike" and some pedaling involves it is impractical since the music is gone while the helmet is off so I am back to putting the helmet over the earphones and with this helmet it is still very comfortable .I really dislike the D ring strap , it's a real pain taking the helmet off and on and especially while wearing gloves.On first( and only ) ride the helmet felt tight so I was happy I went with the L size , 20 minutes into the ride and the helmet felt more and more loose to the point I couldn't ride any more.I exchanged it for the M size and after feeling real tight at first it felt better as the ride progressed so if you are too on the border or close to it I would recommend a size smaller ( and that is actually what was recommended to me by the Jenson rep) I had the misfortune of testing the protection of this helmet ,I had a high speed "face first" crash , my face was dragged on a real rough terrain for a good 15-20 ft ,being dragged on the sun visor and the chin protection part , I was sure the helmet was gone and the sun visor would be in pieces , I was shocked to see that the helmet sustained only a minor paint chip and absolutely nothing happened to the sun visor. so as far as protection I would give it 5 stars. So this is my first full face helmet. However, i have rented many others before (which is gross, so i decided to buy one). This helmet is great! My head is about 59cm around and the size large fits great. However, if my head were any smaller, i would probably try a medium. When I ride lifts I like a full face helmet. This was the best value. It is lighter than what I had and works well. The pads do press on my cheeks a little but I hope they will pack in. Otherwise the only other issue is the strap is buckle only which can be irritating with gloves on. I liked having a quick connect on my last helmet. I've had many full face helmets, including the Giro Remedy, Troy Lee D2, Fox V3R, a couple different Bells, and a few others. This is BY FAR the best DH/FR helmet I've ever worn. It's the most comfortable, best fitting, and in my opinion the best looking. The TuneUps speakers (sold seperately) work amazingly as well. I have yet to try the GoPro on it but the mount seems very solid and there's no obstruction from the visor. It does have a snug fit, but it feels like it's meant to, to help with protection. Haven't tested it's impact protection yet, but hopefully I won't need to. The quick-release side pads are a nice addition, should the wearer have a bad crash. This helmet is my first full face and I really like it. Pretty light, with a solid overall feel. I had to reorder to size down the helmet from my normal CM range on my other lid. I'm assuming its because there is so much padding it felt loose so size down for a more secure fit. The pads will break in and it will be perfect after a ride or two. Helmet came in great condition and looks sharp with the matte finish. Would be 5 stars but the camera mount is shaky at best, its designed that way so it pops off vs break if you decide to get intimate with the ground at high speed. Replaced with the curved adhesive pad mount by go pro in call it 3 seconds which is a night and day difference in shot quality. Time to ride. Not only does it look good, it protects! Wrecked yesterday on a jump pretty hard that resulted in my head slamming the ground hard enough to scratch the helmet and take a chunk out if the plastic shell. Didn't phase me. Broke my collar bone, but the ole noggin wasn't phased. The first day I tried it on, I thought the cheek pads were too tight. After about 2-3 uses, the pads wore in and it's super comfortable now. I haven't used the speaker pockets. The mount for the GoPro is pretty nice. It seems sketchy but it's worked on 4 big gnarly rides. The visor does not adjust! That's probably the only downside. It's in a stationary position and cannot be moved. You can remove it but it's where it is. It's in a fine position but it would be nice to have the option. Beautiful helmet, I wasnt quite sure about its looks (mouth piece) but in real life the helmet is awesome. It is very light for a non carbon helmet. The best full face Giro so far. And the price is OK. The only negative comment is, that the inner lining (padding) looks, feels very cheap, a more quality would make this an absolute favorite. Jenson USA ships worldwide, including APO/FPO addresses. For a quote, simply add the items you are interested in to your shopping cart and look for the "Shipping Options" box. You don't have to login or create an account to see shipping charges. Some manufacturers restrict where we can ship their products. If this item has shipping restrictions, they are listed below. If you'd like to buy an item that we cannot ship to your preferred address, we can accept your foreign credit card and ship to a USA address for you. Get free shipping with your $50 purchase today when you choose Standard Shipping at checkout. Please note this offer is only available to physical shipping addresses in the 48 continental United States (no PO Boxes), and oversize charges still apply on some heavy/large items Due to manufacturer restrictions, this product cannot be shipped to the following locations:	125,308,492
Preventing obesity: a life cycle perspective. Traditional approaches to treating overweight and obese adults by focusing on individual weight loss have not been effective in stemming the tide of obesity in the population. Recent research has identified critical factors that, as they accumulate and interact over an individual's life span, may put a person at risk for obesity. These factors include rapid weight gain in infancy and childhood, early puberty, and excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Based on this research, a life cycle perspective can be used to develop comprehensive interventions that address the multiple determinants of obesity. Because obesity tracks across generations, it is essential to adopt effective obesity prevention measures now to prevent even higher rates of obesity in future generations. Dietetics professionals can reduce individual risks by providing nutritional services that support appropriate weight gain in childhood and pregnancy. We can also advocate for policies in communities, schools, and worksites that support breastfeeding, ensure access to health-promoting foods, and provide opportunities to be physically active.	125,308,499
Ischemia/stroke presents a major health problem worldwide. A prominent feature of ischemic cell death is an irreversible suppression of protein synthesis in vulnerable cells. Impairment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function has been identified as the mechanism underlying the shutdown of translation induced by ischemia. Our hypothesis has been that the post-ischemic impairment of ER function and subsequent long-lasting suppression of protein synthesis found in vulnerable neurons play an important role in the pathological process triggered by transient cerebral ischemia and culminating in neuronal cell death. To date this hypothesis has been based only on correlative evidence: a proof of the hypothesis is still lacking. Our Specific Aim is to test the hypothesis that the extent of ischemic cell death can be reduced by facilitating a recovery of protein syn- thesis and restoration of ER function. To this end, we will take advantage of the metabolic pattern found in vulnerable neurons after transient ischemia where protein synthesis is severely suppressed and transcription of stress genes is activated. We will perform experiments with neuronal cells transfected with genetic constructs exhibiting three distinct components that will guarantee that the protein required to restore function is synthesized specifically after ischemia. The constructs will contain the gene coding for a protein that is believed to facilitate recovery of protein synthesis and restoration of ER function, a sequence that will activate translation of the respective mRNA under conditions associated with suppression of protein synthesis, and a promoter with a consensus sequence for the binding of transcription factors known to be activated after ischemia. The genes coding for a potentially protective protein will include Bcl-2 targeted to the ER, GADD34, and GRP78, and we will use promoters with binding sequences for heat shock factors. Stably transfected cells will then be transiently exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation, a severe form of stress causing metabolic disturbances that mimic those induced by transient ischemia. We will then investigate whether recovery of protein synthesis and restoration of ER function do indeed help cells to withstand the metabolic stress conditions. The proposed project will allow us to establish the conditional gene expression platform needed to confirm, in future animal experiments, the role of ischemia-induced impairment of ER function and subsequent shutdown of translation in the pathological process resulting in neuronal cell death. Furthermore, the conditional gene expression approach will enable us to elucidate mechanisms of neuronal cell death in various pathological states of the brain and other organs associated with suppression of global protein synthesis and activation of transcription factors. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, which according to the American Heart Association affects more than 700,000 citizens in the United States, resulting in more than 160,000 deaths per year and $55 billion direct and indirect annual costs. The proposed project is designed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death caused by ischemia/stroke. The project will thus help to establish new avenues of therapeutic intervention to improving public health in the United States and therefore reducing the costs associated with stroke treatments.	125,308,982
News Now CU System IKansas City Business JournalI CUs help small biz KANSAS CITY (1/11/11)--Credit unions are increasingly finding ways to provide loans to small businesses as they diversify their service portfolios for members, according to an article this week in the Kansas City Business Journal. “It’s a market we want to develop,” Dennis Pierce, CEO of $1.75 billion-asset Community America CU in Lenexa, Kan., told the Journal. “We go at it as an extension of our members’ personal business, and we tend to continue to focus that way.” Although the credit union doesn’t aggressively try to market products to local businesses, commercial loans are becoming more important because members are struggling to keep their small businesses thriving in a troubled economy, Pierce told the Journal. “If you look at national statistics, most of the job growth is going to happen with small businesses, so we want to be a part of that and support it,” Pierce added. Credit unions often provide loans that banks don’t because credit unions look at the character and individual circumstances of the applicants, Rob Givens, CEO of $410.6 million-asset Mazuma CU in Kansas City, told the Journal. “It varies case by case, but in general, I think the difference is the relationship we establish and the commitment we make to really understand their business,” Givens added. “We dig into it and try to find what is going on that inhibits them from getting a loan from a bank. Having a deeper level of understanding for what they are trying to do often gives us confidence to make a loan that a bank might not do.” From March 2009 to March 2010, credit union business lending rose 9%, while it decreased 9% at banks, according to Credit Union National Association (CUNA) data, the Journal said. CUNA and credit unions have advocated to Congress that their member business lending cap should be lifted to 27.5% of total assets from 12.25% to boost the economy with 100,000 jobs and $10 billion in loans to small businesses, at no expense to the taxpayer. To read the article, use the link.	125,309,148
Q: Callback inside AJAX success Im trying to add an optional callback inside an AJAX successful execution, but I can't seem to get the callback to run when I want it to. heres and example of my AJAX code function someAjaxFunction(hosturl, callback){ $.ajax({ type: "GET", url: hosturl, data: {'something': 'code' }, dataType: 'json', success: function(html){ var arr = $.map(html, function(val) { return val; }); if(arr[0] != 'false'){ console.log('1'); console.log('2'); if (callback) { console.log('calling the callback') callback(); } console.log('3'); }else{ console.log('fail') } } }); } here is the callback and example of how the AJAX is being executed function thisIsACallBack(){ console.log("i'm a callback"); } someAjaxFunction("some url", thisIsACallBack); If I run this code the console outputs. 1 2 3 i'm a callback I can even remove the callback if-condition all together and I would still get the same output. Also is here a better way to handle my Ajax return currently my response wrapped inside a json object. If the database can't find the object I have to place 'false' inside an array and convert it to a json object before echoing it back to ajax. A: Couse you have to pass your callback as string to your function someAjaxFunction("some url", thisIsACallBack); // <-- Wrong thisIsACallBack will be triggered after someAjaxFunction as some separate function call like this someAjaxFunction("some url", "thisIsACallBack()"); // <- Correct way // Then call eval( callback ); inside Ajax success .... success: function(html){ ... eval( callback ); } your problem was that in case of this code someAjaxFunction("some url", thisIsACallBack); it was triggering someAjaxFunction then thisIsACallBack function as you written someAjaxFunction name not as string UPDATE if you have to pass params to your callback your option is someAjaxFunction("some url", function(param1){ thisIsACallBack(param1) ); } ); ... success: function(html){ ... callback( yourArray ); } JavaScript has many ways how you can pass callbacks depends on your need	125,309,282
The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET): psychometric limitations in neurorehabilitation populations. The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET), which purportedly assesses aspects of executive functioning, consists of answering questions that require deductive reasoning. This paper explored the CET's psychometric properties in neurorehabilitation samples, including its reliability and strength of association with tests involving varying levels of executive skill. Among 112 patients (age = 65.3 years, SD = 12.5) with various neurological impairments, CET performance had limited reliability and was moderately correlated with nearly all cognitive tests examined, regardless of their executive demands. These findings highlight the poor divergent validity of the CET and raise questions of its utility in cognitive assessment.	125,309,335
A Life Worth Living A Life Worth Living may refer to: A Life Worth Living, autobiography of Michael Smurfit A Life Worth Living, book by Nicky Gumbel A Life Worth Living, a Bernice Summerfield anthology A Life Worth Living, book by Mihaly and Isabella Selega Csikszentmihaly A Life Worth Living, 2014 album by Marc Broussard	125,309,495
GREENPEACE says it has begun testing water samples from the ocean near Japan's crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant for radiation contamination. The samples will be collected outside Japan's 12-mile territorial waters in line with government rules, Greenpeace said, adding that it would continue to press Tokyo for permission to study water within 12 miles of shore. The plant has leaked radiation into air, soil and ocean since it was severely damaged by the massive March 11 quake and tsunami, and government readings at the end of March found levels of radioactive iodine-131 3,355 times the legal limit in nearby sea. Greenpeace has stressed the importance of an independent study of the level of contamination. Local fishermen have already been ordered to stop catching certain kinds of fish, especially konago or sand lance, which have shown high levels of radioactivity. Originally published as Greenpeace testing water near reactor	125,309,658
Why I Traveled The World Instead Of Paying My $30,000 Student Loan. I can feel the stares from the financial planners, accountants and budget gurus, hands up, I’m guilty, but I’m going to tell you why I decided to travel the world instead of paying down my hefty $30,000 student loan, so pack your judgement away in that carry-on. When I decided to go to New York City for college, I made the decision to take on debt in the form of a private student loan from Sallie Mae cringes. When I graduated with my degree, it was one of the happiest and most fulfilling moments in life. Knowing I had set out to achieve a goal and to hit that mark, I felt like I could do anything! Then, I remembered, ‘you still got this 30k, to pay off! It took me a while to get a decent job that I was in love with. My job empowered me to make consistent monthly payments; there were some months where I was paying up to $1000.00. Yep, I was paying the piper. I started off paying as much as I could to pay the loan off ASAP! Then one day, that all changed. I was sitting down on my bed watching an episode of Chopped, one of the judges asked a chef what would he do if he won the $10,000 prize. His response was, ‘I’m thinking of paying off my student loan but I really want to travel the world’, the response from the judges was a life changer. The judges warned him not to take all of his prize money but instead follow his passion to travelling the world and honing his craft. From that moment on, I decided that I would rethink the way I was paying off my loan and make room for the things that I loved. I revamped my budget and cut back my loan payments to accommodate travel. What I realised was, I was stressing myself to pay a debt that would probably be around for some time. I failed to enjoy life as it was passing consumed with tunnel vision – I had one goal, pay off this loan! The moment I made the switch, the clouds cleared, and I was able to see the sun. (I know, how corny!) I began to enjoy life because I decided to pack my loan up and put it in a box to the side with a label that said, “One Day”. Don’t waste your 20’s stressing over a loan that will still be there in the end. I do not claim to be a financial expert, all of this is from personal experience, I just wanted to share with you something many people have asked me about. Student loan debt isn’t the worse debt you can have. Once you make your minimum payments on a timely basis, you’ll be fine. Even the former President and First Lady Barack & Michelle Obama had outstanding student loans into their 40’s. My advice to you is to not waste your 20’s and 30’s fretting over debt. Make your payments and live life! If I had sacrificed travel, I know that I would’ve been able to pay off my debts quicker, but then I wouldn’t have been happy. I’ve travelled to Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa and had life-changing experiences. I don’t regret any of my decisions, not even getting the loan in the first place. Education, while costly, opened up so many doors for me and allowed me to be eligible for so many opportunities. I am happy to say that I can see the finish line and will be debt free in a few months. I’ve joked with my family and friends that I will buy a case of champagne and take a shower bath to celebrate! I’m half serious, but I’m too cheap to buy champagne and waste it! If I can travel the world with a hefty student loan, so can you. Start planning your next vacation today. Download your free Travel Bucket List here:	125,309,966
President Donald Trump intends to delay signing a revised version of the North American Free Trade Agreement until after the fall midterm elections, a move aimed at reaching a better deal with Canada and Mexico. Trump said in an interview that aired Sunday that he could quickly sign an agreement with the United States’ neighbours, “but I’m not happy with it. I want to make it more fair.” Asked about the timing of an agreement, Trump said: “I want to wait until after the election.” READ MORE: Donald Trump again lashes out at Justin Trudeau and G7 summit: ‘What’s your problem, Justin?’ The president’s decision to push back the NAFTA talks comes as the U.S. and Canada have been engaged in a tit-for-tat trade dispute over Trump’s tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum. Canada announced billions of dollars in retaliatory tariffs against the U.S. on Friday, and the president signalled the trade rattling could continue. Story continues below advertisement WATCH: Trump says auto tariffs won’t increase cost of vehicles because they’ll be built in U.S. 1:14 Trump says auto tariffs won’t increase cost of vehicles because they’ll be built in U.S. Trump says auto tariffs won’t increase cost of vehicles because they’ll be built in U.S. In the interview on Fox News Channel’s Sunday Morning Futures with Maria Bartiromo, Trump again threatened to impose tariffs on imported cars, trucks and auto parts, saying, “The cars are the big ones.” The move has been viewed as a possible negotiating ploy to restart NAFTA talks, which could resume following Sunday’s elections in Mexico. If the U.S. moved forward with tariffs on auto imports, it would be a blow to Canada’s economy because of the critical nature that the auto industry plays in the country. The U.S. Commerce Department is expected to hold hearings on auto tariffs in late July and to complete its investigation into auto imports later this summer. READ MORE: Here’s the final list of Canadian retaliatory tariffs taking effect against Trump on July 1 Trump has sought to renegotiate NAFTA to encourage manufacturers to invest more in America and shift production from low-wage Mexico to the United States. The talks have stalled over several issues, including Trump’s insistence on a clause that would end NAFTA every five years unless all three countries agree to sustain it. Story continues below advertisement WATCH: Freeland says NAFTA negotiations separate from tariff response 1:13 Freeland: NAFTA negotiations separate from tariff response Freeland: NAFTA negotiations separate from tariff response The president has suggested he may pursue separate trade pacts with Canada and Mexico instead of continuing with a three-country deal. But any reworked deal would need to be considered by Congress, and negotiators missed a self-imposed deadline to wrap up the talks by mid-May to allow it to be considered by lawmakers before the November elections. READ MORE: B.C. restaurants feel the squeeze as Pepsi raises prices due to trade war tariffs Trump has clashed with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over trade, with the U.S. president tweeting last month after departing the G-7 meetings in Quebec that Trudeau was “weak” and “dishonest.” Trump and Trudeau spoke by phone late Friday after Canada announced it would impose its own tariffs in retaliation for the U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum imports. Trudeau’s office said the prime minister “conveyed that Canada has had no choice but to announce reciprocal countermeasures” to the U.S. tariffs. Story continues below advertisement	125,309,967
The present invention relates to a sports shoe. Currently, for example in the manufacture of ski boots, it is known to articulate, at a shell, at least one quarter which embraces the rear region of the user's leg and must allow for an easy fit of the foot and the support of the leg of the user during sports practice. This means that on one hand, the quarter has to rotate as much as possible for opening the boot to facilitate the insertion of the foot in the shell and on the other hand, the quarter must support the leg when the leg leans on the back of the quarter. On this subject, French patent no. 71.2195, claiming Japanese priority no. 49.858/1970 of Jun. 11, 1970 and no. 131.142/1970 of Dec. 23, 1970, discloses a sports shoe comprising a rear quarter which is articulated to a shell and wherein a device for interconnecting the shell and the front quarter provides the rear support. The front quarter is in fact rigidly coupled to the rear quarter by means of adapted levers. This solution has considerable disadvantages: on one hand, both the shell and the front quarter must be appropriately strengthened in order to withstand the stresses imparted thereto by the interconnection device and, on the other hand, the rear support can be achieved only by acting at two separate levers connecting the front quarter with the rear quarter. U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,356 filed on Oct. 15, 1976, discloses a sports shoe which comprises a rear quarter having a recess at which it is possible to arrange a flap which is articulated to a shell: however, in this known solution the flap only allows a wider opening of the front quarter with respect to the rear one, thus facilitating the insertion of the skier's foot, but has no effect on the rear support, because the support is ensured exclusively by the interconnection between the rear quarter and the front quarter and with optional means for adjusting the mutual position of the front quarter and of the shell, interposed between these last. U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,973, filed on Apr. 9, 1987, discloses a sports shoe comprising a shell to which a quarter is pivoted. The quarter is provided, at the rear, with a recess at which it is possible to arrange a cuff which embraces the heel region and is in turn articulated laterally to the shell. Connecting means are interposed between the cuff and the quarter. A lever is associated with the cuff and selectively interacts with a tooth which protrudes to the rear of the shell. This known solution allows, upon activation of the lever, to disengage the lever from the tooth and open the quarter by virtue of the articulation of said quarter to said upper quarter. However, this solution has problems, since it is structurally complicated and difficult to industrialize, thus requiring numerous manufacturing steps due to the means used and to their placement at the quarter and the cuff, and all this increases its production costs. Also, the user has to act on two distinct elements, such as the lever and the connecting means. Finally, when the quarter is opened there is a considerable deformation imposed at a flap which is associated with the shell and protrudes to the rear of said shell.	125,310,030
Known end-of-arm devices attached to robotic apparatuses are used to manipulate a workpiece. An end-of-arm device can be used to grasp a workpiece, transport the workpiece to a new location, and orient and release the workpiece. The end-of-arm device is preferably adjustable to permit utilization with workpieces of multiple designs. It is known to adjust an end-of-arm device for utilization with workpieces of multiple designs by manually adjusting specific elements of the end-of-arm device. Manually adjusting specific elements of the end-of-arm device is known to consume time and is prone to errors. Applications of robotic apparatuses with end-of-arm devices can encompass material handling, manufacturing, packaging, and testing.	125,310,059

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Produced with the MiniCorpus pipeline, a reproduction and investigation of the MiniPile data-distillation method (Kaddour, 2023).
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Marcus2112/pythia-160m-minipile_tiny_density-proportioned

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Paper for Marcus2112/minipile_density-proportioned_tiny

The MiniPile Challenge for Data-Efficient Language Models

Paper • 2304.08442 • Published Apr 17, 2023 • 1